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Feng J, Cao L, Du X, Zhang Y, Cong Y, He J, Zhang W. Biological Detoxification of Aflatoxin B 1 by Enterococcus faecium HB2-2. Foods 2024; 13:1887. [PMID: 38928828 PMCID: PMC11202875 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in food and feed is a global health and economic threat, necessitating the immediate development of effective strategies to mitigate its negative effects. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of Enterococcus faecium HB2-2 (E. faecium HB2-2) as a potent AFB1-degrading microorganism, using morphological observation, biochemical profiling, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. An incubation of E. faecium HB2-2 at 32 °C for 96 h in a pH 10 nutrient broth (NB) medium resulted in a remarkable degradation rate of 90.0% for AFB1. Furthermore, E. faecium HB2-2 demonstrated 82.9% AFB1 degradation rate in the peanut meal, reducing AFB1 levels from 105.1 to 17.9 μg/kg. The AFB1 degradation ability of E. faecium HB2-2 was found to be dependent on the fermentation supernatant. The products of AFB1 degradation by E. faecium HB2-2 were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and a possible degradation mechanism was proposed based on the identified degradation products. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays revealed a significant reduction in the toxicity of the degradation products compared to the parent AFB1. These findings highlight the potential of E. faecium HB2-2 as a safe and effective method for mitigating AFB1 contamination in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
| | - Yvying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
| | - Yanxia Cong
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Junbo He
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Weinong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.F.); (J.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
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Jia R, Tian S, Yang Z, Lu S, Wang L, Zhang G. The mitigative role of novel aflatoxin-degrading enzymes in diverse broiler performance indicators and gut microbiota following the consumption of diets contaminated with aflatoxins. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38738519 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to explore both the toxic effects of aflatoxins (AFs) and the protective effects of degrading enzymes (DE) on broilers exposed to AFs. RESULTS The findings reveal that a diet contaminated with 69.15 μg kg-1 of aflatoxin B1 had significant adverse effects on broilers. Specifically, it led to a reduction in average daily gain, dressed yield percentage, half-eviscerated yield with giblet yield percentage, eviscerated yield percentage, as well as serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity and liver SOD activity (P < 0.05). Conversely, the diet increased the feed conversion ratio, liver index, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and malondialdehyde levels in both serum and liver (P < 0.05). Additionally, AFs disrupted the intestinal microflora significantly (P < 0.05), altering the relative abundance of Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia in broiler jejunum. The addition of DE to AF-contaminated feed mitigated these negative effects and reduced the residues of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin M1 in the liver and duodenum (P < 0.05). We also observed that broilers fed the diet pelleted at 80 °C exhibited improved dressing percentage and water holding capacity compared to those on the 75 °C diet. CONCLUSION In summary, DE serves as an effective feed additive for mitigating AF contamination in poultry production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Senmiao Tian
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhaofeng Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Simeng Lu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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3
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Arimboor R. Metabolites and degradation pathways of microbial detoxification of aflatoxins: a review. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:71-83. [PMID: 38151634 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of aflatoxins using nonpathogenic microbes and their enzymes is emerging as a safe and economical alternative to chemical and physical methods for the detoxification of aflatoxins in food and feeds. Many bacteria and fungi have been identified as aflatoxin degraders. This review is focused on the chemical identification of microbial degradation products and their degradation pathways. The microbial degradations of aflatoxins are initiated by oxidation, hydroxylation, reduction, or elimination reactions mostly catalyzed by various enzymes belonging to the classes of laccase, reductases, and peroxidases. The resulting products with lesser chemical stability further undergo various reactions to form low molecular weight products. Studies on the chemical and biological nature of degraded products of aflatoxins are necessary to ensure the safety of the decontamination process. This review indicated the need for an integrated approach including decontamination studies using culture media and food matrices, proper identification and toxicity profiling of degraded products of aflatoxins, and interactions of microbes and the degradation products with food matrices for developing practical and effective microbial detoxification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Arimboor
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India.
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Sinelnikov I, Mikityuk O, Shcherbakova L, Nazarova T, Denisenko Y, Rozhkova A, Statsyuk N, Zorov I. Recombinant Oxidase from Armillaria tabescens as a Potential Tool for Aflatoxin B1 Degradation in Contaminated Cereal Grain. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:678. [PMID: 38133182 PMCID: PMC10747862 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Forage grain contamination with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a global problem, so its detoxification with the aim of providing feed safety and cost-efficiency is still a relevant issue. AFB1 degradation by microbial enzymes is considered to be a promising detoxification approach. In this study, we modified an previously developed Pichia pastoris GS115 expression system using a chimeric signal peptide to obtain a new recombinant producer of extracellular AFB1 oxidase (AFO) from Armillaria tabescens (the yield of 0.3 g/L), purified AFO, and selected optimal conditions for AFO-induced AFB1 removal from model solutions. After a 72 h exposure of the AFB1 solution to AFO at pH 6.0 and 30 °C, 80% of the AFB1 was degraded. Treatments with AFO also significantly reduced the AFB1 content in wheat and corn grain inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. In grain samples contaminated with several dozen micrograms of AFB1 per kg, a 48 h exposure to AFO resulted in at least double the reduction in grain contamination compared to the control, while the same treatment of more significantly (~mg/kg) AFB1-polluted samples reduced their contamination by ~40%. These findings prove the potential of the tested AFO for cereal grain decontamination and suggest that additional studies to stabilize AFO and improve its AFB1-degrading efficacy are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.); (A.R.); (I.Z.)
| | - Oleg Mikityuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Tatyana Nazarova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Yury Denisenko
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.); (A.R.); (I.Z.)
| | - Alexandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.); (A.R.); (I.Z.)
| | - Natalia Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Ivan Zorov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.); (A.R.); (I.Z.)
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Wang J, Chen Q, Yan P, Dong C, Shao Z. Isolation and Optimization of Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation by Uniform Design and Complete Genome Sequencing of Novel Deep-Sea Kocuria rosea Strain 13. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:520. [PMID: 37755946 PMCID: PMC10534749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a natural carcinogenic mycotoxin. The biological detoxification of aflatoxin could result in less environmental pollution, more moderate conditions, and less impact on food and feed, and be more convenient than physical and chemical methods. In this study, strain 13 with aflatoxin B1 degradation activity (67.47 ± 1.44%) was isolated and identified as Kocuria rosea. A uniform design was applied to optimize the degradation activity using a software Data Processing System, and a quadratic polynomial stepwise regression model was selected to investigate the relationships between the degradation rate and five independent variables. Furthermore, the optimal degradation conditions (culture temperature of 30 °C, culture time of 4.2 days, seawater ratio of 100%, pH of 7.11, and inoculation dosage of 0.09%) were verified with a degradation rate of 88 ± 0.03%, which was well matched with the predicted value (92.97%) of the model. Complete genome sequencing of Kocuria rosea, conducted with a combination of Illumina and single-molecule real-time sequencing, was used to analyze the genomic features and functions of the strain, which were predicted by the annotation based on seven databases, and may provide insights into the potential of Kocuria rosea, as well as providing a reference for degradation gene and protein mining. These results indicate that Kocuria rosea strain 13 has the ability to degrade aflatoxin B1 efficiently, and it also has the potential to provide aflatoxin-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (J.W.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (J.W.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Peisheng Yan
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (J.W.)
