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Hernández FA, Tejeda C, Aristizábal B, Raffo E, Moroni M, Salgado M. Confirmation of the invasive American mink (Neogale vison) as carrier of Mycobacterium bovis in southern Chile. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107257. [PMID: 38761833 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious-contagious disease with worldwide distribution, caused by the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. It is believed that the existence of wild cycles may hamper the success of bTB control strategies worldwide, where wildlife species could be reservoirs of this bacterial agent across their native (e.g., European badgers, wild boars) or non-indigenous (e.g., brushtail possum in New Zealand) ranges. However, further studies are required to understand the potential risk posed by non-native wildlife in becoming carriers of M. bovis in other neglected latitudes, such as the Southern Cone of South America. In this study, we performed a specific M. bovis-RD4 real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to detect bacterial DNA in tissues from the invasive American mink (Neogale vison) in Los Ríos region, Chile. We detected M. bovis DNA in blood samples collected from 13 out of 186 (7 %) minks with known sex and age. We did not find any significant differences in bacterial DNA detection according to mink sex and age. We found that 92 % (12/13) of specimens were positive in lung, 39 % (5/13) in mediastinal lymph node, and 15 % (2/13) in mesenteric lymph node, which suggest that both respiratory and digestive pathways as possible routes of transmission between infected hosts and minks. Our study is the first report on M. bovis molecular detection in invasive minks in an area where the largest cattle population in the country is located. Furthermore, this area is characterized by a low within-herd prevalence of M. bovis infection in cattle, with a relatively low number of infected herds, and so far, no attempts at eradicating the disease have been successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Carlos Tejeda
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Brandon Aristizábal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Eduardo Raffo
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), Protección de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Región de los Ríos, Chile
| | - Manuel Moroni
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Collard KJ. A study of the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in the wild red deer herd of Exmoor. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2023; 69:14. [PMID: 36694617 PMCID: PMC9851115 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease which thrives at the wildlife-livestock interface. Exmoor has the largest herd of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in England, and also a large number of dairy and beef farms. The population, health and well-being of the herd are managed by a combination of hunting with hounds and by stalking. This study used a serological assay to determine the incidence of bTB in the population of 106 wild red deer of Exmoor, the relationship between regional deer densities and the presence of bTB in deer, and domestic cattle. The overall number of bTB positive deer was 28.3% (30/106). Stalked deer had a slightly higher incidence of bTB (19 out of 55, 34.55%) than hunted deer (11 out of 51, 21.57%). There was no clear pattern of distribution except for one region which showed an incidence of 42.22% compared with 16.4% in the remainder of the moor. There was little difference in the incidence of bTB between male and female animals. The age of animals in the study ranged from < 1 year to over 10 years. There was no clear difference in the incidence across the age range (< 1 year- > 10 years) with the exception of a particularly high incidence in those animals aged 1 year or less. There was a significant correlation between the presence of deer with bTB and the number of farms reporting bTB positive cattle, but not between the regional population of red deer and bTB in deer or cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J. Collard
- Badgworthy Trust for the Preservation of Exmoor, The Elms Estate, The Elms Office, Bishops Tawton, Barnstaple, 32 OEJ Devon, EX UK
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Torgerson PR. What is the role of badger culling as a control measure for bovine TB? Vet Rec 2022; 190:236-238. [PMID: 35303359 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Allen AR, Ford T, Skuce RA. Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Survival in the Environment Confound Bovine Tuberculosis Control and Eradication? A Literature Review. