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Ferreira FDG, Carlon P, Fongaro G, Magri ME. Recycling composted human feces as biofertilizer for crop production: Assessment of soil and lettuce plant tissue contamination by Escherichia coli and human adenovirus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172375. [PMID: 38604372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Using waste from sewage systems, particularly human excreta, could save resources and increase soil fertility, contributing to nutrient management. However, because of the pathogenic content in human feces, this resource can pose health risks to farmers and consumers. Therefore, this work analyzed the behavior of the microorganisms: Escherichia coli ATCC13706 and human adenovirus (HAdV-2) in the soil and the internal part of the plant tissue during the vegetative stage after applying spiked composted human feces as biofertilizer. In a greenhouse, we simulated the application of the biofertilizer in lettuce cultivation by spiking three concentrations of E. coli (6.58, 7.31, and 8.01 log10 CFU.g-1) and HAdV-2 (3.81, 3.97, and 5.92 log10 PFU.g-1). As a result, we achieved faster decay in soil at higher concentrations of E. coli. We estimated linear decay rates of -0.07279, -0.09092, and -0.115 days, corresponding to T90s of 13.7, 11.0, and 8.6 days from higher to smaller concentrations of E. coli, respectively. The estimated periods for the inactivation of 4 logarithmic units of E. coli bacteria in soil are longer than the cultivation period of lettuce for all concentrations studied. Concerning the bacterial contamination in plants, we found E. coli in the internal part of the leaves at the highest concentration tested during the first three weeks of the experiment. Furthermore, HAdV-2 was found in roots at a stable concentration of 2-2.3 log10 PFU.g-1 in five of the six samples analyzed. Therefore, bacterial infection could pose a risk, even if fresh greens are washed before consumption, especially for short-term cultures. Regarding viral infection, a positive result in the roots after disinfection may pose a risk to root and tubercule vegetables. These discoveries highlight the importance of conducting comprehensive evaluations of hygiene practices in incorporating organic amendments in crops, explicitly aiming to minimize the risk of post-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Daniela Goncalves Ferreira
- Laboratory of Resource Recovery in Sanitation Systems Group - RReSSa, Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Technological Center, Florianopolis 88040-610, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Carlon
- Laboratory of Resource Recovery in Sanitation Systems Group - RReSSa, Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Technological Center, Florianopolis 88040-610, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Center, Florianopolis 88040-610, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Magri
- Laboratory of Resource Recovery in Sanitation Systems Group - RReSSa, Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Technological Center, Florianopolis 88040-610, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Okidi L, Ongeng D, Muliro PS, Matofari JW. Agroecology influences Salmonella food contamination with high exposure risk among children in Karamoja sub-region: A high diarrhoea prevalent locality in Uganda. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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3
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Bardsley CA, Weller DL, Ingram DT, Chen Y, Oryang D, Rideout SL, Strawn LK. Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:590303. [PMID: 33796083 PMCID: PMC8007860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.590303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) have been identified as one potential mechanism for the dissemination and persistence of Salmonella in the produce growing environment. Data on factors influencing Salmonella concentration in amended soils are therefore needed. The objectives here were to (i) compare die-off between 12 Salmonella strains following inoculation in amended soil and (ii) characterize any significant effects associated with soil-type, irrigation regimen, and amendment on Salmonella survival and die-off. Three greenhouse trials were performed using a randomized complete block design. Each strain (~4 log CFU/g) was homogenized with amended or non-amended sandy-loam or clay-loam soil. Salmonella levels were enumerated in 25 g samples 0, 0.167 (4 h), 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 56, 84, 112, 168, 210, 252, and 336 days post-inoculation (dpi), or until two consecutive samples were enrichment negative. Regression analysis was performed between strain, soil-type, irrigation, and (i) time to last detect (survival) and (ii) concentration at each time-point (die-off rate). Similar effects of strain, irrigation, soil-type, and amendment were identified using the survival and die-off models. Strain explained up to 18% of the variance in survival, and up to 19% of variance in die-off rate. On average Salmonella survived for 129 days in amended soils, however, Salmonella survived, on average, 30 days longer in clay-loam soils than sandy-loam soils [95% Confidence interval (CI) = 45, 15], with survival time ranging from 84 to 210 days for the individual strains during daily irrigation. When strain-specific associations were investigated using regression trees, S. Javiana and S. Saintpaul were found to survive longer in sandy-loam soil, whereas most of the other strains survived longer in clay-loam soil. Salmonella also survived, on average, 128 days longer when irrigated weekly, compared to daily (CI = 101, 154), and 89 days longer in amended soils, than non-amended soils (CI = 61, 116). Overall, this study provides insight into Salmonella survival following contamination of field soils by BSAAO. Specifically, Salmonella survival may be strain-specific as affected by both soil characteristics and management practices. These data can assist in risk assessment and strain selection for use in challenge and validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A. Bardsley
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Weller
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - David T. Ingram
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - David Oryang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Steven L. Rideout
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Laura K. Strawn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
