1
|
Kurhaluk N, Grudniewska J, Pękala-Safińska A, Pajdak-Czaus J, Terech-Majewska E, Platt-Samoraj A, Tkaczenko H. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, biochemical changes, and the activity of lysosomal enzymes in the livers of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) vaccinated against yersiniosis before a Yersinia ruckeri challenge. J Vet Res 2024; 68:325-336. [PMID: 39318516 PMCID: PMC11418377 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to evaluate biomarkers of oxidative stress (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, aldehyde and ketone derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins and total antioxidant capacity), the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase), that of lysosomal enzymes (alanyl aminopeptidase, leucyl aminopeptidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase) and changes in biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, de Ritis ratio, lactate dehydrogenase activity, lactate and pyruvate levels and their ratio) in the liver tissue of fish that were vaccinated against enteric redmouth disease and challenged with its causative agent, the bacterium Yersinia ruckeri. Material and Methods The vaccine was administered orally to trout, some of which were challenged with Y. ruckeri 61 days later. For comparison, unvaccinated and unchallenged trout and unvaccinated and challenged trout were also evaluated. Results In the unvaccinated fish, infection with Y. ruckeri disrupted the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance, led to a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins, decreased total antioxidant capacity and significantly increased the activity of lysosomal enzymes. In vaccinated fish, the Y. ruckeri challenge increased the activity of glutathione-related enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation, anaerobic metabolism and the activity of lysosomal enzymes in fish livers relative to the unvaccinated and challenged group. In contrast, these parameters increased after the Y. ruckeri challenge in unvaccinated trout relative to those in the untreated group. Conclusion Vaccination exerted a protective effect during the Y. ruckeri challenge and had no adverse effect on fish livers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Grudniewska
- Department of Salmonid Research, Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, 83-330Rutki, Żukowo, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Pajdak-Czaus
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Terech-Majewska
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Halina Tkaczenko
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 76-200Słupsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soto-Dávila M, Rodríguez-Cornejo T, Benito VW, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Mahoney G, Supinski R, Heath G, Dang X, Valle FM, Hurtado C, Llanco LA, Serrano-Martinez E, Dixon B. Innate and adaptive immune response of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with Yersinia ruckeri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109742. [PMID: 38960109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Rainbow trout is an important fish species for Peruvian artisanal aquaculture, comprising over 60 % of the total aquaculture production. However, their industry has been highly affected by several bacterial agents such as Yersinia ruckeri. This pathogen is the causative agent of Enteric Redmouth Disease, and causes high mortality in fingerlings and chronic infection in adult rainbow trout. To date, the immune response of rainbow trout against Y. ruckeri has been well studied in laboratory-controlled infection studies (i.e. intraperitoneal infection, bath immersion), however, the immune response during natural infection has not been explored. To address this, in this study, 35 clinically healthy O. mykiss without evidence of lesions or changes in behavior and 32 rainbow trout naturally infected by Y. ruckeri, were collected from semi-intensive fish farms located in the Central Highlands of Peru. To evaluate the effect on the immune response, RT-qPCR, western blotting, and ELISA were conducted using head kidney, spleen, and skin tissues to evaluate the relative gene expression and protein levels. Our results show a significant increase in the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines il1b, tnfa, and il6, as well as ifng in all three tissues, as well as increases in IL-1β and IFN-γ protein levels. The endogenous pathway of antigen presentation showed to play a key role in defense against Y. ruckeri, due to the upregulation of mhc-I, tapasin, and b2m transcripts, and the significant increase of Tapasin protein levels in infected rainbow trout. None of the genes associated with the exogenous pathway of antigen presentation showed a significant increase in infected fish, suggesting that this pathway is not involved in the response against this intracellular pathogen. Finally, the transcripts of immunoglobulins IgM and IgT did not show a modulation, nor were the protein levels evaluated in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto-Dávila
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Cornejo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Gracen Mahoney
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rochelle Supinski
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - George Heath
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiaoqing Dang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Fernando Mesías Valle
- CITEacuícola Pesquero Ahuashiyacu, Instituto Tecnológico de la Producción, La Banda de Shilcayo CP, 22200, San Martín, Peru
| | - Carmen Hurtado
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis A Llanco
- School of Human Medicine, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Apartado, Chincha, 15067, Peru
| | - Enrique Serrano-Martinez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Méndez LR, Rodríguez-Cornejo T, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Al-Hussinee L, Velázquez J, Campbell JH, Carpio Y, Estrada MP, Dixon B. PACAP sequence modifications modulate the peptide antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens affecting aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109512. [PMID: 38499216 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The global aquaculture industry has significant losses each year due to disease outbreaks. Antibiotics are one of the common methods to treat fish infections, but prolonged use can lead to the emergence of resistant strains. Aeromonas spp. Infections are a common and problematic disease in fish, and members of this genera can produce antibiotic resistant strains. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as an alternative method to treat and prevent infections and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a prominent member of this family. The objective of this research was to study PACAP's direct antimicrobial activity and its toxicity in fish cells. Four synthetic variants of the natural PACAP from Clarias gariepinus were tested in addition to the natural variant. The experimental results show a different antimicrobial activity against A. salmonicida and A. hydrophila of each PACAP variant, and for the first time show dependence on the culture broth used. Furthermore, the results suggest that the underlying mechanism of PACAP antimicrobial activity includes a bacterial membrane permeabilizing effect, classifying PACAP as a membrane disruptive AMP. This study also demonstrated that the five PACAP variants evaluated showed low toxicity in vitro, at concentrations relevant for in vivo applications. Therefore, PACAP could be a promising alternative to antibiotics in the aquaculture sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rivera Méndez
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tania Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Lowia Al-Hussinee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada; Animal Health Laboratory, OVC, Guelph University, Canada
| | - Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - James Hugh Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith P, Le Devendec L, Jouy E, Larvor E, Verner-Jeffreys D, Joseph AW, Stanton E, Light E, Cortinovis L, Pretto T, Manfrin A, Boitard PM, Jamin M, Keck N, Le Breton A, Thuillier B, Ravaille C, Baron S. Epidemiological cut-off values for Yersina ruckeri disc diffusion data generated by a standardised method. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 158:21-25. [PMID: 38661134 DOI: 10.3354/dao03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In order to establish the meaning of data generated in antimicrobial agent susceptibility tests, it is necessary to develop internationally harmonised interpretive criteria. Currently, such criteria have not been developed for data generated in studies of the susceptibility of the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. This work generated the data that would be required to set epidemiological cut-off values for the susceptibility data of this species that had been generated using a standardised disc diffusion method that specified the use of Mueller Hinton agar and incubation at 22°C for 24-28 h. Using this method, sets of inhibition zones data for 4 antimicrobial agents were generated by 3 independent laboratories. The data from these laboratories were aggregated and analysed using the statistically based normalised resistance interpretation. For ampicillin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole the cut-off values calculated by this analysis were ≥16, ≥23, ≥24 and ≥30 mm, respectively. Evidence is presented demonstrating that the data for these 4 agents was of sufficient quantity and quality that they could be used by the relevant authorities to set internationally harmonised, consensus epidemiological cut-off values for Y. ruckeri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smith
- School of Natural Science, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Laëtitia Le Devendec
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology-Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Jouy
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology-Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Emeline Larvor
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology-Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - David Verner-Jeffreys
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- UK FAO Reference Centre for AMR, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew Wokorac Joseph
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- UK FAO Reference Centre for AMR, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Elliot Stanton
- University of Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Edel Light
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD),Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3LS, UK
| | - Luana Cortinovis
- Fish Pathology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Fish Pathology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Fish Pathology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Matthieu Jamin
- FILI@VET, 15 Rue du Puits, 29600 Saint Martin des Champs, France
| | - Nicolas Keck
- Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire de l'Hérault, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Benoit Thuillier
- Labocéa, Microbiologie vétérinaire, site de Quimper, 29000 Quimper, France
| | | | - Sandrine Baron
