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Dželalija M, Kvesić M, Novak A, Fredotović Ž, Kalinić H, Šamanić I, Ordulj M, Jozić S, Goić Barišić I, Tonkić M, Maravić A. Microbiome profiling and characterization of virulent and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from treated and untreated wastewater, beach water and clinical sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159720. [PMID: 36306843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is an opportunistic pathogen among the highest global priorities regarding public and environmental health. Following One Health approach, we determined for the first time the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, and sequence types (STs) affiliation of VREfm recovered simultaneously from marine beach waters, submarine outfall of a wastewater treatment plant and an offshore discharge of untreated sewage, and compared them with the surveillance VREfm from regional university hospital in Croatia to assess the hazard of their transmission and routes of introduction into the natural environment. Importantly, VREfm recovered from wastewater, coastal bathing waters and hospital shared similar virulence, multidrug resistance, and ST profiles, posing a major public health threat. All isolates carried the vanA gene, while one clinical isolate also possessed the vanC2/C3 gene. The hospital strains largely carried the aminoglycoside-resistance genes aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, and aph(2″)-Ib and aph(2″)-Id, which were also predominant in the environmental isolates. The hyl gene was the most prevalent virulence gene. The isolates belonged to 10 STs of the clonal complex CC17, a major epidemic lineage associated with hospital infections and outbreaks, with ST117 and ST889 common to waterborne and hospital isolates, pointing to their sewage-driven dissemination. To gain better insight into the diversity of accompanying taxons in the surveyed water matrices, microbiome taxonomic profiling was carried out using Illumina-based 16S rDNA sequencing and their resistome features predicted using the PICRUSt2 bioinformatics tool. An additional 60 pathogenic bacterial genera were identified, among which Arcobacter, Acinetobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Bacteroides and Pseudomonas were the most abundant and associated with a plethora of antibiotic resistance genes and modules, providing further evidence of the hazardous effects of wastewater discharges, including the treated ones, on the natural aquatic environment that should be adequately addressed from a sanitary and technological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Dželalija
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Kvesić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 31, 21000 Split, Croatia; Doctoral study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Anita Novak
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, Croatia
| | - Željana Fredotović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Kalinić
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Šamanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marin Ordulj
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Slaven Jozić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Goić Barišić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Tonkić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Maravić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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Mohanasundari C, Anbalagan S, Srinivasan K, Chinnathambi A, Salmen SH, Meganathan V, Narayanan M. Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of various solvent extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides and Mucuna pruriens against multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sadowy E. Mobile genetic elements beyond the VanB-resistance dissemination among hospital-associated enterococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. Plasmid 2021; 114:102558. [PMID: 33472048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An increasing resistance to vancomycin among clinically relevant enterococci, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium is a cause of a great concern, as it seriously limits treatment options. The vanB operon is one of most common determinants of this type of resistance. Genes constituting the operon are located in conjugative transposons, such as Tn1549-type transposons or, more rarely, in ICEEfaV583-type structures. Such elements show differences in structure and size, and reside in various sites of bacterial chromosome or, in the case of Tn1549-type transposons, are also occasionally associated with plasmids of divergent replicon types. While conjugative transposition contributes to the acquisition of Tn1549-type transposons from anaerobic gut commensals by enterococci, chromosomal recombination and conjugal transfer of plasmids appear to represent main mechanisms responsible for horizontal dissemination of vanB determinants among hospital E. faecalis and E. faecium. This review focuses on diversity of genetic elements harbouring vanB determinants in hospital-associated strains of E. faecium and E. faecalis, the mechanisms beyond vanB spread in populations of these bacteria, and provides an overview of the vanB-MGE distribution among other enterococci and Gram-positive bacteria as potential reservoirs of vanB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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Korajkic A, McMinn BR, Staley ZR, Ahmed W, Harwood VJ. Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus Species in Marine Habitats: A Review. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2020; 19:92-100. [PMID: 33134649 PMCID: PMC7592714 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus (ARE) are among leading causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. Enterococcus spp. are ubiquitous in sewage, which can contaminate surface waters via many pathways, providing a route of exposure for humans. This review focuses on ARE in marine and estuarine habitats, including marine animals. Phylogenetic confirmation of the genus Enterococcus and intermediate or full resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics were inclusion criteria. The proportion of resistant isolates varied greatly among antibiotics, for example, 24.2% for ampicillin and 2.4% for vancomycin. The water column contained the highest proportion of ARE observations (18.8%), followed by animal feces and tissues (14.8%), sediment (9.4%), and sand (2.0%). The proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates was the greatest in animal tissue and fecal samples, followed by water and sediments. This review indicates that clinically relevant ARE are present in marine/estuarine habitats and that animals may be important reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asja Korajkic
- United Stated Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian R. McMinn
- United Stated Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Warish Ahmed
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia
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Carney RL, Labbate M, Siboni N, Tagg KA, Mitrovic SM, Seymour JR. Urban beaches are environmental hotspots for antibiotic resistance following rainfall. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 167:115081. [PMID: 31574348 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the occurrence and mechanisms for dispersal of antibiotic resistance (AbR) among the microbial assemblages inhabiting impacted coastal environments, we performed a weekly, two-year duration time-series study at two urban beaches between 2014 and 2016. We combined quantitative PCR and multiplex PCR/reverse line blot techniques to track patterns in the occurrence of 31 AbR genes, including genes that confer resistance to antibiotics that are critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. Patterns in the abundance of these genes were linked to specific microbial groups and environmental parameters by coupling qPCR and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data with network analysis. Up to 100-fold increases in the abundance of several AbR genes, including genes conferring resistance to quinolones, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, tetracycline, vancomycin and carbapenems, occurred following storm-water and modelled wet-weather sewer overflow events. The abundance of AbR genes strongly and significantly correlated with several potentially pathogenic bacterial OTUs regularly associated with wastewater infrastructure, such as Arcobacter, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Cloacibacterium. These high-resolution observations provide clear links between storm-water discharge and sewer overflow events and the occurrence of AbR in the coastal microbial assemblages inhabiting urban beaches, highlighting a direct mechanism for potentially significant AbR exposure risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Carney
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Kaitlin A Tagg
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Simon M Mitrovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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Young S, Rohr JR, Harwood VJ. Vancomycin resistance plasmids affect persistence of Enterococcus faecium in water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 166:115069. [PMID: 31536887 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) cause 20,000 infections annually in the United States, most of which are nosocomial. Recent findings of VRE in sewage-contaminated surface waters demonstrate an alternate route of human exposure, and a possible setting for horizontal gene exchange facilitated by plasmids and other mobile genetic elements. Maintenance of antibiotic resistance genes and proteins may, however, present a fitness cost in the absence of selective pressure, particularly in habitats such as environmental waters that are not optimal for gut-associated bacteria. Nutrient levels, which are transiently elevated following sewage spills, may also affect survival. We tested the hypotheses that nutrients and/or plasmids conferring vancomycin resistance affect Enterococcus faecium survival in river water by measuring decay of strains that differed only by their plasmid, under natural and augmented nutrient conditions. In natural river water, decay rate (log10 reduction) correlated directly with plasmid size; however, plasmid presence and size had no effect on decay rate when nutrients levels were augmented. Under natural nutrient levels, the vancomycin-resistant strain with the largest plasmid (200 kb) decayed significantly more rapidly than the plasmid-less, susceptible parent strain, in contrast to similar decay rates among strains under augmented nutrient conditions. This work is among the first to show that plasmids conferring antibiotic resistance affect fitness of Enterococcus species in secondary habitats such as surface water. The nutrient-dependent nature of the fitness cost suggests that conveyance of VRE to environmental waters in nutrient-rich sewage may prolong survival of these pathogens, providing greater opportunity for host infection and/or horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Young
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Nnadozie CF, Odume ON. Freshwater environments as reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113067. [PMID: 31465907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater environments are susceptible to possible contamination by residual antibiotics that are released through different sources, such as agricultural runoffs, sewage discharges and leaching from nearby farms. Freshwater environment can thus become reservoirs where an antibiotic impact microorganisms, and is an important public health concern. Degradation and dilution processes are fundamental for predicting the actual risk of antibiotic resistance dissemination from freshwater reservoirs. This study reviews major approaches for detecting and quantifying antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARBs) and genes (ARGs) in freshwater and their prevalence in these environments. Finally, the role of dilution, degradation, transmission and the persistence and fate of ARB/ARG in these environments are also reviewed. Culture-based single strain approaches and molecular techniques that include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and metagenomics are techniques for quantifying ARB and ARGs in freshwater environments. The level of ARBs is extremely high in most of the river systems (up to 98% of the total detected bacteria), followed by lakes (up to 77% of the total detected bacteria), compared to dam, pond, and spring (<1%). Of most concern is the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), which cause highly epidemic infections. Dilution and natural degradation do not completely eradicate ARBs and ARGs in the freshwater environment. Even if the ARBs in freshwater are effectively inactivated by sunlight, their ARG-containing DNA can still be intact and capable of transferring resistance to non-resistant strains. Antibiotic resistance persists and is preserved in freshwater bodies polluted with high concentrations of antibiotics. Direct transmission of indigenous freshwater ARBs to humans as well as their transitory insertion in the microbiota can occur. These findings are disturbing especially for people that rely on freshwater resources for drinking, crop irrigation, and food in form of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika F Nnadozie
- Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Oghenekaro Nelson Odume
- Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Shimohata T, Mawatari K, Uebanso T, Honjo A, Tsunedomi A, Hatayama S, Sato Y, Kido J, Nishisaka R, Yoshimoto A, Yamashita T, Amano S, Maetani-Yasui M, Iba H, Harada Y, Nakahashi M, Yasui-Yamada S, Hamada Y, Nakagawa T, Sogabe M, Emoto T, Akutagawa M, Okahisa T, Kinouchi Y, Takahashi A. Bacterial Contamination of Hemodialysis Devices in Hospital Dialysis Wards. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2019; 66:148-152. [PMID: 31064928 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.66.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic care patients undergoing hemodialysis for treatment of end-stage renal failure experience higher rates of bloodstream-associated infection due to the patients' compromised immune system and management of the bloodstream through catheters. Staphylococcus species are acommon cause of hemodialysis catheterrelated bloodstream infections. We investigated environmental bacterial contamination of dialysis wards and contamination of hemodialysis devices to determine the source of bacteria for these infections. All bacterial samples were collected by the swab method and the agarose stamp method. And which bacterium were identified by BBL CRYSTAL Kit or 16s rRNA sequences. In our data, bacterial cell number of hemodialysis device was lower than environment of patient surrounds. But Staphylococcus spp. were found predominantly on the hemodialysis device (46.8%), especially on areas frequently touched by healthcare-workers (such as Touch screen). Among Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis was most frequently observed (42.1% of Staphylococcus spp.), and more surprising, 48.2% of the Staphylococcus spp. indicated high resistance for methicillin. Our finding suggests that hemodialysis device highly contaminated with bloodstream infection associated bacteria. This study can be used as a source to assess the risk of contamination-related infection and to develop the cleaning system for the better prevention for bloodstream infections in patients with hemodialysis. J. Med. Invest. 66 : 148-152, February, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Shimohata
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Mawatari
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Uebanso
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Airi Honjo
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akari Tsunedomi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sho Hatayama
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuri Sato
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junko Kido
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Risa Nishisaka
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshimoto
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamashita
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sachie Amano
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miki Maetani-Yasui
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan.,College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino,Habikino-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Iba
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University, Huis TenBosch-cho, Sasebo-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yumi Harada
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Nakahashi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sonoko Yasui-Yamada
- Department of Therapeutic Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University GraduateSchool, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hamada
- Department of Therapeutic Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University GraduateSchool, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Nakagawa
- Department of General Medicine and Community Health Science, Institute ofBiomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan.,Department ofGastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City,Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sogabe
- Department of General Medicine and Community Health Science, Institute ofBiomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan.,Department ofGastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City,Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Emoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Institute of Socio Techno Sciences, Tokushima University GraduateSchool, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masatake Akutagawa
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Institute of Socio Techno Sciences, Tokushima University GraduateSchool, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okahisa
- Department of General Medicine and Community Health Science, Institute ofBiomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan.,Department ofGastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City,Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Kinouchi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Institute of Socio Techno Sciences, Tokushima University GraduateSchool, Kuromoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuromoto-cho,Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
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Sacramento AG, Fernandes MR, Sellera FP, Dolabella SS, Zanella RC, Cerdeira L, Lincopan N. VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ST1336 isolated from mussels in an anthropogenically impacted ecosystem. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 142:533-536. [PMID: 31232334 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the occurrence and genomic features of multidrug-resistant vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium vanA belonging to a novel sequence type (designated ST1336), carrying a Tn1546-like element, in marine brown mussels (Perna perna) from anthropogenically affected coastal waters of the Atlantic coast of Brazil, highlighting a potential source of dissemination for related ecosystems, with additional consequences for seafood safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Sacramento
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
| | - Miriam R Fernandes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - Louise Cerdeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Antibiotic-resistant indicator bacteria in irrigation water: High prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207857. [PMID: 30475879 PMCID: PMC6258136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrigation water is a major source of fresh produce contamination with undesired microorganisms including antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and contaminated fresh produce can transfer ARB to the consumer especially when consumed raw. Nevertheless, no legal guidelines exist so far regulating quality of irrigation water with respect to ARB. We therefore examined irrigation water from major vegetable growing areas for occurrence of antibiotic-resistant indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., including extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. Occurrence of ARB strains was compared to total numbers of the respective species. We categorized water samples according to total numbers and found that categories with higher total E. coli or Enterococcus spp. numbers generally had an increased proportion of respective ARB-positive samples. We further detected high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli with eight positive samples of thirty-six (22%), while two presumptive vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. were vancomycin-susceptible in confirmatory tests. In disk diffusion assays all ESBL-producing E. coli were multidrug-resistant (n = 21) and whole-genome sequencing of selected strains revealed a multitude of transmissible resistance genes (ARG), with blaCTX-M-1 (4 of 11) and blaCTX-M-15 (3 of 11) as the most frequent ESBL genes. Overall, the increased occurrence of indicator ARB with increased total indicator bacteria suggests that the latter might be a suitable estimate for presence of respective ARB strains. Finally, the high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli with transmissible ARG emphasizes the need to establish legal critical values and monitoring guidelines for ARB in irrigation water.