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Han Z, Ma J, Yang CH, Ibekwe AM. Soil salinity, pH, and indigenous bacterial community interactively influence the survival of E. coli O157:H7 revealed by multivariate statistics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5575-5586. [PMID: 32974826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Complexities of biotic-abiotic interactions in soils result in the lack of integrated understanding of environmental variables that restrict the survival of shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7. Herein, we reanalyzed previously published data and highlighted the influence of soil abiotic factors on E. coli O157:H7 survivability and elucidated how these factors took effect indirectly through affecting indigenous bacterial community. Interaction network analysis indicated salinity and pH decreased the relative abundances of some bacterial taxa (e.g., Acidobacteria_Gp4, Acidobacteria_Gp6, and Deltaproteobacteria) which were positively correlated with the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in soils, and vice versa (e.g., Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria) (P < 0.05). An array of multivariate statistical approaches including partial Mantel test, variation partition analysis (VPA), and structural equation model (SEM) further confirmed that biotic and abiotic factors interactively shaped the survival profile of E. coli O157:H7. This study revealed that some bacterial taxa were correlated with survival of E. coli O157:H7 directly, and salinity and pH could affect E. coli O157:H7 survival through changing these bacterial taxa. These findings suggest that salinity in soil might benefit the control of fecal pathogenic E. coli invasion, while soil acidification caused by anthropogenic influences could potentially increase the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in agro-ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Han
- Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jincai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Han Z, Huang G, Liao J, Li J, Lyu G, Ma J. Disentangling survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soils: From a subpopulation perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141649. [PMID: 32829282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil physicochemical properties and microbial community have been proved to be correlated to survival behaviors of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7, but the roles of biotic and abiotic factors in the different stages of inactivation process remain unclear. Here, fruit producing soils were collected, and soils physicochemical properties, bacterial and fungal community structure were characterized. Survival experiments were performed by inoculating E. coli O157:H7 in soils. Double Weibull survival model was found to better fit the experimental data, and two subpopulations with different capability on resistance to stress were identified. The sensitive subpopulation with smaller δ (time needed for first decimal reduction) (i.e., δ1) died off faster compared to the more resistant subpopulation with greater δ (i.e., δ2). Partial Mantel test revealed that ttd (time needed to reach detection limit) was jointly influenced by physical factors, chemical factors, and bacterial composition (P < 0.05); δ1 was shaped by physical factors (P < 0.01) and additional bacterial composition (P < 0.05); and δ2 was strongly steered by bacterial community (P < 0.001). Bacterial co-occurrence network analysis revealed that samples with lower δ2 were coupled with higher network complexity and closer taxa relationship (e.g. higher average (weighted) degree, higher network diameter, higher graph density, and lower modularity), and vice versa. Taken together, the sensitive subpopulation had difficulty in adapting to coarse particles conditions, while resistant subpopulation might eventually succumb to the robust biodiversity. This study provides novel insights into the E. coli O157:H7 survival mechanism through subpopulation perspective and sheds light on the reduction of edaphic colonization by pathogens via agricultural management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Han
- Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guannan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiafen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiahang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guangze Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jincai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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6
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Pang H, Mokhtari A, Chen Y, Oryang D, Ingram DT, Sharma M, Millner PD, Van Doren JM. A Predictive Model for Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Generic E. coli in Soil Amended with Untreated Animal Manure. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:1367-1382. [PMID: 32378782 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at developing a predictive model that captures the influences of a variety of agricultural and environmental variables and is able to predict the concentrations of enteric bacteria in soil amended with untreated Biological Soil Amendments of Animal Origin (BSAAO) under dynamic conditions. We developed and validated a Random Forest model using data from a longitudinal field study conducted in mid-Atlantic United States investigating the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli in soils amended with untreated dairy manure, horse manure, or poultry litter. Amendment type, days of rain since the previous sampling day, and soil moisture content were identified as the most influential agricultural and environmental variables impacting concentrations of viable E. coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli recovered from amended soils. Our model results also indicated that E. coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli declined at similar rates in amended soils under dynamic field conditions.The Random Forest model accurately predicted changes in viable E. coli concentrations over time under different agricultural and environmental conditions. Our model also accurately characterized the variability of E. coli concentration in amended soil over time by providing upper and lower prediction bound estimates. Cross-validation results indicated that our model can be potentially generalized to other geographic regions and incorporated into a risk assessment for evaluating the risks associated with application of untreated BSAAO. Our model can be validated for other regions and predictive performance also can be enhanced when data sets from additional geographic regions become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, USA
