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Kang H, Wang Q, Yu H, Guo Q, Weber LI, Wu W, Lepp D, Cui SW, Diarra MS, Liu H, Shao S, Gong J. Validating the use of a newly developed cinnamaldehyde product in commercial broiler production. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103625. [PMID: 38507831 PMCID: PMC10966097 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have been considered as an alternative to antibiotics for animal production. In the current study, 4 trials were conducted on a commercial broiler farm to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of an encapsulated cinnamon EO product (NE-OFF) on the bird growth performance, gut health, and gene expression in the ileum, spleen, and liver relating to the host response to heat and other stresses, including potential NE challenge. In each trial, approximately 30,000 Cobb or Ross broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments: a raised without antibiotics (RWA) commercial diet as positive control, an adjusted RWA commercial diet as negative control, and the negative control diet supplemented with 2 different dosages of NE-OFF, which was added during feed pelleting. Although the final average body weight did not differ significantly among treatment groups, birds fed NE-OFF had an increased ratio of villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum, and reduced fecal oocyst counts. Trial 2 was conducted in the summer and had a necrotic enteritis (NE) outbreak. The supplementation of NE-OFF reduced the NE incidence and bird mortality. The samples from Trial 2 were hence selected for the analyses of Clostridium perfringens and NetB toxin gene abundance in the ileum, and host responses. The C. perfringens population appeared to be positively correlated with the NetB gene abundance. The gene expression analysis suggested that NE-OFF supplementation improved nutrient absorption and transportation as well as antioxidant activities to help the birds against stress. These on-farm trial results support the hypothesis that the use of NE-OFF as a feed additive can improve bird gut health and performance in commercial broiler production, especially for preventing NE outbreaks when birds are under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Kang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Qian Guo
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - LIoyd Weber
- LEL Farms Ltd., Guelph, Ontario, N1L 1G3 Canada
| | - Wendy Wu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Steve W Cui
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9 Canada.
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Xu H, Gong J, Lu P, Azevedo P, Li L, Yu H, Yang C. Functional evaluation of Bacillus licheniformis PF9 for its potential in controlling enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in weaned piglets. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae050. [PMID: 38665217 PMCID: PMC11044710 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During the bacterial selection, isolate PF9 demonstrated tolerance to low pH and high bile salt and an ability to extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC; P < 0.05). Thirty-two weaned piglets susceptible to ETEC F4 were randomly allocated to four treatments as follows: 1) non-challenged negative control group (NNC; basal diet and piglets gavaged with phosphate-buffered saline), 2) negative control group (NC; basal diet and piglets challenged with ETEC F4, 3 × 107 CFU per pig), 3) positive control (PC; basal diet + 80 mg·kg-1 of avilamycin and piglets challenged with ETEC F4), and 4) probiotic candidate (PF9; control basal diet + 2.5 × 109 CFU·kg-1 diet of B. licheniformis PF9 and piglets challenged with ETEC F4). The infection of ETEC F4 decreased average daily gain and gain:feed in the NC group when compared to the NNC group (P < 0.05). The inoculation of ETEC F4 induced severe diarrhea at 3 h postinoculum (hpi), 36, 40 hpi in the NC group when compared to the NNC group (P < 0.05). The supplementation of B. licheniformis PF9 significantly relieved diarrhea severity at 3 hpi when compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). The inoculation of ETEC F4 reduced duodenal, jejunal, and ileal villus height (VH) in the NC group when compared to the NNC group. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease was detected in the duodenal VH in the PC and NNC groups. Moreover, the NNC group had a reduced relative mRNA level of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) when compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Compared to the NC and NNC groups, the supplementation of B. licheniformis PF9 increased the relative mRNA levels of aminopeptidase N, occludin, zonula occludens-1, and SGLT1 (P < 0.05). The supplementation of B. licheniformis PF9 also significantly increased the relative mRNA level of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 when compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Piglets supplemented with B. licheniformis PF9 showed lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the colon than piglets from the NNC group (P < 0.05). The NNC group had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes in the ileum than all the challenged piglets (P < 0.05); however, a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the ileum and colon was observed in the NC group (P < 0.05). This study provides evidence that B. licheniformis PF9 has the potential to improve the gut health of piglets under challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Xu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 5C9
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - Paula Azevedo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - Linyan Li
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 5C9
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaN1G 5C9
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
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Miri S, Hassan H, Esmail GA, Njoku EN, Chiba M, Yousuf B, Ahmed TAE, Hincke M, Mottawea W, Hammami R. A Two Bacteriocinogenic Ligilactobacillus Strain Association Inhibits Growth, Adhesion, and Invasion of Salmonella in a Simulated Chicken Gut Environment. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10148-5. [PMID: 37646968 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop a protective probiotic coculture to inhibit the growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the simulated chicken gut environment. Bacterial strains were isolated from the digestive mucosa of broilers and screened in vitro against Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028. A biocompatibility coculture test was performed, which identified two biocompatible strains, Ligilactobacillus salivarius UO.C109 and Ligilactobacillus saerimneri UO.C121 with high inhibitory activity against Salmonella. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of the selected isolates exhibited dose-dependent effects, and the inhibitory agents were confirmed to be proteinaceous by enzymatic and thermal treatments. Proteome and genome analyses revealed the presence of known bacteriocins in the CFS of L. salivarius UO.C109, but unknown for L. saerimneri UO.C121. The addition of these selected probiotic candidates altered the bacterial community structure, increased the diversity of the chicken gut microbiota challenged with Salmonella, and significantly reduced the abundances of Enterobacteriaceae, Parasutterlla, Phascolarctobacterium, Enterococcus, and Megamonas. It also modulated microbiome production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with increased levels of acetic and propionic acids after 12 and 24 h of incubation compared to the microbiome challenged with S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, the selected probiotic candidates reduced the adhesion and invasion of Salmonella to Caco-2 cells by 37-39% and 51%, respectively, after 3 h of incubation, compared to the control. These results suggest that the developed coculture probiotic strains has protective activity and could be an effective strategy to control Salmonella infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Miri
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hebatoallah Hassan
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Galal Ali Esmail
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Emmanuel N Njoku
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mariem Chiba
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Basit Yousuf
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tamer A E Ahmed
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, K1H8M5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, K1H8M5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Walid Mottawea
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Riadh Hammami