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Chunming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of PR China, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 350002, China
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of PR China, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 350002, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
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6
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Jia R, Tian S, Yang Z, Sadiq FA, Wang L, Lu S, Zhang G, Li J. Tuning Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency of Aflatoxin-Degrading Enzyme by Error-prone PCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12610-4. [PMID: 37300712 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In our previous work, a recombinant aflatoxin-degrading enzyme derived from Myxococcus fulvus (MADE) was reported. However, the low thermal stability of the enzyme had limitations for its use in industrial applications. In this study, we obtained an improved variant of recombinant MADE (rMADE) with enhanced thermostability and catalytic activity using error-prone PCR. Firstly, we constructed a mutant library containing over 5000 individual mutants. Three mutants with T50 values higher than the wild-type rMADE by 16.5 °C (rMADE-1124), 6.5 °C (rMADE-1795), and 9.8 °C (rMADE-2848) were screened by a high-throughput screening method. Additionally, the catalytic activity of rMADE-1795 and rMADE-2848 was improved by 81.5% and 67.7%, respectively, compared to the wild-type. Moreover, structural analysis revealed that replacement of acidic amino acids with basic amino acids by a mutation (D114H) in rMADE-2848 increased the polar interactions with surrounding residues and resulted in a threefold increase in the t1/2 value of the enzyme and made it more thermaltolerate. KEY POINTS: • Mutant libraries construction of a new aflatoxins degrading enzyme by error-prone PCR. • D114H/N295D mutant improved enzyme activity and thermostability. • The first reported enhanced thermostability of aflatoxins degrading enzyme better for its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Senmiao Tian
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Zhaofeng Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- Fisheries and Food, Technology & Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Simeng Lu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, 030801, China
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7
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Yuan S, Wu Y, Jin J, Tong S, Zhang L, Cai Y. Biocontrol Capabilities of Bacillus subtilis E11 against Aspergillus flavus In Vitro and for Dried Red Chili ( Capsicum annuum L.). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050308. [PMID: 37235343 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a condiment with extensive nutritional value, chili is easy to be contaminated by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) during field, transportation, and storage. This study aimed to solve the contamination of dried red chili caused by A. flavus by inhibiting the growth of A. flavus and detoxifying aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In this study, Bacillus subtilis E11 (B. subtilis) screened from 63 candidate antagonistic bacteria exhibited the strongest antifungal ability, which could not only inhibit 64.27% of A. flavus but could also remove 81.34% of AFB1 at 24 h. Notably, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that B. subtilis E11 cells could resist a higher concentration of AFB1, and the fermentation supernatant of B. subtilis E11 could deform the mycelia of A. flavus. After 10 days of coculture with B. subtilis E11 on dried red chili inoculated with A. flavus, the mycelia of A. flavus were almost completely inhibited, and the yield of AFB1 was significantly reduced. Our study first concentrated on the use of B. subtilis as a biocontrol agent for dried red chili, which could not only enrich the resources of microbial strains for controlling A. flavus but also could provide theoretical guidance to prolong the shelf life of dried red chili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuoqiu Tong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yafei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Sharma S, Singh S, Sarma SJ. Challenges and advancements in bioprocess intensification of fungal secondary metabolite: kojic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:140. [PMID: 36995482 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Kojic acid is a fungal secondary metabolite commonly known as a tyrosinase inhibitor, that acts as a skin-whitening agent. Its applications are widely distributed in the area of cosmetics, medicine, food, and chemical synthesis. Renewable resources are the alternative feedstocks that can fulfill the demand for free sugars which are fermented for the production of kojic acid. This review highlights the current progress and importance of bioprocessing of kojic acid from various types of competitive and non-competitive renewable feedstocks. The bioprocessing advancements, secondary metabolic pathway networks, gene clusters and regulations, strain improvement, and process design have also been discussed. The importance of nitrogen sources, amino acids, ions, agitation, and pH has been summarized. Two fungal species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae are found to be extensively studied for kojic acid production due to their versatile substrate utilization and high titer ability. The potential of A. flavus to be a competitive industrial strain for large-scale production of kojic acid has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Saurabh Jyoti Sarma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, 201310, India.
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Characteristics of Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation by Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila and It's Combination with Black Soldier Fly Larvae. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010234. [PMID: 36676183 PMCID: PMC9865385 DOI: 10.3390/life13010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin contaminant in cereals that causes severe economic losses and serious risks to the health of humans and animals. In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of AFB1 degradation by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) combined with commensal intestinal microorganisms. Germ-free BSFL and non-sterile BSFL were reared on peanut meal spiked with AFB1 for 10 days. The result showed that germ-free BSFL and non-sterile BSFL could achieve 31.71% and 88.72% AFB1 degradation, respectively, which indicated the important role of larvae gut microbiota in AFB1 degradation. Furthermore, twenty-five AFB1-degrading bacteria were isolated from BSFL gut, and S. acidaminiphila A2 achieved the highest AFB1 degradation, by 94%. When S. acidaminiphila A2 was re-inoculated to BSFL, the detrimental effect of AFB1 on the growth performance of BSFL was alleviated, and complete AFB1 degradation in peanut meal was obtained. In conclusion, the present study may provide a strategy to degrade AFB1 in feedstuff through bioconversion with BSFL in combination with gut-originated AFB1-degrading bacteria, while providing a sustainable insect protein and fat source to animals.
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Adegoke TV, Yang B, Xing F, Tian X, Wang G, Tai B, Si P, Hussain S, Jahan I. Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Biotransformation of Major Mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:35-51. [PMID: 36573671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the most researched biological toxins, can contaminate food and feed, resulting in severe health implications for humans and animals. Physical, chemical, and biological techniques are used to mitigate mycotoxin contamination. The biotransformation method using whole microbial cells or isolated enzymes is the best choice to mitigate mycotoxins. Using specific enzymes may avoid the disadvantages of utilizing a full microbe, such as accidental harm to the product's organoleptic characteristics and hazardous safety features. Moreover, the degradation rates of the isolated enzymes are higher than those of the whole-cell reactions, and they are substrate-specific. Their specificity is comprehensive and is shown at the positional and/or chiral center in many circumstances. Currently, only a few enzymes of microbial origin are commercially available. Therefore, there is a need to identify more novel enzymes of microbial origin that can mitigate mycotoxins. In this review, we conducted an in-depth summary of the microbial enzymes involved in the biotransformation of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bolei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peidong Si
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Israt Jahan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Boukaew S, Prasertsan P, Mahasawat P, Sriyatep T, Petlamul W. Efficacy of the antifungal metabolites of Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 on aflatoxin degradation with its application to prevent aflatoxigenic fungi in stored maize grains and identification of the bioactive compound. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:24. [PMID: 36422721 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus. parasiticus (A. parasiticus), mainly during grain storage. The efficacy of the freeze-dried culture filtrate of Streptomyces philanthi (S. philanthi) strain RL-1-178 (DCF) on degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were evaluated and its bioactive compounds were identified. The DCF at a concentration of 9.0% (w/v) completely inhibited growth and AFB1 production of A. parasiticus TISTR 3276 and A. flavus PSRDC-4 after 7 days tested in yeast-extract sucrose (YES) medium and on stored maize grains after 28 and 14 days incubation, respectively. This indicated the more tolerance of A. parasiticus over A. flavus. The DCF and bacterial cells of S. philanthi were capable to degrade AFB1 by 85.0% and 100% for 72 h and 8 days, respectively. This confirmed the higher efficacy of the DCF over the cells. After separation of the DCF on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate by bioautography bioassay, each active band was identified by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (LC-Q-TOF MS/MS). The results revealed two compounds which were identified as azithromycin and an unknown based on mass ions of both ESI+ and ESI- modes. The antifungal metabolites in the culture filtrate of S. philanthi were proved to degrade aflatoxin B1. It could be concluded that the DCF may be applied to prevent the growth of the two aflatoxin-producing fungi as well as the occurrence of aflatoxin in the stored maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawai Boukaew
- College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand.
