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Macedo AG, Almeida TAF, Massini DA, De Paula VF, De Oliveira DM, Pessôa Filho DM. Effects of exercise training on glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy: literature review. Steroids 2023; 195:109240. [PMID: 37061112 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) administration, such as cortisol acetate (CA) and dexamethasone (DEXA), is used worldwide due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and immunosuppressive properties. However, muscle atrophy is one of the primary deleterious induced responses from the chronic treatment with GCs since it stimulates muscle degradation inhibiting muscle protein synthesis. Animal models allow a better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in this process of gene modulation and production of hypertrophic and atrophic proteins. The treatment with GCs, such as DEXA, promotes the reduction of hypertrophic proteins such as serine/threonine tyrosine kinase (AKT), protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and increased gene expression or production of atrophic proteins, such as myostatin, muscle atrophic F-box (atrogin-1), or muscle ring finger protein-1 (MuRF-1). In both continuous exercise (CE) and resistance exercise (RE) forms, exercise training is used to mitigate muscle atrophy induced by GCs. The CE attenuated muscle atrophy induced by CA or DEXA in the plantaris and extensor digitorum longus muscle, while RE mitigated the DEXA-induced atrophy in plantaris and flexor hallux longus muscles. The RE response appears to have occurred by modulation of hypertrophic proteins through increased protein production or phosphorylated/total ratio of mTOR and p70S6K and decreased atrophic protein production of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. CE needs future research to understand the molecular pathways of its protective response. Abreviations: GCs, glucocorticoids; CA, cortisol acetate. DEXA, dexamethason; ET, exercise training; CE, continuous exercise; RE, resistance exercise; AKT, serine/threonine tyrosine kinase; mTOR, protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase; FOXO3A, forkead box 3A; atrogin-1, muscle atrophic F-box; MuRF-1, muscle ring finger protein; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; IGF-I, Insulin-like Growth Factor-I; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate; REDD1, regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; Smad2, Cytoplasmic Smad2; Smad3, Cytoplasmic Smad3; CS, Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson G Macedo
- Department of Physical Education, Science Faculty, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Programe in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900, São Paulo, Rio Claro, Brazil.
| | - Tiago A F Almeida
- Department of Physical Education, Science Faculty, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Programe in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900, São Paulo, Rio Claro, Brazil; CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Danilo A Massini
- Graduate Programe in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900, São Paulo, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius F De Paula
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235 Monjolinho, 676, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - David M De Oliveira
- Federal University Jataí, Department of Physical Education, km 195, 3900, Goiás, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Dalton M Pessôa Filho
- Department of Physical Education, Science Faculty, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Programe in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900, São Paulo, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Tan Y, Miao L, Xiao J, Cheang WS. 3,3′,4,5′-Tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene Improves Insulin Resistance by Activating the IRS/PI3K/Akt Pathway and Inhibiting Oxidative Stress. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2175-2185. [PMID: 35678676 PMCID: PMC9164067 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential anti-diabetic effect of resveratrol derivative, 3,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene (3,3′,4,5′-TMS) and its underlying mechanism in high glucose (HG) and dexamethasone (DXMS)-stimulated insulin-resistant HepG2 cells (IR-HepG2) were investigated. 3,3′,4,5′-TMS did not reduce the cell viability of IR-HepG2 cells at the concentrations of 0.5–10 µM. 3,3′,4,5′-TMS increased the potential of glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner in IR-HepG2 cells. 3,3′,4,5′-TMS ameliorated insulin resistance by enhancing the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), inhibiting phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in IR-HepG2 cells. Furthermore, 3,3′,4,5′-TMS significantly suppressed levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. To conclude, the beneficial effect of 3,3′,4,5′-TMS against insulin resistance to increase glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis was mediated through activation of IRS/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in the IR-HepG2 cells, accomplished with anti-oxidative activity through up-regulation of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Lingchao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (W.S.C.); Tel.: +853-8822-4914 (W.S.C.)
| | - Wai San Cheang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.T.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (W.S.C.); Tel.: +853-8822-4914 (W.S.C.)