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology-Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han P, Tang J, Xu X, Meng P, Wu K, Sun B, Song X. Identification of the grass carp interleukin-23 receptor and its proinflammatory role in intestinal inflammation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130946. [PMID: 38521334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The interleukin 23 receptor (IL-23R) is associated with a variety of inflammatory diseases in humans and other mammals. However, whether IL-23R is involved in inflammatory diseases in teleost fish is less understood. Thus, to investigate the potential involvement of IL-23R in fish inflammatory diseases, the full-length cDNA of IL-23R from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella was cloned and used to generate a recombinant protein (rgcIL-23R) containing the extracellular domain of IL-23R, against which a polyclonal antibody (rgcIL-23R pAb) was then developed. qPCR analysis revealed that IL-23R mRNA was significantly upregulated in most grass carp tissues in response to infection with Gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila. Treatment with rgcIL-23R significantly induced IL-17A/F1 expression in C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. By contrast, knockdown of IL-23R caused significant decreases in IL-23R, STAT3, and IL-17N expression in CIK cells after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Similarly, rgcIL-23R pAb treatment effectively inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the expression of IL-23 subunit genes and those of the IL-23/IL-17 pathway in CIK cells. Furthermore, intestinal symptoms identical to those caused by A. hydrophila were induced by anal intubation with rgcIL-23R, but suppressed by rgcIL-23R pAb. Therefore, these results suggest that IL-23R has a crucial role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation and, thus, is a promising target for controlling inflammatory diseases in farmed fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Han
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Tang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xufang Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengkun Meng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kang Wu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bingyao Sun
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xuehong Song
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raymo G, Ali A, Ahmed RO, Salem M. Early-Life Fecal Transplantation from High Muscle Yield Rainbow Trout to Low Muscle Yield Recipients Accelerates Somatic Growth through Respiratory and Mitochondrial Efficiency Modulation. Microorganisms 2024; 12:261. [PMID: 38399665 PMCID: PMC10893187 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies conducted in our lab revealed microbial assemblages to vary significantly between high (ARS-FY-H) and low fillet yield (ARS-FY-L) genetic lines in adult rainbow trout. We hypothesized that a high ARS-FY-H donor microbiome can accelerate somatic growth in microbiome-depleted rainbow trout larvae of the ARS-FY-L line. Germ-depleted larvae of low ARS-FY-L line trout reared in sterile environments were exposed to high- or low-fillet yield-derived microbiomes starting at first feeding for 27 weeks. Despite weight-normalized diets, somatic mass was significantly increased in larvae receiving high fillet yield microbiome cocktails at 27 weeks post-hatch. RNA-seq from fish tails reveals enrichment in NADH dehydrogenase activity, oxygen carrier, hemoglobin complex, gas transport, and respiratory pathways in high fillet yield recolonized larvae. Transcriptome interrogation suggests a relationship between electron transport chain inputs and body weight assimilation, mediated by the gut microbiome. These findings suggest that microbiome payload originating from high fillet yield adult donors primarily accelerates juvenile somatic mass assimilation through respiratory and mitochondrial input modulation. Further microbiome studies are warranted to assess how increasing beneficial microbial taxa could be a basis for formulating appropriate pre-, pro-, or post-biotics in the form of feed additives and lead to fecal transplantation protocols for accelerated feed conversion and fillet yield in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-231, USA; (G.R.); (A.A.); (R.O.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lovett B, Cahill P, Fletcher L, Cunningham S, Davidson I. Anthropogenic Vector Ecology and Management to Combat Disease Spread in Aquaculture. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024:10.1007/s00267-023-01932-8. [PMID: 38252133 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic vectors (transfer mechanisms) can facilitate the introduction and spread of aquatic disease in marine farming regions. Preventing or interrupting pathogen transfers associated with movements of these vectors is key to ensuring productivity and profitability of aquaculture operations. However, practical methods to identify and manage vector risks are lacking. We developed a risk analysis framework to identify disease risks and management gaps associated with anthropogenic vector movements in New Zealand's main aquaculture sectors - Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus), and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Vectors within each sector were identified and assigned categorical risk scores for (i) movement characteristics (size, frequency, likelihood of return to sea), (ii) biological association with pathogens (entrainment potential, contribution to previous aquaculture disease outbreaks) and (iii) available best practice biosecurity methods and tools, to inform unmitigated and mitigated risk rankings. Thirty-one vectors were identified to operate within the national network and association with livestock was found to be a primary driver of vector risk rankings. Movements of live growing stock and culture substrates (e.g., mussel ropes) in shellfish farming had high-risk vector profiles that are logistically challenging to address, while vessel vectors were identified as the salmon farming sector's priority. The framework and rankings can be used to inform both research and management priorities in aquaculture and other primary production systems, including risk validation, vector roles in disease epidemiology, compliance with permit conditions, policy development, and treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lovett
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick Cahill
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Lauren Fletcher
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Shaun Cunningham
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ian Davidson
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lagadec E, Mjølnerød EB, Jensen ØM, Plarre H, Nylund A. Multiple Aeromonas strains isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) displaying red skin disease signs in Scandinavian rivers. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13870. [PMID: 37800856 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2014, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) displaying clinical signs of red skin disease (RSD), including haemorrhagic and ulcerative skin lesions, have been repeatedly observed in Swedish rivers. Although the disease has since been reported in other countries, including Norway, Denmark, Ireland and the UK, no pathogen has so far been conclusively associated with RSD. In this study, the presence of 17 fish pathogens was investigated through qPCR in 18 returning Atlantic salmon with clinical signs of the disease in rivers in Sweden and Norway between 2019 and 2021. Several potential pathogens were repeatedly detected, including a protozoan (Ichthyobodo spp.), an oomycete (Saprolegnia spp.) and several bacteria (Yersinia ruckeri, Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola, Aeromonas spp.). Cultivation on different media from ulcers and internal organs revealed high concentrations of rod-shaped bacteria typical of Aeromonadaceae. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of different clones and single gene phylogenies of sequences obtained from the fish revealed concurrent isolation of several bacterial strains belonging to the species A. bestiarum, A. piscicola and A. sobria. While these bacterial infections may be secondary, these findings are significant for future studies on RSD and should guide the investigation of future outbreaks. However, the involvement of Aeromonas spp. as putative primary etiological agents of the disease cannot be ruled out and needs to be assessed by challenge experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Lagadec
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Bysveen Mjølnerød
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øyvind Marius Jensen
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidrun Plarre
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Are Nylund
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ham H, Park DS. Novel approach toward the understanding of genetic diversity based on the two types of amino acid repeats in Erwinia amylovora. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17876. [PMID: 37857695 PMCID: PMC10587187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora is a notorious plant pathogenic bacterium of global concern that has devastated the apple and pear production industry worldwide. Nevertheless, the approaches available currently to understand the genetic diversity of E. amylovora remain unsatisfactory because of the lack of a trustworthy index and data covering the globally occurring E. amylovora strains; thus, their origin and distribution pattern remains ambiguous. Therefore, there is a growing need for robust approaches for obtaining this information via the comparison of the genomic structure of Amygdaloideae-infecting strains to understand their genetic diversity and distribution. Here, the whole-genome sequences of 245 E. amylovora strains available from the NCBI database were compared to identify intraspecific genes for use as an improved index for the simple classification of E. amylovora strains regarding their distribution. Finally, we discovered two kinds of strain-typing protein-encoding genes, i.e., the SAM-dependent methyltransferase and electron transport complex subunit RsxC. Interestingly, both of these proteins carried an amino acid repeat in these strains: SAM-dependent methyltransferase comprised a single-amino-acid repeat (asparagine), whereas RsxC carried a 40-amino-acid repeat, which was differentially distributed among the strains. These noteworthy findings and approaches may enable the exploration of the genetic diversity of E. amylovora from a global perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonheui Ham
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Suk Park