| | - Poonsuk Prasertsan
- Research and Development Office, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Pawika Mahasawat
- Programme in Biology and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
| | - Teerayut Sriyatep
- Programme in Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
| | - Wanida Petlamul
- College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
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12
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Ndiaye S, Zhang M, Fall M, Ayessou NM, Zhang Q, Li P. Current Review of Mycotoxin Biodegradation and Bioadsorption: Microorganisms, Mechanisms, and Main Important Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110729. [PMID: 36355979 PMCID: PMC9694041 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many detoxification methods, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been established to eliminate mycotoxins in food/feed. The biological method, with mycotoxin detoxification by microorganisms, is reliable, efficient, less costly, and easy to use compared with physical and chemical ones. However, it is important to discover the metabolite's toxicity resulting from mycotoxin biodegradation. These compounds can be less or more toxic than the parent. On the other hand, mechanisms involved in a mycotoxin's biological control remain still unclear. Mostly, there is little information about the method used by microorganisms to control mycotoxins. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the most toxic mycotoxins and the different microorganisms that have a mycotoxin detoxification ability. At the same time, different screening methods for degradation compound elucidation are given. In addition, the review summarizes mechanisms of mycotoxin biodegradation and gives some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyni Ndiaye
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Minhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mouhamed Fall
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolas M. Ayessou
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-86711839; Fax: +86-27-86812862
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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Yang P, Xiao W, Lu S, Jiang S, Jiang S, Chen J, Wu W, Zheng Z, Jiang S. Characterization of a Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) and its application in the AFB1 degradation of contaminated rice in situ. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960882. [PMID: 36187979 PMCID: PMC9515612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminates rice during harvest or storage and causes a considerable risk to human and animal health. In this study, Trametes versicolor AFB1–degrading enzyme (TV–AFB1D) gene recombinantly expressed in engineered E. coli BL21 (DE3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The TV–AFB1D enzymatic characteristics and AFB1 degradation efficiency in contaminated rice were investigated. Results showed that the size of recombinant TV-AFB1D expressing in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and S. cerevisiae was appropriately 77 KDa. The kinetic equation of TV-AFB1D was y = 0.01671x + 1.80756 (R2 = 0.994, Km = 9.24 mM, and Vmax = 553.23 mM/min). The Kcat and Kcat/Km values of TV-AFB1D were 0.07392 (s−1) and 8 M−1 s−1, respectively. The AFB1 concentration of contaminated rice decreased from 100 μg/ml to 32.6 μg/ml after treatment at 32°C for 5 h under the catabolism of TV-AFB1D. S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) and Cauliflower mosaic virus 35 S (CaMV 35 S) promoters caused the residual AFB1 contents, respectively, decreased to 3.4 and 2.9 μg/g from the initial AFB1 content of 7.4 μg/g after 24 h of fermentation using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. The AFB1 degradation rates of S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying AOX1 and CaMV promoters were 54 and 61%, respectively. Engineered S. cerevisiae strains integrated with TV-AFB1D expression cassettes were developed to simultaneously degrade AFB1 and produce ethanol using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. Thus, TV-AFB1D has significant application potential in the AFB1 decomposition from contaminated agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Peizhou Yang, ,;
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuying Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suwei Jiang
- Department of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianchao Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Zhou Z, Li R, Ng TB, Huang F, Ye X. Considerations regarding affinity determinants for aflatoxin B 1 in binding cavity of fungal laccase based on in silico mutational and in vitro verification studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113412. [PMID: 35304333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laccase, a multicopper oxidase, is well known for its industrial potentials to remove environmental pollutants due to its low substrate specificity to oxidize phenols and thus catalytic versatility. Many efforts focused on the metabolic mechanism, yet to decipher the structural determinants responsible for the differentiation between substrates. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a new substrate for laccase, is a mycotoxin with a formidable environmental threat to public health and food safety. In the present study, we combined biochemical, in silico mutational and molecular-docking data to gain an insight to the function of key residues in the active cavity close to the T1 copper site in a characterized recombinant laccase from Cerrena unicolor (rCuL). Kinetic data for computer-assisted virtual mutants established the binding affinity of hydrogen bonds and residues (Asn336, Asp207, Val391, and Thr165) in rCuL to AFB1. The augmented binding affinity to AFB1 may be related to the conformational rearrangements of the laccase and its ability to hydrogen-bond with the substrate. Furthermore, the optimal pH and temperature for rCuL and variants mediated AFB1 degradation may depend on their pH stability and thermostability. Our findings reinforce the importance of the structure-function relationship of fungal laccases in degrading AFB1, providing mechanistic guidance for future biocatalyst and bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Renkuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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15
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Xiong D, Wen J, Lu G, Li T, Long M. Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of a Laccase-Degrading Aflatoxin B1 from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040250. [PMID: 35448859 PMCID: PMC9028405 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, widely found in feed and foodstuffs, are potentially harmful to human and animal health because of their high toxicity. In this study, a strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 with a strong ability to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was screened; it could degrade 2.5 μg/mL of AFB1 within 96 h. The active substances of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 for the degradation of AFB1 mainly existed in the culture supernatant. A new laccase with AFB1-degrading activity was separated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) and gel filtration chromatography. The results of molecular docking showed that B10 laccase and aflatoxin had a high docking score. The coding sequence of the laccase was successfully amplified from cDNA by PCR and cloned into E. coli. The purified laccase could degrade 79.3% of AFB1 within 36 h. The optimum temperature for AFB1 degradation was 40 °C, and the optimum pH was 6.0–8.0. Notably, Mg2+ and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) could enhance the AFB1-degrading activity of B10 laccase. Mutation of the three key metal combined sites of B10 laccase resulted in the loss of AFB1-degrading activity, indicating that these three metal combined sites of B10 laccase play an essential role in the catalytic degradation of AFB1.
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16
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The metabolism and biotransformation of AFB 1: Key enzymes and pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115005. [PMID: 35318037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) is a hepatoxic compound produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, seriously threatening food safety and the health of humans and animals. Understanding the metabolism of AFB1 is important for developing detoxification and intervention strategies. In this review, we summarize the AFB1 metabolic fates in humans and animals and the key enzymes that metabolize AFB1, including cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) for AFB1 bioactivation, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and aflatoxin-aldehyde reductases (AFARs) in detoxification. Furthermore, AFB1 metabolism in microbes is also summarized. Microorganisms specifically and efficiently transform AFB1 into less or non-toxic products in an environmental-friendly approach which could be the most desirable detoxification strategy in the future. This review provides a wholistic insight into the metabolism and biotransformation of AFB1 in various organisms, which also benefits the development of protective strategies in humans and animals.
