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Kang H, Wang Q, Yu H, Guo Q, Weber LI, Wu W, Lepp D, Cui SW, Diarra MS, Liu H, Shao S, Gong J. Validating the use of a newly developed cinnamaldehyde product in commercial broiler production. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103625. [PMID: 38507831 PMCID: PMC10966097 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have been considered as an alternative to antibiotics for animal production. In the current study, 4 trials were conducted on a commercial broiler farm to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of an encapsulated cinnamon EO product (NE-OFF) on the bird growth performance, gut health, and gene expression in the ileum, spleen, and liver relating to the host response to heat and other stresses, including potential NE challenge. In each trial, approximately 30,000 Cobb or Ross broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments: a raised without antibiotics (RWA) commercial diet as positive control, an adjusted RWA commercial diet as negative control, and the negative control diet supplemented with 2 different dosages of NE-OFF, which was added during feed pelleting. Although the final average body weight did not differ significantly among treatment groups, birds fed NE-OFF had an increased ratio of villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum, and reduced fecal oocyst counts. Trial 2 was conducted in the summer and had a necrotic enteritis (NE) outbreak. The supplementation of NE-OFF reduced the NE incidence and bird mortality. The samples from Trial 2 were hence selected for the analyses of Clostridium perfringens and NetB toxin gene abundance in the ileum, and host responses. The C. perfringens population appeared to be positively correlated with the NetB gene abundance. The gene expression analysis suggested that NE-OFF supplementation improved nutrient absorption and transportation as well as antioxidant activities to help the birds against stress. These on-farm trial results support the hypothesis that the use of NE-OFF as a feed additive can improve bird gut health and performance in commercial broiler production, especially for preventing NE outbreaks when birds are under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Kang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Qian Guo
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - LIoyd Weber
- LEL Farms Ltd., Guelph, Ontario, N1L 1G3 Canada
| | - Wendy Wu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Steve W Cui
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada.
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2
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Li L, Lin Y, Agyekumwaa Addo K, Yu Y, Liao C. Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on the growth and virulence of Clostridium perfringens and its application on cooked pork. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113110. [PMID: 37689877 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the antibacterial action modes and virulence-inhibitory effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AITC against vegetative cells of Cp 13124 was 0.1 μL/mL, and the time-kill kinetics analysis revealed that AITC could significantly suppress the growth of Cp 13124. According to the results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, and UV absorbance substance detection, the cell membrane of Cp 13124 was damaged upon AITC treatment, causing a loss of integrity and the release of intracellular substances. Meanwhile, the fluorescence quenching experiment indicated the interaction of AIT-C with membrane proteins, which caused changes in the conformation of membrane proteins. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that AITC could induce apoptosis through oxidative stress. The formation of Cp 13124 biofilms was inhibited by AITC using the crystalline violet method, which was possibly related to the inhibition of sliding motility. Finally, low concentrations of AITC could be used as an antibacterial agent to inhibit the outgrowth of Cp 13124 in cooked pork, suggesting that AITC is a promising candidate for novel preservatives in the meat business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Li
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yilin Lin
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Keren Agyekumwaa Addo
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yigang Yu
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Caihu Liao
- Yingdong Food Science and Engineering Institute, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resourcesin Northern Guangdong, Shaoguan 512005, China.
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3
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Spray-drying microencapsulation of citral with soy protein-soy polysaccharide Maillard reaction products: stability and release characteristics. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Zhang H, Ding X, Bai S, Zeng Q, Zhang K, Mao X, Chu L, Hou D, Xuan Y, Wang J. Alleviating effect of dietary supplementation of benzoic acid, Enterococcus faecium and essential oil complex on coccidia and Clostridium perfringens challenge in laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101720. [PMID: 35231770 PMCID: PMC8886132 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic acid, Enterococcus faecium, and essential oil complex (BEC) on coccidia and Clostridium perfringens challenge in laying hens. A total of 80 Lohmann gray laying hens (35 wk old) were allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of Clostridium perfringens type A (CP) and coccidia challenge (with or without challenge) and 2 BEC levels (0 and 1,000 mg/kg). The total experimental period was 6 wk. The results showed that: the challenge group significantly decreased the laying rate and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of laying hens (PChallenge < 0.01). The BEC + challenge group significantly increased the laying rate and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of laying hens (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly decreased the thickness, strength, and relative weight of eggshell (PChallenge < 0.05). The BCE + challenge group significantly increased the relative weight and strength of the eggshell (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly increased the crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and decreased the villus-to-crypt ratio (V/C) (PChallenge < 0.01). The BEC + challenge group decreased the crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum, and increased the V/C of the duodenum (PBEC < 0.01). The pathological scores of duodenum and jejunum of the challenge group were significantly higher than other groups (PChallenge < 0.01), while the BEC + challenge group had lower pathological scores of jejunum (PBEC < 0.01). The challenge significantly decreased the mRNA expression of Occludin, Mucin-2, Zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) (Pchallenge < 0.05); whereas the BEC group significantly increased the expression of Occludin, Mucin-2, and Claudin-1 mRNA (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly increased the level of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the jejunum (PChallenge < 0.05). Taken together, adding BEC to the diet can improved production performance and egg quality of layers, by protecting intestinal health against Clostridium perfringens type A (CP) and coccidia challenge.
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Potential of a mixture of eugenol and garlic tincture to improve performance and intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:26-37. [PMID: 34977373 PMCID: PMC8669256 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant extracts (PE) are gaining increased attention as potential alternatives to in-feed antimicrobials (AM) due to their known antimicrobial activities. This study was conducted to examine the potential of PE, a microencapsulated product composed of eugenol and garlic tincture as an alternative to AM-agent on performance and intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 960 day-old mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed to 48-floor pens with 6 treatments replicated 8 times with 20 birds each. The 6 treatments were as follows: UC, unchallenged control; CC, challenged control; PE, challenged group plus PE; AM, challenged group plus AM; FAP, challenged group plus a full dose of AM with PE; HAP, challenged group plus a half dose of AM with PE in starter, grower and finisher phases. Birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14. The body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and livability of birds were compromised, and intestinal lesions and mortality were increased (P < 0.05) by NE challenge, illustrating a successful clinical NE challenge. Birds fed AM had higher BWG and FI, and lower FCR, mortality, and intestinal lesions compared to the CC group (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had improved FCR (P < 0.05) and livability (5.8%) in an overall period compared to the CC group. On d 16, PE supplementation reduced ileal lesion scores in only male birds (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had decreased Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina oocyst counts in caecal content (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had decreased Escherichia brunetti and total oocyst counts in caecal content, and E. acervulina oocyst counts in ileal content in only female birds (P < 0.05). On d 35, PE supplementation reduced variation of BW in both male and female birds and increased yellowness (b∗ value, 14.4%) in the thigh. These findings suggest the potential of PE supplementation in diets to improve the performance and intestinal health of birds under clinical NE as indicated by improved FCR, livability, uniformity, reduced ileal lesions, oocyst counts and increased skin yellowness. However, the protective effect of PE may not be apparent in the presence of AM in the feed.