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11
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Investigating the potential use of an Antarctic variant of Janthinobacterium lividum for tackling antimicrobial resistance in a One Health approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15272. [PMID: 30323184 PMCID: PMC6189184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to describe a new variant of Janthinobacterium lividum - ROICE173, isolated from Antarctic snow, and to investigate the antimicrobial effect of the crude bacterial extract against 200 multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria of both clinical and environmental origin, displaying various antibiotic resistance patterns. ROICE173 is extremotolerant, grows at high pH (5.5–9.5), in high salinity (3%) and in the presence of different xenobiotic compounds and various antibiotics. The best violacein yield (4.59 ± 0.78 mg·g−1 wet biomass) was obtained at 22 °C, on R2 broth supplemented with 1% glycerol. When the crude extract was tested for antimicrobial activity, a clear bactericidal effect was observed on 79 strains (40%), a bacteriostatic effect on 25 strains (12%) and no effect in the case of 96 strains (48%). A very good inhibitory effect was noticed against numerous MRSA, MSSA, Enterococci, and Enterobacteriaceae isolates. For several environmental E. coli strains, the bactericidal effect was encountered at a violacein concentration below of what was previously reported. A different effect (bacteriostatic vs. bactericidal) was observed in the case of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from raw vs. treated wastewater, suggesting that the wastewater treatment process may influence the susceptibility of MDR bacteria to violacein containing bacterial extracts.
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Michael K, No D, Roberts M. vanA- positive multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from surfaces of a US hospital laundry facility. J Hosp Infect 2017; 95:218-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Antibiotic Resistance Profiling and Genotyping of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Collected from an Urban River Basin in the Provincial City of Miyazaki, Japan. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roberts MC, No DB, Marzluff JM, Delap JH, Turner R. Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp. from crows and their environment in metropolitan Washington State, USA: Is there a correlation between VRE positive crows and the environment? Vet Microbiol 2016; 194:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Bacterial Community Structure following a Sewage Spill into an Aquatic Environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5653-60. [PMID: 27422829 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01927-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sewage spills can release antibiotic-resistant bacteria into surface waters, contributing to environmental reservoirs and potentially impacting human health. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are nosocomial pathogens that have been detected in environmental habitats, including soil, water, and beach sands, as well as wildlife feces. However, VRE harboring vanA genes that confer high-level resistance have infrequently been found outside clinical settings in the United States. This study found culturable Enterococcus faecium harboring the vanA gene in water and sediment for up to 3 days after a sewage spill, and the quantitative PCR (qPCR) signal for vanA persisted for an additional week. Culturable levels of enterococci in water exceeded recreational water guidelines for 2 weeks following the spill, declining about five orders of magnitude in sediments and two orders of magnitude in the water column over 6 weeks. Analysis of bacterial taxa via 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed changes in community structure through time following the sewage spill in sediment and water. The spread of opportunistic pathogens harboring high-level vancomycin resistance genes beyond hospitals and into the broader community and associated habitats is a potential threat to public health, requiring further studies that examine the persistence, occurrence, and survival of VRE in different environmental matrices. IMPORTANCE Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are harmful bacteria that are resistant to the powerful antibiotic vancomycin, which is used as a last resort against many infections. This study followed the release of VRE in a major sewage spill and their persistence over time. Such events can act as a means of spreading vancomycin-resistant bacteria in the environment, which can eventually impact human health.