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17
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Liu M, Zhao L, Gong G, Zhang L, Shi L, Dai J, Han Y, Wu Y, Khalil MM, Sun L. Invited review: Remediation strategies for mycotoxin control in feed. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:19. [PMID: 35090579 PMCID: PMC8796454 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites of different species of fungi. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are the main mycotoxins contaminating animal feedstuffs. These mycotoxins can primarily induce hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, consequently cause adverse effects on the health and performance of animals. Therefore, physical, chemical, biological and nutritional regulation approaches have been developed as primary strategies for the decontamination and detoxification of these mycotoxins in the feed industry. Meanwhile, each of these techniques has its drawbacks, including inefficient, costly, or impractically applied on large scale. This review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the different remediation strategies, as well as updates of the research progress of these strategies for AFB1, DON, ZEN and FB1 control in the feed industry.
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandhi S, Mishra S, Barua S, Tyagi V, Kumar A, Kumar M, Kamle M. Use of essential oils and phytochemicals against the mycotoxins producing fungi for shelf‐life enhancement and food preservation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab Department of Forestry North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli 791109 India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences GLA University Mathura 281406 India
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur‐721302 India
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Vidhi Tyagi
- University School of Biotechnology Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Sector 16C Dwarka New Delhi 110078 India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Lab Department of Forestry North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli 791109 India
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Kumar V, Bahuguna A, Ramalingam S, Dhakal G, Shim JJ, Kim M. Recent technological advances in mechanism, toxicity, and food perspectives of enzyme-mediated aflatoxin degradation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5395-5412. [PMID: 34955062 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus section Flavi that contaminates a wide variety of food and feed products and is responsible for serious health and economic consequences. Fermented foods are prepared with a wide variety of substrates over a long fermentation time and are thus vulnerable to contamination by aflatoxin-producing fungi, leading to the production of aflatoxin B1. The mitigation and control of aflatoxin is currently a prime focus for developing safe aflatoxin-free food. This review summarizes the role of major aflatoxin-degrading enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase, and lactonase, and microorganisms in the context of their application in food. A putative mechanism of enzyme-mediated aflatoxin degradation and toxicity evaluation of the degraded products are also extensively discussed to evaluate the safety of degradation processes for food applications. The review also describes aflatoxin-degrading microorganisms isolated from fermented products and investigates their applicability in food as aflatoxin preventing agents. Furthermore, a summary of recent technological advancements in protein engineering, nanozymes, in silico and statistical optimization approaches are explored to improve the industrial applicability of aflatoxin-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Srinivasan Ramalingam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dhakal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Shim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Gómez-Salazar JA, Ruiz-Hernández K, Martínez-Miranda MM, Castro-Ríos K. Postharvest strategies for decontamination of aflatoxins in cereals. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Andrés Gómez-Salazar
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Karla Ruiz-Hernández
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Katherin Castro-Ríos
- Grupo de Cromatografía Y Técnicas Afines, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación En Microbiología Y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
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21
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Tao H, Liu J, Zhao P, Yang F, Lv Z, Wang J. Effects of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 on Zearalenone Toxicosis in Female Gilts. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110788. [PMID: 34822572 PMCID: PMC8617607 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the toxicity of zearalenone (ZEN) on the growth performance, genital organs, serum hormones, biomarkers, and histopathological changes of female gilts and to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in alleviating ZEN toxicosis in gilts. Twenty-four female gilts were randomly allocated to four groups with six replicates per group and one gilt per replicate, fed on four feeds prepared previously, which were basic diet (control group, C group), ZEN diet (Z group), Zlb diet (Zlb group) containing B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in liquid form, and Zdb diet (Zdb group) containing B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in dehydrated form. The results showed that the vulva size and relative weight of reproductive organs had no significant difference in the control group, Zlb group, and Zdb group, but were significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); the relative weight of the liver was lower in the C group, Zlb group, and Zbd group than in the Z group (0.05 < p < 0.1). The concentration of serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) was lower, but follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was higher in the Z group, Zlb group, and Zdb group than in the Z group (0.05 < p < 0.1). Additionally, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration had no significant difference in the C group, Zlb group, and Zdb group but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); estradiol (E2) was significantly lower in the Zlb group and Zdb group than that in C group, but significantly higher than that in Z group (p < 0.05); PRL was significantly higher in the Zlb group and Zdb group than in the C group, but was significantly lower than in Z group (p < 0.05). ZEN and its reduced metabolites were measured in biological samples after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. The concentration of serum ZEN and its metabolite, α-zeralenol (α-ZOL), had no significant difference in Zlb, Zdb, and control groups but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); urine ZEN and its metabolites, α-ZOL and β-zeralenol (β-ZOL), had no significant difference in Zlb, Zdb, and control groups but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05). Cell damages were observed in the liver, uterus, and ovary of gilts in the Z group and alleviated in Zlb and Zdb groups, but the loss of oocytes was irreversible in the ovary. The ZEN-contaminated diet caused serious changes in female hormones and brought harm to the livers and reproductive organs, but B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 could naturally remove the ZEN significantly, which ameliorated the reproductive impairment in gilts caused by ZEN. The addition of B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 to ZEN-contaminated feeds could ameliorate the toxic effects effectively, regardless of liquid or dry culture. Therefore, the B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 strain has great potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Yunduo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Hui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Zonghao Lv
- Animal Husbandry Department, Agricultural Science Research Institute, Huaihua 418000, China;
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (J.L.); (P.Z.); (F.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-8210-6070
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22
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Gibellato S, Dalsóquio L, do Nascimento I, Alvarez T. Current and promising strategies to prevent and reduce aflatoxin contamination in grains and food matrices. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that colonise various crops around the world and cause major damage to the agro-industrial sector on a global scale. Considering the estimative of population growth in the next decades, it is of fundamental importance the implementation of practices that help prevent the economics and social impacts of aflatoxin contamination. Even though various approaches have been developed – including physical, chemical and biological approaches – there is not yet one that strikes a balance in terms of safety, food quality and cost, especially when considering large scale application. In this review, we present a compilation of advantages and disadvantages of different strategies for prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination. Biological approaches represent the trend in innovations mainly due to their specificity and versatility, since it is possible to consider the utilisation of whole microorganisms, culture supernatants, purified enzymes or even genetic engineering. However, challenges related to improvement of the efficiency of such methods and ensuring safety of treated foods still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.L. Gibellato
- Graduate Programme in Industrial Biotechnology, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-330, Brazil
| | - L.F. Dalsóquio
- Bioprocesses and Biotechnology Engineering, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-330, Brazil
| | - I.C.A. do Nascimento