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amir Mokhtari
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, USA
- Booz Allen Hamilton, 4747 Bethesda Ave, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, USA
| | - David Oryang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, USA
| | - David T Ingram
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Food Safety, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Patricia D Millner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jane M Van Doren
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, USA
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7
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Tran DTQ, Bradbury MI, Ogtrop FFVAN, Bozkurt H, Jones BJ, McCONCHIE R. Environmental Drivers for Persistence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Manure-Amended Soils: A Meta-Analysis. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1268-1277. [PMID: 32577760 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Application of organic amendments to agricultural land improves soil quality and provides nutrients essential for plant growth; however, they are also a reservoir for zoonotic pathogens whose presence poses a significant risk to public health. The persistence of bacteria in manure-amended soil, and differences in manure handling practices, are important issues from a food safety perspective. The primary objective of this study was to quantitatively summarize the variations in the rate of decline of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in manure-amended soil under laboratory and field conditions, and to assess the impact of environmental factors. Available literature data on persistence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in manure-amended soil from 42 primary research studies were extracted and statistically analyzed using a mixed-effect regression model. The results indicated that temperature (soil and air combined) was the most prominent factor affecting persistence of both E. coli and Salmonella spp. under laboratory conditions (P < 0.001), and of E. coli under field conditions (P < 0.05). The time required for a log reduction of E. coli under field conditions was significantly higher at low temperature (0 to 10°C) than at high temperature (greater than 20°C) (P < 0.05). In addition, application method was identified as a significant factor, with manure incorporation to soil inducing longer survival compared with surface application by approximately 1.2 times. The significant variation observed among primary research studies of bacterial persistence has highlighted that mitigation strategies associated with the use of manures in fresh produce production need to be improved by addressing factors such as climate, soil management, application method, and initial microbial levels. These findings may be used to support guidelines establishing exclusion periods between manure fertilization and the grazing or harvesting of crops, and may be useful for the generation of quantitative microbial risk models for fresh produce. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao T Q Tran
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark I Bradbury
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Floris F VAN Ogtrop
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hayriye Bozkurt
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian J Jones
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robyn McCONCHIE
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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8
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Manure-borne pathogens as an important source of water contamination: An update on the dynamics of pathogen survival/transport as well as practical risk mitigation strategies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 227:113524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Liang C, Yao Z, Du S, Hong M, Wang K, Zhang D. Sediment pH, not the bacterial diversity, determines Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival in estuarine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1078-1086. [PMID: 31252105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is recognized as a hazardous microorganism in the environment. Its longer survival might contribute to higher contamination risk. In this study, E. coli O157:H7 survival in estuarine sediments collected from south Hangzhou Bay was investigated. The survival time of E. coli O157:H7 in estuarine sediments increased with the distance to the water-land junction. Sediment pH was the most important factor in regulating E. coli O157:H7 survival in estuarine sediments. In addition, sediment nutrients and texture also played significant roles in the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in the sediments. On the other hand, bacterial diversity as determined by the alpha-diversity index had no significant effect on E. coli O157:H7 survival. However, specific families of bacteria were closely associated with E. coli O157:H7 survival in the sediments. Remarkably, some potential bacterial groups, e.g., the Desulfobacteraceae, Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfarculaceae families, which are mainly involved in the sulfur cycle, showed significant negative correlation with the E. coli O157:H7 survival in the sediments. On the whole, abiotic factors showed greater effects on E. coli O157:H7 survival in the test sediments than the bacterial community. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of E. coli O157:H7 survival and regulatory factors in estuarine sediments, establishing foundation for the prevention of pathogen contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Liang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Shicong Du
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Man Hong
