1
|
Johan CAC, Abdullah MDD, Emilia SN, Zainathan SC. Molecular epidemiology of Megalocytivirus in freshwater angelfish ( Pterophyllum scalare) from Johor, Malaysia. Vet World 2023; 16:2158-2172. [PMID: 38023273 PMCID: PMC10668548 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2158-2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Malaysia has more than 630 culturists who are involved in the ornamental fish industry and culture 250 species, including local and exotic species. Among these viruses, megalocytiviruses have been associated with severe systemic diseases and economic losses in ornamental fish. The intensity of Megalocytivirus infection in Pterophyllum scalare in Malaysia remains unknown. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Megalocytivirus while discovering its associated risk factors and the genotypes of its causative agents in an ornamental fish farm in Malaysia. Materials and Methods Seven broodstock pairs of P. scalare were used in this study to follow the life stages of fish, from egg to market size. Water samples and other samples, such as mucus swabs, gill swabs, P. scalare eggs, fries, juveniles, snails, snail eggs, live feed (Tubifex worms and Moina spp.), sediment samples, and wild fish, were collected periodically for initial environmental sampling from day 0 to day 60. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplifications were performed for megalocytivirus-related sequences. The phylogenetic tree, including the sampled causative agents of megalocytiviruses, was inferred from the major capsid protein genes of all known Iridoviridae species. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the strength of the correlation between the presence of megalocytiviruses in P. scalare samples and the associated risk factors. Results A total of 312 out of 935 pooled and individual samples tested positive for the presence of Megalocytivirus-related sequences, except snail eggs and wild fish (Poecilia reticulata). No clinical symptoms were observed in any fish samples. Megalocytivirus-associated viruses detected in water samples indicate horizontal transmission of the virus. All the nucleotide sequences found in this study had high nucleotide identities of 95%-99 % and were closely related to Megalocytivirus genotype I infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. Risk factors associated with Megalocytivirus include water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and the life stages of P. scalare. High Megalocytivirus infection was detected when the water temperature, DO, and pH were high in P. scalare, high water temperature and nitrate in the water samples, and the same rate of Megalocytivirus infection in P. scalare fry and juveniles. Conclusion This is the first study to confirm the existence of different possible routes of megalocytivirus distribution in ornamental fish farms in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the connection between the mode of transmission and the risk factors for this virus needs to be explored further to recognize the evolution and potential new host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che Azarulzaman Che Johan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Danish Daniel Abdullah
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Noor Emilia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Catherine Zainathan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu W, Li Y, Fu Y, Zhang W, Luo P, Sun Q, Yu F, Weng S, Li W, He J, Dong C. The Inactivated ISKNV-I Vaccine Confers Highly Effective Cross-Protection against Epidemic RSIV-I and RSIV-II from Cultured Spotted Sea Bass Lateolabrax maculatus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0449522. [PMID: 37222626 PMCID: PMC10269448 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04495-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Megalocytivirus of the family Iridoviridae is composed of two distinct species, namely, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and scale drop disease virus (SDDV), and both are important causative agents in a variety of bony fish worldwide. Of them, the ISKNV species is subdivided into three genotypes, namely, red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), ISKNV, and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and a further six subgenotypes, RSIV-I, RSIV-II, ISKNV-I, ISKNV-II, TRBIV-I, and TRBIV-II. Commercial vaccines derived from RSIV-I , RSIV-II and ISKNV-I have been available to several fish species. However, studies regarding the cross-protection effect among different genotype or subgenotype isolates have not been fully elucidated. In this study, RSIV-I and RSIV-II were demonstrated as the causative agents in cultured spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus, through serial robust evidence, including cell culture-based viral isolation, whole-genome determination and phylogeny analysis, artificial challenge, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence as well as transmission electron microscope observation. Thereafter, a formalin-killed cell (FKC) vaccine generated from an ISKNV-I isolate was prepared to evaluate the protective effects against two spotted seabass original RSIV-I and RSIV-II. The result showed that the ISKNV-I-based FKC vaccine conferred almost complete cross-protection against RSIV-I and RSIV-II as well as ISKNV-I itself. No serotype difference was observed among RSIV-I, RSIV-II, and ISKNV-I. Additionally, the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi is proposed as an ideal infection and vaccination fish species for the study of various megalocytiviral isolates. IMPORTANCE Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) infects a wide mariculture bony fish and has resulted in significant annual economic loss worldwide. Previous studies showed that the phenotypic diversity of infectious RSIV isolates would lead to different virulence characteristics, viral antigenicity, and vaccine efficacy as well as host range. Importantly, it is still doubted whether a universal vaccine could confer the same highly protective effect against various genotypic isolates. Our study here presented enough experimental evidence that a water in oil (w/o) formation of inactivated ISKNV-I vaccine could confer almost complete protection against RSIV-I and RSIV-II as well as ISKNV-I itself. Our study provides valuable data for better understanding the differential infection and immunity among different genotypes of ISKNV and RSIV isolates in the genus Megalocytivirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Panpan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangzhao Yu