- NuGut Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Ren Y, Zhaxi Y, Ciwang R, Wang Z, Liu M. Responses of rumen microorganisms and metabolites to different roughage of domesticated Tibetan sheep. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1247609. [PMID: 37664115 PMCID: PMC10469951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tibetan sheep can utilize high fiber feeds well. However, the mechanisms of rumen microbiota and metabolites in response to different roughage in a housed environment are still unclear. We fed Tibetan sheep with three different roughage diets: 50% whole corn silage (TS), 50% wheatgrass group (TW), and 25% each of whole corn silage and wheatgrass (TM). Subsequently, meat traits, rumen contents 16S rRNA and metabolomics were studied. The results showed that feeding wheat straw to Tibetan sheep significantly increased the abundance of bacteria such as Ruminococcus and Succiniclasticum in the rumen. These microorganisms significantly increased metabolites such as beta-alanyl-L-lysine, butanoic acid and prostaglandin E2. Eventually, production performance, such as carcass weight and intramuscular fat and meat quality characteristics, such as color and tenderness were improved by altering the rumen's amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. This study demonstrated that including 25% wheatgrass and 25% whole corn silage in the diet improved the performance of Tibetan sheep, revealing the effect of the diet on the performance of Tibetan sheep through rumen microorganisms and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ren
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lhasa, China
| | - Yangzhong Zhaxi
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lhasa, China
| | - Renzeng Ciwang
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lhasa, China
| | - Zhengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lhasa, China
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Mączka W, Twardawska M, Grabarczyk M, Wińska K. Carvacrol-A Natural Phenolic Compound with Antimicrobial Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050824. [PMID: 37237727 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to present the latest research related to selected biological properties of carvacrol, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. As a monoterpenoid phenol, carvacrol is a component of many essential oils and is usually found in plants together with its isomer, thymol. Carvacrol, either alone or in combination with other compounds, has a strong antimicrobial effect on many different strains of bacteria and fungi that are dangerous to humans or can cause significant losses in the economy. Carvacrol also exerts strong anti-inflammatory properties by preventing the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by inducing SOD, GPx, GR, and CAT, as well as reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the body. It also affects the body's immune response generated by LPS. Carvacrol is considered a safe compound despite the limited amount of data on its metabolism in humans. This review also discusses the biotransformations of carvacrol, because the knowledge of the possible degradation pathways of this compound may help to minimize the risk of environmental contamination with phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Mączka
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martyna Twardawska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wińska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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In Vitro Modulation of Rumen Fermentation by Microbiota from the Recombination of Rumen Fluid and Solid Phases. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0338722. [PMID: 36475888 PMCID: PMC9927485 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03387-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumen microbiota transplantation (RMT) can improve rumen fermentation and ruminant performance. However, due to the microbial distinction in the fluid and solid phases, the current understanding of their specific roles in RMT is insufficient. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of the microbiota from the recombination of the rumen fluid and solid phases on in vitro fermentation. The rumen fresh fluid (FF) and fresh solid (FS) phases were collected, and FS was washed for the fresh solid washing solution (FW). The fractions of FF, FS, and FW were autoclaved to obtain autoclaved fluid (AF), solid (AS), and washing solution (AW). Then, these phases were recombined to form eight treatments: FFFS, FFAS, FFFW, FFAW, AFFS, AFAS, AFFW, and AFAW. After 24 h of fermentation, the gas production in AFFS, FFFS, and FFAS was significantly higher than that of other groups. AFAS and AFAW had significantly lower alpha diversity than did other groups. The solid phase was enriched with fiber-degrading bacteria, including Treponema, Succinivibrio, and Ruminococcus. The fluid phase was dominated by Prevotella, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group. The washing solution had more Ruminobacter, Lachnospiraceae, and Fibrobacter. Moreover, the double-autoclaved phases displayed increased abundances of harmful bacteria, as AFAS and AFAW had higher Streptococcus and Prevotellaceae YAB2003 group abundances. A network analysis showed that the signature microbiota in AFAS and AFAW were negatively associated with the keystone microbiota in the other groups. In summary, the recombination of the solid phase and the autoclaved fluid phase had the best in vitro fermentation result, which provided certain references for RMT. IMPORTANCE This is the first study to systematically evaluate the in vitro fermentation efficiency of diets by bacteria harvested and recombined from the fluid and solid phases of rumen contents, and it took into account the effect of washing the rumen solid phase. Using "reconstituted rumen content", this study confirmed that bacteria from different fractions of the rumen digesta resulted in different fermentation production of diets and found the characteristic bacteria in each phase of rumen contents. Our data reveal that the bacteria in the solid phase have more positive effects on the in vitro fermentation parameters, that the combination of the autoclaved fluid phase and the fresh solid phase have the most ideal fermentation effect, and that the autoclave process significantly influenced the microbial composition and increased the abundance of harmful bacteria. This study provides a landmark reference for the future use of rumen microbiota transplantation to improve animal feed utilization and growth performance.
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Assessment of Growth Inhibition of Eugenol-Loaded Nano-Emulsions against Beneficial Bifidobacterium sp. along with Resistant Escherichia coli Using Flow Cytometry. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract microbiota influences many aspects of the dietary components on colon health and during enteric infections, thus, playing a pivotal role in the colon health. Therefore, the eugenol (EU) nano-emulsion effective concentration reported in our previous study against cancer cells should be explored for safety against beneficial microbes. We evaluated the sensitivity of Bifidobacterium breve and B. adolescentis against EU-loaded nano-emulsions at 0, 300, 600 and 900 µm, which were effective against colon and liver cancer cells. Both B. breve and B. adolescentis showed comparable growth ranges to the control group at 300 and 600 µm, as evident from the plate count experimental results. However, at 900 µm, a slight growth variation was revealed with respect to the control group. The real-time inhibition determination through flow cytometry showed B. breve viable, sublethal cells (99.49 and 0.51%) and B. adolescentis (95.59 and 0.15%) at 900 µm, suggesting slight inhibition even at the highest tested concentration. Flow cytometry proved to be a suitable quantitative approach that has revealed separate live, dead, and susceptible cells upon treatment with EU nano-emulsion against Escherichia coli. Similarly, in the case of B. breve and B. adolescentis, the cells showed only live cells that qualitatively suggest EU nano-emulsion safety. To judge the viability of these sublethal populations of B. breve and B. adolescentis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy was carried out, revealing no peak shift for proteins, lipids, DNA and carbohydrates at 900 µm EU nano-emulsion compared to the control. On the other hand, EU-loaded nano-emulsions (900 µm)-treated E. coli showed a clear peak shift for a membrane protein, lipids, DNA and carbohydrates. This study provides insights to utilize plant phenols as safe medicines as well as dietary supplements.