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Virulence Genes among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Coastal Beaches and Human and Nonhuman Sources in Southern California and Puerto Rico. J Pathog 2016; 2016:3437214. [PMID: 27144029 PMCID: PMC4842068 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3437214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are harmless to humans; however, strains harboring virulence genes, including esp, gelE, cylA, asa1, and hyl, have been associated with human infections. E. faecalis and E. faecium are present in beach waters worldwide, yet little is known about their virulence potential. Here, multiplex PCR was used to compare the distribution of virulence genes among E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from beaches in Southern California and Puerto Rico to isolates from potential sources including humans, animals, birds, and plants. All five virulence genes were found in E. faecalis and E. faecium from beach water, mostly among E. faecalis. gelE was the most common among isolates from all source types. There was a lower incidence of asa1, esp, cylA, and hyl genes among isolates from beach water, sewage, septage, urban runoff, sea wrack, and eelgrass as compared to human isolates, indicating that virulent strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium may not be widely disseminated at beaches. A higher frequency of asa1 and esp among E. faecalis from dogs and of asa1 among birds (mostly seagull) suggests that further studies on the distribution and virulence potential of strains carrying these genes may be warranted.
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Berglund B. Environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and correlation to anthropogenic contamination with antibiotics. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2015; 5:28564. [PMID: 26356096 PMCID: PMC4565060 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem which threatens modern healthcare globally. Resistance has traditionally been viewed as a clinical problem, but recently non-clinical environments have been highlighted as an important factor in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events are likely to be common in aquatic environments; integrons in particular are well suited for mediating environmental dissemination of ARGs. A growing body of evidence suggests that ARGs are ubiquitous in natural environments. Particularly, elevated levels of ARGs and integrons in aquatic environments are correlated to proximity to anthropogenic activities. The source of this increase is likely to be routine discharge of antibiotics and resistance genes, for example, via wastewater or run-off from livestock facilities and agriculture. While very high levels of antibiotic contamination are likely to select for resistant bacteria directly, the role of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics in environmental antibiotic resistance dissemination remains unclear. In vitro studies have shown that low levels of antibiotics can select for resistant mutants and also facilitate HGT, indicating the need for caution. Overall, it is becoming increasingly clear that the environment plays an important role in dissemination of antibiotic resistance; further studies are needed to elucidate key aspects of this process. Importantly, the levels of environmental antibiotic contamination at which resistant bacteria are selected for and HGT is facilitated at should be determined. This would enable better risk analyses and facilitate measures for preventing dissemination and development of antibiotic resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Berglund
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;
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Czekalski N, Sigdel R, Birtel J, Matthews B, Bürgmann H. Does human activity impact the natural antibiotic resistance background? Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in 21 Swiss lakes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 81:45-55. [PMID: 25913323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging environmental contaminants, known to be continuously discharged into the aquatic environment via human and animal waste. Freshwater aquatic environments represent potential reservoirs for ARG and potentially allow sewage-derived ARG to persist and spread in the environment. This may create increased opportunities for an eventual contact with, and gene transfer to, human and animal pathogens via the food chain or drinking water. However, assessment of this risk requires a better understanding of the level and variability of the natural resistance background and the extent of the human impact. We have analyzed water samples from 21 Swiss lakes, taken at sampling points that were not under the direct influence of local contamination sources and analyzed the relative abundance of ARG using quantitative real-time PCR. Copy numbers of genes mediating resistance to three different broad-spectrum antibiotic classes (sulfonamides: sul1, sul2, tetracyclines: tet(B), tet(M), tet(W) and fluoroquinolones: qnrA) were normalized to copy numbers of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. We used multiple linear regression to assess if ARG abundance is related to human activities in the catchment, microbial community composition and the eutrophication status of the lakes. Sul genes were detected in all sampled lakes, whereas only four lakes contained quantifiable numbers of tet genes, and qnrA remained below detection in all lakes. Our data indicate higher abundance of sul1 in lakes with increasing number and capacity of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the catchment. sul2 abundance was rather related to long water residence times and eutrophication status. Our study demonstrates the potential of freshwater lakes to preserve antibiotic resistance genes, and provides a reference for ARG abundance from lake systems with low human impact as a baseline for assessing ARG contamination in lake water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Czekalski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Surface Waters - Research and Management, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Radhika Sigdel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Surface Waters - Research and Management, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birtel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Bürgmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Surface Waters - Research and Management, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