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangdong Li
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Hick PM, Hall E, Waltzek TB, Becker JA. Partial validation of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the three genotypes of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281292. [PMID: 36735738 PMCID: PMC9897559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses (MCVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses known to infect important freshwater and marine fish species in the aquaculture, food, and ornamental fish industries worldwide. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species within the genus Megalocytivirus that causes red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) which is a reportable disease to the World Animal Health Organization (WOAH). To better control the transboundary spread of this virus and support WOAH reporting requirements, we developed and partially validated a TaqMan real-time qPCR assay (ISKNV104R) to detect all three genotypes of ISKNV, including the two genotypes that cause RSIVD. Parameters averaged across 48 experiments used a 10-fold dilution series of linearized plasmid DNA (107-101 copies), carrying a fragment of the three-spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) hypothetical protein revealed that the assay was linear over 7 orders of magnitude (107-101), a mean efficiency of 99.97 ± 2.92%, a mean correlation coefficient of 1.000 ± 0.001, and a limit of detection (analytical sensitivity) of ≤10 copies of TSGIV DNA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was evaluated and compared to other published assays using a panel of 397 samples from 21 source populations with different prevalence of ISKNV infection (0-100%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was 91.99% (87.28-95.6; 95% CI) and 89.8% (83.53-94.84). The latent class analysis showed that the ISKNV104R qPCR assay had similar diagnostic sensitivities and specificities with overlapping confidence limits compared to a second TaqMan qPCR assay and a SYBR green assay. This newly developed TaqMan assay represents a partially validated qPCR assay for the detection of the three genotypes of the species ISKNV. The ISKNV104R qPCR assay once fully validated, will serve as an improved diagnostic tool that can be used for ISKNV surveillance efforts and diagnosis in subclinical fish to prevent further spread of MCVs throughout the aquaculture and ornamental fish industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
| | - Joy A. Becker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu X, Liu L, Feng J, Li X, Zhang J. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potential anti-viral immune pathways of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) subverted by megalocytivirus RBIV-C1 for immune evasion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:153-161. [PMID: 35150827 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Successful viral infection and multiplication chiefly rely on virus subversion mechanisms against host anti-viral immune responses. In this study, in order to reveal the anti-viral immune-related pathways suppressed by megalocytivirus infection, transcriptome analysis was performed on the head-kidney of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) infected with lethal dose of RBIV-C1 at 3, 6 and 9 days post challenge (dpc). The results showed that, compared to unchallenged groups, 190, 1220, and 3963 DEGs were detected in RBIV-C1 infected groups at 3, 6 and 9 dpc, respectively, of which, DEGs of complement components and pattern recognition proteins were up-regulated at 3 dpc and down-regulated at 6 and 9 dpc, DEGs of cytokines were up-regulated at 6 dpc and down-regulated at 9 dpc. Expression trend analysis revealed that DEGs of profiles 9 and 13 featured decreased expression patterns and were significantly enriched into 10 immune-related pathways, i.e., complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, B/T cell receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, and so on. Further co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed positive correlated innate immune related pathways at 3 and 6 dpc, and negative correlated innate and adaptive immune related pathways at 9 dpc. This study revealed a set of anti-viral immune genes/pathways that would also be potential targets subverted by RBIV-C1 for immune evasion, which can serve as a valuable resource for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of anti-viral immune defense of turbot and immune escape of megalocytivirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Xu
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jixing Feng