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Zhao H, Lv F, Liu G, Pang X, Han X, Wang X. Effects of starters with different NDF/starch ratio on rumen fermentation parameters and rumen microorganisms in lambs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1064774. [PMID: 36777666 PMCID: PMC9911143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1064774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch and NDF are the main components in the diets of ruminants worldwide and are the main energy source for rumen microorganisms and hosts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different NDF/starch ratios on rumen fermentation parameters, rumen development and rumen microbes in lambs and to predict the function of rumen microbes by metagenomic techniques. In this study, 30 lambs with birth weights of (3.0 ± 0.5) kg were selected. The lambs of Hu sheep were randomly divided into two groups, fed starter with an NDF/starch ratio of 0.5 (group A) or 1.0 (group C). Samples of the rumen tissue and contents were collected after slaughter. The results showed that the ADG and ADFI of group A were significantly higher than those of group C (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the FCR (P > 0.05). Therefore, from the perspective of feed-related economic benefits, group C showed greater economic value; the A/P of group C was significantly lower than that of group A (0.05 < P < 0.1), and the TVFA showed no significant difference (P > 0.05); The lengths of the rumen papillae of group C was significantly higher than that of group A (0.05 < P < 0.1). There was no significant difference in the abundance of the top 10 species at the phylum level and genus level (P > 0.05). CAZymes gene enrichment was observed in the rumen microbial community of lambs in group C (P < 0.05). In conclusion, group C, fed with starter with a higher NDF/starch ratio, had a higher feeding value. This study provides comprehensive insights into the composition of NDF and starch in lamb starter.
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Lessard M, Talbot G, Bergeron N, Lo Verso L, Morissette B, Yergeau É, Matte JJ, Bissonnette N, Blais M, Gong J, Wang Q, Quessy S, Guay F. Weaning diet supplemented with health-promoting feed additives influences microbiota and immune response in piglets challenged with Salmonella. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 255:110533. [PMID: 36563567 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of micronutrients and feed additives to modulate intestinal microbiota and systemic and mucosal immune responses in weaned pigs infected with Salmonella. At weaning, 32 litters of 12 piglets each were allocated to four dietary treatments: 1) control diet (CTRL), 2) CTRL supplemented with chlortetracycline (ATB), 3) CTRL supplemented with a cocktail of feed additives (CKTL); and 4) CKTL diet containing bovine colostrum in replacement of spray-dry animal plasma (CKTL+COL). The CKTL supplement included cranberry extract, encapsulated carvacrol and yeast-derived products and an enriched selenium and vitamin premix. Three weeks after weaning, four pigs per litter were orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Half of them were euthanized 3 days post-infection (dpi) and the other half, 7 dpi. The expression of IL6, TNF, IL8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), IFNG, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) and β-defensin 2 (DEFB2) showed a peaked response at 3 dpi (P < 0.05). Results also revealed that DEFB2 expression was higher at 3 dpi in CTRL and CKTL groups than in ATB (P = 0.01 and 0.06, respectively) while GPX2 gene was markedly increased at 3 and 7 dpi in pigs fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet compared to CTRL pigs (P < 0.05). In piglets fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet, intestinal changes in microbial communities were less pronounced after exposure to Salmonella compared to CTRL and progressed faster toward the status before Salmonella challenge (AMOVA P < 0.01). Furthermore, the relative abundance of several families was either up- or down-regulated in pigs fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet after Salmonella challenge. In conclusion, weaning diet enriched with bovine colostrum, vitamins and mixture of feed additives mitigated the influence of Salmonella infection on intestinal microbial populations and modulate systemic and intestinal immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lessard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Département de sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Guylaine Talbot
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Nadia Bergeron
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Luca Lo Verso
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Département de sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Bruno Morissette
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Étienne Yergeau
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques J Matte
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Mylène Blais
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Département de sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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10
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Khazdair MR, Ghorani V, Boskabady MH. Experimental and clinical evidence on the effect of carvacrol on respiratory, allergic, and immunologic disorders: A comprehensive review. Biofactors 2022; 48:779-794. [PMID: 35555834 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CAR) showed various pharmacological and therapeutic effects in different disorders. In the current article, the experimental and clinical effects of CAR on respiratory, allergic, and immunologic disorders are described. Various databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus, were searched regarding the effects of CAR on respiratory and allergic disorders until the end of October 2021. CAR showed the relaxant effect, with various possible mechanisms suggesting the bronchodilatory effect in obstructive pulmonary diseases. The preventive effects of CAR on experimental animal models of respiratory diseases were shown through mechanisms such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory. CAR also showed therapeutic potential on lung cancer, lung infections, and allergic and immunologic disorders. Clinical studies also revealed therapeutic effects of CAR on asthma, sulfur-mustard-induced lug disorders, and some other allergic and immunologic diseases. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of CAR indicate possible remedy effects of this agent in the treatment of respiratory, allergic, and immunologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahammad R Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ghorani
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Clinical Research Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Türkoğlu GC, Sarıışık AM, Erkan G, Erden E, Pazarlıoğlu N. Development of antibacterial textiles by cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of volatile thyme active agents. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ceylan Türkoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering Dokuz Eylul University İzmir Türkiye
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Dokuz Eylül University İzmir Türkiye
| | - Ayşe Merih Sarıışık
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering Dokuz Eylul University İzmir Türkiye
| | - Gökhan Erkan
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering Dokuz Eylul University İzmir Türkiye
| | - Emre Erden
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry Ege University İzmir Türkiye
| | - Nurdan Pazarlıoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Celal Bayar University Manisa Türkiye
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12
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Dieguez SN, Decundo JM, Martínez G, Amanto FA, Bianchi CP, Pérez Gaudio DS, Soraci AL. Effect of Dietary Oregano (Lippia origanoides) and Clover (Eugenia caryophillata) Essential Oils' Formulations on Intestinal Health and Performance of Pigs. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:324-335. [PMID: 34918308 DOI: 10.1055/a-1698-8469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of natural essential oils to the pigs' diet in intensive production systems is a potential tool to improve gut health and prevent infections without using antibiotics. Nevertheless, different products, even containing the same compounds, coming from the same botanical species, may exert dissimilar biological effects due differences in the technological processes by which they are produced and preserved. For this reason, suitability of a given product based on natural extracts, intended for swine production must be thoroughly evaluated. In the present study, we assessed the effects of three additives containing oregano (Lippia origanoides) essential oil, alone or in combination with clover (Eugenia caryophillata) essential oil, with or without being microencapsulated, on gastrointestinal health and on some performance parameters in a commercial pig production farm. Recently weaned piglets were randomly divided in four groups, and basal diet or essential oil-supplemented diet (OCE; MOCE; MOE) was randomly assigned to each of the groups from weaning to finishing. Blood samples were collected at pre-established days after weaning. Intestinal sampling took place at 42 and 72 days of age. Pigs consuming the supplemented diets showed higher intestinal metabolic activity during the post-weaning period, decreasing the impact of weaning stress on enterocytes' metabolism. Intestinal barrier function was not affected in pigs consuming microencapsulated products. All treated groups showed improved intestinal architecture, increased digestive enzymes activity and caecal VFA concentrations. The incorporation of the dietary essential oils products brought beneficial effects on gastrointestinal health that were reflected in improved performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Nelly Dieguez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Julieta María Decundo