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:8812898. [PMID: 33628412 PMCID: PMC7880718 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8812898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the globe's most common, multihost zoonoses and results in substantial socioeconomic costs for governments, farming industries, and tax payers. Despite decades of surveillance and research, surprisingly, little is known about the exact mechanisms of transmission. In particular, as a facultative intracellular pathogen, to what extent does survival of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis), in the environment constitute an epidemiological risk for livestock and wildlife? Due largely to the classical pathology of cattle cases, the received wisdom was that bTB was spread by direct inhalation and exchange of bioaerosols containing droplets laden with bacteria. Other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) exhibit differing host ranges, an apparent capacity to persist in environmental fomites, and they favour a range of different transmission routes. It is possible, therefore, that infection from environmental sources of M. bovis could be a disease transmission risk. Recent evidence from GPS-collared cattle and badgers in Britain and Ireland suggests that direct transmission by infectious droplets or aerosols may not be the main mechanism for interspecies transmission, raising the possibility of indirect transmission involving a contaminated, shared environment. The possibility that classical pulmonary TB can be simulated and recapitulated in laboratory animal models by ingestion of contaminated feed is a further intriguing indication of potential environmental risk. Livestock and wildlife are known to shed M. bovis onto pasture, soil, feedstuffs, water, and other fomites; field and laboratory studies have indicated that persistence is possible, but variable, under differing environmental conditions. Given the potential infection risk, it is timely to review the available evidence, experimental approaches, and methodologies that could be deployed to address this potential blind spot and control point. Although we focus on evidence from Western Europe, the concepts are widely applicable to other multihost bTB episystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R. Allen
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Tom Ford
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Robin A. Skuce
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
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Milton AAP, Das S, Ghatak S. Neglected paths of transmission of milkborne brucellosis and tuberculosis in developing countries: novel control opportunities. Epidemiol Health 2020; 42:e2020073. [PMID: 33285058 PMCID: PMC8137372 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis and tuberculosis are lingering zoonotic infections that are endemic in many developing parts of the world, with considerable economic and health costs. Although guidelines for the control of these diseases exist, we highlight neglected transmission routes of these diseases. We show that informal, door-to-door marketing of unpasteurized milk provides an important route for disease transmission through kitchen cross-contamination. Furthermore, the practice of discarding the first strippings of milk at farms needs adjustment to avoid floor and environmental contamination. Herein, we propose handling guidelines and a design for a milk stripping collection vessel. We believe that taking action to block these hitherto unrecognized transmission routes will complement existing efforts and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir Das
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, India
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Marange R, Morar-Leather D, Fasina FO. Survey of the knowledge, attitude and perceptions on bovine tuberculosis in Mnisi community, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2020; 87:e1-e4. [PMID: 32787432 PMCID: PMC7433316 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health concern of zoonotic importance, and Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the most common causes of TB in animals and humans, respectively. Integral to TB control strategies are the communities affected by this epidemic. Tuberculosis awareness by the community is an effective TB control strategy as education empowers people to make informed choices with regard to mitigating TB risk factors in their daily lives. We conducted a knowledge, attitude and perceptions survey in Mnisi pastoral community in South Africa using a semi-structured questionnaire to evaluate the level of bovine TB (bTB) awareness, and provided informed feedback to the community on the outcome of the study. Although participants were aware of TB, the knowledge of the zoonotic potential of bTB and about susceptible hosts was limited. The study findings showed knowledge gaps regarding common risk factors, including coughing while herding cattle, unsupervised/uninspected communal slaughter and improper disposal of infected meat. In contrast, it was noted that the majority of participants discarded meat with visible lesions and consumed pasteurised milk; thus, the risk of TB transmission via the ingestion route is low. Tuberculosis knowledge gaps were evident in the community, and public health and veterinary authorities need to improve relationships with stakeholders and implement awareness programmes that use a one health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudo Marange
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria.