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Sharifi A, Nayeri Fasaei B. Selected plant essential oils inhibit biofilm formation and
luxS‐
and
pfs‐
mediated quorum sensing by
Escherichia coli
O157:H7. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:916-923. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Sharifi
- Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Kurdistan Iran
| | - Bahar Nayeri Fasaei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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7
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Qiao J, Shang Z, Liu X, Wang K, Wu Z, Wei Q, Li H. Regulatory Effects of Combined Dietary Supplementation With Essential Oils and Organic Acids on Microbial Communities of Cobb Broilers. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:814626. [PMID: 35046927 PMCID: PMC8761947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.814626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic microorganisms have resulted in many countries restricting the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed. The combined use of essential oils and organic acids can help maintain intestinal health, improve animal growth performance, and alleviate the negative effects of banned antibiotics for certain economically important animals. Although the modes of action for the combined dietary supplementation of essential oils and organic acids such as thymol-citric acid (EOA1) and thymol-butyric acid (EOA2) remain unclear, it is speculated that their activities are achieved through beneficial modulation of gastrointestinal microbial communities and inhibition of pathogen growth. In this study, 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the effects of treatment with EOA1 and EOA2 on the jejunal, cecal, and fecal microbial communities of Cobb broilers while also evaluating effects over different broiler ages. The intestinal microbial communities of broilers developed with increasing age, and Lactobacillus gradually came to dominate the intestinal communities of treated broilers. Further, the microbial communities of feces were more complex than those of the jejuna and ceca. We systematically elucidate that the longitudinal changes in the intestinal microbial communities of Cobb broiler chickens at different ages. Meanwhile, we found that the addition of EOA1 or EOA2 to the diet: (1) inhibited the proliferation of Ralstonia pickettii and Alcaligenaceae in the jejuna on day 28, (2) promoted the colonization and growth of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Clostridia, and Bacteroidia at various growth stages, and (3) enriched the abundance of certain microbiota functions, including biological pathways related to metabolism (e.g., enzyme families). Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that EOA1 and EOA2 dietary supplementation can affect various microbial metabolic pathways related to the metabolism and absorption of nutrients via regulation of the intestinal microbial community structures of Cobb broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haihua Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
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8
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Repellency Mechanism of Natural Guar Gum-Based Film Incorporated with Citral against Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020758. [PMID: 35054952 PMCID: PMC8776237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Using of plant essential oil that coevolved as a defense mechanism against agriculture insects is an alternative means of controlling many insect pests. In order to repel brown planthoppers (BPHs), the most notorious rice insect pest, a new film based on guar gum incorporated with citral (GC film) was formulated, which was effective while being environmentally friendly. In this paper, the effect and mechanism of GC film repellency against BPHs were determined. Repellent activity test and olfactory reaction analysis showed that GC film had repellency effect against BPHs, with repellency of 60.00% and 73.93%, respectively. The result of olfactory reaction indicated that GC film repellency against BPHs relied on smell. EPG analysis showed the proportion and mean duration of np waveform were significantly higher than in CK and increased following the treatment concentration, which indicated that GC film affected the recognition of BPHs to rice. Further analysis by RNA sequencing analysis showed a total of 679 genes were significantly upregulated and 284 genes were significantly downregulated in the BPHs fed on the rice sprayed with GC film compared to control. Odorant-binding protein (OBP) gene 797 and gustatory receptor gene (GR)/odorant receptor (OR) gene 13110 showed a significant decrease in differential expression and significant increase in differential expression, respectively. There were 0.66 and 2.55 differential expression multiples between treated BPHs and control, respectively. According to the results described above, we reasoned that GC film repellency against BPHs due to smell, by release of citral, caused the recognition difficulties for BPHs to rice, and OBP gene 797 and GR/OR gene 13110 appeared to be the crucial candidate genes for GC film repellency against BPHs. The present study depicted a clear and consistent repellency effect for GC film against BPHs and preliminarily clarified the mechanism of GC film as a repellent against BPHs, which might offer an alternative approach for control of BPHs in the near future. Our results could also help in the development and improvement of GC films.