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Martínez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Fabián Andrés Amanto
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carolina Paula Bianchi
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
- Área Endocrinología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Denisa Soledad Pérez Gaudio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Luis Soraci
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
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13
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Wang LL, Yang C, Liu S. Development and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in core–shell microparticles for managing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-related post-weaning diarrhea. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Effect of Oregano Oil and Cobalt Lactate on Sheep In Vitro Digestibility, Fermentation Characteristics and Rumen Microbial Community. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12010118. [PMID: 35011223 PMCID: PMC8749554 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the context of a shortage of feed resources and a complete ban on veterinary antibiotics, searching for green additives that can improve the production performance of ruminants has become a popular research topic. Oregano essential oil (EO) inhibits rumen gas production (GP) and regulates animal digestive metabolism, and cobalt lactate (Co) can improve feed digestibility. However, previous studies on EO of oregano and Co showed different results. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different EOC addition levels on rumen in vitro fermentation and rumen bacterial community composition, and the experimental data obtained showed that all five EOC (0.1425% cobalt lactate + 1.13% oregano essential oil + 98.7275% carrier) addition levels in this experiment had no significant effect on nutrient digestibility. However, the addition of 1500 mg·L−1 EOC significantly improved rumen fermentation parameters and altered the microbiota composition. All presented data provide a theoretical basis for the application of oregano essential oil and cobalt in ruminant nutrition. Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of different EOC (0.1425% cobalt lactate + 1.13% oregano essential oil + 98.7275% carrier) levels on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial changes. Six EOC levels (treatments: 0 mg·L−1, CON; 50 mg·L−1, EOC1; 100 mg·L−1, EOC2; 400 mg·L−1, EOC3; 800 mg·L−1, EOC4 and 1500 mg·L−1, EOC5) were selected to be used to in vitro incubation. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), in vitro acid detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration and microbial protein (MCP) concentration were measured after 48 h incubation, after which the groups with significant nutrient digestibility and fermentation parameters were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that the total gas production (GP) of the EOC5 group was higher than that of the other groups after 12 h of in vitro incubation. TVFA, NH3-N and MCP concentrations were also shown to be higher in group EOC5 than those in other groups (p < 0.05), while NH3-N and MCP concentrations in the EOC2 group were lower than those in other groups significantly (p < 0.05). The molar ratio of acetic acid decreased while the molar ratio of propionic acid increased after the addition of EOC. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the rumen microbiota was altered in response to adding EOC, especially for the EOC5 treatment, with firmicutes shown to be the most abundant (43.1%). The relative abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was significantly lower, while the relative abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_Muribaculaceae and Succiniclasticum was significantly higher in the EOC5 group than those in other groups (p < 0.05). Comprehensive analysis showed that EOC (1500 mg·L−1) could significantly increase gas production, alter sheep rumen fermentation parameters and microbiota composition.
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Nano-emulsion prepared by high pressure homogenization method as a good carrier for Sichuan pepper essential oil: Preparation, stability, and bioactivity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ahmad A, Saeed M, Ansari IA. Molecular insights on chemopreventive and anticancer potential of carvacrol: Implications from solid carcinomas. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e14010. [PMID: 34796513 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Globally, cancer is one of the deadliest diseases, estimated to cause 9.9 million deaths in 2020. Conventional cancer treatments commonly involve mono-chemotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy and mono-chemotherapy. However, the negative side effects of these approaches have been extensively reported and have prompted the search for new therapeutic drugs. Over the past few years, numerous dietary agents, medicinal plants, and their phytochemicals gained considerable therapeutic importance because of their anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Recent years have shown that essential oils possess therapeutic effects against numerous cancers. They are primarily used due to their lesser side effects than standard chemotherapeutic drugs. Carvacrol (CRV) is a phenolic monoterpenoid found in essential oils of oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, and other plants. Numerous anticancer reports of CRV substantiated that the main mechanistic action of CRV involves reduction in the viability of cancer cells and induction of apoptosis via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. CRV also obstructs the migration and invasion of cells leading to the suppressed proliferation rate. Furthermore, CRV mediates augmented ROS generation resulting in DNA damage and also halts the progression of cell cycle. Treatment of CRV modulates the expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bad) and molecular targets of various signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPKs, and Notch) in multiple solid carcinomas. Hence, this review aimed to acquire and disseminate the knowledge of chemopreventive and anticancer effects of CRV and the mechanisms of action already described for the compound against numerous cancers, including solid carcinomas, to guide future research. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Development and formulation of phytocompound based anticancer drug agents to counteract the aftereffects of chemotherapeutic drugs is a propitious approach. CRV is a monoterpenoid consisting of a phenolic group obtained from the essential oils of oregano and thyme. These plants are being used as food flavoring spice and as fragrance ingredient in various cosmetic formulations. For the use of CRV as an efficient chemopreventive agent, different therapeutic interactions of CRV along with its targeted pathways and molecules, involved in the regulation of onset and progression of various types of solid carcinomas, need to be studied and explored thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afza Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan A Ansari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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17
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Cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions by high-pressure homogenization: Formulation, stability, and antimicrobial activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Lone A, Mottawea W, Ait Chait Y, Hammami R. Dual Inhibition of Salmonella enterica and Clostridium perfringens by New Probiotic Candidates Isolated from Chicken Intestinal Mucosa. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010166. [PMID: 33451155 PMCID: PMC7828620 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is the fastest-growing agricultural sector globally. With poultry meat being economical and in high demand, the end product’s safety is of importance. Globally, governments are coming together to ban the use of antibiotics as prophylaxis and for growth promotion in poultry. Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens are two leading pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses and are linked explicitly to poultry products. Furthermore, numerous outbreaks occur every year. A substitute for antibiotics is required by the industry to maintain the same productivity level and, hence, profits. We aimed to isolate and identify potential probiotic strains from the ceca mucosa of the chicken intestinal tract with bacteriocinogenic properties. We were able to isolate multiple and diverse strains, including a new uncultured bacterium, with inhibitory activity against Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Salmonella Abony NCTC 6017, Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 10708, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The five most potent strains were further characterized for their probiotic potential (i.e., sensitivity to antibiotics and tolerance to gastrointestinal physicochemical conditions). Our analyzed lactobacilli strains exhibited some interesting probiotic features while being inhibitory against targeted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Lone
- NuGUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (A.L.); (W.M.); (Y.A.C.)