- Bioprocesses and Biotechnology Engineering, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-330, Brazil
| | - T.M. Alvarez
- Graduate Programme in Industrial Biotechnology, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-330, Brazil
- Bioprocesses and Biotechnology Engineering, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-330, Brazil
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Yao Y, Shu X, Wang D, Kan W, Su P, Hu H, Chen X, Wang D, Huang S, Wu L. Non-enzymatic Transformation of Aflatoxin B 1 by Pseudomonas geniculata m29. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:724103. [PMID: 34447365 PMCID: PMC8383447 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.724103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin produced by filamentous fungi and presents a serious threat to human and animal health. Therefore, it is essential to protect humans and animals from AFB1-induced acute and chronic toxicity. In this study, Pseudomonas strain m29 having a high efficiency of AFB1 transformation was isolated from soil. The transformation ratio by m29 was more than 97% within 24 h, and the optimum temperature for transformation was 37°C. Moreover, the AFB1 transforming activity was mainly attributed to the cell-free supernatant of strain m29. The metabolite that plays a crucial role in AFB1 transformation is likely 1,2-dimethylhydrazine or 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, as identified by GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. AFB1 was transformed into a product with molecular formula C17H14O7. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of non-enzymatic AFB1 transformation by bacteria. Importantly, this AFB1 transformation mechanism could be universal to various microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xian Shu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjie Kan
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Pengfei Su
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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24
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Guo H, Chang J, Wang P, Yin Q, Liu C, Li S, Zhu Q, Yang M, Hu X. Detoxification of aflatoxin B 1 in broiler chickens by a triple-action feed additive. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1583-1593. [PMID: 34372754 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1957159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the detoxification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vitro and in broiler chickens using a triple-action compound mycotoxin detoxifier (CMD). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate AFB1 detoxification in artificial gastrointestinal fluid (AGIF) in vitro. The AFB1-degradation rate was 41.5% (P < .05) when using a compound probiotic (CP) in which the visible counts of Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casein, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida utilis were 1.0 × 105, 1.0 × 105, 1.0 × 107 and 1.0 × 105 CFU/mL, respectively. When CP was combined with 0.1% AFB1-degrading enzyme to give CPADE, the AFB1-degradation rate was increased to 55.28% (P < .05). The AFB1-removal rate was further increased to above 90% when CPADE was combined with 0.03% montmorillonite to make CMD. In vivo, a total of 150 one-day-old Ross broilers were allotted to 3 groups, 5 replications for each group, 10 broilers in each replication. Group A: basal diet, Group B: basal diet with 40 μg/kg AFB1, Group C: basal diet with 40 μg/kg AFB1 plus CMD. The feeding experiment period was 21 d. The results showed that broiler growth was increased, and AFB1 residues in serum, excreta and liver were decreased by CMD addition in broiler diet (P < .05). In conclusion, CMD was able to remove AFB1 efficiently in vitro and to increase broiler production performance and reduce AFB1 residues in the chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingqiang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Silu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhu
- Henan Delin Biological Product Co. Ltd., Xinxiang, China
| | - Mingfan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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25
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Wang L, Huang W, Sha Y, Yin H, Liang Y, Wang X, Shen Y, Wu X, Wu D, Wang J. Co-Cultivation of Two Bacillus Strains for Improved Cell Growth and Enzyme Production to Enhance the Degradation of Aflatoxin B 1. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070435. [PMID: 34206659 PMCID: PMC8309871 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus sp. H16v8 and Bacillus sp. HGD9229 were identified as Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degrader in nutrient broth after a 12 h incubation at 37 °C. The degradation efficiency of the two-strain supernatant on 100 μg/L AFB1 was higher than the bacterial cells and cell lysate. Moreover, degradations of AFB1 were strongly affected by the metal ions in which Cu2+ stimulated the degradation and Zn2+ inhibited the degradation. The extracellular detoxifying enzymes produced by co-cultivation of two strains were isolated and purified by ultrafiltration. The molecular weight range of the detoxifying enzymes was 20-25 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The co-culture of two strains improved the total cell growth with the enhancement of the total protein content and detoxifying enzyme production. The degradation efficiency of the supernatant from mixed cultures increased by 87.7% and 55.3% compared to Bacillus sp. H16v8 and HGD9229, individually. Moreover, after the degradation of AFB1, the four products of the lower toxicity were identified by LC-Triple TOF-MS with the two proposed hypothetical degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Yu Sha
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Haicheng Yin
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Ying Liang
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Yan Shen
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xingquan Wu
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Dapeng Wu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453001, China;
| | - Jinshui Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.W.); (W.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (J.W.)
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26
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Shrivastava A, Sharma RK. Myxobacteria and their products: current trends and future perspectives in industrial applications. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:483-507. [PMID: 34060028 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myxobacteria belong to a group of bacteria that are known for their well-developed communication system and synchronized or coordinated movement. This typical behavior of myxobacteria is mediated through secondary metabolites. They are capable of producing secondary metabolites belonging to several chemical classes with unique and wide spectrum of bioactivities. It is predominantly significant that myxobacteria specialize in mechanisms of action that are very rare with other producers. Most of the metabolites have been explored for their medical and pharmaceutical values while a lot of them are still unexplored. This review is an attempt to understand the role of potential metabolites produced by myxobacteria in different applications. Different myxobacterial metabolites have demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties along with cytotoxic activity against various cell lines. Beside their metabolites, these myxobacteria have also been discussed for better exploitation and implementation in different industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Shrivastava
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, Jaipur, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, Jaipur, India.
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27
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Yang P, Xiao W, Lu S, Jiang S, Zheng Z, Zhang D, Zhang M, Jiang S, Jiang S. Recombinant Expression of Trametes versicolor Aflatoxin B 1-Degrading Enzyme (TV-AFB 1D) in Engineering Pichia pastoris GS115 and Application in AFB 1 Degradation in AFB 1-Contaminated Peanuts. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050349. [PMID: 34068167 PMCID: PMC8153001 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins seriously threaten the health of humans and animals due to their potential carcinogenic properties. Enzymatic degradation approach is an effective and environmentally friendly alternative that involves changing the structure of aflatoxins. In this study, Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme gene (TV-AFB1D) was integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris GS115 by homologous recombination approach. The recombinant TV-AFB1D was expressed in engineering P. pastoris with a size of approximately 77 kDa under the induction of methanol. The maximum activity of TV-AFB1D reached 17.5 U/mL after the induction of 0.8% ethanol (v/v) for 84 h at 28 °C. The AFB1 proportion of 75.9% was degraded using AFB1 standard sample after catalysis for 12 h. In addition, the AFB1 proportion was 48.5% using AFB1-contaminated peanuts after the catalysis for 18 h at 34 °C. The recombinant TV-AFB1D would have good practical application value in AFB1 degradation in food crops. This study provides an alternative degrading enzyme for the degradation of AFB1 in aflatoxin-contaminated grain and feed via enzymatic degradation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wei Xiao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Shuhua Lu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Suwei Jiang
- School of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, 158 Jinxiu Avenue, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Min Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Shuying Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230601, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (S.J.); (S.J.)