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3
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Manglani K, Dey CS. CDK5 inhibition improves glucose uptake in insulin-resistant neuronal cells via ERK1/2 pathway. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:488-497. [PMID: 34865281 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Role of CDK5 and its inhibition in various neuronal processes and functions are well established. However, role of CDK5 and its inhibition in neuronal insulin-signaling and-resistance is not yet explored. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CDK5 inhibition in neuronal insulin signaling, specifically insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. CDK5 expression in neuro-2a cells was increased under insulin-resistant state, developed by chronic treatment of insulin, confirming the crucial role of CDK5 in insulin resistance in neuronal cells. However, whether increased expression of CDK5 in hyperinsulinemia-mediated insulin-resistant conditions is a cause or a consequence, is still an unanswered question. We showed that CDK5 inhibition did not affect basal insulin signaling; however, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake enhanced in insulin-resistant cells. Moreover, CDK5 inhibition could improve glucose uptake, the ultimate outcome of insulin signaling, in insulin-resistant neuro-2a cells. We first time showed that CDK5 inhibition by roscovitine could ameliorate insulin resistance and increase glucose uptake in neuronal cells via ERK1/2 pathway. Our study provides intriguing insights about the effect of CDK5 inhibition on neuronal insulin resistance and opens up a new paradigm to develop new therapeutic strategies for neuronal insulin resistance and associated pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Manglani
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Chinmoy S Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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4
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Lee D, Kim KH, Jang TS, Kang KS. Identification of bioactive compounds from mulberry enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128096. [PMID: 33984475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we isolated six heterocyclic compounds (1-6) from the fruits of mulberry trees (Morus alba L.) and determined that loliolide affords rat pancreatic islet β-cell (INS-1) protection against streptozotocin‑induced cytotoxicity. In the present study, we further investigated the effect of the six heterocyclic compounds (1-6) on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in INS-1 cells. Among them, (R)‑5‑hydroxypyrrolidin‑2‑one(1) and indole (6) increased GSIS without inducing cytotoxicity. Additionally, compounds 1 and 6 enhanced the phosphorylation of total insulin receptor substrate-2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Akt, and activated pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1, which play a crucial role in β-cell functions related to insulin secretion. Collectively, these findings indicate that (R)‑5‑hydroxypyrrolidin‑2‑one(1) and indole (6), isolated from M. alba fruits, may be beneficial in managing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Department of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Lee D, Kim KH, Jang T, Kang KS. (-)-Leucophyllone, a Tirucallane Triterpenoid from Cornus walteri, Enhances Insulin Secretion in INS-1 Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:431. [PMID: 33668330 PMCID: PMC7996230 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical examination of the MeOH extract from the stems and stem bark of Cornus walteri (Cornaceae) led to the isolation and verification of a tirucallane triterpenoid, (-)-leucophyllone, as a major component. Its structure was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of (-)-leucophyllone on insulin secretion in INS-1 cells was investigated. (-)-Leucophyllone increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at concentrations showing no cytotoxic effect in rat INS-1 pancreatic β-cells. Moreover, we attempted to determine the mechanism of action of (-)-leucophyllone in the activation of insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1). Treatment of INS-1 cells with (-)-leucophyllone markedly increased the expression of these proteins. Our findings indicate the potential of (-)-leucophyllone as an antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Taesu Jang
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
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Sánchez-Sarasúa S, Ribes-Navarro A, Beltrán-Bretones MT, Sánchez-Pérez AM. AAV delivery of shRNA against IRS1 in GABAergic neurons in rat hippocampus impairs spatial memory in females and male rats. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 226:163-178. [PMID: 33245394 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain insulin resistance is a major factor leading to impaired cognitive function and it is considered as the onset of Alzheimer´s disease. Insulin resistance is intimately linked to inflammatory conditions, many studies have revealed how pro-inflammatory cytokines lead to insulin resistance, by inhibiting IRS1 function. Thus, the dysfunction of insulin signaling is concomitant with inflammatory biomarkers. However, the specific effect of IRS1 impaired function in otherwise healthy brain has not been dissected out. So, we decided in our study, to study the specific role of IRS1 in the hippocampus, in the absence of comorbidities. To that end, shRNA against rat and human IRS1 was designed and tested in cultured HEK cells to evaluate mRNA levels and specificity. The best candidate sequence was encapsulated in an AAV vector (strain DJ8) under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter and together with the green fluorescent protein gene as a reporter. AAV-CMV-shIRS1-EGFP and control AAV-CMV-EGFP were inoculated into the dorsal hippocampus of female and male Wistar rats. One month later, animals undertook a battery of behavioral paradigms evaluating spatial and social memory and anxiety. Our results suggest that females displayed increased susceptibility to AAV-shIRS1 in the novel recognition object paradigm; whereas both females and males show impaired performance in the T maze when infected with AAV-shIRS1 compared to control. Anxiety parameters were not affected by AAV-shIRS1 infection. We observed specific fluorescence within the hilum of the dentate gyrus, in immuno-characterized parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons. AAV DJ8 did not enter astrocytes. Intense green fibers were found in the fornix, mammillary bodies, and in the medial septum indicating that hippocampal efferent had been efficiently targeted by the AAV DJ8 infection. We observed that AAV-shIRS1 reduced significantly synaptophysin labeling in hippocampal-septal projections compared to controls. These results support that, small alterations in the insulin/IGF1 pathway in specific hippocampal circuitries can underlie alterations in synaptic plasticity and affect behavior, in the absence of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Ribes-Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.,Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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7
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Kaur H, Moreau R. Curcumin represses mTORC1 signaling in Caco-2 cells by a two-sided mechanism involving the loss of IRS-1 and activation of AMPK. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109842. [PMID: 33234350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central modulator of inflammation and tumorigenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. Growth factors upregulate mTORC1 via the PI3K/AKT and/or Ras/MAPK signal pathways. Curcumin (CUR), a polyphenol found in turmeric roots (Curcuma longa) can repress mTORC1 kinase activity in colon cancer cell lines; however, key aspects of CUR mechanism of action remain to be elucidated including its primary cellular target. We investigated the molecular effects of physiologically attainable concentration of CUR (20 μM) in the intestinal lumen on mTORC1 signaling in Caco-2 cells. CUR markedly inhibited mTORC1 kinase activity as determined by the decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K (Thr389, -99%, P < 0.0001) and S6 (Ser235/236, -92%, P < 0.0001). Mechanistically, CUR decreased IRS-1 protein abundance (-80%, P < 0.0001) thereby downregulating AKT phosphorylation (Ser473, -94%, P < 0.0001) and in turn PRAS40 phosphorylation (Thr246, -99%, P < 0.0001) while total PRAS40 abundance was unchanged. The use of proteasome inhibitor MG132 showed that CUR-mediated loss of IRS-1 involved proteasomal degradation. CUR lowered Raptor protein abundance, which combined with PRAS40 hypophosphorylation, suggests CUR repressed mTORC1 activity by inducing compositional changes that hinder the complex assembly. In addition, CUR activated AMPK (Thr172 phosphorylation, P < 0.0001), a recognized repressor of mTORC1, and AMPK upstream regulator LKB1. Although cargo adapter protein p62 was decreased by CUR (-49%, P < 0.004), CUR did not significantly induce autophagy. Inhibition of AKT/mTORC1 signaling by CUR may have lifted the cross-inhibition onto MAPK signaling, which became induced; p-ERK1/2 (+670%, P < 0.0001), p-p38 (+1433%, P < 0.0001). By concomitantly targeting IRS-1 and AMPK, CUR's mechanism of mTORC1 inhibition is distinct from that of rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Aziz AUR, Farid S, Qin K, Wang H, Liu B. Regulation of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism by interaction of PIM kinases and insulin receptor substrates. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:129-138. [PMID: 30270668 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1498903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is caused by various environmental and genetic factors leading to a number of serious health issues. Due to its multifactorial origin, molecular characterization may provide better tools for its effective treatment. On molecular level, dysregulation of signaling pathway by insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) is one of the most common reasons of this disease. IRSs are regulated by >50 serine/threonine kinases, which may have positive or negative effects on insulin sensitivity. Among these serine/threonine kinases, PIM kinases have garnered much attention as they not only affect insulin sensitivity by phosphorylating IRSs directly and/or indirectly but also alter the activities of their downstream molecules like PI3K, AKT, and mTOR. In this review, interactions of PIM kinases with IRSs and their downstream proteins and their action mechanism in the regulation of insulin resistance are elaborated. Furthermore, this review offers fundamental understandings of the role of PIM kinases in this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ur Rehman Aziz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Sumbal Farid