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Velázquez J, Rodríguez-Cornejo T, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Pérez-Rodríguez G, Rivera L, Campbell JH, Al-Hussinee L, Carpio Y, Estrada MP, Dixon B. New Evidence for the Role of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide as an Antimicrobial Peptide in Teleost Fish. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1484. [PMID: 37887185 PMCID: PMC10604671 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that is widely distributed and conserved across species. We have previously shown that in teleost fish, PACAP not only possesses direct antimicrobial properties but also immunomodulatory effects against the bacterial pathogens Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using in vitro and in vivo experiments. These previous results suggest PACAP can be used as an alternative to antibiotics to prevent and/or treat bacterial infections in the aquaculture industry. To accomplish this goal, more studies are needed to better understand the effect of PACAP on pathogens affecting fish in live infections. In the present study, the transcripts PACAP, PRP/PACAP, and VPAC2 receptor were examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with Yersinia ruckeri, which exhibited an increase in their expression in the spleen when compared to healthy fish. Synthetic Clarias gariepinus PACAP-38 has direct antimicrobial activity on Y. ruckeri and inhibits up to 60% of the bacterial growth when the peptide is at concentrations between 50 and 100 µM in TSB. The growth inhibition increased up to 90% in the presence of 12.5 µM of PACAP-38 when salt-free LB broth was used instead of TSB. It was also found to inhibit Y. ruckeri growth in a dose-dependent manner when the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage-like cell line (RTS11) was pre-treated with lower concentrations of the peptide (0.02 and 0.1 µM) before going through infection. Differential gene expression was analyzed in this in vitro model. Overall, the results revealed new evidence to support the role of PACAP as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptide treatment in teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Cornejo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - Geysi Pérez-Rodríguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Laura Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - James Hugh Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - Lowia Al-Hussinee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdalla Salem MO, Taştan Y, Bilen S, Terzi E, Sönmez AY. Dietary flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil supplementation affects growth, oxidative stress, immune response, and diseases resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108798. [PMID: 37150237 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil (FSO) as a feed additive on growth performance, oxidative stress, immunity, and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four-hundred-and-twenty rainbow trout individuals (mean weight: 25.66 ± 1.33 g) were fed with different doses of FSO (0.5, 1, and 1.5%) ad libitum two times a day for 9 weeks. At the end of the feeding, growth performance was evaluated and the fish were challenged with two different bacteria (Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas hydrophila). At the end of the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks, blood and tissue samples were collected from 9 fish per treatment to evaluate innate immune response, cytokine gene expression levels, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels, and digestive enzyme activities. Determination of haematological parameters and histological examination was also carried out to evaluate the general health status of the fish. Results showed that the final weight and specific growth rate of fish supplemented with FSO increased significantly (p < 0.05). FSO-supplemented fish showed higher resistance to Y. ruckeri infection than the control group (p < 0.05). However, survival rates of all groups in A. hydrophila challenge test were similar (p > 0.05). Among the investigated innate immune response parameters, the potential killing activity of phagocytes, myeloperoxidase activity, and lysozyme activity increased in the FSO-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). Almost all cytokine gene expression levels in the experimental groups up-regulated especially after 9 weeks of feeding in the head kidney and intestine (p < 0.05). Similarly, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were found to be significantly higher in the FSO group than in the control (p < 0.05) whereas, the lipid peroxidation levels drastically declined as a result of the FSO supplementation (p < 0.05). These results suggest that FSO can improve growth, enhance immune response, and lower oxidative damage in rainbow trout when supplemented at the rates of 0.5-1.5% for 9 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Omar Abdalla Salem
- Kastamonu University, Institute of Science, Department of Aquaculture, Kastamonu, Turkiye; Bani Waleed University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, Bani Waleed, Libya
| | - Yiğit Taştan
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Kastamonu, Turkiye
| | - Soner Bilen
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Basic Sciences, Kastamonu, Turkiye
| | - Ertugrul Terzi
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Kastamonu, Turkiye
| | - Adem Yavuz Sönmez
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Basic Sciences, Kastamonu, Turkiye.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xue Z, Tian W, Han Y, Feng Z, Wang Y, Zhang W. The hidden diversity of microbes in ballast water and sediments revealed by metagenomic sequencing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163666. [PMID: 37094681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid globalization of trade, the worldwide spread of pathogens through ballast water is becoming a major concern. Although the international maritime organization (IMO) convention has been adopted to prevent the spread of harmful pathogens, the limited species resolution of the current microbe-monitoring methods challenged the ballast water and sediments management (BWSM). In this study, we explored metagenomic sequencing to investigate the species composition of microbial communities in four international vessels for BWSM. Our results showed the largest species diversity (14,403) in ballast water and sediments, including bacteria (11,710), eukaryotes (1007), archaea (829), and viruses (790). A total of 129 phyla were detected, among which the Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant. Notably, 422 pathogens that are potentially harmful to marine environments and aquaculture were identified. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that most of these pathogens were positively correlated with the commonly used indicator bacteria Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and intestinal Enterococci species, validating the D-2 standard in BWSM. The functional profile showed prominent pathways of methane and sulfur metabolism, indicating that the microbial community in the severe tank environment still utilizes the energy to sustain such a high level of microbe diversity. In conclusion, metagenomic sequencing provides novel information for BWSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Xue
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangchun Han
- Integarted Technical Service Center of Jiangyin Customs, Jiangyin, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Amin M, Adams MB, Burke CM, Bolch CJS. Screening and activity of potential gastrointestinal probiotic lactic acid bacteria against Yersinia ruckeri O1b. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:369-379. [PMID: 36601713 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Yersiniosis of cultured Atlantic salmon is a recurrent fish health management challenge in many continents. The causative organism, Yersinia ruckeri, can reside latently in the gut and lead to acute infection and disease during hatchery and sea-transfer stages. One potential prevention approach is the administration of probiotic bacteria to suppress gut colonization of Y. ruckeri. Our study aimed to isolate and identify anti-Yersinia activity among lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of aquatic animals. Of the 186 aquatic GIT isolates examined, three strains showed diffusible antimicrobial activity towards Y. ruckeri O1b. Analysis of 16 s rRNA gene sequences indicated the three bacterial strains were Enterococci, related to Enterococcus sp. (99%), Enterococcus thailandicus (99%), and Enterococcus durans (99%). Anti-Yersinia activity was maintained at neutral pH (~6.5-7.0), and in-vitro environmental tolerance assays showed the three strains could withstand simulated salmonids gastrointestinal tract conditions of: low pH (3.4) and 3% bile salt content. All three Enterococci strains showed higher adhesion to the intestinal mucus of Atlantic salmon than Y. ruckeri O1b (E. durans 24%, E. enterococcus sp. 25% and E. thailandicus 98%, compared to Y. ruckeri O1b 5%). However, only Enterococcus sp. and E. thailandicus were able to grow in the salmon intestinal mucus broth while E. durans showed no growth. Anti-Yersinia activity was completely inactivated by proteinase-K treatment, suggesting that the active compound/s are proteinaceous and may be bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS). Our data indicate that Enterococcus sp. MA176 and E. thailandicus MA122 are potential probionts for the prevention of yersiniosis in salmonids. Further in-vivo studies are required to determine whether these bacteria reduce the incidence of yersiniosis in Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Amin
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Launceston, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mark B Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Launceston, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christopher M Burke
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Launceston, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christopher J S Bolch
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Launceston, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
In Vitro Evaluation of Postbiotics Produced from Bacterial Isolates Obtained from Rainbow Trout and Nile Tilapia against the Pathogens Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040861. [PMID: 36832935 PMCID: PMC9957526 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in aquaculture leads to the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and an urgent need for developing new alternatives to prevent and control disease has, thus, arisen. In this scenario, postbiotics represent a promising tool to achieve this purpose; thus, in this study, isolation and selection of bacteria to further produce and evaluate their postbiotics antibacterial activity against fish pathogens was executed. In this respect, bacterial isolates from rainbow trout and Nile tilapia were obtained and tested in vitro against Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. From 369 obtained isolates, 69 were selected after initial evaluation. Afterwards, additional screening was carried out by spot-on-lawn assay to finally select twelve isolates; four were identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, seven as Weissella cibaria, and one as Weissella paramesenteroides by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Selected bacteria were used to obtain postbiotic products to test their antagonistic activity through coculture challenge and broth microdilution assays. The influence of incubation time prior to postbiotic production on antagonistic behavior was also recorded. Two isolates identified as W. cibaria were able to significantly reduce (p < 0.05) A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida's growth in the coculture challenge up to 4.49 ± 0.05 Log CFU/mL, and even though the reduction in Y. ruckeri was not as effective, some inhibition on the pathogen's growth was reported; at the same time, most of the postbiotic products obtained showed more antibacterial activity when obtained from broth cultures incubated for 72 h. Based on the results obtained, the preliminary identification of the isolates that expressed the highest inhibitory activity was confirmed by partial sequencing as W. cibaria. Through our study, it can be concluded that postbiotics produced by these strains are useful to inhibit the growth of the pathogens and could, thereby, be applicable in further research to develop suitable tools as feed additives for disease control and prevention in aquaculture.