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Demin Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Peng J, Liu Z. Influence of temperature on microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation for soil treatment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218396. [PMID: 31211807 PMCID: PMC6581288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a potential method for improvement of soil. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the influence of temperatures for soil improvement by MICP. The ureolytic activity experiments, MICP experiments in aqueous solution and sand column using Sporosarcina pasteurii were conducted at different temperatures(10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C). The results showed there were microbially induced CaCO3 precipitation at all the temperatures from 10 to 30°C. The results of ureolytic activity experiments showed that the bacterial had higher ureolytic activity at high temperatures within the early 20 hours, however, the ureolytic activity at higher temperatures decreased more quickly than at lower temperatures. The results of MICP experiments in aqueous solution and sand column were consistent with tests of ureolytic activity. Within 20 to 50 hours of the start of the test, more CaCO3 precipitation was precipitated at higher temperature, subsequently, the precipitation rate of all experiments decreased, and the higher the temperature, the faster the precipitation rate dropped. The final precipitation amount of CaCO3 in aqueous solution and sand column tests at 10 °C was 92% and 37% higher than that at 30 °C. The maximum unconfined compressive strength of MICP treated sand column at 10 °C was 135% higher than that at 30 °C. The final treatment effect of MICP at lower temperature was better than that at high temperature within the temperature range studied. The reason for better treatment effect at lower temperatures was due to the longer retention time of ureolytic activity of bacteria at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Geotechnical Research Institute, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Geotechnical Research Institute, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Wang D, Huber A, Dunfield K, Murray K, Wu F, Warriner K. Comparative persistence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in loam or sandy loam soil amended with bovine or swine manure. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:979-991. [PMID: 30148968 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fate of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in swine or dairy manure amended into sandy loam or loam soil under field conditions was studied. Soil was amended with manure inoculated with a Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 cocktail, then transferred to 0.22 μm pore size membrane walled vials. The vials were then placed on the surface or at 15 cm depth in the test plots. Pathogen numbers, soil moisture, rainfall, and temperature were measured throughout the three trials (20-47 weeks duration) representing spring or fall application. Survival curves were characterized by having an initial rapid decline in pathogen numbers followed by a slower inactivation phase with an occasional increase in culturable cells. The CT99.9 values (time to reach a 3 log CFU reduction) varied from 2 to 120 days, with the most rapid decrease being observed on the surface of sandy loam soil. The persistence of pathogens is primarily governed by variations in moisture and temperature, although season of application along with manure and soil type also contribute. To generate more accurate predictive pathogen models, there is a need for laboratory-based trials to mirror the dynamic variation in temperature and soil moisture encountered within the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- a Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Huber
- b Soil Research Group, Guelph, ON N1H 2Y5, Canada
| | - K Dunfield
- c School of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K Murray
- a Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F Wu
- a Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K Warriner
- a Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Alegbeleye OO, Singleton I, Sant'Ana AS. Sources and contamination routes of microbial pathogens to fresh produce during field cultivation: A review. Food Microbiol 2018; 73:177-208. [PMID: 29526204 PMCID: PMC7127387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated fresh produce is a common phenomenon and has severe effects on human health together with severe economic and social impacts. The implications of foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce have urged research into the numerous ways and mechanisms through which pathogens may gain access to produce, thereby compromising microbiological safety. This review provides a background on the various sources and pathways through which pathogenic bacteria contaminate fresh produce; the survival and proliferation of pathogens on fresh produce while growing and potential methods to reduce microbial contamination before harvest. Some of the established bacterial contamination sources include contaminated manure, irrigation water, soil, livestock/ wildlife, and numerous factors influence the incidence, fate, transport, survival and proliferation of pathogens in the wide variety of sources where they are found. Once pathogenic bacteria have been introduced into the growing environment, they can colonize and persist on fresh produce using a variety of mechanisms. Overall, microbiological hazards are significant; therefore, ways to reduce sources of contamination and a deeper understanding of pathogen survival and growth on fresh produce in the field are required to reduce risk to human health and the associated economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Singleton
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gullian-Klanian M, Sánchez-Solis MJ. Growth kinetics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the epicarp of fresh vegetables and fruits. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:104-111. [PMID: 29037503 PMCID: PMC5790580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing reports on the incidence of fresh vegetables and fruits as a possible vehicle for human pathogens, there is currently limited knowledge on the growth potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on different plant substrates. This study analyzed the selective adhesion and growth of E. coli O157:H7 on chili habanero (Capsicum chinense L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), radish (Raphanus sativus), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), and onion (Allium cepa L.) under laboratory conditions. The Gompertz parameters were used to determine the growth kinetics. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 on the epicarp of the samples. Predictive models were constructed to compare the growth of E. coli O157:H7 on the samples with different intrinsic factors and to demonstrate the low selectivity of the pathogen. No significant difference was observed in the lag-phase duration (LPD), generation time (GT), and exponential growth rate (EGR) of the pathogen adhered to the samples. The interaction between the microorganism and the substrate was less supportive to the growth of E. coli O157:H7 for onion, whereas for tomato and cucumber, the time for the microorganism to attain the maximum growth rate (M) was significantly longer than that recorded for other samples.