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Gelalcha BD, Zewude A, Ameni G. Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a Sheep Flock Colocated with a Tuberculous Dairy Cattle Herd in Central Ethiopia. J Vet Med 2019; 2019:8315137. [PMID: 30941376 PMCID: PMC6421010 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8315137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) has an exceptionally wide host range including sheep. Information on tuberculosis (TB) in sheep is scarce, and there appears to be conflicting opinions about the relative susceptibility of sheep to infection. In Ethiopia, there was no single previous report on tuberculosis in sheep, though mixed farming of cattle and sheep is a common practice. In this study, following the observation of TB-like lesions on sheep died from sheep flock kept in contact with cattle herd, further investigation was conducted on the flock to assess the magnitude of the infection and identify and characterize the causative M. bovis strain. An outbreak investigation was carried out on 26 eligible sheep out of 33 sheep found on the farm. Comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test, postmortem examination, Mycobacterium culturing, and spoligotyping were the techniques used in the study. The prevalence of TB in the tested sheep was 15% (4/26). All the sheep that were positive to CIDT had gross lesions suggestive of TB. Three of the positive sheep had extensive and multiple lesions. M. bovis was isolated from all four sheep and the strain was identified as spoligotype SBO134. The in-contact dairy cows were screened for TB and 98% (45/46) of the cows tested positive to CIDT. Furthermore, the same strain, SB0134, was also isolated from the two in-contact cows. The isolation of a matching genotype (SB0134) of M. bovis from both species sharing a known epidemiologic link strongly suggests that the sheep flock might have acquired the pathogen from the dairy cows. This warrants strict physical separation of the sheep flock from the cattle herd to prevent such interspecies transmission of M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Kelly R. Bovine tuberculosis elimination: playing the long game. Vet Rec 2018; 183:619-621. [PMID: 30467258 DOI: 10.1136/vr.k4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Kelly
- Farm Animal Clinical Services, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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Serrano M, Sevilla IA, Fuertes M, Geijo M, Risalde MÁ, Ruiz-Fons JF, Gortazar C, Juste RA, Domínguez L, Elguezabal N, Garrido JM. Different lesion distribution in calves orally or intratracheally challenged with Mycobacterium bovis: implications for diagnosis. Vet Res 2018; 49:74. [PMID: 30053884 PMCID: PMC6064182 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) remains a major problem in some countries despite the existence of control programmes focused mainly on cattle. In this species, aerogenous transmission is accepted as the most frequent infection route, affecting mainly the respiratory system. Under the hypothesis that the oral route could be playing a more relevant role in transmission, diagnosis and disease persistence than previously thought, this study was performed to assess the course of TB infection in cattle and its effects on diagnosis depending on the route of entry of Mycobacterium bovis. Two groups of five calves each were either endotracheally (EC) or orally (OC) challenged. Necropsies were carried out 12 weeks after challenge except for three OC calves slaughtered 8 weeks later. All animals reacted to the tuberculin skin test and the entire EC group was positive to the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) 2 weeks after challenge and thereafter. The first positive IGRA results for OC calves (3/5) were recorded 4 weeks after challenge. Group comparison revealed significant differences in lesion and positive culture location and scoring. TB-compatible gross lesions and positive cultures were more frequently found in the thorax (p < 0.001) and lung (p < 0.05) of EC animals, whereas OC animals presented lesions (p = 0.23) and positive cultures (p < 0.05) mainly located in the abdomen. These results indicate that the infection route seems to be a determining factor for both the distribution and the time needed for the development of visible lesions. Our study suggests that confirmation of TB infection in some skin reactor animals can be problematic if current post-mortem examination and diagnostics are not improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Serrano
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miguel Fuertes
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mariví Geijo
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Risalde
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceia3), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,SERIDA, Agri-food Research and Development Regional Service, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Nalapa DP, Muwonge A, Kankya C, Olea-Popelka F. Prevalence of tuberculous lesion in cattle slaughtered in Mubende district, Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:73. [PMID: 28320401 PMCID: PMC5360035 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of gross pathology suggestive of bovine tuberculosis (TB-like lesions) and evaluate animal's characteristics associated with the risk of having bovine TB-like lesions among cattle slaughtered in Mubende district in the Uganda cattle corridor. METHOD We conducted a cross sectional study in which 1,576 slaughtered cattle in Mubende district municipal abattoir underwent post-mortem inspection between August 2013 and January 2014. The presence of bovine TB-like lesions in addition to the animal's sex, age, breed, and sub-county of origin prior to slaughter were recorded. Associations between the presence of bovine TB-like lesions and animal's age, sex, breed, and sub-county of origin prior to slaughter were initially analysed using a univariable approach with the chi-square test, and subsequently with a multivariable logistic regression model to assess the combined impact of these animal characteristics with the risk of having a bovine TB-like lesion. Additionally, and as a secondary objective, tissue samples were collected from all carcases that had a bovine TB-like lesion and were processed using standard Mycobacterium culture and identification methods. The culture and acid fast positive samples were tested using Capilia TB-neo® assay to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). RESULTS Of 1,576 