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Kumar A, Kheravii SK, Ionescu C, Blanchard A, Barekatain R, Bajagai YS, Wu SB. A Microencapsulated Mixture of Eugenol and Garlic Tincture Supplementation Mitigates the Effect of Necrotic Enteritis on Intestinal Integrity and Increases Goblet Cells in Broilers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1451. [PMID: 34361887 PMCID: PMC8303895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of a plant extract mixture, a microencapsulated product composed of eugenol and garlic tincture (PE), on intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 960 d-old mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed to 48-floor pens housing 20 birds per pen. Six treatments were applied: UC, unchallenged control; CC, challenged control; PE, challenged group plus PE; AM, challenged group plus antimicrobial (AM); FAP, challenged group plus a full dose of AM with PE; HAP, challenged group plus a half dose of AM with PE in starter, grower and finisher phases. Birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridiumperfringens on d 14. On d 16, the CC group had increased serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), reduced villus surface area, goblet cell number, upregulated CLDN1, JAM2 genes and reduced microbial diversity compared to the UC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed PE had reduced FITC-d, increased goblet cell number and Bifidobacterium compared to the CC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed PE had reduced CLDN5 expression in male birds, and Bacteroides spp. in female birds than CC group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that PE supplementation mitigates the effect of NE by improving the intestinal health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Catherine Ionescu
- ADMi|Pancosma SA, A-One Business Center, La Piece 3, CH-1180 Rolle, Switzerland; (C.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- ADMi|Pancosma SA, A-One Business Center, La Piece 3, CH-1180 Rolle, Switzerland; (C.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Reza Barekatain
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia;
| | - Yadav S. Bajagai
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia;
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
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10
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Yang C, Diarra MS, Choi J, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Lepp D, Liu S, Lu P, Mogire M, Gong J, Wang Q, Yang C. Effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde on growth performance, intestinal digestive and absorptive functions, meat quality and gut microbiota in broiler chickens. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab099. [PMID: 34222827 PMCID: PMC8252029 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are potential antimicrobial alternatives and their applications in animal feeds are limited due to their fast absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This study investigated the effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (CIN) at 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg on the growth performance, organ weights, meat quality, intestinal morphology, jejunal gene expression, nutrient digestibility, and ileal and cecal microbiota. A total of 320 male day-old broiler Cobb-500 chicks were randomly allocated to four treatments with eight pens per treatment (10 birds per pen): 1) basal diet (negative control, NC); 2) basal diet supplemented with 30 mg/kg avilamycin premix (positive control, PC); 3) basal diet with 50 mg/kg encapsulated CIN (EOL); 4) basal diet with 100 mg/kg encapsulated CIN (EOH). Despite birds fed EOH tended to increase (P = 0.05) meat pH at 24 h, all pH values were normal. Similar to PC group, meats from birds fed EOL and EOH showed a reduced (P < 0.05) Warner-Bratzler force shear (WBFS) compared to the NC group. The highest villus to crypt ratios (VH/CD; P < 0.05) were observed in broilers fed either EOL or EOH, with an average of 14.67% and 15.13% in the duodenum and 15.13% and 13.58% in the jejunum, respectively. For jejunal gene expressions, only six out of the 11 studied genes showed statistically significant differences among the dietary treatments. Gene expressions of cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT-1) and neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT-1) were upregulated in EOH-fed birds compared to PC and NC-fed birds (P < 0.05), respectively; while the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was downregulated in EOL-fed birds when compared to NC birds (P < 0.05). Nonetheless, the expressions of cadherin 1 (CDH-1), zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), and maltase-glucoamylase (MG) were all upregulated (P < 0.05) in EOH-fed birds compared to PC-fed birds. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and of all 18 tested amino acids increased in EOL-fed birds (P < 0.01). Additionally, relative abundances (%) of ileal Proteobacteria decreased, while ileal and cecal Lactobacillus increased in EOH-fed birds (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary encapsulated CIN improved meat quality and gut health by reducing meat WBFS, increasing VH/CD in intestines, jejunal gene expressions, AID of nutrients and beneficial ileal and cecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwu Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Janghan Choi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Argenis Rodas-Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Marion Mogire
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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11
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Barzegar S, Zare MR, Shojaei F, Zareshahrabadi Z, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Saharkhiz MJ, Iraji A, Zomorodian K, Khorram M. Core-shell chitosan/PVA-based nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with Satureja mutica or Oliveria decumbens essential oils as enhanced antimicrobial wound dressing. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120288. [PMID: 33508343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Wounds are prone to bacterial infections, which cause a delayed healing process. Regarding the emergence of bacterial resistance to common antibiotics, using natural antimicrobial agents can be beneficial. Chitosan is a biological polymer, which has shown partial antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In this study, core-shell nanofibrous scaffolds composed of chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the core and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/ maltodextrin (MD) as the shell were developed. Satureja mutica (S. mutica) or Oliveria decumbens (O. decumbens) essential oil (EO) was encapsulated into the core of the produced scaffolds. The broth microdilution analysis showed significant antimicrobial activity of the EOs. The SEM analysis indicated that the unloaded and loaded core-shell scaffolds with S. mutica or O. decumbens EO had a uniform, beadless structure with fiber mean diameters of 210 ± 50, 250 ± 45, and 225 ± 46 nm, respectively. The CS/PVA-PVP/MD and CS/PVA/EO-PVP/MD scaffolds indicated suitable mechanical properties. The addition of the studied EOs enhanced the antioxidant activity of the scaffolds. The antimicrobial test of produced scaffolds showed that loading of 10% S. mutica or O. decumbens EO could broaden the microbicidal activity of the CS/PVA-PVP/MD scaffolds. These results revealed that the CS/PVA/EO-PVP/MD nanofibrous scaffolds are promising candidates for wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Barzegar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shojaei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zareshahrabadi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khorram
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Bhat PA, Nazir N, Chat OA, Dar AA. Exploiting self-assembled soft systems based on surfactants, biopolymers and their mixtures for inhibition of Citral degradation under harsh acidic Conditions. Food Chem 2020; 340:128168. [PMID: 33011467 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical instability of Citral in acidic conditions is viewed as hurdle to commercialize it in food/beverage industries. We attempted to stabilize citral in various single and mixed surfactant systems at pH 1.0 and temperature 25 °C. The study highlights the importance of amount and density of positive charge of cationic surfactants and oxyethylene content of nonionic surfactants at the interface of self-assembly in inhibiting citral degradation. The hybrid of Chitosan and P123 showed a significant increase in the half-life of citral compared to that in its individual components. The results of the study suggest that it is possible to stabilize citral in strong acidic environs having a pH as low as 1.0 using mixed surfactant or polymer-amphiphile systems with significant positive charge/number of oxyethylene in their single components. Such polymer-surfactant systems formulations if biocompatible/food grade may act as promising media to enhance shelf life of citral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaiz Ahmad Bhat
- Soft Matter Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India; Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Pulwama 192301, J&K, India
| | - Nighat Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College of Science and Commerce, Hawal, Srinagar 190002, J&K, India
| | - Oyais Ahmad Chat
- Soft Matter Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India; Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Pulwama 192301, J&K, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Dar
- Soft Matter Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India.