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xuepeng Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang G, Luan Y, Wei J, Li Y, Shi H, Cheng H, Bai A, Xie J, Xu W, Qin P. Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of a New Iridovirus Isolated from Cage-Cultured Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020208. [PMID: 35215802 PMCID: PMC8879442 DOI: 10.3390/v14020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses are an important pathogen of ectothermic vertebrates and are considered a significant threat to aquacultural fish production. Recently, one of the most economically important marine species in China, the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), has been increasingly reported to be the victim of iridovirus disease. In this study, we isolated and identified a novel iridovirus, LYCIV-ZS-2020, from cage-cultured large yellow croaker farms in Zhoushan island, China. Genome sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that LYCIV-ZS-2020 belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus and is closely related to the Pompano iridoviruses isolated in the Dominican Republic. LYCIV-ZS-2020 enriched from selected tissues of naturally infected large yellow croaker was used in an artificial infection trial and the results proved its pathogenicity in large yellow croaker. This is the first systematic research on the genetic and pathogenic characterization of iridovirus in large yellow croakers, which expanded our knowledge of the iridovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gengshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Yingjia Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jinping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Haoxue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Aixu Bai
- Huaian Customs District, Huaian 223001, China;
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Francis-Floyd R, Yanong RP, Frasca S, Groff JM, Popov VL, Fraser WA, Yan A, Mohan S, Waltzek TB. Phylogenomic characterization of two novel members of the genus Megalocytivirus from archived ornamental fish samples. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:11-24. [PMID: 30154268 DOI: 10.3354/dao03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Megalocytivirus is the most recently described member of the family Iridoviridae; as such, little is known about the genetic diversity of this genus of globally emerging viral fish pathogens. We sequenced the genomes of 2 megalocytiviruses (MCVs) isolated from epizootics involving South American cichlids (oscar Astronotus ocellatus and keyhole cichlid Cleithracara maronii) and three spot gourami Trichopodus trichopterus sourced through the ornamental fish trade during the early 1990s. Phylogenomic analyses revealed the South American cichlid iridovirus (SACIV) and three spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) possess 116 open reading frames each, and form a novel clade within the turbot reddish body iridovirus genotype (TRBIV Clade 2). Both genomes displayed a unique truncated paralog of the major capsid protein gene located immediately upstream of the full-length parent gene. Histopathological examination of archived oscar tissue sections that were PCR-positive for SACIV revealed numerous cytomegalic cells characterized by basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions within various organs, particularly the anterior kidney, spleen, intestinal lamina propria and submucosa. TSGIV-infected grunt fin (GF) cells grown in vitro displayed cytopathic effects (e.g. cytomegaly, rounding, and refractility) as early as 96 h post-infection. Ultrastructural examination of infected GF cells revealed unenveloped viral particles possessing hexagonal nucleocapsids (120 to 144 nm in diameter) and electron-dense cores within the cytoplasm, consistent with the ultrastructural morphology of a MCV. Sequencing of SACIV and TSGIV provides the first complete TRBIV Clade 2 genome sequences and expands the known host and geographic range of the TRBIV genotype to include freshwater ornamental fishes traded in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bermúdez R, Losada AP, de Azevedo AM, Guerra-Varela J, Pérez-Fernández D, Sánchez L, Padrós F, Nowak B, Quiroga MI. First description of a natural infection with spleen and kidney necrosis virus in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1283-1294. [PMID: 29882280 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish has become a popular research model in the last years, and several diseases affecting zebrafish research facilities have been reported. However, only one case of naturally occurring viral infections was described for this species. In 2015, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) was detected in zebrafish from a research facility in Spain. Affected fish showed lethargy, loss of appetite, abnormal swimming, distention of the coelomic cavity and, in the most severe cases, respiratory distress, pale gills and petechial haemorrhages at the base of fins. Cytomegaly was the most relevant histopathological finding in organs and tissues, sometimes associated to degenerative and necrotic changes. ISKNV belongs to the relatively newly defined genus Megalocytivirus, family Iridoviridae, comprising large, icosahedral cytoplasmic DNA viruses. This is the first case of naturally occurring Megalocytivirus infection in zebrafish research facilities, associated with morbidity. The virus has been identified based on both pathologic and genetic evidence, to better understand the pathogenesis of the infection in zebrafish and the phylogenetic relationship with other iridoviruses. Given the ability of megalocytiviruses to cross-species boundaries, it seems necessary to implement stringent biosecurity practices as these infections may invalidate experimental data and have major impact on laboratory and cultured fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bermúdez
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Manuela de Azevedo
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Guerra-Varela
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - David Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Francesc Padrós