carcasses inspected, 9.7% (153/1,576) had bovine TB-like lesions from which Mycobacterium spp and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTC) were isolated in 13 (8.4%) and 12 (7.8%) respectively. Bovine TB-like lesions were more likely to be found in females (OR = 1.49, OR 95% CI: 1.06-2.13) and in older cattle (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.64-3.7). When compared to Ankole cattle, Cross breed (OR = 6.5, OR 95% CI: 3.37-12.7) and Zebu cattle (OR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.78-3.72) had higher odds of having bovine TB-like lesions. Animals from Kasanda (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.52-4.17) were more likely to have bovine TB-like lesions than cattle from Kasambya. CONCLUSIONS The findings of study reveals that approximately one in ten slaughtered cattle presents with gross pathology suggestive of bovine TB in Mubende district in the Uganda cattle corridor district, however, we isolated MTC in only 8.4% of these bovine TB-like lesions. Therefore, there is a need to understand the cause of all the other bovine TB-like lesions in order to safe guard diagnostic integrity of meat inspection in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pakasi Nalapa
- Department of Biosecurity Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter bush Campus, EH259RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Francisco Olea-Popelka
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences & Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Raffo E, Steuer P, Monti G, Salgado M. Effect of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection on the diagnostic accuracy for Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection under field conditions in cattle belonging to low M. bovis prevalence herds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:771-775. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Macuamule CLS, Wiid IJ, van Helden PD, Tanner M, Witthuhn RC. Effect of milk fermentation by kefir grains and selected single strains of lactic acid bacteria on the survival of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:170-6. [PMID: 26544204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis that causes Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) can be transmitted to humans thought consumption of raw and raw fermented milk products from diseased animals. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in popular traditional milk products in Africa produce anti-microbial compounds that inhibit some pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. M. bovis BCG is an attenuated non-pathogenic vaccine strain of M. bovis and the aim of the study was to determine the effect of the fermentation process on the survival of M. bovis BCG in milk. M. bovis BCG at concentrations of 6 log CFU/ml was added to products of kefir fermentation. The survival of M. bovis BCG was monitored at 12-h intervals for 72 h by enumerating viable cells on Middlebrook 7H10 agar plates enriched with 2% BD BACTEC PANTA™. M. bovis BCG was increasingly reduced in sterile kefir that was fermented for a period of 24h and longer. In the milk fermented with kefir grains, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei or Lactobacillus casei, the viability of M. bovis BCG was reduced by 0.4 logs after 24h and by 2 logs after 48 h of fermentation. No viable M. bovis BCG was detected after 60 h of fermentation. Results from this study show that long term fermentation under certain conditions may have the potential to inactivate M. bovis BCG present in the milk. However, to ensure safety of fermented milk in Africa, fermentation should be combined with other hurdle technologies such as boiling and milk pasteurisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L S Macuamule
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - I J Wiid
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - P D van Helden
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - M Tanner
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary Science, LMU, Munich, Germany.
| | - R C Witthuhn
- Department of Microbial-, Biochemical- and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State. PO Box/Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Yang L, Wang C, Wang H, Meng Q, Wang Q. Evaluation of MIRU-VNTR for typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from Sika deer in Northeast China. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:93. [PMID: 25889075 PMCID: PMC4399248 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis has led to serious economic losses for Sika Deer producers in China. Strategies for controlling the spread of Mycobacterium bovis are often hampered by a lack of epidemiological data. Specifically, tracing infections requires the ability to trace back infections, which, in turn, requires the ability to determine isolates with a common source. This study was planned to assess the discriminatory power of each mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU)-variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) locus and evaluate the most appropriate combination of MIRU-VNTR loci for molecular epidemiological studies on Sika Deer in China. Results The discriminatory power of MIRU-VNTR typing based on 22 known loci (12 MIRUs, 2 ETRs, 4 QUBs, and 4 Mtubs) were assessed in 96 Mycobacterium bovis strains collected sequentially from Sika Deer at a slaughterhouse in northeastern China. We defined four loci (MIRU4, ETRA, QUB11b, and Mtub4) as highly discriminative, eight loci (MIRU2, MIRU23, MIRU27, MIRU31, MIRU39, MIRU40, QUB26, and Mtub21) as moderately discriminative, and three loci (MIRU16, Mtub30, and Mtub34) as poorly discriminative. The final locus showed no polymorphism between strains. MIRU-VNTR typing as a whole was highly discriminative, with an overall allelic diversity of 0.897. Of the loci tested, the four highly discriminative loci and eight moderately discriminative loci proved to be most appropriate for first line typing of M. bovis from Sika Deer, with the same resolving ability as all 22 loci (H = 0.897). Conclusions MIRU-VNTR typing is quick and effective for typing bovine tuberculosis isolates from Sika Deer in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0402-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, 130118, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quadrant Bureau, Puyang Street No.1301, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Haijun Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, 130118, Changchun, China.