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Whitman R, Harwood VJ, Edge TA, Nevers M, Byappanahalli M, Vijayavel K, Brandão J, Sadowsky MJ, Alm EW, Crowe A, Ferguson D, Ge Z, Halliday E, Kinzelman J, Kleinheinz G, Przybyla-Kelly K, Staley C, Staley Z, Solo-Gabriele HM. Microbes in Beach Sands: Integrating Environment, Ecology and Public Health. RE/VIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2014; 13:329-368. [PMID: 25383070 PMCID: PMC4219924 DOI: 10.1007/s11157-014-9340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Beach sand is a habitat that supports many microbes, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa (micropsammon). The apparently inhospitable conditions of beach sand environments belie the thriving communities found there. Physical factors, such as water availability and protection from insolation; biological factors, such as competition, predation, and biofilm formation; and nutrient availability all contribute to the characteristics of the micropsammon. Sand microbial communities include autochthonous species/phylotypes indigenous to the environment. Allochthonous microbes, including fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and waterborne pathogens, are deposited via waves, runoff, air, or animals. The fate of these microbes ranges from death, to transient persistence and/or replication, to establishment of thriving populations (naturalization) and integration in the autochthonous community. Transport of the micropsammon within the habitat occurs both horizontally across the beach, and vertically from the sand surface and ground water table, as well as at various scales including interstitial flow within sand pores, sediment transport for particle-associated microbes, and the large-scale processes of wave action and terrestrial runoff. The concept of beach sand as a microbial habitat and reservoir of FIB and pathogens has begun to influence our thinking about human health effects associated with sand exposure and recreational water use. A variety of pathogens have been reported from beach sands, and recent epidemiology studies have found some evidence of health risks associated with sand exposure. Persistent or replicating populations of FIB and enteric pathogens have consequences for watershed/beach management strategies and regulatory standards for safe beaches. This review summarizes our understanding of the community structure, ecology, fate, transport, and public health implications of microbes in beach sand. It concludes with recommendations for future work in this vastly under-studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whitman
- Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 1100 N. Mineral Springs Road, Porter, IN 46304, USA
| | - Valerie J. Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, SCA 110, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Thomas A. Edge
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Meredith Nevers
- Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 1100 N. Mineral Springs Road, Porter, IN 46304, USA
| | - Muruleedhara Byappanahalli
- Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 1100 N. Mineral Springs Road, Porter, IN 46304, USA
| | - Kannappan Vijayavel
- Environmental Health Division, Ottawa County Health Department, 12251 James Street, Suite 200, Holland, MI, 49424, USA
- Remediation and Redevelopment Division, Department of Environmental Quality, State of Michigan, 525 W. Allegan St., Lansing, MI 48909. USA
| | - João Brandão
- Reference Unit for Systemic Infections and Zoonosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wheeler Alm
- Department of Biology & Institute for Great Lakes Research, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Allan Crowe
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Donna Ferguson
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
| | - Zhongfu Ge
- Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 1100 N. Mineral Springs Road, Porter, IN 46304, USA
| | | | - Julie Kinzelman
- Department of Public Health, City of Racine, 730 Washington Avenue, Room 109, Racine, WI 53403, USA
| | - Greg Kleinheinz
- Environmental Research and Innovation Centre, University of Wisconsin – Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
| | - Kasia Przybyla-Kelly
- Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 1100 N. Mineral Springs Road, Porter, IN 46304, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Zachery Staley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Helena M. Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, McArthur Building Room 252, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA and, Oceans and Human Health Center, University of Miami Rosenstiel, School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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ICESluvan, a 94-kilobase mosaic integrative conjugative element conferring interspecies transfer of VanB-type glycopeptide resistance, a novel bacitracin resistance locus, and a toxin-antitoxin stabilization system. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:5381-90. [PMID: 24078615 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02165-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 94-kb integrative conjugative element (ICESluvan) transferable to Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from an animal isolate of Streptococcus lutetiensis consists of a mosaic of genetic fragments from different Gram-positive bacteria. A variant of ICESluvan was confirmed in S. lutetiensis from a patient. A complete Tn5382/Tn1549 with a vanB2 operon is integrated into a streptococcal ICESde3396-like region harboring a putative bacteriophage exclusion system, a putative agglutinin receptor precursor, and key components of a type IV secretion system. Moreover, ICESluvan encodes a putative MobC family mobilization protein and a relaxase and, thus, in total has all genetic components essential for conjugative transfer. A 9-kb element within Tn5382/Tn1549 encodes, among others, putative proteins similar to the TnpX site-specific recombinase in Faecalibacterium and VanZ in Paenibacillus, which may contribute to the detected low-level teicoplanin resistance. Furthermore, ICESluvan encodes a novel bacitracin resistance locus that is associated with reduced susceptibility to bacitracin when transferred to E. faecium. The expression of a streptococcal pezAT toxin-antitoxin-encoding operon of ICESluvan in S. lutetiensis, E. faecium, and E. faecalis was confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, indicating an active toxin-antitoxin system which may contribute to stabilizing ICESluvan within new hosts. Junction PCR and DNA sequencing confirmed that ICESluvan excised to form a circular intermediate in S. lutetiensis, E. faecalis, and E. faecium. Transfer between E. faecalis cells was observed in the presence of helper plasmid pIP964. Sequence analysis of the original S. lutetiensis donor and enterococcal transconjugants showed that ICESluvan integrates in a site-specific manner into the C-terminal end of the chromosomal tRNA methyltransferase gene rumA.