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Kairong Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hanqin Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Shih CK, Chen CM, Varga V, Shih LC, Chen PR, Lo SF, Shyur LF, Li SC. White sweet potato ameliorates hyperglycemia and regenerates pancreatic islets in diabetic mice. Food Nutr Res 2020; 64:3609. [PMID: 32425738 PMCID: PMC7217293 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background White sweet potato (WSP) has many potential beneficial effects on metabolic control and on diabetes-related insulin resistance. The antihyperglycemic effects of Tainung No. 10 (TNG10), a variety of WSP in Taiwan, warrant investigation. Objective To investigate the antidiabetic activity of WSP (Ipomoea batatas L. TNG10) and the mechanisms for interventions using whole leaves or tubers of WSP in diabetic mice. Design Mice were co-administered with streptozotocin and nicotinamide to induce diabetes and then treated with an experimental diet including either 10% WSP tuber (10%-T) and 30% WSP tuber (30%-T) or 0.5% WSP leaf (0.5%-L) and 5% WSP leaf (5%-L). After 8 weeks’ treatment, their plasma glycemic parameters, lipid profiles, and inflammatory marker were analyzed. Their pancreases were removed for histopathologic image analysis; proteins were also extracted from their muscles for phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway analysis. Results The 30%-T or 5%-L mice had lower plasma glucose, insulin, glucose area under the curve (AUC), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), alanine transaminase, triglyceride, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels. In all diabetic mice, their Langerhans’s area was reduced by 60%; however, after 30% WSP-T or 5% WSP-L diets, the mice demonstrated significant restoration of the Langerhans’s areas (approximately 30%). Only in 5%-L mice, slightly increased expression of insulin-signaling pathway-related proteins, phosphorylated insulin receptor and protein kinase B and membrane glucose transporter 4 was noted. Conclusions WSP has antihyperglycemic effects by inducing pancreatic islet regeneration and insulin resistance amelioration. Therefore, WSP has potential applications in dietary diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kuang Shih
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ming Chen
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Viola Varga
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chen Shih
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Ru Chen
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Lo
- Department of Agronomy, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sing-Chung Li
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Qian YY, Wu HY, Liu GQ, Ren C, Lu PR, Zhang XG. Blockade of insulin receptor substrate-1 inhibits biological behavior of choroidal endothelial cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1386-1394. [PMID: 31544031 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of blockade of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) on the bio-function of tube formation of human choroidal endothelial cells (HCECs). METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to determine the expression level of IRS-1 and phospho-IRS-1 in HCECs. Tube formation of HCECs was analyzed using three dimensional in vitro Matrigel assay with or without IRS-1 blockage via IRS-1 inhibitor (GS-101) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitor. In addition, cell counting kit (CCK)-8 and Transwell migration assay were exerted to analyze the effects of blockade of IRS-1 on the bio-function of proliferation and migration of HCECs, respectively. The apoptosis of HCECs was examined using flow cytometry (FCM). RESULTS RT-PCR and Western blot revealed that IRS-1 phospho-IRS-1 were expressed in HCECs and the expression level was enhanced by stimulation of VEGF-A. The number of tube formation was decreased significantly in GS-101 treated groups compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) treated control groups. Furthermore, both cell proliferation and migration of HCECs were decreased in the presence of GS-101. FCM analysis showed that the apoptosis of HCECs was enhanced when the cells were treated with GS-101. Western blot also showed that the expression level of cleaved-caspase 3 in GS-101 treated group was higher than that in control group. CONCLUSION Blockade of IRS-1 can inhibit tube formation of HCECs through reducing cell proliferation and migration and promoting cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yong Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hong-Ya Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gao-Qin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chi Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pei-Rong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xue-Guang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