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Adhikari P, Kiess A, Adhikari R, Jha R. An approach to alternative strategies to control avian coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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14
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Gao X, Guo C, Li M, Li R, Wu X, Hu A, Hu X, Mo F, Wu S. Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivity of a New Guar Gum-Based Film Incorporated with Citral to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092044. [PMID: 32353929 PMCID: PMC7249019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is the most notorious rice insect pest. In order to repel BPH effectively while being environmentally friendly, a new film based on guar gum incorporated with citral (GC film) was formulated. A toxicity bioassay of citral and guar gum at different proportions (ratios of 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 in w/w) of GC film-forming emulsion to BPH was performed with the rice stem dipping method. Results showed that the most effective ratio of citral to guar gum was 1:1 with the median lethal concentration (LC50) of 4.30 mg/mL, far below the LC50 of guar gum (GG)/citral individual (141.51 and 44.38 mg/mL, respectively). The mortality of BPH adults and nymphs in the third instar treated with different dilution multiples of GC film-forming emulsion ranged from 46.67% to 82.22% and from 37.78% to 71.11%, respectively. These indicated that GC film-forming emulsion had a direct toxicity on BPH, and the mixture of citral and GG had synergistic interactions. Subsequently, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the incorporation of guar gum with citral was successful and did not result in the formation of new chemical bonds. The GC film exhibited a darker color and rougher surface topography with larger apertures and deeper gullies (Ra = 1.42 nm, Rq = 2.05 nm, and Rmax = 25.40 nm) compared to the guar gum film (GG film) (Ra = 1.00 nm, Rq = 1.33 nm, and Rmax = 16.40 nm), as determined by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The GC film exhibited a 50.4% lower solubility in water (30.30% vs. 15.00%) and 71.3% oxygen permeability (8.26 × 10−9 vs. 2.37 × 10−9 cm3/m2·d·Pa) (p < 0.05) but did not demonstrate any significant difference in mechanical properties, such as thickness (39.10 vs. 41.70 mm), tensile strength (41.89 vs. 38.30 N/mm2), and elongation at break (1.82% vs. 2.03%) (p < 0.05) compared to the GG film. Our findings established a link between physicochemical properties and bioactivity, which can provide useful information on developing and improving GC films and may offer an alternative approach for the control of BPH in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubing Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Tea Research Institute, Guizhou Province Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiaohe District, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Can Guo
- Guizhou Tea Research Institute, Guizhou Province Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiaohe District, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13885101658
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Anlong Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Feixu Mo
- Institute of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
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Granstad S, Kristoffersen AB, Benestad SL, Sjurseth SK, David B, Sørensen L, Fjermedal A, Edvardsen DH, Sanson G, Løvland A, Kaldhusdal M. Effect of Feed Additives as Alternatives to In-feed Antimicrobials on Production Performance and Intestinal Clostridium perfringens Counts in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020240. [PMID: 32028636 PMCID: PMC7070674 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous non-antibiotic feed additives (alternatives to antibiotics, ATAs) have been marketed, but few have been evaluated under uniform testing conditions modelling commercial flocks. We compared 24 ATA treatments and the ionophorous coccidiostat narasin against a diet without any feed additives. Feed conversion ratio and body weight gain were registered from day 0 to 28 in Ross 308 chickens housed on litter floor. The chickens were challenged with Eimeria spp., and cecal Clostridium perfringens (CP) counts were investigated. Active components from all ATA classes had a positive impact on intestinal health or production performance. Whereas narasin had a strong CP-reducing effect in combination with performance-promoting impact, only two ATA treatments achieved significantly beneficial effects on CP counts as well as feed conversion during the time span following Eimeria challenge. Active components present in these two treatments include a Bacillus subtilis probiotic strain, short- and medium-chain fatty acids and Saccharomyces cerevisiae components. Different ATA classes had beneficial impact during distinct rearing phases and on specific performance targets, suggesting that optimizing combinations and use of active components can make ATAs even more useful tools in broiler rearing without the use of in-feed antimicrobials. Further studies of promising ATAs and ATA combinations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Granstad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anja B. Kristoffersen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Sylvie L. Benestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Siri K. Sjurseth
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Bruce David
- Nortura SA, P.O. Box 360 Økern, 0513 Oslo, Norway; (B.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Line Sørensen
- Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling AS, Nedre Ila 20, 7018 Trondheim, Norway; (L.S.); (G.S.)
| | | | | | - Gorm Sanson
- Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling AS, Nedre Ila 20, 7018 Trondheim, Norway; (L.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Atle Løvland
- Nortura SA, P.O. Box 360 Økern, 0513 Oslo, Norway; (B.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Magne Kaldhusdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
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16
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Yang C, Kennes YM, Lepp D, Yin X, Wang Q, Yu H, Yang C, Gong J, Diarra MS. Effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde and citral on the performance and cecal microbiota of broilers vaccinated or not vaccinated against coccidiosis. Poult Sci 2019; 99:936-948. [PMID: 32029170 PMCID: PMC7587813 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and citral (CIT) alone or in combination (CIN + CIT) on the growth performance and cecal microbiota of nonvaccinated broilers and broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis. Vaccinated (1,600) and nonvaccinated (1,600) 0-day-old male Cobb500 broilers were randomly allocated to 5 treatments: basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with bacitracin (BAC, 55 ppm), CIN (100 ppm), CIT (100 ppm), and CIN (100 ppm) + CIT (100 ppm). In general, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in birds treated with BAC, CIN, CIT, and CIN + CIT (P < 0.05) but were all decreased in vaccinated birds compared with nonvaccinated birds (P < 0.05). Significant interactions (P < 0.05) between vaccination and treatments for average daily gain during the periods of starter (day 0–9) and BW on day 10 were noted. Broilers receiving vaccines (P < 0.01) or feed supplemented with BAC, CIN, CIT, or CIN + CIT (P < 0.01) showed reductions in mortality rate from day 0 to 28. The incidences of minor coccidiosis were higher (P < 0.05) in vaccinated birds than in nonvaccinated birds. Diet supplementation with BAC or tested encapsulated essential oils showed comparable effects on the coccidiosis incidences. Similar to BAC, CIN and its combination with CIT reduced both incidence and severity of necrotic enteritis (P < 0.05). No treatment effects were observed on the cecal microbiota at the phyla level. At the genus level, significant differences between vaccination and treatment groups were observed for 5 (Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Enterococcus, and Clostridium) of 40 detected genera (P < 0.05). The genus Lactobacillus was more abundant in broilers fed with CIT, while Clostridium and Enterococcus were less abundant in broilers fed with CIN, CIT, or CIN + CIT in both the vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups. Results from this study suggested that CIN alone or in combination with CIT in feed could improve chicken growth performance to the level comparable with BAC and alter cecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwu Yang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Yan Martel Kennes
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, 120-A, chemin du Roy, Canada QC G0A 1S0
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
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17
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18