| | - Qingfeng Meng
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quadrant Bureau, Puyang Street No.1301, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Quankai Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, 130118, Changchun, China. .,Jilin Sino-ROK Academy of Animal Sciences, Donghua Street No.1699, Changchun, 130600, China.
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Tschopp R, Bekele S, Moti T, Young D, Aseffa A. Brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis prevalence in livestock from pastoralist communities adjacent to Awash National Park, Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2015; 120:187-194. [PMID: 25841999 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in local cattle and goat breeds of Oromo and Afar pastoralist communities living in two distinct parts around the Awash National Park. A questionnaire survey was carried out to assess information on husbandry, milk consumption habits, and on knowledge-attitude-practice regarding both diseases. Among a total of 771 animals from all sites tested by comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT) none were BTB reactors with the >4mm cut-off. Using the >2mm cut-off, individual apparent prevalence was 0.9% (95%CI: 0.23-3.56%) in cattle and 0.7% (95%CI: 0.12-3.45%) in goats. Herd prevalence in Oromia and Afar sites was 0% and 66.7% respectively in goats and 16.7% and 50% in cattle. Among the 327 animals tested by enzyme linked immunoassay for brucellosis, 4.8% (95%CI: 1.2-17.1%) of cattle and 22.8% (95%CI: 5.98-29.5%) of goats were reactors. Highest individual prevalence of both diseases was found in Afar settlements with brucellosis being as high as 50%. Respondent ethnicity was the only risk factor for brucellosis positivity in goats in the univariable risk factor analysis. Knowledge about the diseases was poor. Raw goat milk was regularly consumed by women and children, putting them at risk for brucellosis. This study highlighted an increased prevalence gradient of BTB and brucellosis from West to East along the study sites with high brucellosis individual prevalence and abortion rates among Afar settlements in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Tschopp
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinsstr. 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Shiferaw Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye Moti
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Douglas Young
- Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Evidence of increasing intra and inter-species transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in South Africa: Are we losing the battle? Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Wright DM, Allen AR, Mallon TR, McDowell SWJ, Bishop SC, Glass EJ, Bermingham ML, Woolliams JA, Skuce RA. Field-isolated genotypes of Mycobacterium bovis vary in virulence and influence case pathology but do not affect outbreak size. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74503. [PMID: 24086351 PMCID: PMC3781146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of many infectious agents differ in fundamental epidemiological parameters including transmissibility, virulence and pathology. We investigated whether genotypes of Mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, bTB) differ significantly in transmissibility and virulence, combining data from a nine-year survey of the genetic structure of the M. bovis population in Northern Ireland with detailed records of the cattle population during the same period. We used the size of herd breakdowns as a proxy measure of transmissibility and the proportion of skin test positive animals (reactors) that were visibly lesioned as a measure of virulence. Average breakdown size increased with herd size and varied depending on the manner of detection (routine herd testing or tracing of infectious contacts) but we found no significant variation among M. bovis genotypes in breakdown size once these factors had been accounted for. However breakdowns due to some genotypes had a greater proportion of lesioned reactors than others, indicating that there may be variation in virulence among genotypes. These findings indicate that the current bTB control programme may be detecting infected herds sufficiently quickly so that differences in virulence are not manifested in terms of outbreak sizes. We also investigated whether pathology of infected cattle varied according to M. bovis genotype, analysing the distribution of lesions recorded at post mortem inspection. We concentrated on the proportion of cases lesioned in the lower respiratory tract, which can indicate the relative importance of the respiratory and alimentary routes of infection. The distribution of lesions varied among genotypes and with cattle age and there were also subtle differences among breeds. Age and breed differences may be related to differences in susceptibility and husbandry, but reasons for variation in lesion distribution among genotypes require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrian R. Allen
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Mallon
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley W. J. McDowell
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J. Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mairead L. Bermingham
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Woolliams
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Robin A. Skuce
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Heterozygosity at the A625C polymorphic site of the MyD88 gene is associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2139-44. [PMID: 23545302 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01398-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study demonstrates that in cattle, animals heterozygous at the MyD88 A625C polymorphic marker have a 5-fold reduced risk for active pulmonary tuberculosis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.19; P = 6 × 10(-12)). The reduced risk, however, does not extend to animals with latent pulmonary tuberculosis (OR = 0.83; P = 0.40). Heterozygosity at the A625C single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with intermediate levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Accordingly, deficiency as well as overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines or NOS favor tuberculosis, while heterozygosity provides the animals with the optimal level of inflammation.