Collapse
|
15
|
De Silva LADS, Heo GJ. Biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria isolated from aquatic animals. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:36. [PMID: 36565346 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm formation is one of the dynamic processes, which facilitates bacteria cells to attach to a surface and accumulate as a colony. With the help of biofilm formation, pathogenic bacteria can survive by adapting to their external environment. These bacterial colonies have several resistance properties with a higher survival rate in the environment. Especially, pathogenic bacteria can grow as biofilms and can be protected from antimicrobial compounds and other substances. In aquaculture, biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria has emerged with an increased infection rate in aquatic animals. Studies show that Vibrio anguillarum, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. fischeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium columnare, F. psychrophilum, Piscirickettsia salmonis, Edwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri, E. piscicida, Streptococcus parauberis, and S. iniae can survive in the environment by transforming their planktonic form to biofilm form. Therefore, the present review was intended to highlight the principles behind biofilm formation, major biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria found in aquaculture systems, gene expression of those bacterial biofilms and possible controlling methods. In addition, the possibility of these pathogenic bacteria can be a serious threat to aquaculture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A D S De Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Inhibitory Effect of Select Nitrocompounds and Chlorate against Yersinia ruckeri and Yersinia aleksiciae In Vitro. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111381. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is an important fish pathogen causing enteric redmouth disease. Antibiotics have traditionally been used to control this pathogen, but concerns of antibiotic resistance have created a need for alternative interventions. Presently, chlorate and certain nitrocompounds were tested against Y. ruckeri as well as a related species within the genus, Y. aleksiciae, to assess the effects of these inhibitors. The results reveal that 9 mM chlorate had no inhibitory effect against Y. ruckeri, but inhibited growth rates and maximum optical densities of Y. aleksciciae by 20–25% from those of untreated controls (0.46 h−1 and 0.29 maximum optical density, respectively). The results further reveal that 2-nitropropanol and 2-nitroethanol (9 mM) eliminated the growth of both Y. ruckeri and Y. aleksiciae during anaerobic or aerobic culture. Nitroethane, ethyl nitroacetate and ethyl-2-nitropropionate (9 mM) were less inhibitory when tested similarly. Results from a mixed culture of Y. ruckeri with fish tank microbes and of Y. aleksiciae with porcine fecal microbes reveal that the anti-Yersinia activity of the tested nitrocompounds was bactericidal, with 2-nitropropanol and 2-nitroethanol being more potent than the other tested nitrocompounds. The anti-Yersinia activity observed with these tested compounds warrants further study to elucidate the mechanisms of action and strategies for their practical application.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ojasanya RA, Gardner IA, Groman D, Saksida S, Saab ME, Thakur KK. Development and validation of main spectral profile for rapid identification of Yersinia ruckeri isolated from Atlantic salmon using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1031373. [PMID: 36337185 PMCID: PMC9630595 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1031373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allows rapid and reliable identification of microorganisms. The accuracy of bacterial identification using MALDI-TOF MS depends on main spectral profiles (MSPs) provided in a quality-assured commercial reference library, which requires ongoing improvement. This study aimed to develop and validate an in-house MALDI-TOF MS MSP to rapidly identify Yersinia ruckeri isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The novel MSP was prepared using an isolate of Y. ruckeri recovered from Atlantic salmon and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Subsequently, a validation set which comprises 29 isolates of Y. ruckeri were examined from three fishes: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (n = 26), American eel (Anguilla rostrata) (n = 1), and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (n = 2). These isolates were randomly selected from the Atlantic Veterinary College, Aquatic Diagnostic Services Bacteriology Laboratory's culture collection to validate the novel MSP. Analytical sensitivity of MALDI-TOF MS using the novel MSP to identify the validation set was 86.2%. Repeatability was assessed by acquiring spectra from 30 different spots of a randomly-selected isolate of Y. ruckeri, and analyzed spectra from each spot were compared against the novel MSP. The coefficient of variation was 3.3%. The novel MSP clustered with Bruker MSPs (n = 3) of Y. ruckeri in the reference library and did not falsely identify any closely related bacteria to Y. ruckeri. This study reports the development of a novel MSP of high analytical sensitivity and specificity for rapid identification of Y. ruckeri using MALDI-TOF MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasaq A. Ojasanya
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rasaq A. Ojasanya
| | - Ian A. Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - David Groman
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Sonja Saksida
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Saab
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Krishna K. Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saleh M, Essawy E, Shaalan M, Osman S, Ahmed F, El-Matbouli M. Therapeutic Intervention with Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviates Fish Pathological and Molecular Systemic Inflammatory Responses against Infections. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070425. [PMID: 35877718 PMCID: PMC9315998 DOI: 10.3390/md20070425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bio-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) are antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents beneficial for fish medicine. Herein, dietary CSNP was investigated for the amelioration of the systemic inflammatory responses of an induced fish model. One hundred and forty-four rainbow trout were assigned to one pathogen-free and non-supplemented group (negative control), and three challenged groups: non-supplemented (positive control), CSNP-preventive, and CSNP-therapeutic. After a feeding experiment extended for 21 days, the organosomatic indices (OSI) and molecular aspects were assessed. After a challenge experiment extended for further 28 days, CSNP-therapeutic intervention was assessed on fish survival and systemic inflammatory responses on pathology, histo-morphology, and molecular aspects. With CSNP administration, OSI nonsignificantly decreased and the relative expression of targeted inflammatory-mediator genes was significantly increased. The CSNP-therapeutic fish showed an RPS of 80% as compared to the positive control group, and CSNP-therapeutic administration retained the highest gene expression augmentation up to 28 days after the challenge. Notably, the splenic reticulin fibers framework of the CSNP-therapeutic group retained the highest integrity among the groups during the infection. After recovery, reticulin fibers density in the CSNP-therapeutic samples was significantly higher than in the negative control group, which indicates high innate immunity. Thus, CSNP showed promising biotherapeutic features enhancing fish resistance against infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.E.); (M.S.); (M.E.-M.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.A.)
| | - Ehab Essawy
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.E.); (M.S.); (M.E.-M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
- Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaalan
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.E.); (M.S.); (M.E.-M.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Shaaban Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt;
| | - Fatma Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.A.)
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.E.); (M.S.); (M.E.-M.)
- Division of Aquatic Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr Universiy, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Padilla D, Acosta Hernández B, Ramos Vivas J, Déniz S, Rosario I, Martín Barrasa JL, Henao AS, Silva Sergent F, Ramos Sosa MJ, García Álvarez N, Real F. Kinetics of the invasion of a non-phagocytic fish cell line, RTG-2 by Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1 biotype 1. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895532 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Yersiniosis, caused by the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri, is a serious bacterial septicaemia affecting mainly salmonids worldwide. The acute infection may result in high mortality without apparent external disease signs, while the chronic one causes moderate to considerable mortality. Survivors of yersiniosis outbreaks become carriers. Y. ruckeri is able to adhere to, and to invade, phagocytic and non-phagocytic fish cells by using unknown molecular mechanisms. The aim of this study was to describe the kinetics of cell invasion by Y. ruckeri serotype O1 biotype 1 in a fish cell line (RTG-2) originating from rainbow trout gonads. The efficiency of invasion by Y. ruckeri was found to be temperature dependent, having a maximum at 20 °C. The bacterium was able to survive up to 96 h postinfection. The incubation of the cells at 4 °C and the pre-incubation of the bacteria with sugars or heat-inactivated antiserum significantly decreased the efficiency of invasion or even completely prevented the invasion of RTG-2 cells. These findings indicate that Y. ruckeri is capable of adhering to, entering and surviving within non-phagocytic cells, and that the intracellular environment may constitute a suitable niche for this pathogen that can favour the spread of infection and/or the maintenance of a carrier state of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Padilla
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Begoña Acosta Hernández
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - José Ramos Vivas
- 2 Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- 3 Department of Project Management, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, 24560, Mexico
| | - Soraya Déniz
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rosario
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - José Luís Martín Barrasa
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
- 4 Experimental Animal Facility, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrés Sánchez Henao
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Freddy Silva Sergent
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - María José Ramos Sosa
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Natalia García Álvarez
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Fernando Real
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fuentes DE, Acuña LG, Calderón IL. Stress response and virulence factors in bacterial pathogens relevant for Chilean aquaculture: current status and outlook of our knowledge. Biol Res 2022; 55:21. [PMID: 35642071 PMCID: PMC9153119 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the stress responses in bacteria has given us a wealth of information regarding the mechanisms employed by these bacteria in aggressive or even non-optimal living conditions. This information has been applied by several researchers to identify molecular targets related to pathogeny, virulence, and survival, among others, and to design new prophylactic or therapeutic strategies against them. In this study, our knowledge of these mechanisms has been summarized with emphasis on some aquatic pathogenic bacteria of relevance to the health and productive aspects of Chilean salmon farming (Piscirickettsia salmonis, Tenacibaculum spp., Renibacterium salmoninarum, and Yersinia ruckeri). This study will aid further investigations aimed at shedding more light on possible lines of action for these pathogens in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derie E Fuentes
- Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems, Center For Systems Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Chile Research, Santiago, Chile. .,Environmental Sustainability, Center for Systems Biotechnology (CSB-UNAB), Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lillian G Acuña
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván L Calderón
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ziarati M, Zorriehzahra MJ, Hassantabar F, Mehrabi Z, Dhawan M, Sharun K, Emran TB, Dhama K, Chaicumpa W, Shamsi S. Zoonotic diseases of fish and their prevention and control. Vet Q 2022; 42:95-118. [PMID: 35635057 PMCID: PMC9397527 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish and aquatic-derived zoonotic diseases have caused considerable problems in the aquaculture industry and fishery worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases can pose widespread threats to humans. With the world’s growing population and potential global trade of aquaculture and fish, the risk of environmental contamination and development of fish and aquatic-derived zoonoses in humans are increasing. The important causes of zoonoses include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The zoonotic bacterial agents are divided into two main groups: Gram-positive (Mycobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Erysipelothricaceae families) and Gram-negative (Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pseudomondaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Hafniaceae families). The premier parasitic agents include cestodes (tapeworm; e.g. Diphyllobothrium spp.), trematodes (fluke; e.g. Opisthorchis spp.), and nematodes (round worm; e.g. Anisakis spp.). In addition, protozoan organisms such as Cryptosporidium spp. are also considered fish-derived zoonotic pathogens. Two groups of fish-associated fungi causing basidiobolomycosis and sporotrichosis also pose a zoonotic risk for humans. The majority of the fish-derived zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans mainly via the consumption of improperly cooked or raw fish or fish products. Therefore, the incidence of zoonotic diseases can be reduced by properly processing fish and fish products, e.g. by thermal (heat/freezing) treatment. The prevalence of zoonotic agents in fishes varies seasonally and should be regularly monitored to evaluate the prevalence of pathogens in both wild and cultured fish populations. This review focuses on the fish zoonotic agents/diseases and their control and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ziarati
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra
- Department of Scientific Information and Communication, Iranian Fisheries Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hassantabar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari, I.R. Iran
| | | | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
von Ammon U, Averink T, Kumanan K, Brosnahan CL, Pochon X, Hutson KS, Symonds JE. An Efficient Tetraplex Surveillance Tool for Salmonid Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:885585. [PMID: 35531301 PMCID: PMC9069008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish disease surveillance methods can be complicated and time consuming, which limits their value for timely intervention strategies on aquaculture farms. Novel molecular-based assays using droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR) can produce immediate results and enable high sample throughput with the ability to multiplex several targets using different fluorescent dyes. A ddPCR tetraplex assay was developed for priority salmon diseases for farmers in New Zealand including New Zealand Rickettsia-like organism 1 (NZ-RLO1), NZ-RLO2, Tenacibaculum maritimum, and Yersinia ruckeri. The limit of detection in singleplex and tetraplex assays was reached for most targets at 10−9 ng/μl with, respectively, NZ-RLO1 = 0.931 and 0.14 copies/μl, NZ-RLO2 = 0.162 and 0.21 copies/μl, T. maritimum = 0.345 and 0.93 copies/μl, while the limit of detection for Y. ruckeri was 10−8 with 1.0 copies/μl and 0.7 copies/μl. While specificity of primers was demonstrated in previous studies, we detected cross-reactivity of T. maritimum with some strains of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi and Y. ruckeri with Serratia liquefaciens, respectively. The tetraplex assay was applied as part of a commercial fish disease surveillance program in New Zealand for 1 year to demonstrate the applicability of tetraplex tools for the salmonid aquaculture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla von Ammon
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Ulla von Ammon,
| | - Tessa Averink
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Karthiga Kumanan
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Cara L. Brosnahan
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Warkworth, New Zealand
| | - Xavier Pochon
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Kate S. Hutson
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jane E. Symonds
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Functional and Molecular Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Following Challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063096. [PMID: 35328519 PMCID: PMC8948951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, aquaculture production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a multibillion dollar industry; nevertheless, the development of this sector has not been exempt from pitfalls related to the recurrent presence of pathogens of bacterial origin. This is the case of Yersinia ruckeri, the etiologic agent of the infectious pathology known as Enteric Red Mouth Disease (ERM), causing serious economic losses that can be as high as 30–70% of production. Although several studies have been performed regarding pathogen features and virulence factors, more information is needed about the host defense mechanism activation after infection. Given this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate rainbow trout’s short-term innate immune response against infection with Y. ruckeri. A series of factors linked to the innate immune response were evaluated, including determination of hematological parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and analysis of the expression of immune-related genes. Results showed a significant decrease in several hematological parameters (white blood cell count, hematocrit, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes) and oxidative stress indicators (SOD) between the control and infected groups. In addition, there were significant differences in the level of gene expression between infected individuals and the control group. Most of these genes (il-1β, il-8, il-10, tnf-α1, tnf-α2, socs3, mmp-9, cath, hsp-70, saa, fer, pcb) were upregulated within the first 24 h following infection. Results from this study showed more insights into the short-term immune response of rainbow trout to infection with Y. ruckeri, which may be useful for the establishment of biomarkers that may be used for the early detection of ERM.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mekasha S, Linke D. Secretion Systems in Gram-Negative Bacterial Fish Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:782673. [PMID: 34975803 PMCID: PMC8714846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fish pathogens are one of the key challenges in the aquaculture industry, one of the fast-growing industries worldwide. These pathogens rely on arsenal of virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins, effectors and enzymes to promote colonization and infection. Translocation of virulence factors across the membrane to either the extracellular environment or directly into the host cells is performed by single or multiple dedicated secretion systems. These secretion systems are often key to the infection process. They can range from simple single-protein systems to complex injection needles made from dozens of subunits. Here, we review the different types of secretion systems in Gram-negative bacterial fish pathogens and describe their putative roles in pathogenicity. We find that the available information is fragmented and often descriptive, and hope that our overview will help researchers to more systematically learn from the similarities and differences between the virulence factors and secretion systems of the fish-pathogenic species described here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophanit Mekasha
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sibinga NA, Marquis H. Tissue-specific differences in detection of Yersinia ruckeri carrier status in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:2013-2020. [PMID: 34432896 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effective monitoring for subclinical infections is a cornerstone of proactive disease management in aquaculture. Salmonid fish that survive enteric redmouth disease (ERM) can carry Yersinia ruckeri as a latent infection for several months, potentially facilitating cryptic spread between facilities that exchange fish. In this study, fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were infected by immersion and sampled for up to 14 weeks post-infection. Yersinia ruckeri was cultured from the posterior kidney of more than 89% of fish up to 4 weeks post-infection, but from 2% or fewer of fish sampled at later time points. In contrast, qPCR-based detection of the Y. ruckeri 16s rRNA gene in intestine and spleen extracts revealed a much higher rate of infection: at 14 weeks post-infection Y. ruckeri was detected in nearly 50% of spleens and 15% of intestines. The difference between spleen and intestine is likely due at least in part to technical limitations of qPCR on intestinal DNA extracts; accordingly, we propose that qPCR of spleen DNA ought to be considered the preferred standard for detection of carriers of Y. ruckeri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Sibinga
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hélène Marquis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mohammadi Movahed M, Hosseini SA, Akbary P, Hajimoradloo A, Hedayati SAA. Antibacterial activity of muscle wall extracts of sea cucumber (Stichopus horrens) from Chabahar coastal area, Iran, against pathogenic bacteria in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1967161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Mohammadi Movahed
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environment Sciences, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Hosseini
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environment Sciences, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Paria Akbary
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Fisheries group, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environment Sciences, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Akbar Hedayati
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environment Sciences, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Detection of Yersinia ruckeri in Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, USA. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:715-717. [PMID: 33984140 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) are important anadromous fish throughout their range in western North America. As conservation programs for lamprey expand, disease surveillance is becoming more prevalent. During routine surveillance, Yersinia ruckeri biotype II was isolated from Pacific lamprey. This is the first documented Y. ruckeri detection in Pacific lamprey.
Collapse
|
28
|
Enteric Red Mouth disease and its causative bacterium, Yersinia ruckeri, in Indian Major Carps from culture ponds in Andhra Pradesh, India. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
Wang D, Sun S, Li S, Lu T, Shi D. Transcriptome profiling of immune response to Yersinia ruckeri in spleen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:292. [PMID: 33882827 PMCID: PMC8061174 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yersinia ruckeri is a pathogen that can cause enteric redmouth disease in salmonid species, damaging global production of economically important fish including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Herein, we conducted the transcriptomic profiling of spleen samples from rainbow trout at 24 h post-Y. ruckeri infection via RNA-seq in an effort to more fully understand their immunological responses. RESULTS We identified 2498 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 2083 and 415 were up- and down-regulated, respectively. We then conducted a more in-depth assessment of 78 DEGs associated with the immune system including CCR9, CXCL11, IL-1β, CARD9, IFN, TNF, CASP8, NF-κB, NOD1, TLR8α2, HSP90, and MAPK11, revealing these genes to be associated with 20 different immunological KEGG pathways including the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling, and MAPK signaling pathways. Additionally, the differential expression of 8 of these DEGs was validated by a qRT-PCR approach and their immunological importance was then discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide preliminary insight on molecular mechanism underlying the immune responses of rainbow trout following Y. ruckeri infection and the base for future studies of host-pathogen interactions in rainbow trout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 150070, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, 150070, Harbin, China
| | - Simeng Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, China
| | - Shaowu Li
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 150070, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, 150070, Harbin, China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 150070, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, 150070, Harbin, China
| | - Dongfang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Netzer R, Ribičić D, Aas M, Cavé L, Dhawan T. Absolute quantification of priority bacteria in aquaculture using digital PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 183:106171. [PMID: 33610596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modern aquaculture systems are designed for intensive rearing of fish or other species. Both land-based and offshore systems typically contain high loads of biomass and the water quality in these systems is of paramount importance for fish health and production. Microorganisms play a crucial role in removal of organic matter and nitrogen-recycling, production of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and can affect fish health directly if pathogenic for fish or exerting probiotic properties. Methods currently used in aquaculture for monitoring certain bacteria species numbers still have typically low precision, specificity, sensitivity and are time-consuming. Here, we demonstrate the use of Digital PCR as a powerful tool for absolute quantification of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and major pathogens in salmon aquaculture, Moritella viscosa, Yersinia ruckeri and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. In addition, an assay for quantification of Listeria monocytogenes, which is a human pathogen bacterium and relevant target associated with salmonid cultivation in recirculating systems and salmon processing, has been assessed. Sudden mass mortality incidents caused by H2S produced by SRB have become of major concern in closed aquaculture systems. An ultra-sensitive assay for quantification of SRB has been established using Desulfovibrio desulfuricans as reference strain. The use of TaqMan® probe technology allowed for the development of multi-plex assays capable of simultaneous quantification of these aquaculture priority bacteria. In single-plex assays, limit of detection was found to be at around 20 fg DNA for M. viscosa, Y. ruckeri and F. psychrophilum, and as low as 2 fg DNA for L. monocytogenes and D. desulfuricans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Netzer
- SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, Trondheim 7010, Norway.
| | - Deni Ribičić
- SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Marianne Aas
- SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Laura Cavé
- Stilla Technologies, Biopark, 1, Mail du Professeur Georges Mathé, Villejuif, 94800, France
| | - Trisha Dhawan
- Stilla Technologies, Biopark, 1, Mail du Professeur Georges Mathé, Villejuif, 94800, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles: Potential Role in Modulation of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Antibacterial Defense and Intestinal Immunity against Enteric Redmouth Disease. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020072. [PMID: 33572960 PMCID: PMC7911277 DOI: 10.3390/md19020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-nanotechnology employing bio-sourced nanomaterial is an emerging avenue serving the field of fish medicine. Marine-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) is a well-known antimicrobial and immunomodulatory reagent with low or no harm side effects on fish or their human consumers. In this study, in vitro skin mucus and serum antibacterial activity assays along with intestinal histology, histochemical, and gene expression analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of dietary CSNPs (5 g kg−1 dry feed) on rainbow trout resistance against ‘enteric redmouth’ disease. Two treatment conditions were included; short-term prophylactic-regimen for 21 days before the bacterial challenge, and long-term therapeutic-regimen for 21 days before the challenge and extended for 28 days after the challenge. Our results revealed higher antibacterial defense ability and positive intestinal histochemical and molecular traits of rainbow trout after dietary CSNPs. The prophylactic-regimen improved trout health while the therapeutic regimen improved their disease resistance and lowered their morbidity. Therefore, it is anticipated that CSNPs is an effective antibacterial and immunomodulatory fish feed supplement against the infectious threats. However, the CSNPs seem to be more effective in the therapeutic application rather than being used for short-term prophylactic applications.