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Alrifai O, Hao X, Marcone MF, Tsao R. Current Review of the Modulatory Effects of LED Lights on Photosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites and Future Perspectives of Microgreen Vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6075-6090. [PMID: 31021630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diode (LED) lights have recently been applied in controlled environment agriculture toward growing vegetables of various assortments, including microgreens. Spectral qualities of LED light on photosynthesis in microgreens are currently being studied for their ease of spectral optimization and high photosynthetic efficiency. This review aims to summarize the most recent discoveries and advances in specific phytochemical biosyntheses modulated by LED and other conventional lighting, to identify research gaps, and to provide future perspectives in this emerging multidisciplinary field of research and development. Specific emphasis was made on the effect of light spectral qualities on the biosynthesis of phenolics, carotenoids, and glucosinolates, as these phytochemicals are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, and many health benefits. Future perspectives on enhancing biosynthesis of these bioactives using the rapidly progressing LED light technology are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oday Alrifai
- Guelph Research & Development Center , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario N1G 5C9 , Canada
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Xiuming Hao
- Harrow Research & Development Center , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 2585 County Road 20 , Harrow , Ontario N0R 1G0 , Canada
| | - Massimo F Marcone
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research & Development Center , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario N1G 5C9 , Canada
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19
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Thielmann J, Muranyi P. Review on the chemical composition of Litsea cubeba essential oils and the bioactivity of its major constituents citral and limonene. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1611671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Thielmann
- Retention of Food Quality, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, German
- Chair of food packaging technology, Technical University of Munich TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - P. Muranyi
- Chair of food packaging technology, Technical University of Munich TUM, Munich, Germany
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20
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Effects of ethanol extract of elecampane (Inula helenium L.) rhizome on growth performance, diet digestibility, gut health, and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Marchese A, Arciola CR, Coppo E, Barbieri R, Barreca D, Chebaibi S, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Daglia M. The natural plant compound carvacrol as an antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent: mechanisms, synergies and bio-inspired anti-infective materials. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:630-656. [PMID: 30067078 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1480756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol) is a natural compound that occurs in the leaves of a number of plants and herbs including wild bergamot, thyme and pepperwort, but which is most abundant in oregano. The aim of this review is to analyse the scientific data from the last five years (2012-2017) on the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of carvacrol, targeting different bacteria and fungi responsible for human infectious diseases. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm mechanisms of carvacrol and its synergies with antibiotics are illustrated. The potential of carvacrol-loaded anti-infective nanomaterials is underlined. Carvacrol shows excellent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities, and is a very interesting bioactive compound against fungi and a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and being active against both planktonic and sessile human pathogens. Moreover, carvacrol lends itself to being combined with nanomaterials, thus providing an opportunity for preventing biofilm-associated infections by new bio-inspired, anti-infective materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marchese
- a Microbiology Section DISC-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- b Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
- c Research Unit on Implant Infections , Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute , Bologna , Italy
| | - Erika Coppo
- d Microbiology Section DISC , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ramona Barbieri
- d Microbiology Section DISC , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- e Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Salima Chebaibi
- f Department of Health and Environment, Science Faculty , University Moulay Ismail , Meknes , Morocco
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- g Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Spain
- h Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad Central de Chile , Chile
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- i Applied Biotechnology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- i Applied Biotechnology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- j Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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22
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Liu X, Diarra MS, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yu H, Nie SP, Xie MY, Gong J. Effect of encapsulated carvacrol on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:357-64. [PMID: 27245304 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1138281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to control necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens in chickens when antibiotics are withdrawn from feed. Carvacrol has strong antimicrobial activity and its delivery to the animal intestine can be significantly enhanced after encapsulation. The present study has investigated the potential of encapsulated carvacrol in controlling NE. In general, micro-encapsulation of carvacrol in an alginate-whey protein matrix showed no adverse effect on its antimicrobial activity towards C. perfringens in either Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth or a simulated gastrointestinal model. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of both encapsulated and un-encapsulated carvacrol were approximately 200 μl/l against C. perfringens in BHI. In a broiler infection model with C. perfringens, the diets supplemented with encapsulated carvacrol at the dose of either 250 or 650 μg/g significantly reduced NE in the chicken intestine, which was close to the degree of lesions observed in bacitracin/salinomycin treated birds. Supplementation with either bacitracin/salinomycin or encapsulated carvacrol showed no significant impact on intestinal burden of Lactobacillus. However, the treatment with bacitracin/salinomycin or the low dose of encapsulated carvacrol reduced the level of C. perfringens in the ileum of birds at 35 days of age. These results suggest that our encapsulated carvacrol can be used to combat NE disease in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China.,b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua Gong
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
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Yin D, Du E, Yuan J, Gao J, Wang Y, Aggrey SE, Guo Y. Supplemental thymol and carvacrol increases ileum Lactobacillus population and reduces effect of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringes in chickens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7334. [PMID: 28779076 PMCID: PMC5544757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is one of the most detrimental infectious diseases in poultry. This study examined the effect of blends of essential oils (BEOs) (25% thymol and 25% carvacrol) on NE and bacterial dynamics and functions in chicks challenged with C. perfringens. Chicks were assigned to a Control diet and BEOs diet (Control diet + 120 mg/kg BEOs), were challenged with C. perfringens from days 14 to 20 and were killed on day 21 for assessment. Supplementation with BEOs decreased the mortality, alleviated gut lesions, and decreased the virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria (VF 0073-ClpE, VF0124-LPS, and VF0350-BSH). Lack of supplementation also changed the nutrient and immunological dynamics of host microbiota in responding to C. perfringens infection. Adding BEOs changed the host ileum microbial population by increasing the numbers of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus agilis, and decreasing Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus johnsonii. The functional roles of these changing host bacterial populations coupled with the putative reduced pathogenicity of C. perfringens by BEOs contributed to the reduction in gut lesions and mortality in infected chickens. It suggests that dietary supplementation with BEOs could significantly reduce the impact of NE caused by C. perfringens on broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Encun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - YouLi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 20602, USA