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Zhang T, Hu S, Yang W. Variations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Survival in Purple Soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1246. [PMID: 29057845 PMCID: PMC5664747 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a well-recognized cause of human illness. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in five purple soils from Sichuan Province was investigated. The dynamics of E. coli O157:H7 survival in purple soils were described by the Weibull model. Results showed that this model is suitable to fit survival curves of E. coli O157:H7 in purple soils, with the calculated td value (survival time needed to reach the detection limit of 100 CFU·g-1) ranging from 2.99 days to 26.36 days. The longest survival time of E. coli O157:H7 was observed in neutral purple soils (24.49 days), followed by alkalescent purple soil (18.62 days) and acid purple soil (3.48 days). The redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that td values were significantly enhanced by soil nutrition (total organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK) and the ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid (Ha/Fa)), but were significantly suppressed by iron and aluminum oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Suping Hu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Bischel HN, Schindelholz S, Schoger M, Decrey L, Buckley CA, Udert KM, Kohn T. Bacteria Inactivation during the Drying of Struvite Fertilizers Produced from Stored Urine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13013-13023. [PMID: 27934251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human urine can be processed into market-attractive fertilizers like struvite; however, concerns regarding the microbial safety of such products remain. The present study evaluated the inactivation of in situ heterotrophs, total bacteria as observed by flow cytometry, and inoculated Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella typhimurium during the drying of struvite under controlled temperature (from 5 to 35 °C) and relative humidity (approximately 40 and 80%) as well as dynamic field conditions. Bacteria accumulated in the struvite cake during struvite filtration. Despite the use of sublethal temperatures, all bacteria types were subsequently inactivated to some degree during struvite drying, and the inactivation typically increased with increasing drying temperature for a given relative humidity. Heterotrophic bacteria inactivation mirrored the trend in total bacteria during struvite drying. A linear relationship was observed between inactivation and sample moisture content. However, bacteria survivor curves were typically nonlinear when struvite was dried at low relative humidity, indicating bacterial persistence. Weibull model survivor curve fits indicated that a shift in the mechanism of inactivation may occur with changing humidity. For increased efficiency of bacterial inactivation during the production of struvite, initial heating under moist conditions is recommended followed by desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Bischel
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Schindelholz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Schoger
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Decrey
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher A Buckley
- Pollution Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Kai M Udert
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pornsukarom S, Thakur S. Assessing the Impact of Manure Application in Commercial Swine Farms on the Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella in the Environment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164621. [PMID: 27755598 PMCID: PMC5068702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land application of swine manure in commercial hog farms is an integral part of their waste management system which recycles the nutrients back to the soil. However, manure application can lead to the dissemination of bacterial pathogens in the environment and pose a serious public health threat. The aim of this study was to determine the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in the environment due to manure application in commercial swine farms in North Carolina (n = 6) and Iowa (n = 7), two leading pork producing states in the US. We collected manure and soil samples twice on day 0 (before and after manure application) from four distinct plots of lands (5 soil samples/plot) located at 20 feet away from each other in the field. Subsequent soil samples were collected again on days 7, 14, 21 from the same plots. A total of 1,300 soil samples (NC = 600; IA = 700) and 130 manure samples (NC = 60; IA = 70) were collected and analyzed in this study. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 13.22% (189/1,430), represented by 10.69% and 38.46% prevalence in soil and manure, respectively. The prevalence in NC (25.45%) was significantly higher than in IA (2.73%) (P<0.001) and a consistent decrease in Salmonella prevalence was detected from Day 0-Day 21 in all the farms that tested positive. Salmonella serotypes detected in NC were not detected in IA, thereby highlighting serotype association based on manure storage and soil application method used in the two regions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the broth microdilution method to a panel of 15 antimicrobial drugs. A high frequency of isolates (58.73%) were multidrug resistant (resistance to three or more class of antimicrobials) and the most frequent resistance was detected against streptomycin (88.36%), sulfisoxazole (67.2%), and tetracycline (57.67%). Genotypic characterization by pulse field gel electrophoresis revealed clonally related Salmonella in both manure and soil at multiple time points in the positive farms. Our study highlights the potential role of swine manure application in the dissemination and persistence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchawan Pornsukarom
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, United States of America
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Assessment of microbial risk factors and impact of meteorological conditions during production of baby spinach in the Southeast of Spain. Food Microbiol 2015; 49:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Traoré O, Nyholm O, Siitonen A, Bonkoungou IJO, Traoré AS, Barro N, Haukka K. Prevalence and diversity of Salmonella enterica in water, fish and lettuce in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:151. [PMID: 26228572 PMCID: PMC4521495 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the prevalence, serotypes and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Salmonella enterica in environment in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 476 samples, consisting of 36 samples of tap water, 51 samples of well water, 87 samples of channel water, 44 samples of reservoir water, 238 samples of fish, and 20 samples of lettuce were examined using standard bacteriological procedures for Salmonella. RESULTS Salmonella were isolated from 98 samples. Salmonella were rare in drinking water, since they were not found at all from the tap water, and only in 2 % of well water. Salmonella were more common in the water of reservoir of Tanghin (15 %), reservoir of Yamtenga (20 %), and in the water channels in the city (from 20 to 31 %). Salmonella were commonly isolated from the fish (24 %) caught from the reservoir of Tanghin and from the lettuce (50 %) irrigated with water from Tanghin. The Salmonella isolates were found to represent 50 different serotypes. The 11 most common serotypes were Salmonella Bredeney and S. Colindale (both 8.2 %), S. Muenster (6.1 %), S. Korlebu (5.1 %), S. Eastbourne and S. Poona (both 4.1 %), and S. Agona, S. Derby, S. Drac, S. Senftenberg, S. Waycross (each 3.1 %), accounting for 51.3 % of all the isolates. In general, the Salmonella strains were sensitive to the antimicrobials tested, but two strains were resistant to streptomycin and many more intermediate to streptomycin or sulphonamide. CONCLUSION This study highlights the common prevalence of Salmonella and the high diversity of Salmonella serotypes in aquatic environment in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Therefore, various human activities linked to water and consumption of water-related products, such as fish and lettuce, can lead to human Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumar Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des bactéries et virus transmis par les aliments, CRSBAN/Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, UFR SVT-Université de Ouagadougou, 03 B.P. 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso.