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Burgos-Ramos E, Canelles S, Rodríguez A, Frago LM, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Chowen JA, Frühbeck G, Argente J, Barrios V. The increase in fiber size in male rat gastrocnemius after chronic central leptin infusion is related to activation of insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:48-59. [PMID: 28962893 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Insulin potentiates leptin effects on muscle accrual and glucose homeostasis. However, the relationship between leptin's central effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity and the associated structural changes remain unclear. We hypothesized that central leptin infusion modifies muscle size through activation of insulin signaling. Muscle insulin signaling, enzymes of fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and fiber area were analyzed in the gastrocnemius of chronic central infused (L), pair-fed (PF) and control rats. PCNA-positive nuclei, fiber area, GLUT4 and glycogen levels and activation of Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin were increased in L, with no changes in PF. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-β mRNA levels and non-esterified fatty acid and triglyceride content were reduced and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b expression and mitochondrial complexes augmented in L. These results suggest that leptin promotes an increase in muscle size associated with improved insulin signaling favored by lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Burgos-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Área de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Xin Y, Zhang D, Fu Y, Wang C, Li Q, Tian C, Zhang S, Lyu X. C1qTNF-related protein 1 improve insulin resistance by reducing phosphorylation of serine 1101 in insulin receptor substrate 1. Endocr J 2017; 64:787-796. [PMID: 28674284 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
C1qTNF-related protein 1 (CTRP1) is independently associated with type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between CTRP1 and insulin resistance is still not established. This study aimed to explore the role of CTRP1 under the situation of insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Plasma CTRP1 level was investigated in type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 35) and non-diabetic subjects (n = 35). The relationship between CTRP1 and phosphorylation of multi insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) serine (Ser) sites was further explored. Our data showed that Plasma CTRP1 was higher and negative correlation with insulin resistance in diabetic subjects (r = -0.283, p = 0.018). Glucose utilisation test revealed that the glucose utilisation rate of mature adipocytes was improved by CTRP1 in the presence of insulin. CTRP1 was not only related to IRS-1 protein, but also negatively correlated with IRS-1 Ser1101 phosphorylation (r = -0.398, p = 0.031). Furthermore, Phosphorylation levels of IRS-1 Ser1101 were significantly lower after incubation with 40 ng/mL CTRP1 in mature adipocytes than those with no intervention (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between CTRP1 and other IRS-1 serine sites (Ser302, Ser307, Ser612, Ser636/639, and Ser789). Collectively, our results suggested that CTRP1 might improve insulin resistance by reducing the phosphorylation of IRS-1 Ser1101, induced in the situation of insulin resistance as a feedback adipokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Yanqin Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Chongxian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Qingju Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Chenguang Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Suhe Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Xiaodong Lyu
- Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
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13
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Antoniassi JQ, Fochi RA, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Corticosterone influences gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) prostatic morphophysiology and alters its proliferation and apoptosis rates. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:134-146. [PMID: 28664583 PMCID: PMC5573771 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are hormones that are widely used in medicine; but although side effects are generally recognised, little is known about the precise mechanisms that is implicated in many of these side effects. Furthermore, GCs are highly correlated with stress and behaviour disorders. This study evaluated the effects of the glucocorticoid corticosterone on the ventral prostate of the Mongolian gerbil. Male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) (n = 5) received intraperitoneal injections of saline or corticosterone in doses of 0.5 mg/kg/day and 1.5 mg/kg/day for 5 days; while some of the animals were killed immediately after the treatment, the others were killed 5 days after the treatment period. The data show that corticosterone influences the structure and functionality of this organ. This hormone has anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic properties in the prostate. In addition, the frequencies of the androgen (AR), oestrogen (ERα, ERβ) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors changed. The frequencies of AR, GR and ERβ decreased in the Ct1/5 group; in the groups with rest period, the frequencies of GR increased and ERβ decreased in the epithelium. Changes in the proliferative index, apoptotic index and receptor activity may have contributed to the emergence of prostatic morphological alterations, such as the presence of cellular debris and inflammatory cells. Different doses of corticosterone had variable effects on the prostate, with a higher dose showing subtler effects and a lower dose showing more striking effects. The corticosterone effects on nuclear receptors were reverted or attenuated after a rest period, which was not observed for proliferation and apoptosis. In summary, we have demonstrated that corticosterone might influence the prostatic morphophysiology and that these changes may be linked in some way to the altered receptor distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Quilles Antoniassi
- Department of Structural and Functional BiologyInstitute of BiologyState University of Campinas (UNICAMP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Ricardo Alexandre Fochi
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE)University Estadual Paulista (UNESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE)University Estadual Paulista (UNESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE)University Estadual Paulista (UNESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional BiologyInstitute of BiologyState University of Campinas (UNICAMP)São PauloBrazil
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE)University Estadual Paulista (UNESP)São PauloBrazil
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14
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Sideris S, Aoun F, Martinez CN, Latifyan S, Awada A, Costante G, Gil T. Role of corticosteroids in prostate cancer progression: implications for treatment strategy in metastatic castration-resistant patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:729-38. [PMID: 26786788 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid agents (CA) are widely used in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) either as concomitant treatment with active agents such as docetaxel, cabazitaxel and abiraterone or in a palliative setting, predominantly due to their anti-inflammatory activity. However, the chronic use of CA has numerous side effects, especially in case of steroid-induced adrenal insufficiency. Furthermore, the latest clinical and preclinical data demonstrate that CA themselves are likely to promote tumour progression in certain populations of patients with mCRPC. Therefore, the role of CA in advanced disease should be carefully weighed for each patient and their withdrawal should be considered in some patients. This is necessary, especially in clinical trials that need good performance status patients to evaluate the activity and the safety of emerging drugs in mCRPC that do not require the concurrent use of CA. In oncology, there is no consensus on an algorithm of gradual steroid tapering and frequently the approach to this procedure is empirical. An algorithm is presented in this article based on clinical observations. Prospective studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the above-proposed algorithm in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sideris
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Aoun
- Urology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C N Martinez
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Latifyan
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Awada
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Costante
- Endocrinology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - T Gil
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Damasceno AA, Carvalho CP, Santos EMB, Botelho FV, Araújo FA, Deconte SR, Tomiosso TC, Balbi APC, Zanon RG, Taboga SR, Góes RM, Ribeiro DL. Effects of maternal diabetes on male offspring: high cell proliferation and increased activity of MMP-2 in the ventral prostate. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:257-69. [PMID: 24988912 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive view of the histological and functional status of the prostate of adult rat offspring of mothers subjected to gestational diabetes induced by alloxan. The ventral prostate of male adult offspring of diabetic (DP) or normal (CP) mothers was evaluated for collagen fibres, cell death, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, cell proliferation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), androgen receptors (AR), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ-1), catalase and total antioxidant activity. The prostates of DP animals were lower in weight than those of the CP group. The DP group also exhibited hyperglycaemia and hypotestosteronemia, higher cell proliferation and AR expression, a reduction in α-actin (possibly interfering with the reproductive function of the prostate), and enhanced activity of MMP-2, although the absolute content of MMP-2 was lower in this group. These findings were associated with increased TGFβ-1 and decreased collagen distribution. The prostates of DP rats additionally exhibited reductions in catalase and total antioxidant activity. Thus, rats developing in a diabetic intrauterine environment have glycaemic and hormonal changes that impact on the structure and physiology of the prostate in adulthood. The increased AR expression possibly leads to elevated cell proliferation. Stromal remodelling was characterized by enhanced activity of MMP-2 and collagen degradation, even with increased TGFβ-1 activation. These changes associated with increased oxidative stress might interfere with tissue architecture and glandular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Damasceno