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Talukdar PK, Udompijitkul P, Hossain A, Sarker MR. Inactivation Strategies for Clostridium perfringens Spores and Vegetative Cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02731-16. [PMID: 27795314 PMCID: PMC5165105 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02731-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen to human and animals and causes a wide array of diseases, including histotoxic and gastrointestinal illnesses. C. perfringens spores are crucial in terms of the pathogenicity of this bacterium because they can survive in a dormant state in the environment and return to being live bacteria when they come in contact with nutrients in food or the human body. Although the strategies to inactivate C. perfringens vegetative cells are effective, the inactivation of C. perfringens spores is still a great challenge. A number of studies have been conducted in the past decade or so toward developing efficient inactivation strategies for C. perfringens spores and vegetative cells, which include physical approaches and the use of chemical preservatives and naturally derived antimicrobial agents. In this review, different inactivation strategies applied to control C. perfringens cells and spores are summarized, and the potential limitations and challenges of these strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat K Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Pathima Udompijitkul
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashfaque Hossain
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahfuzur R Sarker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Skrivanova E, Van Immerseel F, Hovorkova P, Kokoska L. In Vitro Selective Growth-Inhibitory Effect of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on Clostridium perfringens versus Bifidobacteria in a Medium Containing Chicken Ileal Digesta. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167638. [PMID: 27936245 PMCID: PMC5147926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis is generally controlled by antibiotics. However, because of increasing antibiotic resistance, other antibacterial agents are required, preferably ones that do not affect the beneficial intestinal microbiota of the host. This study evaluated the in vitro selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) on C. perfringens vs. bifidobacteria in a medium containing chicken ileal digesta. Prior to the experiments, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 8HQ and penicillin G were determined by broth microdilution assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of 8HQ for C. perfringens were 16-32 times lower than the values for bifidobacteria. Treatment of autoclaved and non-autoclaved chicken ileal digesta with 8HQ showed a selective anticlostridial effect. After incubation of C. perfringens with autoclaved ileal digesta for 3 h, all 8HQ concentrations tested (32-2048 μg/mL) significantly reduced C. perfringens bacterial count. In contrast, the same treatment had no or only a slight effect on bifidobacteria counts. Unlike 8HQ, penicillin G did not exhibit any selectivity. Similar results were obtained after incubation for 24 h. In non-autoclaved ileal digesta, all 8HQ concentrations tested significantly reduced C. perfringens bacterial counts after incubation for 30 min and 3 h, while no effect was observed on bifidobacteria. These results suggest that 8HQ may serve as a prospective veterinary compound for use against necrotic enteritis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Skrivanova
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition and Quality of Animal Products, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Petra Hovorkova
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition and Quality of Animal Products, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kokoska
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diaz Carrasco JM, Redondo LM, Redondo EA, Dominguez JE, Chacana AP, Fernandez Miyakawa ME. Use of Plant Extracts as an Effective Manner to Control Clostridium perfringens Induced Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3278359. [PMID: 27747227 PMCID: PMC5055920 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3278359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. For decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including Clostridium perfringens (CP), the causative agent of NE. However, the use of AGPs in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance through food-borne microorganisms, which has led to the ban of AGPs in many countries. This scenario has challenged the poultry industry to search for safer alternative products in order to prevent NE. In this context, the utilization of natural plant extracts with antimicrobial properties appears as a promising and feasible tool to control NE in chicken. In this paper, we review the scientific studies analyzing the potential of plant extracts as alternative feed additives to reduce NE in poultry, with focus on two types of plant products that arise as promising candidates: tannins and essential oils. Some of these products showed antimicrobial activity against CP and coccidia in vitro and in vivo and are able to increase productive performance, emulating the bioactive properties of AGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Diaz Carrasco
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L. M. Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E. A. Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J. E. Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. P. Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. E. Fernandez Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Taverna D, Di Donna L, Mazzotti F, Tagarelli A, Napoli A, Furia E, Sindona G. Rapid discrimination of bergamot essential oil by paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:761-767. [PMID: 27460885 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for the rapid discrimination of bergamot essential oil from other citrus fruits oils is presented. The method was developed using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) allowing for a rapid molecular profiling coupled with a statistic tool for a precise and reliable discrimination between the bergamot complex matrix and other similar matrices, commonly used for its reconstitution. Ambient mass spectrometry possesses the ability to record mass spectra of ordinary samples, in their native environment, without sample preparation or pre-separation by creating ions outside the instrument. The present study reports a PS-MS method for the determination of oxygen heterocyclic compounds such as furocoumarins, psoralens and flavonoids present in the non-volatile fraction of citrus fruits essential oils followed by chemometric analysis. The volatile fraction of Bergamot is one of the most known and fashionable natural products, which found applications in flavoring industry as ingredient in beverages and flavored foodstuff. The development of the presented method employed bergamot, sweet orange, orange, cedar, grapefruit and mandarin essential oils. PS-MS measurements were carried out in full scan mode for a total run time of 2 min. The capability of PS-MS profiling to act as marker for the classification of bergamot essential oils was evaluated by using multivariate statistical analysis. Two pattern recognition techniques, linear discriminant analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogy, were applied to MS data. The cross-validation procedure has shown excellent results in terms of the prediction ability because both models have correctly classified all samples for each category. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- University of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies-CTC, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy
| | - Leonardo Di Donna
- University of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies-CTC, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy
| | - Fabio Mazzotti
- University of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies-CTC, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy
| | - Antonio Tagarelli
- University of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies-CTC, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy
| | - Anna Napoli
- University of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies-CTC, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy
| | - Emilia Furia
- University of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies-CTC, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sindona
- University of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies-CTC, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy
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Wang L, Lilburn M, Yu Z. Intestinal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens As Affected by Litter Management Regimens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:593. [PMID: 27242676 PMCID: PMC4870231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry litter is a mixture of bedding materials and enteric bacteria excreted by chickens, and it is typically reused for multiple growth cycles in commercial broiler production. Thus, bacteria can be transmitted from one growth cycle to the next via litter. However, it remains poorly understood how litter reuse affects development and composition of chicken gut microbiota. In this study, the effect of litter reuse on the microbiota in litter and in chicken gut was investigated using 2 litter management regimens: fresh vs. reused litter. Samples of ileal mucosa and cecal digesta were collected from young chicks (10 days of age) and mature birds (35 days of age). Based on analysis using DGGE and pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, the microbiota of both the ileal mucosa and the cecal contents was affected by both litter management regimen and age of birds. Faecalibacterium, Oscillospira, Butyricicoccus, and one unclassified candidate genus closely related to Ruminococcus were most predominant in the cecal samples, while Lactobacillus was predominant in the ileal samples at both ages and in the cecal samples collected at day 10. At days 10 and 35, 8 and 3 genera, respectively, in the cecal luminal microbiota differed significantly in relative abundance between the 2 litter management regimens. Compared to the fresh litter, reused litter increased predominance of halotolerant/alkaliphilic bacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a butyrate-producing gut bacterium. This study suggests that litter management regimens affect the chicken GI microbiota, which may impact the host nutritional status and intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mike Lilburn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development CenterWooster, OH, USA