| | - Walid Mottawea
- NuGUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (A.L.); (W.M.); (Y.A.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yasmina Ait Chait
- NuGUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (A.L.); (W.M.); (Y.A.C.)
| | - Riadh Hammami
- NuGUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (A.L.); (W.M.); (Y.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-562-5800 (ext. 4110)
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Lo Verso L, Talbot G, Morissette B, Guay F, Matte JJ, Farmer C, Gong J, Wang Q, Bissonnette N, Beaulieu C, Lessard M. The combination of nutraceuticals and functional feeds as additives modulates gut microbiota and blood markers associated with immune response and health in weanling piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5889921. [PMID: 32783055 PMCID: PMC7419736 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of feed additives with complementary functional properties on the intestinal microbiota, homocysteine, and vitamins E and B status as well as systemic immune response of weanling piglets. At weaning, 32 litters were assigned to one of the following dietary treatments (DT): 1) conventional diet (CTRL); 2) CTRL diet supplemented with antibiotics (ATB); 3) a cocktail of feed additives containing cranberry extract, encapsulated carvacrol, yeast-derived products, and extra vitamins A, D, E, and B complex (CKTL); or 4) CKTL diet with bovine colostrum in replacement of plasma proteins (CKTL + COL). Within each litter, the piglets with lowest and highest birth weights (LBW and HBW, respectively) and two piglets of medium birth weight (MBW) were identified. The MBW piglets were euthanized at 42 d of age in order to characterize the ileal and colonic microbiota. Blood samples were also collected at weaning and at 42 d of age from LBW and HBW piglets to measure insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), cysteine, homocysteine, and vitamins E, B6, and B12, and to characterize the leukocyte populations. At 42 d of age, cytokine production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also measured. In a second experiment, piglets were reared under commercial conditions to evaluate the effects of the DT on the growth performance. At the indicator species analysis, the highest indicator value (IV) for Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens was found in the CKTL group, whereas the highest IV for Lactobacillus reuteri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was evidenced in the CKTL + COL group (P < 0.05). Compared with the other DT, CTRL piglets had higher concentrations of homocysteine, whereas the CKTL and CKTL + COL supplementations increased the concentrations of vitamins E and B12 (P < 0.05). DT had no effect on IGF-1 concentration and on blood leukocytes populations; however, compared with HBW piglets, LBW animals had lower values of IGF-1, whereas the percentages of γδ T lymphocytes and T helper were decreased and increased, respectively (P < 0.05). CKTL + COL also improved the growth performance of piglets reared under commercial conditions (P < 0.05). This study highlights the impact of birth weight on piglet systemic immune defenses and the potential of weaning diet supplemented with feed additives and bovine colostrum to modulate the homocysteine metabolism and the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lo Verso
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Guylaine Talbot
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Morissette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
| | - J Jacques Matte
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Farmer
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Carole Beaulieu
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
| | - Martin Lessard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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20
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Benavides S, Mariotti-Celis MS, Paredes MJC, Parada JA, Franco WV. Thyme essential oil loaded microspheres for fish fungal infection: microstructure, in vitro dynamic release and antifungal activity. J Microencapsul 2020; 38:11-21. [PMID: 33048606 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2020.1836055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evaluate the effect of varying the droplet size of microspheres charged with thyme essential oil (TEO-MS) on their swelling (Sw), release rate (%RR) and in vitro antifungal activity against Saprolegnia sp. METHODS TEO-MS obtained by ionic gelation were characterised through SEM microscopy and X-ray microtomography. Their Sw and RR% were evaluated at simulated fish-gastrointestinal conditions using gravimetric and spectrophotometric techniques. RESULTS For all evaluated droplet sizes (p ≥ 0.05), TEO was heterogeneously distributed inside of the MS and TEO-MS experimented agglomeration and sphericity loss after the drying process. Under gastric conditions, the acid pH (2.9) limited the Sw (50-100%) of TEO-MS, generating a low RR% (14-18%). Contrary, the slightly alkaline intestinal pH (8.1) favoured the Sw (∼3.2 to 3.8 times) and therefore the RR% (42-63%). CONCLUSIONS TEO-MS (5-100 mg/mL) presented antifungal capacity onto Saprolegnia sp. after the simulated fish digestion, being the small droplet size once the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Benavides
- Núcleo de Investigación en Agroalimentos y Nutrición Aplicada, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillan, Chile.,Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Salomé Mariotti-Celis
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.,Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I + D+i (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Jose Carolina Paredes
- Núcleo de Investigación en Agroalimentos y Nutrición Aplicada, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillan, Chile
| | - Javier A Parada
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Wendy V Franco
- Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UDA Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Eusepi P, Marinelli L, Borrego-Sánchez A, García-Villén F, Rayhane BK, Cacciatore I, Viseras C, Di Stefano A. Nano-delivery systems based on carvacrol prodrugs and fibrous clays. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Solomando JC, Antequera T, Perez-Palacios T. Lipid digestion and oxidative stability in ω-3-enriched meat model systems: Effect of fish oil microcapsules and processing or culinary cooking. Food Chem 2020; 328:127125. [PMID: 32480262 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the addition of monolayered (MO) and multilayered (MU) fish oil microcapsules to meat model systems and determines the effects of processing and culinary cooking. Adding MO and MU increased the content of EPA and DHA and the level of secondary oxidation products but being far away from the oxidation values that generate anomalous flavours. However, it did not lead to oxidative damage of the enriched batches or affect the moisture and lipid content during processing and/or culinary cooking. The type of fish oil microcapsules, the processing and/or culinary cooking and the type of meat matrix influenced the fatty acid digestion. The highest bioaccessibility of EPA and DHA occurred in cooked samples enriched with MO after processing and before culinary cooking. To optimize EPA and DHA enrichment and bioaccessibility, the type of fish oil microcapsules may be selected as a function of the type of added meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Solomando
- Research Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IProCar), University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Teresa Antequera
- Research Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IProCar), University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Trinidad Perez-Palacios
- Research Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IProCar), University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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23
