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Amara AAAF, El-Masry MH, Salem GA, Baghdadi HH. Silica Gel Chromatographic Methods for Identification, Isolation and Purification of Gossypol Acetic Acid. Gels 2024; 10:432. [PMID: 39057455 PMCID: PMC11275375 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Several cottonseed varieties are cultivated in different countries. Each variety produces a different amount of gossypol as a natural toxic compound. The rising interest in cottonseed products (oil and feed) increases the demand for establishing simple methods for gossypol detection. Silica gel-based methods are ideal for its isolation, purification, and characterization. Silica gel-based methods are variants and can be used as simple methods for tracking plants' compounds. In this study, gossypol was isolated, characterized, and purified as gossypol acetic acid in the form of yellow crystals. Methods used for its characterization were TLC, preparative TLC, silica gel column, UV/IR spectrophotometer, and HPLC (robust spherical silica gel). A comparative study between its amount in both the Egyptian and Chinese varieties was performed. Under the experimental conditions, the Egyptian's cottonseed contains 8.705 gm/kg, while the Chinese's cottonseed contains 5.395 gm/kg. The TLC used in this study proved to be fast, accurate, and inexpensive. It can be used for gossypol acetic acid evaluation and quantification. Additionally, using TLC as a pre-purification step will give a pre-judgment for the sample's purity and quality. This step will protect the expensive HPLC silica gel-based column from any unexpected impurities. During each step, the silica gel itself could be simply removed by paper filtration. Collectively, the different silica gel-based methods as well as the other used methods are recommended for better Gossypol acetic acid isolation, purification, and characterization, as well as for maintaining HPLC columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Abd Al Fattah Amara
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria P.O. Box 21934, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hesham El-Masry
- Biotechnology Department, Graduate Studies and Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21526, Egypt
| | - Gamal Ali Salem
- Environmental Science Department, Graduate Studies and Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21526, Egypt; (G.A.S.); (H.H.B.)
| | - Hoda Hassan Baghdadi
- Environmental Science Department, Graduate Studies and Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21526, Egypt; (G.A.S.); (H.H.B.)
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Du RL, Chow HY, Chen YW, Chan PH, Daniel RA, Wong KY. Gossypol acetate: A natural polyphenol derivative with antimicrobial activities against the essential cell division protein FtsZ. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1080308. [PMID: 36713210 PMCID: PMC9878342 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1080308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has attracted worldwide attention and remains an urgent issue to resolve. Discovery of novel compounds is regarded as one way to circumvent the development of resistance and increase the available treatment options. Gossypol is a natural polyphenolic aldehyde, and it has attracted increasing attention as a possible antibacterial drug. In this paper, we studied the antimicrobial properties (minimum inhibitory concentrations) of gossypol acetate against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains and dig up targets of gossypol acetate using in vitro assays, including studying its effects on functions (GTPase activity and polymerization) of Filamenting temperature sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) and its interactions with FtsZ using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and in vivo assays, including visualization of cell morphologies and proteins localizations using a microscope. Lastly, Bacterial membrane permeability changes were studied, and the cytotoxicity of gossypol acetate was determined. We also estimated the interactions of gossypol acetate with the promising target. We found that gossypol acetate can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria such as the model organism Bacillus subtilis and the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus [both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA)]. In addition, gossypol acetate can also inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria when the outer membrane is permeabilized by Polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN). Using a cell biological approach, we show that gossypol acetate affects cell division in bacteria by interfering with the assembly of the cell division FtsZ ring. Biochemical analysis shows that the GTPase activity of FtsZ was inhibited and polymerization of FtsZ was enhanced in vitro, consistent with the block to cell division in the bacteria tested. The binding mode of gossypol acetate in FtsZ was modeled using molecular docking and provides an understanding of the compound mode of action. The results point to gossypol (S2303) as a promising antimicrobial compound that inhibits cell division by affecting FtsZ polymerization and has potential to be developed into an effective antimicrobial drug by chemical modification to minimize its cytotoxic effects in eukaryotic cells that were identified in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Du
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho-Yin Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pak-Ho Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard A. Daniel
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,Richard A. Daniel,
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Kwok-Yin Wong,