- Department of Animal Biology, Vegetal Biology and Ecology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jung MH, Lee J, Jung SJ. Low pathogenicity of flounder iridovirus (FLIV) and the absence of cross-protection between FLIV and rock bream iridovirus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1325-1333. [PMID: 27009694 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Megalocytivirus is known to infect a wide range of cultured marine fish. In this study, we examined the pathogenicity of FLIV (Megalocytivirus from olive flounder, genotype III) and RBIV (Megalocytivirus from rock bream, genotype I) to their homologous and heterologous host species. Olive flounder (7.5 ± 1.3 cm) injected with FLIV [major capsid protein (MCP) gene copies, 6.8 × 103 -6.5 × 106 /fish] at 24 °C did not die until 90 days post-infection (dpi). The average virus replication in the spleen peaked (1.27 × 106 /fish) at 20 dpi. Rock bream (6.5 ± 1.5 cm) injected with FLIV (8.8 × 105 and 6.5 × 106 /fish of MCP copies) showed no mortality until 50 dpi. The rock bream that survived after FLIV infection were rechallenged with RBIV at 50 dpi had 100% mortality, showing that there is no cross-protection between FLIV and RBIV. Temperature shifting (26 °C and 20 °C at 12 h intervals) did not cause FLIV-specific mortality into olive flounder, but higher virus copies were observed in the fish exposed to higher stocking density. This study demonstrates that FLIV and RBIV have different antigenic and pathogenic characteristics and that FLIV has low pathogenicity to olive flounder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - J Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - S J Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Priyathilaka TT, Elvitigala DAS, Whang I, Lim BS, Jeong HB, Yeo SY, Choi CY, Lee J. Molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of non-mammalian type Toll like receptor (TLR21) from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Gene 2014; 553:105-16. [PMID: 25300254 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of pattern recognition receptors, which are involved in triggering host immune responses against various pathogens by detecting their evolutionarily conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR21 is a non-mammalian type TLR, which recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA, and is considered as a functional homolog of mammalian TLR9. In this study, we attempted to identify and characterize a novel TLR21 counterpart from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) designated as RbTLR21, at molecular level. The complete coding sequence of RbTLR21 was 2919bp in length, which encodes a polypeptide of 973 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 112kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.6. The structure of the deduced RbTLR21 protein is similar to that of the members of typical TLR family, and includes the ectodomain, which consists of 16 leucine rich repeats (LRRs), a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. According to the pairwise sequence analysis data, RbTLR21 was homologous to that of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) with 76.9% amino acid identity. Furthermore, our phylogenetic analysis revealed that RbTLR21 is closely related to E. coioides TLR21. The RbTLR21 was ubiquitously expressed in all the tissues tested, but the highest expression was found in spleen. Additionally, upon stimulation with Streptococcus iniae, rock bream iridovirus (RBIV), and Edwardsiella tarda, RbTLR21 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in spleen tissues. Collectively, our findings suggest that RbTLR21 is indeed an ortholog of the TLR21 family and may be important in mounting host immune responses against pathogenic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Lim
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Bok Jeong
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Yeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Applied Chemistry & Biotechnology, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine Environment and Bioscience, Korea Maritime University, Busan 606-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Subramaniam K, Shariff M, Omar AR, Hair-Bejo M, Ong BL. Detection and molecular characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus from major ornamental fish breeding states in Peninsular Malaysia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:609-618. [PMID: 23952914 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
'Gold standard' OIE reference PCR assay was utilized to detect the presence of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in freshwater ornamental fish from Malaysia. From total of 210 ornamental fish samples representing 14 species, ISKNV was detected in 36 samples representing 5 fish species. All positive cases did not show any clinical signs of ISKNV. Three restriction enzymes analyses showed that the fish were infected by identical strains of the same virus species within Megalocytivirus genus. Major capsid protein (MCP) genes of 10 ISKNV strains were sequenced and compared with 9 other reference nucleotide sequences acquired from GenBank. Sequence analysis of MCP gene showed that all strains detected in this study were closely related to the reference ISKNV with nucleotide sequence identity that was ranging from 99.8% to 100%. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene revealed that viruses from genus Megalocytivirus can be divided into three genotypes: genotype 1 include reference ISKNV and all other strains that were detected in this study, genotype 2 include viruses closely related to red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), and genotype 3 include viruses closely related turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Subramaniam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shin Y, Kwon T, Seo J, Kim T. Oral immunization of fish against iridovirus infection using recombinant antigen produced from rice callus. Vaccine 2013; 31:5210-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Elvitigala DAS, Premachandra HKA, Whang I, Priyathilaka TT, Kim E, Lim BS, Jung HB, Yeo SY, Park HC, Lee J. Marine teleost ortholog of catalase from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus): molecular perspectives from genomic organization to enzymatic behavior with respect to its potent antioxidant properties. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1086-1096. [PMID: 23872475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Catalases are well known antioxidant enzymes that can mainly dismutate hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen in order to prevent oxidative stress. The complete genomic DNA (gDNA) sequence of the catalase gene from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) was identified from our custom-constructed BAC genomic DNA library and designated as RbCat. RbCat consists of 13 exons, separated by 12 introns, within a 13,722-bp gDNA sequence. The complete cDNA sequence (3303 bp) of RbCat is comprised of a 1581-bp coding region, encoding a peptide of 527 amino acids (aa) in length, with a predicted molecular mass of 60 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.34. The anticipated promoter region of RbCat contains several transcription factor-binding sites, including sites that bind with immune- and antioxidant-responsive signaling molecules, suggesting its substantial transcriptional regulation. RbCat resembles the typical catalase family signature, i.e., it is composed of the catalase proximal active site motif along with a catalase proximal heme-ligand signature motif and shares great homology with its fish counterparts. According to multiple sequence alignment, functionally important amino acids present in RbCat were thoroughly conserved among its vertebrate counterparts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RbCat evolved from a vertebrate origin, and further positioned it in the fish clade. Recombinant RbCat had noticeable peroxidase activity against its substrate, hydrogen peroxide, in a dose-dependent manner. However, it demonstrated substantial peroxidase activity within a broad range of temperatures and pH values. Constitutive RbCat mRNA expression of different magnitudes was detected in a tissue-specific manner, suggesting its diverse role in physiology with respect to the tissue type. Moreover, immune challenge experiments using Edwardsiella tarda and rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) as live pathogens and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and lipopolysaccharide as mitogens revealed that the transcription of RbCat can be modulated by immune stimulation. Collectively, the results obtained in this study suggest that RbCat can function as a potent antioxidant enzyme in rock bream and may play a role in post-immune responses with respect to its peroxidase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Seo JY, Chung HJ, Kim TJ. Codon-optimized expression of fish iridovirus capsid protein in yeast and its application as an oral vaccine candidate. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:763-768. [PMID: 23488597 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fish iridovirus causes systemic disease with high morbidity and mortality in various species of wild and farm-raised fish, resulting in severe economic losses. Recently, frequent outbreaks of iridovirus infection have occurred among cultured fish in many Asian countries, emphasizing the need for a protective vaccine programme or the development of a suitable therapy. In this study, we expressed a recombinant major capsid protein (rMCP) of rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) from yeast using codon optimization. The rMCP in yeast was added to feed in an attempt to induce intestinal mucosal immunity for protection against and/or to reduce the severity of fish iridovirus infection. We found that fish immunized orally with rMCP underwent a successful induction of antibodies (P < 0.05) and were protected (P = 0.0001) against viral challenge. Based upon these results, oral administration of immunogenic protein as an antigen can be considered a useful method for implementation of vaccine programmes against iridovirus as well as other marine viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ito T, Yoshiura Y, Kamaishi T, Yoshida K, Nakajima K. Prevalence of red sea bream iridovirus among organs of Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) exposed to cultured red sea bream iridovirus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2094-2101. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is a representative of the genus Megalocytivirus which causes severe disease to aquaculture fish, mainly in Japan and South-east Asia. However, information to assess the viral kinetics of RSIV in fish is limited since reports on experimental infection by the immersion route, which is the natural infection route, are scarce. In this study, a method to evaluate the titre of RSIV was first developed. Experimental infections were continuously performed using RSIV cell culture as the inoculum to juvenile Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) (initial body weight 12.2 g) by immersion at three different concentrations. In addition, to investigate the prevalence of the virus among the organs of experimentally infected fish, viral DNA was measured at selected times by the real-time PCR method following viral inoculation by immersion. The developed titration method showed a 102 increase in sensitivity compared with the conventional method. We demonstrated that grunt fin cells can be used for continuous passage of RSIV. In the experimental infection, fish which were intraperitoneally injected with the RSIV cell culture or immersed with RSIV cell culture at 10−2 and 10−3 dilutions showed cumulative mortalities of 100 %. The results of measurements of the viral DNA of several organs from infected fish strongly suggest that the spleen is the target organ of RSIV in Japanese amberjack. Since the viral genome was detected from all the tested organs of two of five surviving fish which appeared to completely recover from the disease, it is suggested that these fish may become carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ito
- Tamaki Laboratory, Aquatic Animal Health Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 224-1 Hiruta, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Yoshiura