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21
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Oravcova V, Zurek L, Townsend A, Clark AB, Ellis JC, Cizek A, Literak I. American crows as carriers of vancomycin-resistant enterococci with vanA gene. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:939-49. [PMID: 23919480 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the vanA-carrying vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from American crows in the United States during the winter 2011/2012. Faecal samples from crows were cultured selectively for VRE and characterized. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to examine epidemiological relationships of vanA-containing VRE. Isolates were tested in vitro for their ability to horizontally transfer the vancomycin resistance trait. VRE with the vanA gene were found in 15 (2.5%) of 590 crows samples, from which we obtained 22 different isolates. Enterococcal species were Enterococcus faecium (14) and E. faecalis (8). One, two and 19 isolates originated from Kansas, New York State and Massachusetts, respectively. Based on MLST analysis, E. faecium isolates were grouped as ST18 (6 isolates), ST555 (2), and novel types ST749 (1), ST750 (3), ST751 (1), ST752 (1). Enterococcus faecalis isolates belonged to ST6 (1), ST16 (3) and ST179 (4). All isolates were able to transfer the vancomycin resistance trait via filter mating with very high transfer range. Clinically important enterococci with the vanA gene occur in faeces of wild American crows throughout the United States. These migrating birds may contribute to the dissemination of VRE in environment over large distances. [Correction added after first online publication on 06 August 2013: The number of E. faecium ST752 isolate is now amended to '1', consistent with that shown in the 'Results' section and Figure 2.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Oravcova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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22
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López M, Tenorio C, Torres C. Study of Vancomycin Resistance in Faecal Enterococci from Healthy Humans and Dogs in Spain a Decade after the Avoparcin Ban in Europe. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:160-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Barros J, Andrade M, Radhouani H, López M, Igrejas G, Poeta P, Torres C. Detection of vanA-containing Enterococcus species in faecal microbiota of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Microbes Environ 2012; 27:509-11. [PMID: 22641152 PMCID: PMC4103562 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me11346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium and E. durans isolates with the genotype vanA were detected in 7 of 118 faecal samples (5.9%) of natural gilthead seabream recovered off the coast of Portugal, and one vancomycin-resistant isolate/sample was further characterized. The genes erm(B), tet(L), tet(M), aac(6′)-aph(2″), aph(3′)-IIIa and/or ant(6)-Ia were identified in most of the 7 vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Sequence types ST273, ST313 and ST76 were detected in three E. faecium isolates and ST6 in two E. faecalis isolates. VanA-containing enterococci are suggested to be disseminated in fish in marine ecosystems close to areas of human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barros
- Center of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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24
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Ghosh A, Kukanich K, Brown CE, Zurek L. Resident Cats in Small Animal Veterinary Hospitals Carry Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococci and are Likely Involved in Cross-Contamination of the Hospital Environment. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:62. [PMID: 22363334 PMCID: PMC3282945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the USA, small animal veterinary hospitals (SAVHs) commonly keep resident cats living permanently as pets within their facilities. Previously, multi-drug resistant (MDR) enterococci were found as a contaminant of multiple surfaces within such veterinary hospitals, and nosocomial infections are a concern. The objectives of this study were to determine whether resident cats carry MDR enterococci and to compare the feline isolates genotypically to those obtained from SAVH surfaces in a previous study. Enterococcal strains (n = 180) were isolated from the feces of six healthy resident cats from different SAVHs. The concentration of enterococci ranged from 1.1 × 105 to 6.0 × 108 CFU g−1 of feces, and the population comprised Enterococcus hirae (38.3 ± 18.6%), E. faecium (35.0 ± 14.3%), E. faecalis (23.9 ± 11.0%), and E. avium (2.8 ± 2.2%). Testing of phenotypic resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents revealed multi-drug resistance (≥3 antimicrobials) in 48.9% of all enterococcal isolates with most frequent resistance to tetracycline (75.0%), erythromycin (50.0%), and rifampicin (36.1%). Vancomycin resistant E. faecalis (3.9%) with vanB not horizontally transferable in in vitro conjugation assays were detected from one cat. Genotyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated a host-specific clonal population of MDR E. faecalis and E. faecium. Importantly, several feline isolates were genotypically identical or closely related to isolates from surfaces of cage door, thermometer, and stethoscope of the corresponding SAVHs. These data demonstrate that healthy resident cats at SAVHs carry MDR enterococci and likely contribute to contamination of the SAVH environment. Proper disposal and handling of fecal material and restricted movement of resident cats within the ward are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ghosh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