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Use of ESAT-6-CFP-10 fusion protein in the bovine interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay for diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 90:298-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Biffa D, Bogale A, Godfroid J, Skjerve E. Factors associated with severity of bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopian cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:991-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Epidemiological significance of the domestic black pig (Sus scrofa) in maintenance of bovine tuberculosis in Sicily. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1209-18. [PMID: 22322347 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06544-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an emerging disease among wild animals in many parts of the world. Wildlife reservoir hosts may thus represent a potential source of infection for livestock and humans. We investigated the role played by the Sicilian black pig, an autochthonous free- or semi-free-ranging domestic pig breed, as a potential source of bTB infection in an area where bTB prevalence in cattle is high. We initially performed a preliminary field study to assess the occurrence of bTB in such animals. We sampled 119 pigs at abattoir and found 6.7% and 3.4% of them to be affected by gross tuberculous-like lesions (TBL) and Mycobacterium bovis culture positive, respectively. We then proceeded to investigate the dissemination and characteristics of lesions in a second field study performed on 100 animals sampled from infected herds. Here, tissues collected at the abattoir were examined macroscopically, microscopically, and by culture tests. Most pigs with TBL showed generalized lesions in both gross and histological examinations (53% and 65.5%, respectively). Head lymph nodes were the most frequently affected in both localized and generalized TB cases observed macroscopically and microscopically. M. bovis was the most frequently isolated etiologic agent. The molecular characterization of isolates from both field studies by spoligotyping and analysis of 12 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) loci, followed by their comparison to isolates of cattle origin, suggested a potential transmission of mycobacteria from domestic animals to black pigs and vice versa. Our findings, along with ethological, ecological, and management considerations, suggest that the black pig might act as a bTB reservoir in the ecosystem under study. However, additional studies will be necessary to establish the true epidemiological significance of the Sicilian black pig.
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Eurasian wild boar response to skin-testing with mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial antigens. Prev Vet Med 2010; 96:211-7. [PMID: 20633938 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) are able to maintain bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the wild and are most probably able to transmit the disease to other species, thus acting as a true wildlife reservoir. Translocation of wild boar is a common practice in European countries. Therefore, identifying effective tools for bTB diagnosis in living wild boar is crucial for the implementation of control measures. We describe for the first time the sex and origin related differences in the skin-test response to mycobacterial antigens (bPPD and aPPD) and to a non-mycobacterial antigen (PHA, a plant derived mitogen) in wild and farmed wild boar, and used a small sample of known M. bovis infected wild boar to establish whether skin-testing is an option for bTB diagnosis in living wild boar. The highest skinfold increase response was detected at the PHA injection site, evidencing that the PHA test could be useful in monitoring cell mediated immunity (CMI) in wild boar populations. A clear age-increasing trend of the PHA response indicated that age should be taken into account when measuring CMI in wild boar. Origin related differences in the response against mycobacterial antigens could reflect differential exposure to mycobacterial antigens. Skin testing in BCG immunized wild boar showed low sensitivity (43-57%), while the sensitivity was good in the culture positive controls (75-100%), depending on the reading criterion. Specificity improved when the criterion was a response to bPPD larger than 2 mm and bPPD response larger than aPPD response (77%). Although a limited sample, our results indicated the potential of skin test as a bTB diagnostic tool in Eurasian wild boar. However, handling of wild boar is dangerous, specificity is low, and more effort is needed in order to define the sensitivity of this technique.