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28
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Campos-Avelar I, Colas de la Noue A, Durand N, Cazals G, Martinez V, Strub C, Fontana A, Schorr-Galindo S. Aspergillus flavus Growth Inhibition and Aflatoxin B 1 Decontamination by Streptomyces Isolates and Their Metabolites. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050340. [PMID: 34066812 PMCID: PMC8151643 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus, mainly during grain storage. As pre-harvest methods are insufficient to avoid mycotoxin presence during storage, diverse curative techniques are being investigated for the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin detoxification. Streptomyces spp. represent an alternative as they are a promising source of detoxifying enzymes. Fifty-nine Streptomyces isolates and a Streptomyces griseoviridis strain from the commercial product Mycostop®, evaluated against Penicillium verrucosum and ochratoxin A during previous work, were screened for their ability to inhibit Aspergillus flavus growth and decrease the aflatoxin amount. The activities of bacterial cells and cell-free extracts (CFEs) from liquid cultures were also evaluated. Fifty-eight isolates were able to inhibit fungal growth during dual culture assays, with a maximal reduction going down to 13% of the control. Aflatoxin-specific production was decreased by all isolates to at least 54% of the control. CFEs were less effective in decreasing fungal growth (down to 40% and 55% for unheated and heated CFEs, respectively) and aflatoxin-specific production, with a few CFEs causing an overproduction of mycotoxins. Nearly all Streptomyces isolates were able to degrade AFB1 when growing in solid and liquid media. A total degradation of AFB1 was achieved by Mycostop® on solid medium, as well as an almost complete degradation by IX20 in liquid medium (6% of the control). CFE maximal degradation went down to 37% of the control for isolate IX09. The search for degradation by-products indicated the presence of a few unknown molecules. The evaluation of residual toxicity of the tested isolates by the SOS chromotest indicated a detoxification of at least 68% of AFB1’s genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixchel Campos-Avelar
- UMR Qualisud, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (V.M.); (C.S.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: (I.C.-A.); (A.C.d.l.N.)
| | - Alexandre Colas de la Noue
- UMR Qualisud, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (V.M.); (C.S.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: (I.C.-A.); (A.C.d.l.N.)
| | - Noël Durand
- UMR Qualisud, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (V.M.); (C.S.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cazals
- IBMMUMR5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Martinez
- UMR Qualisud, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (V.M.); (C.S.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Caroline Strub
- UMR Qualisud, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (V.M.); (C.S.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Angélique Fontana
- UMR Qualisud, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (V.M.); (C.S.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Sabine Schorr-Galindo
- UMR Qualisud, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (V.M.); (C.S.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
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29
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Tuncay Söylemez, Mustafa Yamaç. Screening of Macrofungi Isolates for Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A Degradation. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Peles F, Sipos P, Kovács S, Győri Z, Pócsi I, Pusztahelyi T. Biological Control and Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Commodities. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020104. [PMID: 33535580 PMCID: PMC7912779 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced mostly by Aspergillus species. AF contamination entering the feed and food chain has been a crucial long-term issue for veterinarians, medicals, agroindustry experts, and researchers working in this field. Although different (physical, chemical, and biological) technologies have been developed, tested, and employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins, including AFs, universal methods are still not available to reduce AF levels in feed and food in the last decades. Possible biological control by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, their excretes, the role of the ruminal degradation, pre-harvest biocontrol by competitive exclusion or biofungicides, and post-harvest technologies and practices based on biological agents currently used to alleviate the toxic effects of AFs are collected in this review. Pre-harvest biocontrol technologies can give us the greatest opportunity to reduce AF production on the spot. Together with post-harvest applications of bacteria or fungal cultures, these technologies can help us strictly reduce AF contamination without synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Szilvia Kovács
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-210-9491
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31
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Guan Y, Chen J, Nepovimova E, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K. Aflatoxin Detoxification Using Microorganisms and Enzymes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010046. [PMID: 33435382 PMCID: PMC7827145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination causes significant economic loss to food and feed industries and seriously threatens human health. Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most harmful mycotoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and other fungi that are commonly found in the production and preservation of grain and feed. AFs can cause harm to animal and human health due to their toxic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic) effects. How to remove AF has become a major problem: biological methods cause no contamination, have high specificity, and work at high temperature, affording environmental protection. In the present research, microorganisms with detoxification effects researched in recent years are reviewed, the detoxification mechanism of microbes on AFs, the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the degradation process, and the application of microorganisms as detoxification strategies for AFs were investigated. One of the main aims of the work is to provide a reliable reference strategy for biological detoxification of AFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
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Fang Q, Du M, Chen J, Liu T, Zheng Y, Liao Z, Zhong Q, Wang L, Fang X, Wang J. Degradation and Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Tea-Derived Aspergillus niger RAF106. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120777. [PMID: 33291337 PMCID: PMC7762301 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation is an effective and attractive method for eliminating aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is severely toxic to humans and animals. In this study, Aspergillus niger RAF106 could effectively degrade AFB1 when cultivated in Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) with contents of AFB1 ranging from 0.1 to 4 μg/mL. Treatment with yeast extract as a nitrogen source stimulated the degradation, but treatment with NaNO3 and NaNO2 as nitrogen sources and lactose and sucrose as carbon sources suppressed the degradation. Moreover, A. niger RAF106 still degraded AFB1 at initial pH values that ranged from 4 to 10 and at cultivation temperatures that ranged from 25 to 45 °C. In addition, intracellular enzymes or proteins with excellent thermotolerance were verified as being able to degrade AFB1 into metabolites with low or no mutagenicity. Furthermore, genomic sequence analysis indicated that the fungus was considered to be safe owing to the absence of virulence genes and the gene clusters for the synthesis of mycotoxins. These results indicate that A. niger RAF106 and its intracellular enzymes or proteins have a promising potential to be applied commercially in the processing and industry of food and feed to detoxify AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian’an Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Minru Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Tong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Yong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Zhenlin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (J.W.)
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Guo Y, Zhao L, Ma Q, Ji C. Novel strategies for degradation of aflatoxins in food and feed: A review. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109878. [PMID: 33648196 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus fungi, posing high carcinogenic potency in humans and animals. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a global problem in both developed and developing countries especially where there is poor regulation of their levels in food and feed. Thus, academics have been striving over the decades to develop effective strategies for degrading aflatoxins in food and feed. These strategies are technologically diverse and based on physical, chemical, or biological principles. This review summarizes the recent progress on novel aflatoxin degradation strategies including irradiation, cold plasma, ozone, electrolyzed oxidizing water, organic acids, natural plant extracts, microorganisms and enzymes. A clear understanding of the detoxification efficiency, mechanism of action, degradation products, application potential and current limitations of these methods is presented. In addition, the development and future perspective of nanozymes in aflatoxins degradation are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Wang P, Kong Q, Cotty PJ. Biotransformation of aflatoxin B 1 by Lactobacillus helviticus FAM22155 in wheat bran by solid-state fermentation. Food Chem 2020; 341:128180. [PMID: 33032249 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus helveticus FAM22155 was the most efficient among five lactic acid bacteria at removing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) during solid-state fermentation on wheat bran substrate. The mechanism of removal was explored by comparing different fermentation modes. Liquid fermentation had little effect on the breakdown of AFB1. However, a protein extract from the fermented bran was equally effective at degrading aflatoxin B1 as living cell digestion. After treatment with heat and protease K, the degrading capacity of the protein extract was significantly reduced. Taken together, the observed biotransformation of AFB1 was mainly associated with proteins produced during bran fermentation. Four products of U-[13C17]-AFB1 were found by mass spectrometry, including Ⅱ-1 (C11H10O4), Ⅱ-2 (C11H10O4), III (C15H12O5), and IV (C14H10O4). These products all lack the lactone ring indicating lower toxicity than aflatoxin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Qing Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Peter J Cotty