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 09 B.P. 24, Ouagadougou, 09, Burkina Faso.
- Bacteriology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Outi Nyholm
- Bacteriology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anja Siitonen
- Bacteriology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Alfred S Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des bactéries et virus transmis par les aliments, CRSBAN/Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, UFR SVT-Université de Ouagadougou, 03 B.P. 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des bactéries et virus transmis par les aliments, CRSBAN/Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, UFR SVT-Université de Ouagadougou, 03 B.P. 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Kaisa Haukka
- Bacteriology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Naganandhini S, Kennedy ZJ, Uyttendaele M, Balachandar D. Persistence of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains in Various Tropical Agricultural Soils of India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130038. [PMID: 26101887 PMCID: PMC4477969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of Shiga-like toxin producing E. coli (STEC) strains in the agricultural soil creates serious threat to human health through fresh vegetables growing on them. However, the survival of STEC strains in Indian tropical soils is not yet understood thoroughly. Additionally how the survival of STEC strain in soil diverges with non-pathogenic and genetically modified E. coli strains is also not yet assessed. Hence in the present study, the survival pattern of STEC strain (O157-TNAU) was compared with non-pathogenic (MTCC433) and genetically modified (DH5α) strains on different tropical agricultural soils and on a vegetable growing medium, cocopeat under controlled condition. The survival pattern clearly discriminated DH5α from MTCC433 and O157-TNAU, which had shorter life (40 days) than those compared (60 days). Similarly, among the soils assessed, the red laterite and tropical latosol supported longer survival of O157-TNAU and MTCC433 as compared to wetland and black cotton soils. In cocopeat, O157 recorded significantly longer survival than other two strains. The survival data were successfully analyzed using Double-Weibull model and the modeling parameters were correlated with soil physico-chemical and biological properties using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA of all the three strains revealed that pH, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity and available N and P contents of the soil decided the survival of E. coli strains in those soils and cocopeat. The present research work suggests that the survival of O157 differs in tropical Indian soils due to varied physico-chemical and biological properties and the survival is much shorter than those reported in temperate soils. As the survival pattern of non-pathogenic strain, MTCC433 is similar to O157-TNAU in tropical soils, the former can be used as safe model organism for open field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naganandhini
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
| | - Z John Kennedy
- Post Harvest Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
| | - M Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Balachandar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
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Gotkowska-Płachta A, Korzeniewska E. Microbial evaluation of sandboxes located in urban area. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:64-71. [PMID: 25483374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on the degree of bacteriological pollution of sandboxes situated in fenced and unfenced housing estates located in an urban area in Olsztyn, Poland. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC22, HPC37), Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Clostridium perfringens determined by cultivation and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods were used as indicators of the sanitary state. Their maximum number in the sand samples reached values of up to 5.4×10(7), 2.6×10(6), 3.3×10(4), 2.1×10(3), 1.8×10(4), 1.9×10(1) and 1.2×10(4)CFU/g, respectively. It was found that values of culture-independent method were two-four orders greater than those obtained by the cultivation method. Among identified Enterobacteriaceae, Pantoea spp. and Enterobacter cloacae were the most numerous, whereas Escherichia cells were detected only occasionally. Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Salmonella sp. were isolated from sandboxes also when E. coli were absent. Bacteria from Staphylococcus genus were isolated irrespective of the site and time of sampling. Additionally, the presence of molds and yeasts was studied. Maximum counts of these microorganisms amounted to 1.0×10(5) and to 3.5×10(4)CFU/g. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Trichoderma genera were most numerous among molds, whereas Trichosporon was detected most frequently among yeasts. Sandboxes in the fenced housing estate and those located in the area which is not close to trees were less polluted than the sand collected from sandboxes in the unfenced housing estate. Potentially pathogenic bacteria of the genus Salmonella spp. were identified in analyzed sandboxes, also when Toxocara and E. coli were absent. It seems that assessing the contamination of children's play areas basing only on fecal bacteria counts and by monitoring number of parasites' eggs may be insufficient to evaluate microbial pollution of sandboxes and may not fully reflect their safety for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gotkowska-Płachta