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Levin-Edens E, Soge OO, No D, Stiffarm A, Meschke JS, Roberts MC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Northwest marine and freshwater recreational beaches. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 79:412-20. [PMID: 22092827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the spatial distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at two marine and one freshwater recreational beaches in the Seattle area. Fifty-six marine water, 144 freshwater, and 96 sand samples were collected from June through August 2010. Isolates were biochemically verified as MRSA. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulse field gel electrophoresis and the presence of other antibiotic resistance genes were determined. Twenty-two freshwater (15.3%; n = 144), one dry sand (1.9%; n = 53), six wet sand (14%; n = 43), and two marine water samples (3.6%; n = 56) were MRSA positive. Of the 27 freshwater stream sites sampled multiple times, 37% of the sites were positive for MRSA and/or S. aureus ≥ 2 times. Twenty-one (67.7%) of 31 MRSA were SCCmec type IV, 15 (48.4%) of the isolates had MLST types not previously associated with humans, and 29 (93.5%) of the isolates carried other antibiotic resistance genes. This study is the first to report and characterize repeated MRSA-positive samples from freshwater drainages and creeks surrounding popular recreational beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Levin-Edens
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
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Gaidos E, Rusch A, Ilardo M. Ribosomal tag pyrosequencing of DNA and RNA from benthic coral reef microbiota: community spatial structure, rare members and nitrogen-cycling guilds. Environ Microbiol 2010; 13:1138-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Regional spread ofvanA- orvanB-positiveEnterococcus gallinarumin hospitals and long-term care facilities in Kyoto prefecture, Japan. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:430-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFollowing an outbreak ofvanA-positiveEnterococcus faeciumin 2005 in Kyoto prefecture, regional surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) was initiated. This revealedvanA- orvanB-positiveEnterococcus gallinarumin multiple facilities. Eighty-eightvanA-positiveE. gallinarumfaecal carriers from 12 facilities and tenvanB-positiveE. gallinarumfaecal carriers from eight facilities were found. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the first isolate from each facility showed that 11 of the 12vanAisolates and three of the eightvanB-positiveE. gallinarumisolates belonged to a single clone. This study confirms the clonal spread ofvanA- orvanB-positiveE. gallinarumin a region and underlines the importance of surveillance of VRE for the presence of vancomycin resistance determinants.
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28
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Soge OO, Meschke JS, No DB, Roberts MC. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. isolated from US West Coast public marine beaches. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:1148-55. [PMID: 19837712 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (MRCoNS) from marine water and intertidal beach sand from public beaches in Washington State, USA. METHODS Fifty-one staphylococci from Washington State beaches were characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, carriage of acquired tetracycline and/or macrolide resistance genes, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, the BBL Crystal Gram-Positive ID System and/or 16S rRNA sequencing, coagulase test and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for MRSA. RESULTS Five multidrug-resistant MRSA SCCmec type I, of which three were MLST type ST45, one ST59 and one a new MLST type, ST1405, plus one susceptible non-typeable (NT) MRSA ST30 were characterized. Thirty-three MRCoNS isolates, representing 21 strains from 9 Staphylococcus spp., carried a range of SCCmec types [I (2), II (6), III (3), V (2), I/II (1) and NT (7)] and varied in their antibiotic susceptibility to other antibiotic classes and carriage of acquired tetracycline/macrolide resistance gene(s). MRSA and MRCoNS donors co-transferred tet(M) and erm(A) genes to an Enterococcus faecalis recipient at a frequency of 10(-8). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of MRSA and MRCoNS isolated from marine water and intertidal beach sand. The MLST types and antibiotic carriage of five MRSA isolates were similar to hospital MRSA isolates rather than US community-acquired MRSA isolates. Our results suggest that public marine beaches may be a reservoir for transmission of MRSA to beach visitors as well as an ecosystem for exchange of antibiotic resistance genes among staphylococci and related genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Soge
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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