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development CenterWooster, OH, USA
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Du E, Gan L, Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:58. [PMID: 26705471 PMCID: PMC4690362 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the post-antibiotic era, essential oils (EO) are promising alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of an EO product and its components thymol and carvacrol in vitro, and the efficacy of EO to control Clostridium perfringens challenge in broiler chickens. Results The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration assay showed strong antibacterial activity of the EO product, thymol, and carvacrol against pathogenic Escherichia coli, C. perfringens, and Salmonella strains, and weak activity towards beneficial Lactobacillus strains. Besides, an additive effect was observed between thymol and carvacrol. The in vivo study was carried out with 448 male broiler chicks following a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement to test the effects of EO supplementation (0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg EO in wheat-based diet), pathogen challenge (with or without oral gavage of C. perfringens from day 14 to day 20) and their interactions. Each treatment consisted of eight replicate pens (seven birds/pen). The challenge led to macroscopic gut lesions, and resulted in a significant increase in ileal populations of C. perfringens and Escherichia subgroup (P ≤ 0.05) on day 21. Dietary EO supplementation did not influence C. perfringens numbers, but linearly alleviated intestinal lesions on day 21 and 28 (P = 0.010 and 0.036, respectively), and decreased Escherichia populations in ileum with increased EO dosages (P = 0.027 and 0.071 for day 21 and 28, respectively). For caecum, EO quadratically influenced Lactobacillus populations on day 21 (P = 0.002), and linearly decreased the numbers of total bacteria and Escherichia on day 28 (P = 0.026 and 0.060, respectively). Mean thymol and carvacrol concentrations in the small intestine were 0.21 and 0.20 μg/g in intestinal digesta (wet weight), respectively, for birds fed 60 mg/kg EO, and 0.80 and 0.71 μg/g, respectively, for birds fed 240 mg/kg EO. Conclusions These results indicated that dietary EO supplementation could affect intestinal microbiota and alleviate intestinal lesions in broilers, which may contribute in controlling C. perfringens infection in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Liping Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Zhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
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30
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Weiss J, Loeffler M, Terjung N. The antimicrobial paradox: why preservatives lose activity in foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gaucher ML, Quessy S, Letellier A, Arsenault J, Boulianne M. Impact of a drug-free program on broiler chicken growth performances, gut health, Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter jejuni occurrences at the farm level. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1791-801. [PMID: 26047674 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial agents as feed additives in poultry production is a public health concern due to the overall increase in antimicrobial resistance. Although some alternative products are commercially available, little is known on their potential impact on flock health and productivity. A prospective study involving 1.55 million birds was conducted on eight commercial broiler farms in Québec, Canada, to evaluate the impact of replacing antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial drugs by a drug-free program including improved brooding conditions, anticoccidial vaccination, essential oil-based feed additives, and water acidification. Various productivity and health parameters were compared between barns allocated to the conventional and the drug-free program. Zootechnical performances were monitored as productivity criteria. Clinical necrotic enteritis and subclinical enteritis occurrences, litter and fecal moistures content were measured, and microscopic gut health was evaluated. Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter spp. strains were recovered from fecal samples collected during farm visits. Clostridium perfringens counts were used as poultry health indicators and Campylobacter prevalence was noted as well. The drug-free program was associated with a significant increase in feed conversion ratio and a decrease in mean live weight at slaughter and in daily weight gain. An increased incidence of necrotic enteritis outbreaks and subclinical enteritis cases, as well as an increase in litter moisture content at the end of the rearing period were also observed for this program. Mean microscopic intestinal lesion scores and prevalence of Campylobacter colonization were not statistically different between the two groups but the drug-free program was associated with higher Clostridium perfringens isolation rates. According to the current study design, the results suggest that substitution of antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial drugs by a drug-free program impacts various broiler chicken production parameters and Clostridium perfringens carriage levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gaucher
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Pathology and Microbiology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Montreal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6 Chair in Poultry Research, Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Montreal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6 Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Centre (CRIPA), Pathology and Microbiology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Montreal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - S Quessy
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Pathology and Microbiology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Montreal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - A Letellier
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Pathology and Microbiology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Montreal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - J Arsenault
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Centre (CRIPA), Pathology and Microbiology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Montreal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - M Boulianne
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Centre (CRIPA), Pathology and Microbiology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Montreal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
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A soy protein-polysaccharides Maillard reaction product enhanced the physical stability of oil-in-water emulsions containing citral. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Garzoli S, Pirolli A, Vavala E, Di Sotto A, Sartorelli G, Božović M, Angiolella L, Mazzanti G, Pepi F, Ragno R. Multidisciplinary Approach to Determine the Optimal Time and Period for Extracting the Essential Oil from Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Molecules 2015; 20:9640-55. [PMID: 26016551 PMCID: PMC6272612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study on essential oils (EOs) extracted from some Mentha suaveolens L. samples, collected in the countryside of Tarquinia, is reported. In this study, the procedure for essential oil preparation, in terms of harvesting and extraction time, was analyzed in detail for the first time. The GC/MS analysis, carried out on 18 samples, revealed that piperitenone oxide (PO), the main essential oils' chemical constituent, is primarily responsible for the related antifungal activity. Nevertheless, EOs with lower PO content indicate that other chemicals, such as para-cymenene, may participate in exerting the EOs' antifungal effect. Furthermore, the bacterial reverse mutation assay highlighted lack of mutagenic effect in all tested samples. Analysis of the results indicated that for higher activity, the essential oils should be produced with 3 h maximum hydrodistillation, regardless of the harvesting time. Differently, the maximum essential oil yield can be obtained in August and the highest piperitenone oxide percentage is obtainable in July.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Adele Pirolli
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Vavala
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianni Sartorelli
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mijat Božović
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Letizia Angiolella