- Tamaki Laboratory, Aquatic Animal Health Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 224-1 Hiruta, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamaishi
- Aquatic Animal Health Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshida
- Goto Laboratory, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 122-7 Nunoura, Tamanoura-cho, Goto, Nagasaki 853-0508, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakajima
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 422-1 Nakatsuhamaura, Minami-Ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
- Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 1-5939-22 Suido-cho, Chuou-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8121, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jin CN, Harikrishnan R, Moon YG, Kim MC, Kim JS, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Effectiveness of chemotherapeutants against scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi, a parasite of olive flounder. Vet Parasitol 2010; 168:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Hossain M, Kim SR, Kitamura SI, Kim DW, Jung SJ, Nishizawa T, Yoshimizu M, Oh MJ. Lymphocystis disease virus persists in the epidermal tissues of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminch & Schlegel), at low temperatures. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2009; 32:699-703. [PMID: 19515073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Olive flounder artificially infected with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) were reared at 10, 20 and 30 degrees C for 60 days, to compare LCD-incidence. In the fish reared at 20 degrees C, lymphocystis cells appeared on the skin and fins at 35 days post-challenge, and the cumulative LCD-incidence was 80% at 60 days. High levels of LCDV, with a mean polymerase chain reaction (PCR) titre of 10(6) PCR-U mg(-1) tissue, were detected in the fins and skin of LCD-affected fish at 20 degrees C, but were not detected in the spleen, kidney, brain and intestinal tissues of these fish. No LCD clinical signs were observed in the fish reared at 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C; however, a low level of LCDV (10(3) PCR-U mg(-1) tissue) was detected in the fins and skin of these fish. By increasing the rearing temperature from 10 to 20 degrees C, lymphocystis clusters appeared on the skin and fins of the fish with no previous LCD clinical signs within 33 days after the temperature change. It was shown that permissive cells for LCDV infection exist in the epidermis of olive flounder. At low temperatures, small amounts of LCDV were able to persist over a period extended for a further 45 days in the fish epidermis, even though the fish showed no LCD clinical signs. The optimum growth temperature of LCDV is near 20 degrees C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hossain
- Division of Food Science & Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Weber ES, Waltzek TB, Young DA, Twitchell EL, Gates AE, Vagelli A, Risatti GR, Hedrick RP, Frasca S. Systemic iridovirus infection in the Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni Koumans 1933). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:306-20. [PMID: 19407082 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses infect food and ornamental fish species from a wide range of freshwater to marine habitats across the globe. The objective of the current study was to characterize an iridovirus causing systemic infection of wild-caught Pterapogon kauderni Koumans 1933 (Banggai cardinalfish). Freshly frozen and fixed specimens were processed for histopathologic evaluation, transmission electron microscopic examination, virus culture, molecular virologic testing, microbiology, and in situ hybridization (ISH) using riboprobes. Basophilic granular cytoplasmic inclusions were identified in cytomegalic cells often found beneath endothelium, and hexagonal virus particles typical of iridovirus were identified in the cytoplasm of enlarged cells by transmission electron microscopy. Attempts at virus isolation in cell culture were unsuccessful; however, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular testing resulted in amplification and sequencing of regions of the DNA polymerase and major capsid protein genes, along with the full-length ATPase gene of the putative iridovirus. Virus gene sequences were then used to infer phylogenetic relationships of the P. kauderni agent to other known systemic iridoviruses from fishes. Riboprobes, which were transcribed from a cloned PCR amplification product from the viral genome generated hybridization signals from inclusions within cytomegalic cells in histologic sections tested in ISH experiments. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a systemic iridovirus from P. kauderni. The pathologic changes induced and the genomic sequence data confirm placement of the Banggai cardinalfish iridovirus in the genus Megalocytivirus family Iridoviridae. The ISH provides an additional molecular diagnostic technique for confirmation of presumptive infections detected in histologic sections from infected fish.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jin CN, Harikrishnan R, Moon YG, Kim MC, Kim JS, Balasundaram C, Azad I, Heo MS. Histopathological changes of Korea cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus due to scuticociliatosis caused by histophagous scuticociliate, Philasterides dicentrarachi. Vet Parasitol 2009; 161:292-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Wellehan JF, Strik NI, Stacy BA, Childress AL, Jacobson ER, Telford SR. Characterization of an erythrocytic virus in the family Iridoviridae from a peninsula ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus sackenii). Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Song JY, Kitamura SI, Jung SJ, Miyadai T, Tanaka S, Fukuda Y, Kim SR, Oh MJ. Genetic variation and geographic distribution of megalocytiviruses. J Microbiol 2008; 46:29-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-007-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|