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Jung Y, Jang H, Matthews KR. Effect of the food production chain from farm practices to vegetable processing on outbreak incidence. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:517-27. [PMID: 25251466 PMCID: PMC4265071 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity in the consumption of fresh and fresh-cut vegetables continues to increase globally. Fresh vegetables are an integral part of a healthy diet, providing vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other health-promoting compounds. The diversity of fresh vegetables and packaging formats (spring mix in clamshell container, bagged heads of lettuce) support increased consumption. Unfortunately, vegetable production and processing practices are not sufficient to ensure complete microbial safety. This review highlights a few specific areas that require greater attention and research. Selected outbreaks are presented to emphasize the need for science-based 'best practices'. Laboratory and field studies have focused on inactivation of pathogens associated with manure in liquid, slurry or solid forms. As production practices change, other forms and types of soil amendments are being used more prevalently. Information regarding the microbial safety of fish emulsion and pellet form of manure is limited. The topic of global climate change is controversial, but the potential effect on agriculture cannot be ignored. Changes in temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind can impact crops and the microorganisms that are associated with production environments. Climate change could potentially enhance the ability of pathogens to survive and persist in soil, water and crops, increasing human health risks. Limited research has focused on the prevalence and behaviour of viruses in pre and post-harvest environments and on vegetable commodities. Globally, viruses are a major cause of foodborne illnesses, but are seldom tested for in soil, soil amendments, manure and crops. Greater attention must also be given to the improvement in the microbial quality of seeds used in sprout production. Human pathogens associated with seeds can result in contamination of sprouts intended for human consumption, even when all appropriate 'best practices' are used by sprout growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Jung
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Hyein Jang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Karl R Matthews
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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22
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Franz E, Schijven J, de Roda Husman AM, Blaak H. Meta-regression analysis of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli survival in soil and water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6763-71. [PMID: 24839874 DOI: 10.1021/es501677c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which pathogenic and commensal E. coli (respectively PEC and CEC) can survive, and which factors predominantly determine the rate of decline, are crucial issues from a public health point of view. The goal of this study was to provide a quantitative summary of the variability in E. coli survival in soil and water over a broad range of individual studies and to identify the most important sources of variability. To that end, a meta-regression analysis on available literature data was conducted. The considerable variation in reported decline rates indicated that the persistence of E. coli is not easily predictable. The meta-analysis demonstrated that for soil and water, the type of experiment (laboratory or field), the matrix subtype (type of water and soil), and temperature were the main factors included in the regression analysis. A higher average decline rate in soil of PEC compared with CEC was observed. The regression models explained at best 57% of the variation in decline rate in soil and 41% of the variation in decline rate in water. This indicates that additional factors, not included in the current meta-regression analysis, are of importance but rarely reported. More complete reporting of experimental conditions may allow future inference on the global effects of these variables on the decline rate of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco Franz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Erickson MC, Webb CC, Davey LE, Payton AS, Flitcroft ID, Doyle MP. Biotic and abiotic variables affecting internalization and fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates in leafy green roots. J Food Prot 2014; 77:872-9. [PMID: 24853507 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into the roots of leafy greens is a food safety risk because the pathogen may be systemically transported to edible portions of the plant. In this study, both abiotic (degree of soil moisture) and biotic (E. coli O157:H7 exposure, presence of Shiga toxin genes, and type of leafy green) factors were examined to determine their potential effects on pathogen internalization into roots of leafy greens. Using field soil that should have an active indigenous microbial community, internalized populations in lettuce roots were 0.8 to 1.6 log CFU/g after exposure to soil containing E. coli O157:H7 at 5.6 to 6.1 log CFU/g. Internalization of E. coli O157:H7 into leafy green plant roots was higher when E. coli O157:H7 populations in soil were increased to 7 or 8 log CFU/g or when the soil was saturated with water. No differences were noted in the extent to which internalization of E. coli O157:H7 occurred in spinach, lettuce, or parsley roots; however, in saturated soil, maximum levels in parsley occurred later than did those in spinach or lettuce. Translocation of E. coli O157:H7 from roots to leaves was rare; therefore, decreases observed in root populations over time were likely the result of inactivation within the plant tissue. Shiga toxin-negative (nontoxigenic) E. coli O157:H7 isolates were more stable than were virulent isolates in soil, but the degree of internalization of E. coli O157:H7 into roots did not differ between isolate type. Therefore, these nontoxigenic isolates could be used as surrogates for virulent isolates in field trials involving internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
| | - Cathy C Webb
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Lindsey E Davey
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Alison S Payton
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Ian D Flitcroft
- Department of Crops and Soil Science, 1109 Experiment Street, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
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24