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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Söylemez T, Yamaç M, Yıldız Z. Statistical optimization of cultural variables for enzymatic degradation of aflatoxin B 1 by Panus neostrigosus. Toxicon 2020; 186:141-150. [PMID: 32795459 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the best aflatoxin B1 degradation conditions which was optimized using a combination of the Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken methods with Panus neostrigosus culture filtrate. Panus neostrigosus was grown in a modified Kirk Broth medium to determine optimal degradation conditions. As a result, aflatoxin B1 was degraded under varying culture conditions. The Plackett-Burman method was designed after sixteen different experiments with fifteen variables. The three most effective variables (Sucrose, yeast extract, wheat bran) were chosen for the Box-Behnken methodology. The aflatoxin B1 degradation rate was 49% in just 1 h exposure to culture filtrate which was obtained under optimal growth conditions; (g-ml/L) sucrose 10, yeast extract 3, wheat bran 3, soytone 5, KH2PO4 2, MgSO4.7H2O 0.5, CaCl2.H2O 0.1, ammonium tartrate 2, trace element solution 10; 28 °C of incubation temperature, medium pH 5, 7.5% inoculum rate, 125 rpm of agitation speed, and a twelve-day incubation period. The SDS-PAGE studies show that the enzyme responsible for AFB1 degradation has 38 kDa molecular weight and has no laccase or MnP activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for AFB1 degradation by Panus neostrigosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuncay Söylemez
- Savaş Kubaş Anatolian High School, 26050, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Yamaç
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Zeki Yıldız
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Statistics, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Zhou Z, Li R, Ng TB, Lai Y, Yang J, Ye X. A New Laccase of Lac 2 from the White Rot Fungus Cerrena unicolor 6884 and Lac 2-Mediated Degradation of Aflatoxin B 1. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080476. [PMID: 32727016 PMCID: PMC7472184 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a known toxic human carcinogen and can be detoxified by laccases, which are multicopper oxidases that convert several environmental pollutants and toxins. In this study, a new laccase that could catalyze AFB1 degradation was purified and identified from the white-rot fungus Cerrena unicolor 6884. The laccase was purified using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and anion exchange chromatography, and then identified as Lac 2 through zymogram and UHPLC-MS/MS based on the Illumina transcriptome analysis of C. unicolor 6884. Six putative laccase protein sequences were obtained via functional annotation. The lac 2 cDNA encoding a full-length protein of 512 amino acids was cloned and sequenced to expand the fungus laccase gene library for AFB1 detoxification. AFB1 degradation by Lac 2 was conducted in vitro at pH 7.0 and 45 °C for 24 h. The half-life of AFB1 degradation catalyzed by Lac 2 was 5.16 h. Acetosyringone (AS), Syrinagaldehyde (SA) and [2,2' -azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) at 1 mM concentration seemed to be similar mediators for strongly enhancing AFB1 degradation by Lac 2. The product of AFB1 degradation catalyzed by Lac 2 was traced and identified to be Aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) based on mass spectrometry data. These findings are promising for a possible application of Lac 2 as a new aflatoxin oxidase in degrading AFB1 present in food and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Renkuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yunyun Lai
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jie Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (R.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-efficient Enzyme Expression, Fuzhou 350116, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-591-2286-6376
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González Pereyra M, Di Giacomo A, Lara A, Martínez M, Cavaglieri L. Aflatoxin-degrading Bacillus sp. strains degrade zearalenone and produce proteases, amylases and cellulases of agro-industrial interest. Toxicon 2020; 180:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Haque MA, Wang Y, Shen Z, Li X, Saleemi MK, He C. Mycotoxin contamination and control strategy in human, domestic animal and poultry: A review. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104095. [PMID: 32097745 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Claviceps, and Alternaria that contaminate basic food products throughout the world, where developing countries are becoming predominantly affected. Currently, more than 500 mycotoxins are reported in which the most important concern to public health and agriculture include AFB1, OTA, TCTs (especially DON, T-2, HT-2), FB1, ZEN, PAT, CT, and EAs. The presence of mycotoxin in significant quantities poses health risks varying from allergic reactions to death on both humans and animals. This review brings attention to the present status of mycotoxin contamination of food products and recommended control strategies for mycotoxin mitigation. Humans are exposed to mycotoxins directly through the consumption of contaminated foods while, indirectly through carryover of toxins and their metabolites into animal tissues, milk, meat and eggs after ingestion of contaminated feeds. Pre-harvest (field) control of mycotoxin production and post-harvest (storage) mitigation of contamination represent the most effective approach to limit mycotoxins in food and feed. Compared with chemical and physical approaches, biological detoxification methods regarding biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites, are generally more unique, productive and eco-friendly. Along with the biological detoxification method, genetic improvement and application of nanotechnology show tremendous potential in reducing mycotoxin production thereby improving food safety and food quality for extended shelf life. This review will primarily describe the latest developments in the formation and detoxification of the most important mycotoxins by biological degradation and other alternative approaches, thereby reducing the potential adverse effects of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Atiqul Haque
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Yihui Wang
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy of Shandong Province, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Kashif Saleemi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Cheng He
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Nguyen T, Flint S, Palmer J. Control of aflatoxin M 1 in milk by novel methods: A review. Food Chem 2019; 311:125984. [PMID: 31855773 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and milk products has been recognised as an issue for over 30 years. Controlling AFM1 in milk is important to protect human health and trade. Preventing contamination by avoiding fungal contamination of cattle feed is the best method of control, however this is hard to avoid in some countries. Treating milk containing AFM1 is an alternative control measure, however, there is no single approved method. The challenge is to select a treatment method that is effective but does not affect the organoleptic quality of milk. This study reviews the strategies for degrading AFM1 in milk including yeast, lactic acid bacteria, enzyme, peroxide, ozone, UV light and cold plasma. This review compares the efficacy, influencing factors, (possible) mechanisms of activity, advantages, limitations and potential future trends of these methods and provides some recommendations for the treatment of milk to reduce the risk of AFM1 contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Nguyen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand.
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Shiferaw Terefe N, Augustin MA. Fermentation for tailoring the technological and health related functionality of food products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2887-2913. [PMID: 31583891 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1666250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fermented foods are experiencing a resurgence due to the consumers' growing interest in foods that are natural and health promoting. Microbial fermentation is a biotechnological process which transforms food raw materials into palatable, nutritious and healthy food products. Fermentation imparts unique aroma, flavor and texture to food, improves digestibility, degrades anti-nutritional factors, toxins and allergens, converts phytochemicals such as polyphenols into more bioactive and bioavailable forms, and enriches the nutritional quality of food. Fermentation also modifies the physical functional properties of food materials, rendering them differentiated ingredients for use in formulated foods. The science of fermentation and the technological and health functionality of fermented foods is reviewed considering the growing interest worldwide in fermented foods and beverages and the huge potential of the technology for reducing food loss and improving nutritional food security.
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Probiotic bacteria and yeasts adsorb aflatoxin M1 in milk and degrade it to less toxic AFM1-metabolites. Toxicon 2019; 172:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lyagin I, Efremenko E. Enzymes for Detoxification of Various Mycotoxins: Origins and Mechanisms of Catalytic Action. Molecules 2019; 24:E2362. [PMID: 31247992 PMCID: PMC6651818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly dangerous natural compounds produced by various fungi. Enzymatic transformation seems to be the most promising method for detoxification of mycotoxins. This review summarizes current information on enzymes of different classes to convert various mycotoxins. An in-depth analysis of 11 key enzyme mechanisms towards dozens of major mycotoxins was realized. Additionally, molecular docking of mycotoxins to enzymes' active centers was carried out to clarify some of these catalytic mechanisms. Analyzing protein homologues from various organisms (plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria), the prevalence and availability of natural sources of active biocatalysts with a high practical potential is discussed. The importance of multifunctional enzyme combinations for detoxification of mycotoxins is posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Lyagin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, RAS, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, RAS, Moscow 119334, Russia.