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Cho YS, Lee SE, Ko YJ, Cho D, Lee HS, Hwang I, Nam H, Heo E, Kim JM, Jung S. Definition of Purified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Antigens from the Culture Filtrate Protein of Mycobacterium bovis by Proteomic Analysis. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2009; 30:291-304. [DOI: 10.1080/15321810903084483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Tschopp R, Schelling E, Hattendorf J, Aseffa A, Zinsstag J. Risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in rural livestock production systems of Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2009; 89:205-11. [PMID: 19339066 PMCID: PMC2706391 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study shows a representative stratified cluster sample survey of the prevalence of comparative intradermal tuberculin test in cattle from four regions in Ethiopia. Using a cut-off for positivity of 2 mm, it assesses possible risk factors for tuberculin-positive reaction in cattle. Seventy-three villages in 24 kebeles (administrative units) were randomly selected, from which 2216 cattle from 780 owners were tested. In addition, 450 of these cattle owners were interviewed for risk factor assessment. Ninety-nine percent of the tested cattle in this rural livestock production system were traditional zebus. The individual overall prevalence of cattle bovine tuberculosis (BTB)e was 3%, with the highest found in Meskan Mareko, in Central Ethiopia (7.9%) and the lowest in Woldia, in the North East edge of the Rift Valley (1.2%). Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) with random effect on kebeles was used to analyse risk factors of cattle reactors and human tuberculosis (TB) infection. Purchase of cattle and presence of other livestock in the herd were statistically significant, with OR: 1.7, p-values of 0.03 and OR: 2, p = 0.05, respectively. Family members diagnosed with TB or showing clinical signs of extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) were reported in 86 households (19%). None of the assessed potential risk factors of disease transmission between cattle and human (food consumption, livestock husbandry and presence of BTB-positive cattle) were statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Tschopp
- Swiss Tropical Institute, PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Gene expression profiles of European wild boar naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 129:119-25. [PMID: 19131115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Global gene expression profiles were analyzed in European wild boar naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Spleen RNA was extracted from 23 M. bovis-infected and 17 uninfected animals and analyzed using a Pigoligoarray representing 20,400 genes. Differentially expressed sequences (N=161) were identified affecting cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell communication and signal transduction, cell growth and/or maintenance, cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis, DNA repair, immune response, metabolism and energy pathways, protein metabolism, regulation of cell proliferation, regulation of gene expression, regulation of nucleic acid metabolism, regulation of physiological processes, and transport. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels was used to corroborate microarray results of selected genes. Immune response genes were among the most represented differentially expressed sequences and were selected for further discussion. Beta-defensin 129, T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 and B-cell receptor-associated protein 29 were overexpressed in infected animals. Lower expression levels of the immune response genes galectin-1, complement component C1qB and certain HLA class I and class II histocompatibility antigens and immunoglobulin chains were found in infected animals. This study identified new mechanisms by which naturally infected European wild boar respond to M. bovis infection and how the pathogen circumvents host immune responses to establish infection. Gene expression studies in naturally infected wildlife reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis are important for functional genomics and vaccine studies to aid in disease control in wildlife.
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25
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Multiplex immunoassay for serological diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1834-8. [PMID: 18927068 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00238-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to develop a better diagnostic assay for bovine tuberculosis have shown that the sensitivity and specificity of an assay can be improved by the use of two or more antigens. As reported here, we developed a multiplex chemiluminescent immunoassay that can simultaneously detect antibody activity to 25 antigens in a single well in a 96-well plate array format. The chemiluminescent signal is captured with a digital imaging system and analyzed with a macro program that tracks each serum for its pattern of antibody activity for Mycobacterium bovis antigens. The comparison of sera from 522 infected and 1,489 uninfected animals showed that a sensitivity of 93.1% and a specificity of 98.4% can be achieved with a combination of antigens. The assay system is rapid and can be automated for use in a centralized laboratory.