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriela Mazzanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Pepi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Dias NAA, Rodrigues LTDS, Palhares PC, Ramos EM, Piccoli RH. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils on C
lostridium perfringens
Type A Inoculated in Mortadella. J Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayane Aparecida Araujo Dias
- Department of Food Science; Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA); CP 3037 Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37200-000 Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Cotta Palhares
- Department of Food Science; Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA); CP 3037 Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mendes Ramos
- Department of Food Science; Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA); CP 3037 Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Roberta Hilsdorf Piccoli
- Department of Food Science; Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA); CP 3037 Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37200-000 Brazil
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Jakubcova Z, Zeman L, Mares P, Mlcek J, Jurikova T, Dostalova L, Mrazkova E, Mrkvicova E, Balla S, Sochor J. Effect of chamomile supplements to feeding doses on antimicrobial parameters in poultry. POTRAVINARSTVO 2014. [DOI: 10.5219/383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Seow YX, Yeo CR, Chung HL, Yuk HG. Plant essential oils as active antimicrobial agents. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:625-44. [PMID: 24261536 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.599504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils derived from plants have been recognized for decades to exhibit biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial attributes. Antimicrobial activities of these natural plant materials have been intensively explored in recent years, mainly in response to the overwhelming concern of consumers over the safety of synthetic food additives. Gram-negative organisms are believed to be slightly less sensitive to essential oils than Gram-positive bacteria. Generally, a higher concentration is required to obtain the same efficacy in foods than in synthetic media. The combinations of different types of essential oils or with other food additives have been found to potentially exhibit synergistic if not additive effects. This suggests a cost-efficient and wholesome alternative to both food industry and consumers, at the same time adhering to the hurdle technology in inhibiting proliferation of foodborne pathogens. This review aims to examine the conventional methods commonly used for assessment of antimicrobial activities of essential oils and phytochemicals, the use of these substances as antimicrobials in food products, factors that affect their efficacy, synergism between components or with available food preservatives as well as the challenges and future directions of using essential oils and phytochemicals as natural food preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin Seow
- a Food Science & Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore, Block S3 Level 6, Science Drive 3 , Singapore , 117543
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Upadhyaya I, Kollanoor-Johny A, Darre M, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of plant-derived antimicrobials for reducing egg-borne transmission of Enteritidis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kačániová M, Vukovič N, Horská E, Salamon I, Bobková A, Hleba L, Fiskelová M, Vatľák A, Petrová J, Bobko M. Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:505-12. [PMID: 24813985 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.896673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities of 15 essential oils were investigated. The antimicrobial activities were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against Clostridium genus and antioxidant properties of essential oils by testing their scavenging effect on DPPH radicals activities. We determined the antibacterial activity of Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium hystoliticum, Clostridium intestinale, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium ramosum. We obtained the original commercial essential oils samples of Lavandula angustifolia, Carum carvi, Pinus montana, Mentha piperita, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Pinus sylvestris, Satureia montana, Origanum vulgare L. (2 samples), Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Abies alba Mill., Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch and Thymus vulgaris L. produced in Slovakia (Calendula a.s., Nova Lubovna, Slovakia). The results of the disk diffusion method showed very high essential oils activity against all tested strains of microorganisms. The best antimicrobial activity against C. butyricum was found at Pimpinella anisum, against C. hystoliticum was found at Pinus sylvestris, against C. intestinale was found at Satureia hortensis L., against C. perfringens was found at Origanum vulgare L. and against C. ramosum was found at Pinus sylvestris. The results of broth microdilution assay showed that none of the essential oils was active against C. hystoliticum. The best antimicrobial activity against C. butyricum was found at Abies alba Mill., against C. intestinale was found at Abies alba Mill., against C. perfringens was found at Satureia montana and against C. ramosum was found at Abius alba and Carum carvi. Antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined at several solutions of oil samples (50 μL.mL(-1)-0.39 μL.mL(-1)) and the best scavenging effect for the highest concentration (50 μL.mL(-1)) was observed. The antioxidant properties were different in particular plant species. The highest% of inhibition after 30 min. of reaction was observed at Origanum vulgare (93%), Satureia montana (90.66%) and Lavandula augustifolia (90.22%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
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Allaart JG, van Asten AJ, Gröne A. Predisposing factors and prevention of Clostridium perfringens-associated enteritis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:449-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Venkitanarayanan K, Kollanoor-Johny A, Darre MJ, Donoghue AM, Donoghue DJ. Use of plant-derived antimicrobials for improving the safety of poultry products. Poult Sci 2013; 92:493-501. [PMID: 23300319 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni are the 2 major foodborne pathogens transmitted through poultry products. Chickens are the reservoir hosts of these pathogens, with their intestinal colonization being the most significant factor causing contamination of meat and eggs. Effective preslaughter strategies for reducing the colonization of birds with these pathogens are critical to improve the microbiological safety of poultry products. An antimicrobial treatment that can be applied through feed represents the most practical and economically viable method for adoption on farms. Additionally, a natural and safe antimicrobial will be better accepted by producers without concerns for toxicity. This symposium talk discussed the potential use of plant-derived, GRAS (generally recognized as safe)-status molecules, caprylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol as feed supplements for reducing cecal populations of Salmonella Enteritidis and C. jejuni in chickens. Additionally, the effect of plant molecules on Salmonella virulence genes critical for cecal colonization in chickens was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA.
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Engberg RM, Grevsen K, Ivarsen E, Fretté X, Christensen LP, Højberg O, Jensen BB, Canibe N. The effect ofArtemisia annuaon broiler performance, on intestinal microbiota and on the course of aClostridium perfringensinfection applying a necrotic enteritis disease model. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:369-76. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.696185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lang G, Buchbauer G. A review on recent research results (2008-2010) on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Lang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Clinical Pharmacy & Diagnostics; University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - Gerhard Buchbauer
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Clinical Pharmacy & Diagnostics; University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
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de Oliveira TLC, de Araújo Soares R, Ramos EM, das Graças Cardoso M, Alves E, Piccoli RH. Antimicrobial activity of Satureja montana L. essential oil against Clostridium perfringens type A inoculated in mortadella-type sausages formulated with different levels of sodium nitrite. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 144:546-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hoffman-Pennesi D, Wu C. The effect of thymol and thyme oil feed supplementation on growth performance, serum antioxidant levels, and cecal Salmonella population in broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abildgaard L, Hojberg O, Schramm A, Balle K, Engberg R. The effect of feeding a commercial essential oil product on Clostridium perfringens numbers in the intestine of broiler chickens measured by real-time PCR targeting the α-toxin-encoding gene (plc). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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