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Review: Biotechnology of mycotoxins detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes. Toxicon 2019; 160:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Song J, Zhang S, Xie Y, Li Q. Purification and characteristics of an aflatoxin B1 degradation enzyme isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5315752. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, 100# Lianhua Street, High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# Jianshe East Road, Muye Zone, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, 100# Lianhua Street, High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, 100# Lianhua Street, High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
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González Pereyra ML, Martínez MP, Cavaglieri LR. Presence of aiiA homologue genes encoding for N-Acyl homoserine lactone-degrading enzyme in aflatoxin B 1-decontaminating Bacillus strains with potential use as feed additives. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:316-323. [PMID: 30557671 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial degradation of aflatoxins (AFs) is an alternative to the use of mycotoxin binders. The lactone ring is a possible target for microbial enzymes and its cleavage reduces AFs toxicity. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Bacillus strains able to degrade AFB1 to less toxic metabolites and to identify aiiA genes encoding for N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) lactonase to possibly correlate detoxification with the production of this enzyme. Eleven soilborne Bacillus strains were isolated and identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Ten cultures and eight cell free culture supernatants (CFCS) were able to significantly (P < 0.05) degrade 27.78-79.78% AFB1. Cell lysates were also able to degrade AFB1 (P < 0.05). Exposure to 70 and 80 °C did not affect enzyme activity. Aflatoxin B1 toxicity towards Artemia salina was reduced after degradation by each of the Bacillus strains. B. subtilis RC1B, B. cereus RC1C and B. mojavensis RC3B, amplified a fragment of 753 pb corresponding to the aiiA gene encoding for AHL lactonase. AFB1 degradation by the strains tested was due to the extracellular and intracellular enzymes. If demonstrated to be safe, these could be used to detoxify AFB1 in contaminated food or feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L González Pereyra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta N 36 Km 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - M P Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta N 36 Km 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - L R Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta N 36 Km 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Afsharmanesh H, Perez-Garcia A, Zeriouh H, Ahmadzadeh M, Romero D. Aflatoxin degradation by Bacillus subtilis UTB1 is based on production of an oxidoreductase involved in bacilysin biosynthesis. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Yan H, Yin C, Liu Y, Xu Q, Liu X, Zhang Z. Effective Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B1 Using the Bacillus licheniformis (BL010) Strain. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E497. [PMID: 30486278 PMCID: PMC6315853 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a pollutant of agricultural products, has attracted considerable attention in recent years, due to its potential impact on health. In the present study, Bacillus licheniformis (BL010) was demonstrated to efficiently degrade AFB1, reducing over 89.1% of the toxin content within 120 h. A crude enzyme solution of BL010 exhibited the highest degradation level (97.3%) after three induction periods. However, uninduced BL010 bacteria was not capable of reducing AFB1. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that while a cell-free extract caused a significant decrease in AFB1 content (93.6%, p < 0.05), cell culture fluid treatment did not significantly degrade AFB1. The biotransformation products of AFB1 were detected and further identified by quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography⁻mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS); these corresponded to a molecular formula of C12H14O₄. A sequence analysis of whole BL010 genes with a bioinformatics approach identified the secondary structures of two degrading enzymes (Chia010 and Lac010), providing an important basis for subsequent homology modeling and functional predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chunhua Yin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qianqian Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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Purification and identification of an aflatoxin B 1 degradation enzyme from Pantoea sp. T6. Toxicon 2018; 157:35-42. [PMID: 30447276 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus and other fungi. Soil, crops, food, feed, etc. were susceptible to aflatoxin B1 contamination, which caused adverse economic and health consequences. It is necessary to search for microorganisms or microbial enzymes that can degrade AFB1. The degradation activity of AFB1 by cell-free supernatant (68.30%) of isolate Pantoea sp. T6 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than viable bacterial cells (4.87%) and intracellular cell extracts (3.68%). The supernatant's AFB1 degradation activity was reduced from 68.30% to 5.33% in treatment with protease K and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). An extracellular enzyme from the supernatant was secreted by Pantoea sp. T6 and was named as Pantoea aflatoxin degradation enzyme (PADE), which was obtained using Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE)-Sepharose chromatography. PADE was further purified by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The PADE, outer membrane protein A, was identified by mass spectrometry and molecular mass was 38180.1Da. The optimum temperature and pH for the reaction of PADE with AFB1 were 40 °C and 7.0, respectively. These finding showing that the PADE, which was isolated from the supernatant of Pantoea sp. T6, has the ability to degrade AFB1, and may have potential application for aflatoxin B1 reduction in the food and feed industry.
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Li J, Huang J, Jin Y, Wu C, Shen D, Zhang S, Zhou R. Aflatoxin B 1 degradation by salt tolerant Tetragenococcus halophilus CGMCC 3792. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:430-436. [PMID: 30165130 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explores aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degradation by salt tolerant Tetragenococcus halophilus CGMCC 3792 (T. halophilus CGMCC 3792). Six non-toxic degradation products of AFB1 were identified by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS), including m/z 243.06 (C14H10O4), 361.09 (C18H16O8), 229.09 (C14H12O3), 277.14 (C16H20O4), 217.12 (C14H16O2), 221.15 (C14H20O2). Two pathways were proposed based on molecular formulas and MS/MS spectra, and the final degradation product was m/z 221.15 (C14H20O2). The degradation ratio of active cell component (66%) and intracellular component (57%) was significantly higher than extracellular component (14%). AFB1 degradation ratio of intracellular component, initially at around 60%, was decreased to 32% after proteinase K treatment, and to 7% after heating, to 9% after proteinase K plus SDS treatment, and to 16% after TFA treatment. It suggests that the AFB1 removal mainly resulted from enzyme biodegradation. The degradation ratio was 92% in AFB1 polluted soy sauce mash. The high degradation ratio of AFB1 by T. halophilus CGMCC 3792 indicates its great potential for application in oriental fermentation condiment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Li
- College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Dazhan Shen
- College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Suyi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Manufacturing, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Salem R, El-Habashi N, Fadl SE, Sakr OA, Elbialy ZI. Effect of probiotic supplement on aflatoxicosis and gene expression in the liver of broiler chicken. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:118-127. [PMID: 29705371 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the effectiveness of a biological mycotoxin binder (Nutritox®) in detoxifying aflatoxicosis. Ninety one-day-old chicks were chosen and divided into 3 groups. The first group received standard basal diet only, the second group received a basal diet with AFB1 (0.25 mg/kg diet), and the third group received a basal diet with AFB1 (0.25 mg/kg diet) and Nutritox® (1 kg/ton diet). AFB1 feed contamination significantly reduced growth performance and deteriorated FCR. Moreover, it significantly increased serum AST, ALT, and malondialdehyde and significantly decreased serum total protein, albumin, globulin, SOD, CAT activities and glutathione peroxidase gene expression as well. Aflatoxin residues were detected in the liver tissues. Furthermore, the liver and kidney of AFB1 treated group showed pathological changes. The supplementation of Nutritox® significantly reduced aflatoxin levels in the liver and counteracted the negative effects of AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan Salem
- Mycology and Mycotoxins Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Nagwan El-Habashi
- Veterinary Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Sabreen E Fadl
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheikh, 33511, Egypt.
| | - Osama A Sakr
- Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Zizy I Elbialy
- Fish Processing and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
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