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Hanna-Mitchell AT, Ruiz GW, Daneshgari F, Liu G, Apodaca G, Birder LA. Impact of diabetes mellitus on bladder uroepithelial cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 304:R84-93. [PMID: 23174855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00129.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD), a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is characterized by a broad spectrum of symptoms including urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence. As DBD is commonly diagnosed late, it is important to understand the chronic impact of DM on bladder tissues. While changes in bladder smooth muscle and innervation have been reported in diabetic patients, the impact of DM on the specialized epithelial lining of the urinary bladder, the urothelium (UT), is largely unknown. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and electron microscopy were used to evaluate UT gene expression and cell morphology 3, 9, and 20 wk following streptozotocin (STZ) induction of DM in female Sprague-Dawley rats compared with age-matched control tissue. Desquamation of superficial (umbrella) cells was noted at 9 wk DM, indicating a possible breach in barrier function. One causative factor may be metabolic burden due to chronic hyperglycemia, suggested by upregulation of the polyol pathway and glucose transport genes in DM UT. While superficial UT repopulation occurred by 20 wk DM, the phenotype was different, with significant upregulation of receptors associated with UT mechanosensation (transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1; TRPV1) and UT autocrine/paracrine signaling (acetylcholine receptors AChR-M2 and -M3, purinergic receptors P2X(2) and P2X(3)). Compromised barrier function and alterations in UT mechanosensitivity and cell signaling could contribute to bladder instability, hyperactivity, and altered bladder sensation by modulating activity of afferent nerve endings, which appose the urothelium. Our results show that DM impacts urothelial homeostasis and may contribute to the underlying mechanisms of DBD.
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Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Cordain L. The impact of cow's milk-mediated mTORC1-signaling in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:74. [PMID: 22891897 PMCID: PMC3499189 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on androgen receptor signaling and aberrations of the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway mediating excessive and sustained growth signaling. The nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 is upregulated in nearly 100% of advanced human PCas. Oncogenic mTORC1 signaling activates key subsets of mRNAs that cooperate in distinct steps of PCa initiation and progression. Epidemiological evidence points to increased dairy protein consumption as a major dietary risk factor for the development of PCa. mTORC1 is a master regulator of protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and autophagy pathways that couple nutrient sensing to cell growth and cancer. This review provides evidence that PCa initiation and progression are promoted by cow´s milk, but not human milk, stimulation of mTORC1 signaling. Mammalian milk is presented as an endocrine signaling system, which activates mTORC1, promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses autophagy. Naturally, milk-mediated mTORC1 signaling is restricted only to the postnatal growth phase of mammals. However, persistent consumption of cow´s milk proteins in humans provide highly insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) provided by milk´s fast hydrolysable whey proteins, which elevate postprandial plasma insulin levels, and increase hepatic IGF-1 plasma concentrations by casein-derived amino acids. BCAAs, insulin and IGF-1 are pivotal activating signals of mTORC1. Increased cow´s milk protein-mediated mTORC1 signaling along with constant exposure to commercial cow´s milk estrogens derived from pregnant cows may explain the observed association between high dairy consumption and increased risk of PCa in Westernized societies. As well-balanced mTORC1-signaling plays an important role in appropriate prostate morphogenesis and differentiation, exaggerated mTORC1-signaling by high cow´s milk consumption predominantly during critical growth phases of prostate development and differentiation may exert long-term adverse effects on prostate health. Attenuation of mTORC1 signaling by contemporary Paleolithic diets and restriction of dairy protein intake, especially during mTORC1-dependent phases of prostate development and differentiation, may offer protection from the most common dairy-promoted cancer in men of Western societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, Osnabrück, D-49090, Germany.
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