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Naranjo V, Gortazar C, Vicente J, de la Fuente J. Evidence of the role of European wild boar as a reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Vet Microbiol 2008; 127:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liebana E, Johnson L, Gough J, Durr P, Jahans K, Clifton-Hadley R, Spencer Y, Hewinson RG, Downs SH. Pathology of naturally occurring bovine tuberculosis in England and Wales. Vet J 2007; 176:354-60. [PMID: 17728162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain a contemporary data set of pathology in tuberculin reactor and in-contact cattle in England and Wales. Four hundred animals (200 reactors and 200 in-contacts) from 242 farms located in 14 counties in Western England and Wales were examined. The mean number of lymph nodes (LNs) with tuberculosis (TB)-like lesions per TB-confirmed animal was 1.7 in reactors and 1.5 in in-contact animals. Tuberculous lesions in both reactor and in-contact animals were most commonly observed in the LNs of the thorax, followed by the head and abdomen, particularly the mediastinal, retropharyngeal and tracheobronchial LNs. Twenty-five reactors had macroscopic lesions in the palatine tonsils. Among TB-confirmed cattle, 27% of reactors and 9% of in-contact animals had gross TB-like lesions in the lungs, particularly in the caudal lobes. Gross lesions that were not TB-confirmed were parasitic granulomas (45%), bacterial or mycotic club-forming pyogranulomas (27%) and bacterial abscesses (23%). Diagnostic sensitivity was maximised when bacteriology and histopathology were used concurrently. Stage IV granulomas, alone or in combination with other stages, constituted 63% of lesions, while 16% of lesions were stage I/II granulomas. Caseous necrosis and calcification were common features of the granulomas encountered in natural Mycobacterium bovis infections, even with pathology limited to a small number of sites. Granulomas often covered large areas of histological sections and typically contained only small numbers of acid fast bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liebana
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, England, UK.
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Yokoyama E, Kishida K, Uchimura M, Ichinohe S. Improved differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, including many Beijing genotype strains, using a new combination of variable number of tandem repeats loci. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2007; 7:499-508. [PMID: 17398165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) typing was done on 230 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, including 41 strains isolated from 17 groups of epidemiologically linked patients. By PCR amplification, 185 (80.4%) of the 230 strains were Beijing genotype strains. VNTR typing was performed using the 15 loci proposed as a standard set by Supply et al. [Supply, P., Allix, C., Lesjean, S., Cardoso-Oelemann, M., Rusch-Gerdes, S., Willery, E., Savine, E., de Haas, P., van Deutekom, H., Roring, S., Bifani, P., Kurepina, N., Kreiswirth, B., Sola, C., Rastogi, N., Vatin, V., Gutierrez, M.C., Fauville, M., Niemann, S., Skuce, R., Kremer, K., Locht, C., van Soolingen, D., 2006. Proposal for standardization of optimized mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 4498-4510], and cluster analyses of these data were done. By the VNTR typing with the proposed 15 loci, strains having low similarity values by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were clustered. Use of a supplemental9 loci, proposed as a high-resolution tool, with the 15 loci showed that strains with low similarity by RFLP analysis were still clustered. Twelve VNTR loci were selected based on previously reported discriminatory index (DI) values and used with the proposed 15 loci for better differentiation by VNTR typing. When eight loci with higher DI values were used with the 15 loci, there were no clusters, including strains with low RFLP similarity. The15 loci and eight additional loci decreased the numbers of clustered strains isolated from epidemiologically unlinked patients significantly compared to using only the 15 loci. Among all tested loci, obvious differences of DI values were observed for 8 loci (miru10, miru16, miru39, Mtub29, Mtub30, QUB11a, QUB26, and QUB1895) of RD105 lineage strains compared to those of other lineage strains. These results suggest that the proposed VNTR typing method cannot be used as a routine epidemiological tool in areas where Beijing genotype strains are prevalent. Several VNTR loci should be added to the proposed method based on differences in polymorphism of VNTR loci among Beijing genotype lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yokoyama
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona, Chuo, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8715, Japan.
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