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Combined use of natural antimicrobial based nanoemulsions and ultra high pressure homogenization to increase safety and shelf-life of apple juice. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Eusepi P, Marinelli L, García-Villén F, Borrego-Sánchez A, Cacciatore I, Di Stefano A, Viseras C. Carvacrol Prodrugs with Antimicrobial Activity Loaded on Clay Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071793. [PMID: 32290211 PMCID: PMC7179022 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Carvacrol, an essential oil with antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogens, and its water soluble carvacrol prodrugs (WSCP1-3) were intercalated into montmorillonite (VHS) interlayers to improve their stability in physiological media and promote their absorption in the intestine. Methods: Intercalation of prodrugs by cation exchange with montmorillonite interlayer counterions was verified by X-ray powder diffraction and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Results: In vitro release studies demonstrated that montmorillonite successfully controlled the release of the adsorbed prodrugs and promoted their bioactivation only in the intestinal tract where carvacrol could develop its maximum antimicrobial activity. The amount of WSCP1, WSCP2, and WSCP3 released from VHS were 38%, 54%, and 45% at acid pH in 120 min, and 65%, 78%, and 44% at pH 6.8 in 240 min, respectively. Conclusions: The resultant hybrids successfully controlled conversion of the prodrugs to carvacrol, avoiding premature degradation of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Eusepi
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100 Abruzzo, Italy; (P.E.); (I.C.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100 Abruzzo, Italy; (P.E.); (I.C.); (A.D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-871-355-4475
| | - Fátima García-Villén
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (A.B.-S.); (C.V.)
| | - Ana Borrego-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (A.B.-S.); (C.V.)
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Science, CSIC-University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100 Abruzzo, Italy; (P.E.); (I.C.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100 Abruzzo, Italy; (P.E.); (I.C.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Cesar Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (A.B.-S.); (C.V.)
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Science, CSIC-University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
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Ayres Cacciatore F, Dalmás M, Maders C, Ataíde Isaía H, Brandelli A, da Silva Malheiros P. Carvacrol encapsulation into nanostructures: Characterization and antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens adhered to stainless steel. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109143. [PMID: 32466924 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol is a natural antimicrobial capable of inhibiting several microorganisms. The encapsulation of this compound may increase its stability, water solubility and provide controlled release. In this study, carvacrol encapsulated into nanoliposomes (NLC) and polymeric Eudragit® nanocapsules (NCC) was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. adhered to stainless steel. NLC showed an average diameter of 270.8 nm, zeta potential of +8.64 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 98%. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of NLC was 3.53 mg/mL against Salmonella and 5.30 mg/mL against the other bacteria. NCC presented an average diameter of 159.3 nm, zeta potential of +44.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 97%. MBC of NCC was 4.42 mg/mL against E. coli and 3.31 mg/mL against the other bacteria. After 2 h incubation with NCC at carvacrol concentration equivalent to ½ MBC, viable counts of Salmonella and E. coli were below the detection limit (1.69 CFU/mL). The population of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus was reduced by 2 log CFU/mL in 6 h. Afterwards, pools of each bacterium were separately adhered to stainless steel coupons (initial population 6.5 CFU/cm2). Salmonella and E. coli were inhibited below the detection limit using the NCC at concentration equivalent to MBC, while L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were reduced by 4 log CFU/cm2 and 3.5 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Although free carvacrol presented better results than encapsulated one in all tests performed, using encapsulated carvacrol could be more interesting for food applications by masking the strong aroma of the compound, in addition to a controlled release of carvacrol. The results suggest that NCC have potential for use in food contact surfaces in order to avoid bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Ayres Cacciatore
- Laboratório de Higiene de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michelle Dalmás
- Laboratório de Higiene de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maders
- Laboratório de Higiene de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ataíde Isaía
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia da Silva Malheiros
- Laboratório de Higiene de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Solomando JC, Antequera T, Pérez-Palacios T. Study on fish oil microcapsules as neat and added to meat model systems: Enrichment and bioaccesibility of EPA and DHA. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Javed H, Meeran MFN, Jha NK, Ojha S. Carvacrol, a Plant Metabolite Targeting Viral Protease (M pro) and ACE2 in Host Cells Can Be a Possible Candidate for COVID-19. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601335. [PMID: 33664752 PMCID: PMC7921315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019, resulting in the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronaviruses are solely accountable for rising mortality and socioeconomic saddles. Presently, there are few repurposed drugs such as remdesivir or favipiravir approved for the treatment of COVID-19, although vaccines and plasma therapy is also subject to emergency approval. However, some potential natural treatments and cures have also been proposed. Molecules of natural origin showed therapeutic importance such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, and could be useful drug candidates for treating COVID-19. In recent years, essential oils have shown promising therapeutic effects against many viral diseases. Carvacrol is one of the monoterpene phenol with abundant presence in essential oils of many aromatic plants, including thyme and oregano. It is being used as food flavoring, additive, and preservatives. Carvacrol is also used as a fragrance in cosmetic products. A number of research studies have shown biological actions of carvacrol with its therapeutic potential is of clinical significance. The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown multiple pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, hepatoprotective, and spasmolytic. This review highlights the various biological and pharmacological properties of carvacrol within the scope of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Javed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Hayate Javed,
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Shreesh Ojha,
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Mousapour A, Salarmoini M, Afsharmanesh M, Ebrahimnejad H, Meimandipour A. Efficacy of Savory Essential Oil Utilization in Conventional and Encapsulated Forms on Performance of Broiler Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - A Meimandipour
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Iran
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Stability of Fish Oil in Calcium Alginate Microcapsules Cross-Linked by In Situ Internal Gelation During Spray Drying. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Antiprotozoal Activity of Turkish Origanum onites Essential Oil and Its Components. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234421. [PMID: 31817023 PMCID: PMC6930659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oil of Origanum species is well known for antimicrobial activity, but only a few have been evaluated in narrow spectrum antiprotozoal assays. Herein, we assessed the antiprotozoal potential of Turkish Origanum onites L. oil and its major constituents against a panel of parasitic protozoa. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried herbal parts of O. onites and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro activity of the oil and its major components were evaluated against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum. The main component of the oil was identified as carvacrol (70.6%), followed by linalool (9.7%), p-cymene (7%), γ-terpinene (2.1%), and thymol (1.8%). The oil showed significant in vitro activity against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 180 ng/mL), and moderate antileishmanial and antiplasmodial effects, without toxicity to mammalian cells. Carvacrol, thymol, and 10 additional abundant oil constituents were tested against the same panel; carvacrol and thymol retained the oil’s in vitro antiparasitic potency. In the T. b. brucei mouse model, thymol, but not carvacrol, extended the mean survival of animals. This study indicates the potential of the essential oil of O. onites and its constituents in the treatment of protozoal infections.