Collapse
|
32
|
Portnyagina O, Chistyulin D, Dyshlovoy S, Davidova V, Khomenko V, Shevchenko L, Novikova O. OmpF porin from Yersinia ruckeri as pathogenic factor: Surface antigenic sites and biological properties. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104694. [PMID: 33359075 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterium Yersinia ruckeri as a pathogen induces causative agent of intestinal fish disease called enteric redmouth disease (ERM) is known. In this study, outer membrane OmpF porin from the Y. ruckeri (YrOmpF) has been identified as a pathogenic factor which affects host macrophage activation and life cycle of eukaryotic cells. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to the sequences of the outer loops of YrOmpF L1 loop of the porin is most involved in the structure of B epitopes on the surface of the microbial cell it was found. T epitopes of the isolated YrOmpF trimer not only by linear, but also by discontinuous determinants, which is due to the secondary structure of the protein are represented. It was shown that YrOmpF was twice more cytotoxic to THP-1 cells (human monocytes, cancer cells) in comparison with CHH-1 cells (Oncorhynchus keta cardiac muscle cell, non-cancer cells). It was found YrOmpF induce cell cycle S-phase arrest in both normal CHH-1 and cancer THP-1 cells. In the cancer cells observed effect was most pronounce. In addition, we have observed an induction of apoptosis in THP-1 cell line treated with YrOmpF for 48 h at IC50 (48.6 μg/ml). Significant cytotoxic effect of YrOmpF on primary mouse peritoneal macrophages been detected as well. Of note, co-incubation of macrophages with anti-YrOmpF antibodies could decrease the amount of lactate dehydrogenase, while the number of living cells significantly increased. YrOmpF stimulates the activity of the phagocytic bactericidal systems especially of the oxygen-independent subsystem it was found. Antibodies against YrOmpF decreased MPO release and CP synthesis by peritoneal macrophages and increased their viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Portnyagina
- G.B Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100 Let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation; School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok, 690090, Russian Federation.
| | - Dmitry Chistyulin
- G.B Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100 Let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Dyshlovoy
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok, 690090, Russian Federation; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Davidova
- G.B Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100 Let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina Khomenko
- G.B Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100 Let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila Shevchenko
- G.B Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100 Let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Novikova
- G.B Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100 Let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zuo S, Karami AM, Ødegård J, Mathiessen H, Marana MH, Jaafar RM, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Abdu M, Kania PW, Dalsgaard I, Nielsen T, Buchmann K. Immune gene expression and genome-wide association analysis in rainbow trout with different resistance to Yersinia ruckeri infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:441-450. [PMID: 32791094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective breeding programmes involving marker assisted selection of innately pathogen resistant strains of rainbow trout rely on reliable controlled infection studies, extensive DNA typing of individual fish and recording of expression of relevant genes. We exposed juvenile rainbow trout (6 h bath to 2.6 × 105 CFU mL-1) to the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1, biotype 2, eliciting Enteric Red Mouth Disease ERM, and followed the disease progression over 21 days. Cumulative mortality reached 42% at 12 days post challenge (dpc) after which no disease signs were recorded. All fish were sampled for DNA-typing (50 k SNP chip, Affymetrix®) throughout the course of infection when they showed clinical signs of disease (susceptible fish) or at day 21 when fish showed no clinical signs of disease (survivors - resistant fish). Genome-wide association analyses of 1027 trout applying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers revealed an association between traits (susceptible/resistant) and certain regions of the trout genome. It was indicated that multiple genes are involved in rainbow trout resistance towards ERM whereby it is considered a polygenic trait. A corresponding trout group was kept as non-exposed controls and a comparative expression analysis of central innate and adaptive immune genes in gills, spleen and liver was performed for three fish groups: 1) moribund trout exhibiting clinical signs 7 dpc (CS), 2) exposed fish without clinical signs at the same sampling point (NCS) and 3) surviving fish at 21 dpc (survivors). Immune genes encoding inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2A, IL-6A, IL-8, IL-10A, IL-12, IL-17A/F2A, IL-17C1, IL-17C2, IL-22, IFNγ, TNFα), acute phase reactants (SAA, C3, cathelicidins, lysozyme) were expressed differently in CS and NCS fish. Correlation (negative or positive) between expression of genes and bacterial load suggested involvement of immune genes in protection. Down-regulation of adaptive immune genes including IgDm, IgDs, IgT and TCR-β was seen primarily in CS and NCS fish whereas survivors showed up-regulation of effector molecule genes such as cathelicidins, complement and lysozyme suggesting their role in clearing the infection. In conclusion, SNP analyses indicated that ERM resistance in rainbow trout is a multi-locus trait. The gene expression in surviving fish suggested that several immune genes are associated with the trait conferring resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Zuo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Asma M Karami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | | | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Moonika H Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Mohamed Abdu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Acuña LG, Barros MJ, Montt F, Peñaloza D, Núñez P, Valdés I, Gil F, Fuentes JA, Calderón IL. Participation of two sRNA RyhB homologs from the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri in bacterial physiology. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126629. [PMID: 33153884 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and physiology in bacteria. RyhB is an iron-responsive sRNA well characterized in Escherichia coli and conserved in other Enterobacteriaceae. In this study, we identified and characterized two RyhB homologs (named RyhB-1 and RyhB-2) in the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. We found that, as in other Enterobacteriaceae, both RyhB-1 and RyhB-2 are induced under iron starvation, repressed by the Fur regulator, and depend on Hfq for stability. Despite these similarities in expression, the mutant strains of Y. ruckeri lacking RyhB-1 (ΔryhB-1) or RyhB-2 (ΔryhB-2) exhibited differential phenotypes. In comparison with the wild type, the ΔryhB-1 strain showed a hypermotile phenotype, reduced biofilm formation, increased replication rate, faster growth, and increased ATP levels in bacterial cultures. By contrast, in salmon cell cultures, the ΔryhB-1 strain exhibited an increased survival. On the other hand, the ΔryhB-2 strain was non-motile and showed augmented biofilm formation as compared to the wild type. The expression of a subset of RyhB conserved targets, selected from different bacterial species, was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR in wild type, ΔryhB-1, ΔryhB-2, and ΔryhB-1 ΔryhB-2 strains cultured in iron-depleted media. RyhB-1 negatively affected the expression of most analyzed genes (sodB, acnA, sdhC, bfr, fliF, among others), whose functions are related to metabolism and motility, involving iron-containing proteins. Among the genes analyzed, only sdhC and bfr appeared as targets for RyhB-2. Taken together, these results indicate that Y. ruckeri RyhB homologs participate in the modulation of the bacterial physiology with non-redundant roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian G Acuña
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - M José Barros
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernanda Montt
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Diego Peñaloza
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paula Núñez
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Iván Valdés
- Desarrollo de Biológicos, Veterquímica S.A., Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando Gil
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Iván L Calderón
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Villumsen KR, Ohtani M, Forberg T, Aasum E, Tinsley J, Bojesen AM. Synbiotic feed supplementation significantly improves lipid utilization and shows discrete effects on disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16993. [PMID: 33046750 PMCID: PMC7550352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric redmouth disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Yersinia ruckeri is the main reason for antimicrobial prescription, and a cause of substantial economic losses and decreased animal welfare in aquaculture. Given the importance of the intestinal microbiota in digestion and disease, our aim was to investigate whether synbiotic feed supplementation strategies could improve feed performance and disease resistance. Four experimental synbiotic feeds formulated with pre- and probiotics were tested against a commercially available probiotic control feed. Each experimental feed was evaluated for feed performance, effects on gross as well as intestinal morphometrics, and finally their effect on resistance against a waterborne experimental infection with Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1, biotype 2. While co-supplementing Pediococcus acidilactici with citrus flavonoids or bacterial paraprobiotics significantly improved utilization of feed lipid content relative to the control group, a decrease in lipid utilization was observed for feeds that combined P. acidilactici with yeast paraprobiotics. No significant improvements on disease resistance were observed. Still, synbiotic formulations including P. acidilactici led to reduced risks relative to that of the control group, while an increased relative risk was observed for a Bacillus-based formulation. In conclusion, two of the synbiotic supplements significantly improved lipid utilization and contributed to minor increases in disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Rømer Villumsen
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Maki Ohtani
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Division of Development of Functional Brain Activities,Research Centre for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Delalay G, Berezowski JA, Diserens N, Schmidt-Posthaus H. An understated danger: Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture and pet fish in Switzerland, a retrospective study from 2000 to 2017. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1299-1315. [PMID: 32830338 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing field of food production. However, morbidity and mortality are higher in aquaculture species than in domestic animals. Bacterial diseases are a leading cause of farmed fish morbidity and are often treated with antimicrobials. Since most Swiss fish farms release effluents directly into surface water without treatment and since aquaculture fish are consumed by humans, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multi-resistance in aquaculture fish are important for environmental and public health. In this study, AMR tests for 14 antimicrobials were performed on 1,448 isolates from 1,134 diagnostic laboratory submissions from farmed and ornamental fish submissions for the period from 2000 to 2017. Amoxicillin, gentamycin and norfloxacin had the lowest proportion of resistant samples. However, AMR was highly variable over time. Resistance proportions were higher in: (a) ornamental fish compared with farmed fish, (b) fish from recirculation systems compared with those from other farming systems and (c) isolates originating from skin compared with those originating from inner organs. Multiple resistances were common. The results of this study provide useful data for Swiss fish veterinarians and some interesting hypotheses about risk factors for AMR in aquaculture and pet fish in Switzerland. However, further research is needed to define risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Delalay