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Wang C, Li Y, MaiTiSaiYiDi T, Yang H, Yang K. Effect of dietary gossypol supplement on fermentation characteristics and bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234378. [PMID: 32520963 PMCID: PMC7286523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tolerance of ruminants to gossypol, a natural phenolic compound derived from the cotton plant, is greater than that of monogastric animals, partially because of the gossypol-degrading bacteria in the rumen of the ruminants. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of gossypol supplementation on fermentation characteristics, bacterial α-diversity and community structure in the rumen fluid of sheep to analyse the change of bacterial in response to gossypol. 8 sheep with permanent fistula were randomly divided into 2 groups, a control and gossypol acetate supplementation groups. Sheep in the latter group were supplemented with gossypol acetate at the levels of 600 mg and 1,200 mg/animal per day during the first (S1, days 1 to 27) and subsequent (S2, days 28 to 47) stages. Gossypol supplementation significantly increased the molar proportion of acetate, and decreased the molar proportion of isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid in the rumen fluid. Gossypol supplementation have no significant effect on bacterial diversity in the rumen fluid. At the phylum level, gossypol had no effect on bacterial community. At the genus level, gossypol supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Treponema_2. However, there were no significant differences in the relative abundance of dominant bacterial genera. In conclusion, gossypol supplementation had an effect on molar proportion of acetate, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid, but had no significant effect on the bacterial diversity and relative abundance of dominant bacteria in rumen fluid of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- CaiDie Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - YuQi Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - TunNiSa MaiTiSaiYiDi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - HongJian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
| | - KaiLun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, The People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Tian X, Ruan JX, Huang JQ, Yang CQ, Fang X, Chen ZW, Hong H, Wang LJ, Mao YB, Lu S, Zhang TZ, Chen XY. Characterization of gossypol biosynthetic pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5410-E5418. [PMID: 29784821 PMCID: PMC6003316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805085115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypol and related sesquiterpene aldehydes in cotton function as defense compounds but are antinutritional in cottonseed products. By transcriptome comparison and coexpression analyses, we identified 146 candidates linked to gossypol biosynthesis. Analysis of metabolites accumulated in plants subjected to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) led to the identification of four enzymes and their supposed substrates. In vitro enzymatic assay and reconstitution in tobacco leaves elucidated a series of oxidative reactions of the gossypol biosynthesis pathway. The four functionally characterized enzymes, together with (+)-δ-cadinene synthase and the P450 involved in 7-hydroxy-(+)-δ-cadinene formation, convert farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to hemigossypol, with two gaps left that each involves aromatization. Of six intermediates identified from the VIGS-treated leaves, 8-hydroxy-7-keto-δ-cadinene exerted a deleterious effect in dampening plant disease resistance if accumulated. Notably, CYP71BE79, the enzyme responsible for converting this phytotoxic intermediate, exhibited the highest catalytic activity among the five enzymes of the pathway assayed. In addition, despite their dispersed distribution in the cotton genome, all of the enzyme genes identified show a tight correlation of expression. Our data suggest that the enzymatic steps in the gossypol pathway are highly coordinated to ensure efficient substrate conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ju-Xin Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Quan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Qing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Bo Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China;
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China;
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 201602 Shanghai, China
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Stipanovic R, Puckhaber L, Frelichowski J, Esquivel J, Westbrook J, O'Neil M, Bell A, Dowd M, Hake K, Duke S. Gossypolhemiquinone, a dimeric sesquiterpenoid identified in cotton (Gossypium). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 122:165-171. [PMID: 26725485 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The report that the cotton leaf perforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella, is one of the few insect herbivores to attack Gossypium thurberi prompted an investigation of the terpenoids present in the leaves of this wild species of cotton. Members of Gossypium produce subepidermal pigment glands in their leaves that contain the dimeric sesquiterpenoid gossypol as well as other biosynthetically related terpenoids. In addition to gossypol, a previously unknown dimeric sesquiterpenoid, gossypolhemiquinone (GHQ), was identified in trace amounts in G. thurberi, a member of the D genome. Other members of the D genome of Gossypium were subsequently found to contain this compound, but GHQ was not detected in commercial cotton cultivars. When fed to Helicoverpa zea in an artificial diet, GHQ delayed days-to-pupation, reduced pupal weights, and survival to adulthood to a lesser or equal extent than gossypol in comparison to the control diet. However, GHQ had a synergistic effect on survival and days-to-pupation when combined with gossypol at the highest dosage tested (0.18%; 15.5:84.5 GHQ:gossypol). Because gossypol exhibits anti-cancer activity, GHQ was also evaluated for its anti-cancer activity against the National Cancer Institute's 60-Human Tumor Cell Line Screen. Significant inhibitory activity against most of these cell lines was not observed, but the results may offer some promise against leukemia cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stipanovic
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, United States.