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32
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Application of nanoencapsulated silymarin to improve its antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Partheniadis I, Vergkizi S, Lazari D, Reppas C, Nikolakakis I. Formulation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of tablets of essential oil prepared by compression of spray-dried powder. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Using WPC-inulin-fucoidan complexes for encapsulation of fish protein hydrolysate and fish oil in W1/O/W2 emulsion: Characterization and nutritional quality. Food Res Int 2018; 114:240-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Del Mar Contreras M, Salehi B, Soltani-Nejad A, Rajabi S, Tajbakhsh M, Sharifi-Rad J. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1675-1687. [PMID: 29744941 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CV) is a phenolic monoterpenoid found in essential oils of oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), pepperwort (Lepidium flavum), wild bergamot (Citrus aurantium bergamia), and other plants. Carvacrol possesses a wide range of bioactivities putatively useful for clinical applications such antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Carvacrol antimicrobial activity is higher than that of other volatile compounds present in essential oils due to the presence of the free hydroxyl group, hydrophobicity, and the phenol moiety. The present review illustrates the state-of-the-art studies on the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of CV. It is particularly effective against food-borne pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Bacillus cereus. Carvacrol has high antioxidant activity and has been successfully used, mainly associated with thymol, as dietary phytoadditive to improve animal antioxidant status. The anticancer properties of CV have been reported in preclinical models of breast, liver, and lung carcinomas, acting on proapoptotic processes. Besides the interesting properties of CV and the toxicological profile becoming definite, to date, human trials on CV are still lacking, and this largely impedes any conclusions of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, 61663-335, Iran
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - María Del Mar Contreras
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Bioregión Building, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Soltani-Nejad
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mercedeh Tajbakhsh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center (PIRC), Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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36
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Liu X, Diarra MS, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yu H, Nie SP, Xie MY, Gong J. Effect of encapsulated carvacrol on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:357-64. [PMID: 27245304 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1138281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to control necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens in chickens when antibiotics are withdrawn from feed. Carvacrol has strong antimicrobial activity and its delivery to the animal intestine can be significantly enhanced after encapsulation. The present study has investigated the potential of encapsulated carvacrol in controlling NE. In general, micro-encapsulation of carvacrol in an alginate-whey protein matrix showed no adverse effect on its antimicrobial activity towards C. perfringens in either Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth or a simulated gastrointestinal model. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of both encapsulated and un-encapsulated carvacrol were approximately 200 μl/l against C. perfringens in BHI. In a broiler infection model with C. perfringens, the diets supplemented with encapsulated carvacrol at the dose of either 250 or 650 μg/g significantly reduced NE in the chicken intestine, which was close to the degree of lesions observed in bacitracin/salinomycin treated birds. Supplementation with either bacitracin/salinomycin or encapsulated carvacrol showed no significant impact on intestinal burden of Lactobacillus. However, the treatment with bacitracin/salinomycin or the low dose of encapsulated carvacrol reduced the level of C. perfringens in the ileum of birds at 35 days of age. These results suggest that our encapsulated carvacrol can be used to combat NE disease in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China.,b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua Gong
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
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37
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Recent advances in microencapsulation of natural sources of antimicrobial compounds used in food - A review. Food Res Int 2017; 102:575-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Palou R, Bhandari B, Castro C, Roura E. In vivo digestion of encapsulated essential oils in weaned pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/anv57n12ab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bissonnette N, Jiang X, Matte J, Guay F, Talbot G, Bontempo V, Gong J, Wang Q, Lessard M. Effect of a post-weaning diet supplemented with functional feed additives on ileal transcriptome activity and serum cytokines in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:136-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Physical and antimicrobial properties of thyme oil emulsions stabilized by ovalbumin and gum arabic. Food Chem 2016; 212:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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41
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Topuz OK, Özvural EB, Zhao Q, Huang Q, Chikindas M, Gölükçü M. Physical and antimicrobial properties of anise oil loaded nanoemulsions on the survival of foodborne pathogens. Food Chem 2016; 203:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Strobel SA, Scher HB, Nitin N, Jeoh T. In situ cross-linking of alginate during spray-drying to microencapsulate lipids in powder. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Zhang Y, Wang QC, Yu H, Zhu J, de Lange K, Yin Y, Wang Q, Gong J. Evaluation of alginate-whey protein microcapsules for intestinal delivery of lipophilic compounds in pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2674-81. [PMID: 26300545 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal care and management, there is an increasing demand for convenient methods of oral delivery of bioactive compounds to specific segments of an animal's gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to test the suitability of microcapsules made with alginate and whey proteins of two different sizes (250 and 800 µm; containing 72 and 76 g kg(-1) of carvacrol respectively) for intestinal delivery of carvacrol in pigs. RESULTS Encapsulated carvacrol was completely released from the microcapsules after 5 h incubation in simulated intestinal fluids or 6 h in (ex vivo) ileal digesta, whereas release in simulated gastric fluid was minimal. Tests with growing pigs showed over 95% of unencapsulated carvacrol was absorbed or metabolized in the stomach and the duodenum. Encapsulation effectively minimized carvacrol absorption in the stomach (P < 0.05), and increased carvacrol recovery in the small intestine (P < 0.05). Encapsulated carvacrol was completely released from both small and large size capsules within the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Larger size microcapsules showed a slower in vitro release and greater in vivo recovery of carvacrol in the small intestine (P < 0.05) than the smaller ones. CONCLUSION This study indicates alginate-whey protein microencapsulation is a feasible approach for targeted oral delivery of hydrophobic compounds to pig intestines; increasing capsule size increased delivery of carvacrol to the end of the small intestine. © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi C Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Julia Zhu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kees de Lange