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Modeling the Fate ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 andSalmonella entericain the Agricultural Environment: Current Perspective. J Food Sci 2014; 79:R421-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang T, Wang H, Wu L, Lou J, Wu J, Brookes PC, Xu J. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soils from Jiangsu Province, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81178. [PMID: 24312534 PMCID: PMC3846838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is recognized as a hazardous microorganism in the environment and for public health. The E. coli O157:H7 survival dynamics were investigated in 12 representative soils from Jiangsu Province, where the largest E. coli O157:H7 infection in China occurred. It was observed that E. coli O157:H7 declined rapidly in acidic soils (pH, 4.57 – 5.14) but slowly in neutral soils (pH, 6.51 – 7.39). The survival dynamics were well described by the Weibull model, with the calculated td value (survival time of the culturable E. coli O157:H7 needed to reach the detection limit of 100 CFU g−1) from 4.57 days in an acidic soil (pH, 4.57) to 34.34 days in a neutral soil (pH, 6.77). Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that soil pH and soil organic carbon favored E. coli O157:H7 survival, while a high initial ratio of Gram-negative bacteria phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) to Gram-positive bacteria PLFAs, and high content of exchangeable potassium inhibited E. coli O157:H7 survival. Principal component analysis clearly showed that the survival profiles in soils with high pH were different from those with low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoxiang Zhang
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (JX)
| | - Laosheng Wu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lou
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Philip C. Brookes
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (JX)
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Erickson M, Habteselassie M, Liao J, Webb C, Mantripragada V, Davey L, Doyle M. Examination of factors for use as potential predictors of human enteric pathogen survival in soil. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:335-49. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.C. Erickson
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Center for Food Safety; Griffin GA USA
| | - M.Y. Habteselassie
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Center for Food Safety; Griffin GA USA
- Department of Crops and Soil Science; University of Georgia; Griffin GA USA
| | - J. Liao
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Center for Food Safety; Griffin GA USA
| | - C.C. Webb
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Center for Food Safety; Griffin GA USA
| | - V. Mantripragada
- Department of Crops and Soil Science; University of Georgia; Griffin GA USA
| | - L.E. Davey
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Center for Food Safety; Griffin GA USA
| | - M.P. Doyle
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Center for Food Safety; Griffin GA USA
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Ongeng D, Geeraerd AH, Springael D, Ryckeboer J, Muyanja C, Mauriello G. Fate ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 andSalmonella entericain the manure-amended soil-plant ecosystem of fresh vegetable crops: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:273-94. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.829415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Martins JMF, Majdalani S, Vitorge E, Desaunay A, Navel A, Guiné V, Daïan JF, Vince E, Denis H, Gaudet JP. Role of macropore flow in the transport of Escherichia coli cells in undisturbed cores of a brown leached soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:347-356. [PMID: 25208699 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the transport of Escherichia coli cells in undisturbed cores of a brown leached soil collected at La Côte St André (France). Two undisturbed soil cores subjected to repeated injections of bacterial cells and/or bromide tracer were used to investigate the effect of soil hydrodynamics and ionic strength on cell mobility. Under the tested experimental conditions, E. coli cells were shown to be transported at the water velocity (retardation factor close to 1) and their retention appeared almost insensitive to water flow and ionic strength variations, both factors being known to control bacterial transport in model saturated porous media. In contrast, E. coli breakthrough curves evolved significantly along with the repetition of the cell injections in each soil core, with a progressive acceleration of their transport. The evolution of E. coli cells BTCs was shown to be due to the evolution of the structure of soil hydraulic pathways caused by the repeated water infiltrations and drainage as may occur in the field. This evolution was demonstrated through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) performed on soil aggregates before and after the repeated infiltrations of bacteria. MIP revealed a progressive and important reduction of the soil aggregate porosity, n, that decreased from approximately 0.5 to 0.3, along with a decrease of the soil percolating step from 27 to 2 μm. From this result a clear compaction of soil aggregates was evidenced that concerned preferentially the pores larger than 2 μm equivalent diameter, i.e. those allowing bacterial cell passage. Since no significant reduction of the global soil volume was observed at the core scale, this aggregate compaction was accompanied by macropore formation that became progressively the preferential hydraulic pathway in the soil cores, leading to transiently bi-modal bacterial BTCs. The evolution of the soil pore structure induced a modification of the main hydrodynamic processes, evolving from a matrix-dominant transfer of water and bacteria to a macropore-dominant transfer. This work points out the importance of using undisturbed natural soils to evaluate the mobility of bacteria in the field, since the evolving hydrodynamic properties of soils appeared to dominate most physicochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M F Martins
- Laboratoire d'Etudes des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE, UMR 5564), CNRS-INSU/Univ. Grenoble I/INPG/IRD, Domaine Universitaire, BP53-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Rhizosphere effect on survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in manure-amended soil during cabbage (Brassica oleracea) cultivation under tropical field conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ongeng D, Muyanja C, Ryckeboer J, Springael D, Geeraerd A. Kinetic model-based prediction of the persistence ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium under tropical agricultural field conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:995-1006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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