| | - Lorraine Puckhaber
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - James Frelichowski
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - Jesus Esquivel
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - John Westbrook
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - Mike O'Neil
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - Alois Bell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - Michael Dowd
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States
| | - Kater Hake
- Cotton Incorporated, 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, NC 27513, United States
| | - Sara Duke
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, United States
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Tian X, Ruan J, Huang J, Fang X, Mao Y, Wang L, Chen X, Yang C. Gossypol: phytoalexin of cotton. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:122-9. [PMID: 26803304 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids are a class of 15-carbon secondary metabolites that play diverse roles in plant adaptation to environment. Cotton plants accumulate a large amount of sesquiterpene aldehydes (including gossypol) as phytoalexins against pathogens and herbivores. They are stored in pigment glands of aerial organs and in epidermal layers of roots. Several enzymes of gossypol biosynthesis pathway have been characterized, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) that catalyze the formation of the precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (CDN) which is the first enzyme committed to gossypol biosynthesis, and the downstream enzymes of CYP706B1 and methyltransferase. Expressions of these genes are tightly regulated during cotton plants development and induced by jasmonate and fungi elicitors. The transcription factor GaWRKY1 has been shown to be involved in gossypol pathway regulation. Recent development of new genomic platforms and methods and releases of diploid and tetraploid cotton genome sequences will greatly facilitate the elucidation of gossypol biosynthetic pathway and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Juxin Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinquan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingbo Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingjian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Changqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhang B, Li L, Liu Y, Wang Q. Antiviral mechanism study of gossypol and its Schiff base derivatives based on reactive oxygen species (ROS). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14015g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The O2˙− production rates of gossypol and its Schiff bases show a positive correlation with their anti-TMV activities, and O2˙− is more important than H2O2 at the primary stage of TMV inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- People's Republic of China
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Gadelha ICN, Fonseca NBS, Oloris SCS, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B. Gossypol toxicity from cottonseed products. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:231635. [PMID: 24895646 PMCID: PMC4033412 DOI: 10.1155/2014/231635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gossypol is a phenolic compound produced by pigment glands in cotton stems, leaves, seeds, and flower buds (Gossypium spp.). Cottonseed meal is a by-product of cotton that is used for animal feeding because it is rich in oil and proteins. However, gossypol toxicity limits cottonseed use in animal feed. High concentrations of free gossypol may be responsible for acute clinical signs of gossypol poisoning which include respiratory distress, impaired body weight gain, anorexia, weakness, apathy, and death after several days. However, the most common toxic effects is the impairment of male and female reproduction. Another important toxic effect of gossypol is its interference with immune function, reducing an animal's resistance to infections and impairing the efficiency of vaccines. Preventive procedures to limit gossypol toxicity involve treatment of the cottonseed product to reduce the concentration of free gossypol with the most common treatment being exposure to heat. However, free gossypol can be released from the bound form during digestion. Agronomic selection has produced cotton varieties devoid of glands producing gossypol, but these varieties are not normally grown because they are less productive and are more vulnerable to attacks by insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cristina N. Gadelha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, BR 110 Km 47, 59628-360 Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Nayanna Brunna S. Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, BR 110 Km 47, 59628-360 Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Marília M. Melo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Arinbasarova AY, Medentsev AG, Krupyanko VI. Gossypol Inhibits Electron Transport and Stimulates ROS Generation in Yarrowia lipolytica Mitochondria. Open Biochem J 2012; 6:11-5. [PMID: 22481982 PMCID: PMC3315064 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01206010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studied the effect of gossypol on the mitochondrial respiratory chain of Yarrowia lipolytica. The compound was shown to inhibit mitochondrial electron transfer and stimulate generation of reactive oxygen species. The inhibition kinetics in oxidation of various substrates (NADH, succinate, α-glycerophosphate and pyruvate + malate) by isolated mitochondria was investigated. Analysis of the kinetic parameters showed gossypol to inhibit two fragments of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain: a) between coenzyme Q and cytochrome b with K(IIIi) of 118.3 μM (inhibition by the noncompetitive type), and b) at the level of exogenous NADH dehydrogenase with of K(Ii) 17.2 μM (inhibition by the mixed type).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vladimir I Krupyanko