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C9, Canada
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44
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Influence of carrier oil type, particle size on in vitro lipid digestion and eugenol release in emulsion and nanoemulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Du E, Gan L, Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:58. [PMID: 26705471 PMCID: PMC4690362 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the post-antibiotic era, essential oils (EO) are promising alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of an EO product and its components thymol and carvacrol in vitro, and the efficacy of EO to control Clostridium perfringens challenge in broiler chickens. Results The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration assay showed strong antibacterial activity of the EO product, thymol, and carvacrol against pathogenic Escherichia coli, C. perfringens, and Salmonella strains, and weak activity towards beneficial Lactobacillus strains. Besides, an additive effect was observed between thymol and carvacrol. The in vivo study was carried out with 448 male broiler chicks following a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement to test the effects of EO supplementation (0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg EO in wheat-based diet), pathogen challenge (with or without oral gavage of C. perfringens from day 14 to day 20) and their interactions. Each treatment consisted of eight replicate pens (seven birds/pen). The challenge led to macroscopic gut lesions, and resulted in a significant increase in ileal populations of C. perfringens and Escherichia subgroup (P ≤ 0.05) on day 21. Dietary EO supplementation did not influence C. perfringens numbers, but linearly alleviated intestinal lesions on day 21 and 28 (P = 0.010 and 0.036, respectively), and decreased Escherichia populations in ileum with increased EO dosages (P = 0.027 and 0.071 for day 21 and 28, respectively). For caecum, EO quadratically influenced Lactobacillus populations on day 21 (P = 0.002), and linearly decreased the numbers of total bacteria and Escherichia on day 28 (P = 0.026 and 0.060, respectively). Mean thymol and carvacrol concentrations in the small intestine were 0.21 and 0.20 μg/g in intestinal digesta (wet weight), respectively, for birds fed 60 mg/kg EO, and 0.80 and 0.71 μg/g, respectively, for birds fed 240 mg/kg EO. Conclusions These results indicated that dietary EO supplementation could affect intestinal microbiota and alleviate intestinal lesions in broilers, which may contribute in controlling C. perfringens infection in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Liping Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Zhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
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Majeed H, Bian YY, Ali B, Jamil A, Majeed U, Khan QF, Iqbal KJ, Shoemaker CF, Fang Z. Essential oil encapsulations: uses, procedures, and trends. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently there has been an increased interest towards the biological activities of essential oils (EOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Majeed
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yuan-Yuan Bian
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Barkat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Anjum Jamil
- Department of Veterinary Sciences
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad
- Pakistan
| | - Usman Majeed
- Department of Veterinary Sciences
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad
- Pakistan
| | - Qaiser Farid Khan
- Microbial Electro-chemistry Research Group
- Swette Centre for Environmental Biotechnology Biodesign Institute Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | | | | | - Zhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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Zhang Y, Gong J, Yu H, Guo Q, Defelice C, Hernandez M, Yin Y, Wang Q. Alginate-whey protein dry powder optimized for target delivery of essential oils to the intestine of chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2514-25. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. The Bioactivity and Toxicological Actions of Carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:304-18. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.653458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yang X, Brisbin J, Yu H, Wang Q, Yin F, Zhang Y, Sabour P, Sharif S, Gong J. Selected lactic acid-producing bacterial isolates with the capacity to reduce Salmonella translocation and virulence gene expression in chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93022. [PMID: 24728092 PMCID: PMC3984083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics have been used to control Salmonella colonization/infection in chickens. Yet the mechanisms of probiotic effects are not fully understood. This study has characterized our previously-selected lactic acid-producing bacterial (LAB) isolates for controlling Salmonella infection in chickens, particularly the mechanism underlying the control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In vitro studies were conducted to characterize 14 LAB isolates for their tolerance to low pH (2.0) and high bile salt (0.3-1.5%) and susceptibility to antibiotics. Three chicken infection trials were subsequently carried out to evaluate four of the isolates for reducing the burden of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the broiler cecum. Chicks were gavaged with LAB cultures (10(6-7) CFU/chick) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 1 day of age followed by Salmonella challenge (10(4) CFU/chick) next day. Samples of cecal digesta, spleen, and liver were examined for Salmonella counts on days 1, 3, or 4 post-challenge. Salmonella in the cecum from Trial 3 was also assessed for the expression of ten virulence genes located in its pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1). These genes play a role in Salmonella intestinal invasion. Tested LAB isolates (individuals or mixed cultures) were unable to lower Salmonella burden in the chicken cecum, but able to attenuate Salmonella infection in the spleen and liver. The LAB treatments also reduced almost all SPI-1 virulence gene expression (9 out of 10) in the chicken cecum, particularly at the low dose. In vitro treatment with the extracellular culture fluid from a LAB culture also down-regulated most SPI-1 virulence gene expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The possible correlation between attenuation of Salmonella infection in the chicken spleen and liver and reduction of Salmonella SPI-1 virulence gene expression in the chicken cecum by LAB isolates is a new observation. Suppression of Salmonella virulence gene expression in vivo can be one of the strategies for controlling Salmonella infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Yang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Brisbin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fugui Yin
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parviz Sabour
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Soliman EA, El-Moghazy AY, El-Din MSM, Massoud MA. Microencapsulation of Essential Oils within Alginate: Formulation and <i>in Vitro</i> Evaluation of Antifungal Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jeas.2013.31006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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