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Pr. Nauki 5, Russia
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Mellon J, Zelaya C, Dowd M. Inhibitory effects of gossypol-related compounds on growth of Aspergillus flavus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:406-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Przybylski P, Pyta K, Brzezinski B, Bartl F. Complexes of heterocyclic aza-derivatives of phytoalexin from cotton plant-gossypol with alkali metal cations and perchlorate anion studied by ESI mass spectrometric method in the positive and negative modes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:838-846. [PMID: 19189269 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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12
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Przybylski P, Schilf W, Kamienski B, Brzezinski B, Bartl F. CP/MAS spectroscopy in the determination of the tautomeric forms of gossypol, its Schiff bases and hydrazones in the solid state. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:534-544. [PMID: 18338327 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
New Schiff bases and new hydrazones were synthesized and studied by (13)C and (15)N CP/MAS spectroscopy and by (1)H--(1)H COSY, (1)H--(13)C HMBC, (1)H--(13)C HSQC, (1)H--(15)N HMQC and (1)H--(15)N HSQC correlations. The CP/MAS investigation of gossypol has demonstrated that in the solid state it exists exclusively in the aldehyde-aldehyde tautomeric form. In contrast, CP/MAS studies of hydrazones and Schiff bases reveal that these compounds occur in the solid state in the N-imine-N-imine and enamine-enamine tautomeric forms, respectively. It is shown that the (13)C resonances of C-6, C-7 and C-11 carbon atoms are suitable for distinguishing between the tautomeric forms of aza-derivatives of gossypol in the solid state. Furthermore, we have proved that the (15)N CP/MAS spectra can be used to identify these tautomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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13
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Przybylski P, Pospieszny T, Huczyński A, Brzezinski B. EI MS and ESI MS studies of the bisesquiterpene from cotton seeds: Gossypol and its Aza-derivatives. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:680-686. [PMID: 18200654 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Grunwaldzka 6, Poland.
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Przybylski P, Schilf W, Lewandowska W, Brzezinski B. Multinuclear magnetic resonance, electrospray ionization–mass spectroscopy, and parametric method 5 studies of a new derivative of gossypol with 2-thiophenecarbohydrazide as well as its complexes with LI+, Na+, K+, RB+, and Cs+ cations. Biopolymers 2006; 83:213-25. [PMID: 16741985 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new derivative of racemic gossypol with 2-thiophenecarbohydrazide (GHHT) and its complexes with monovalent cations have been synthesized and studied by electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as by the Parametric Method 5 (PM5) methods. It is demonstrated that GHHT forms stable complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry with monovalent metal cations. The structures of the complexes are stabilized by three types of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The spectroscopic methods have provided clear evidence that GHHT and its complexes exist in the DMSO-d6 solution in the N-imine-N-imine tautomeric forms. The structures of the GHHT and its complexes with Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ cations are visualized and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Stipanovic RD, Puckhaber LS, Bell AA, Percival AE, Jacobs J. Occurrence of (+)- and (-)-gossypol in wild species of cotton and in Gossypium hirsutum Var. marie-galante (Watt) Hutchinson. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:6266-71. [PMID: 16076104 DOI: 10.1021/jf050702d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol occurs as a mixture of enantiomers in cottonseed. These enantiomers exhibit different biological activities. The (-)-enantiomer is toxic to animals, but it has potential medicinal uses. Therefore, cottonseed with >95% (-)-gossypol could have biopharmaceutical applications. The (+)-enantiomer shows little, if any, toxicity to nonruminant animals. Thus, cottonseed with >95% (+)-gossypol could be more readily utilized as a feed for nonruminants. The (+)- to (-)-gossypol ratio in commercial Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) cottonseed is usually about 3:2, whereas that in commercial Pima cottonseed (Gossypium barbadense) is approximately 2:3. Herein are reported the (+)- to (-)-gossypol ratios in the seed from 28 wild species of cotton (194 accessions), 94 accessions of G. hirsutum var. marie-galante, and 3 domesticated species (11 accessions). It was found that some or all of the accessions of Gossypium darwinii, Gossypium sturtianum, Gossypium areysianum, Gossypium longicalyx, Gossypium harknessii, and Gossypium costulatum produce an excess of (-)-gossypol but none >65%. At least one accession of Gossypium anomalum, Gossypium mustelinum, Gossypium gossypioides, and Gossypium capitis-viridis contained >94% (+)-gossypol. One of the 94 accessions of G. hirsutum var. marie-galante (i.e., no. 2469) contained 97% (+)-gossypol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Stipanovic
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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Spectroscopic and semiempirical studies of new Schiff base of gossypol with allylamine in solution. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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