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Health, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dezfuly ZT, Alishahi M, Ghorbanpoor M, Tabandeh MR, Mesbah M. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Yersinia ruckeri lipopolysaccharide (LPS), encapsulated by alginate-chitosan micro/nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:25-35. [PMID: 32473361 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Considering the many advantages of oral vaccines in aquaculture, several studies have been conducted in this area recently. In this study, immunization and protective power of the oral vaccine of Yersinia ruckeri encapsulated with Alginate-Chitosan micro/nanoparticles were evaluated in rainbow trout. For this purpose, 720 juvenile rainbow trout (9 ± 1.8 g) were divided into 8 groups in three replications (30 fish each) as follows: Groups A, B and C, were immunized with Yersinia ruckeri lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS+Formalin Killed Cells (FKC) and FKC alone, groups D, E, and F were immunized with encapsulated LPS, LPS+FKC and FKC, respectively. The G and H groups considered as encapsulated and non-encapsulated control, respectively. Micro/nanoencapsulation with alginate-chitosan was performed by internal emulsification method and vaccination were conductrd in the first and third weeks via oral route. Sampling was performed on days 0, 30, and 60 of experiment. Anti Y. ruckeri antibody titer in serum, intestine and skin mucus were measured via ELISA method. Non-specific immune response including: serum lysozyme, complement, bactericidal and respiratory burst activity, serum protein and globulin level, as well as white blood cell count were compared among the groups. The expression of IgT gene in the intestine and TCR gene in the anterior kidney were also investigated. At the end of the study, the fish were challenged with Y. ruckeri through immerssion and intraperitoneal routs and the relative survival rate was evaluated. Result showed that the antibody level in serum, skin and intestine was significantly higher in group E and F than control groups (P < 0.05), meanwhile serum, skin and intestine antibody level in all vaccinated groups were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in day 30 and 60 compare to zero day. Non-specific immunity factors including: serum lysozyme, complement, and respiratory burst activity as well as WBC, protein and Globulin level were significantly higher in E and F groups not only in day 30 but also in day 60 of experiment (P < 0.05). Cumulative mortality following injection and bath challenge were significantly (P = 0.004) lower (35%-45%) in groups E and F compare to control group (80%). The IgT and TCR gene expression in groups D, E and F were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than control group. Highest upregulation of IgT and TCR gene expression in vaccinated groups were seen at day 30 and 60 respectively which were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than day zero. Generally, it can be concluded that nano/micronanoencapsulation of Y. ruckeri FKC+LPS with chitosan-alginate, not only increases protective efficacy of oral vaccine, but improves specific and non-specific immune responses in rainbow trout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tulaby Dezfuly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Alishahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Ghorbanpoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Mesbah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kuebutornye FKA, Abarike ED, Lu Y, Hlordzi V, Sakyi ME, Afriyie G, Wang Z, Li Y, Xie CX. Mechanisms and the role of probiotic Bacillus in mitigating fish pathogens in aquaculture. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:819-841. [PMID: 31953625 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are natural components of the environment, and many have economic implications for aquaculture and fisheries. Aquaculture is a fast-growing industry with the aim to meet the high protein demand of the ever-increasing global population; however, the emergence of diseases is a major setback to the industry. Probiotics emerged as a better solution to curb the disease problem in aquaculture among many alternatives. Probiotic Bacillus has been proven to better combat a wide range of fish pathogens relative to other probiotics in aquaculture; therefore, understanding the various mechanisms used by Bacillus in combating diseases will help improve their mode of action hence yielding better results in their combat against pathogens in the aquaculture industry. Thus, an overview of the mechanisms (production of bacteriocins, suppression of virulence gene expression, competition for adhesion sites, production of lytic enzymes, production of antibiotics, immunostimulation, competition for nutrients and energy, and production of organic acids) used by Bacillus probiotics in mitigating fish pathogens ranging from Aeromonas, Vibrio, Streptococcus, Yersinia, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Acinetobacter, Edwardsiella, Flavobacterium, white spot syndrome virus, and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus proven to be mitigated by Bacillus have been provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix K A Kuebutornye
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Huguang Yan East, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Emmanuel Delwin Abarike
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Huguang Yan East, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Vivian Hlordzi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Michael Essien Sakyi
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Huguang Yan East, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Gyamfua Afriyie
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Huguang Yan East, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Huguang Yan East, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Cai Xia Xie
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Huguang Yan East, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mortezaei F, Royan M, Allaf Noveirian H, Babakhani A, Alaie Kordghashlaghi H, Balcázar JL. In vitro assessment of potential probiotic characteristics of indigenous Lactococcus lactis and Weissella oryzae isolates from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1004-1019. [PMID: 32248610 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the intestinal ecosystem of rainbow trout. METHODS AND RESULTS Among LAB isolates, 10 of them were selected and screened for resistance to acid and bile salts, pancreatin, sodium chloride and temperature, hydrophobicity, growth profile and antimicrobial activity against fish pathogens. Then, biosafety assessments were investigated. Selected LAB tolerated to gastrointestinal physiological conditions, pancreatin and a range of sodium chloride and temperature. They also exhibited hydrophobicity and showed antagonistic activity against Streptococcus iniae and Yersinia ruckeri. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that selected LAB belonged to the Lactococcus lactis (n = 5) and Weissella oryzae (n = 5) species. They exhibited no β-haemolytic activity, while six selected LAB were resistant to some antibiotics. None of them harboured virulence factors. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed probiotic characteristics of indigenous LAB isolated from the intestinal ecosystem of rainbow trout. However, further studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of these isolates as probiotics in aquaculture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the presence of probiotic candidates belonging to W. Oryzae was confirmed in fish intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Mortezaei
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
| | - M Royan
- North Region Branch, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran
| | - H Allaf Noveirian
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
| | - A Babakhani
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
| | - H Alaie Kordghashlaghi
- North Region Branch, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran
| | - J L Balcázar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain.,University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Godwin SE, Morrison RN, Knowles G, Cornish MC, Hayes D, Carson J. Pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV). II. Causative agent of salmon orthomyxoviral necrosis, a new disease of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 139:51-68. [PMID: 32351236 DOI: 10.3354/dao03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2012, an orthomyxo-like virus has been consistently linked to epizootics in marine farmed Atlantic salmon in Tasmania, Australia. Here we describe the properties of the virus, designated the pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV), in cell culture and present data verifying its direct role in a disease of Atlantic salmon. In infected cells, viral RNA was detectable in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, consistent with the replication cycle of an orthomyxovirus. Viral replication in vitro was temperature-dependent (within a range of 10-20°C), and yields of virus were typically in excess of 107 TCID50 ml-1. In controlled infection trials, cell culture-derived POMV produced significant morbidity in Atlantic salmon fry, pre-smolt and post-smolt. In all cases, the development of disease was rapid, with moribund fish detected within 5 d of direct exposure to POMV, and maximum cumulative morbidity occurring within 4 wk. The experimentally infected fish developed a characteristic suite of gross and microscopic pathological changes, which were consistent with those observed in Atlantic salmon overtly affected by POMV-associated disease on sea farms. These included necrotic lesions across multiple organs that were directly associated with the presence of the virus. Together, our observations indicate that POMV is an endemic virus likely transmitted from wild fish to farmed Atlantic salmon in Tasmania. The virus is pathogenic to Atlantic salmon in freshwater and marine environments and causes a disease that we have named salmon orthomyxoviral necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Godwin
- Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Draft Genome Sequence of Yersinia ruckeri Strain FMV-22, Isolated from Diseased Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Peru. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/3/e01389-19. [PMID: 31948963 PMCID: PMC6965581 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01389-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is a significant and frequent bacterial fish pathogen in Peru. We report the draft genome sequence of strain FMV-22, isolated from a diseased rainbow trout, which consists of 3.84 Mb, with a G+C content of 47.45% and 3,765 protein-coding genes. Yersinia ruckeri is a significant and frequent bacterial fish pathogen in Peru. We report the draft genome sequence of strain FMV-22, isolated from a diseased rainbow trout, which consists of 3.84 Mb, with a G+C content of 47.45% and 3,765 protein-coding genes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Rashidian G, Kajbaf K, Prokić MD, Faggio C. Extract of common mallow (Malvae sylvestris) enhances growth, immunity, and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings against Yersinia ruckeri infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:254-261. [PMID: 31839587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The dietary effects of a native medicinal plant from Iran, common mallow (Malvae sylvestris), was evaluated on growth performance, innate immune parameters, mucosal immune parameters, and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Yersinia ruckeri. Therefore, 360 fish (initial weight 10.42 ± 0.09 g) were randomly distributed into 12 fiberglass tanks. Experimental diets supplemented with 0 (as control- C), 1% (M1), 3% (M2) and 5% (M3) levels of M. sylvestris flowers extract were fed to the fish based on 3% of body weight for 8 weeks. At the terminal sampling, growth performance, liver and digestive enzymes activities, blood and mucosal immune responses were determined. Results showed that M2 and M3 had greater final weight, weight gain, SGR, survival rate and lower FCR; higher levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, and lower cortisol levels in comparison to control; 5% extract also lowered cholesterol and glucose levels as well as Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. We reported higher values of hematocrit, hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), White Blood Cell (WBC), Red Blood Cell (RBC) and lymphocytes for treated groups. Innate immune responses (Alternative complement activity (ACH50) in M2 and M3 group, total Immunoglobulin (Ig) and lysozyme in M3), mucosal immune parameters (ACH50, total Ig for M2 and M3 group and lysozyme in all treated groups) were enhanced. Activities of digestive enzymes (protease in all treated groups, amylase for 3 and 5%, while lipase only for 5%) and lower activity of liver ALT enzyme in individuals treated with highest dose was observed. Overall results indicated that the extract can positively affect growth performance and immune responses of rainbow trout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Rashidian
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Kimia Kajbaf
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Marko D Prokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, S. Agata, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Karvonen A, Fenton A, Sundberg L. Sequential infection can decrease virulence in a fish-bacterium-fluke interaction: Implications for aquaculture disease management. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1900-1911. [PMID: 31700534 PMCID: PMC6824072 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts are typically infected with multiple strains or genotypes of one or several parasite species. These infections can take place simultaneously, but also at different times, i.e. sequentially, when one of the parasites establishes first. Sequential parasite dynamics are common in nature, but also in intensive farming units such as aquaculture. However, knowledge of effects of previous exposures on virulence of current infections in intensive farming is very limited. This is critical as consecutive epidemics and infection history of a host could underlie failures in management practices and medical intervention of diseases. Here, we explored effects of timing of multiple infections on virulence in two common aquaculture parasites, the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare and the fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We exposed fish hosts first to flukes and then to bacteria in two separate experiments, altering timing between the infections from few hours to several weeks. We found that both short-term and long-term differences in timing of the two infections resulted in significant, genotype-specific decrease in bacterial virulence. Second, we developed a mathematical model, parameterized from our experimental results, to predict the implications of sequential infections for epidemiological progression of the disease, and levels of fish population suppression, in an aquaculture setting. Predictions of the model showed that sequential exposure of hosts can decrease the population-level impact of the bacterial epidemic, primarily through the increased recovery rate of sequentially infected hosts, thereby substantially protecting the population from the detrimental impact of infection. However, these effects depended on bacterial strain-fluke genotype combinations, suggesting the genetic composition of the parasite populations can greatly influence the degree of host suppression. Overall, these results suggest that host infection history can have significant consequences for the impact of infection at host population level, potentially shaping parasite epidemiology, disease dynamics and evolution of virulence in farming environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
- Nanoscience CenterUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hu Y, Carpio Y, Scott C, Alnabulsi A, Alnabulsi A, Wang T, Liu F, Monte M, Wang T, Secombes CJ. Induction of IL-22 protein and IL-22-producing cells in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 101:103449. [PMID: 31306696 PMCID: PMC6873780 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
IL-22 is a critical cytokine which is involved in modulating tissue responses during inflammation, and is produced mainly by T cells and innate leucocytes. In mammals, IL-22 is a key component in mucosal defences, tissue repair, epithelial cell survival and proliferation. In teleosts, IL-22 has been cloned and studied in several species, and the transcript is highly expressed in mucosal tissues and induced by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), suggesting IL-22 also functions as an important component of the innate immune response in fish. To investigate these immune responses further, we have validated and characterised two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which were raised against two different peptide immunogens of salmonid IL-22. Our results show that both mAbs specifically react to their own peptide immunogens and recombinant IL-22, and are able to detect the induction of native protein expression after stimulation. In flow cytometry, an increase in IL-22 positive cells was detected after stimulation in vitro with cytokines and PAMPs and in vivo after bacterial challenge. The immunohistochemistry results showed that IL-22 is highly upregulated in the gills after challenge, both in cells within the gill filaments and in the interbranchial lymphoid tissue. Such results suggest IL-22 may have a role in triggering local antimicrobial defences in fish that may facilitate efficient microbial clearance. Hence monitoring IL-22 producing cells/protein secretion may provide an alternative mean to assess the effectiveness of mucosal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehfang Hu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Callum Scott
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Abdo Alnabulsi
- Vertebrate Antibodies Limited, Aberdeen, UK; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tingyu Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Fuguo Liu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Milena Monte
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre (SFIRC), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Phenotypic Diversity and Potential Virulence Factors of the Shewanella Putrefaciens Group Isolated from Freshwater Fish. J Vet Res 2019; 63:321-332. [PMID: 31572811 PMCID: PMC6749743 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Shewanella putrefaciens group are ubiquitous microorganisms recently isolated from different freshwater fish species and causing serious health disorders. The purpose of the study was to characterise isolates of the S. putrefaciens group with special emphasis on elucidating serological diversity and determining putative virulence factors. Material and Methods Isolates collected from freshwater fish (n = 44) and reference strains were used. The identification of bacteria was carried out using biochemical kits and 16S rRNA sequencing. Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against the S. putrefaciens group. The bacterium’s susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, its enzymatic properties, and its adhesion ability to fish cell lines were also tested. Finally, selected isolates were used in challenge experiments in common carp and rainbow trout. Results Excluding six isolates undeterminable for species, the bacteria were classified to three species: S. putrefaciens, S. xiamenensis, and S. oneidensis, and showed some phenotypic diversity. Fourteen serological variants of the S. putrefaciens group were determined with the newly developed serotyping scheme. Conclusion Serodiversity may play an important role in the virulence of particular isolates. Further, S. putrefaciens group members adhere to epithelial cells and produce enzymes which may contribute to their virulence. Challenge tests confirmed the pathogenicity of the S. putrefaciens group for fish.
Collapse
|
46
|
Wrobel A, Leo JC, Linke D. Overcoming Fish Defences: The Virulence Factors of Yersinia ruckeri. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E700. [PMID: 31514317 PMCID: PMC6770984 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease, a bacterial infection of marine and freshwater fish. The disease mainly affects salmonids, and outbreaks have significant economic impact on fish farms all over the world. Vaccination routines are in place against the major serotypes of Y. ruckeri but are not effective in all cases. Despite the economic importance of enteric redmouth disease, a detailed molecular understanding of the disease is lacking. A considerable number of mostly omics-based studies have been performed in recent years to identify genes related to Y. ruckeri virulence. This review summarizes the knowledge on Y. ruckeri virulence factors. Understanding the molecular pathogenicity of Y. ruckeri will aid in developing more efficient vaccines and antimicrobial compounds directed against enteric redmouth disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wrobel
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jack C Leo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rubin A, de Coulon P, Bailey C, Segner H, Wahli T, Rubin JF. Keeping an Eye on Wild Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta) Populations: Correlation Between Temperature, Environmental Parameters, and Proliferative Kidney Disease. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:281. [PMID: 31508435 PMCID: PMC6714597 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is an emerging disease of salmonids caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, which plays a major role in the decrease of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Switzerland. Strong evidence demonstrated that water temperature modulates parasite infection. However, less knowledge exists on how seasonal water temperature fluctuations influence PKD manifestation under field conditions, how further environmental factors such as water quality may modulate the disease, and whether these factors coalesce with temperatures role possibly giving rise to cumulative effects on PKD. The aims of this study were to (1) determine the correlation between seasonal course of water temperature and PKD prevalence and intensity in wild brown trout populations, (2) assess if other factors such as water quality or ecomorphology correlate with the infection, and (3) quantitatively predict the implication of these factors on PKD prevalence with a statistical model. Young-of-the-year brown trout were sampled in 45 sites through the Canton of Vaud (Switzerland). For each site, longitudinal time series of water temperature, water quality (macroinvertebrate community index, presence of wastewater treatment plant effluent) and ecomorphological data were collected and correlated with PKD prevalence and intensity. 251 T. bryosalmonae-infected trout of 1,118 were found (overall prevalence 22.5%) at 19 of 45 study sites (42.2%). Relation between PKD infection and seasonal water temperature underlined that the mean water temperature for June and the number of days with mean temperature ≥15°C were the most significantly correlated parameters with parasite prevalence and intensity. The presence of a wastewater treatment plant effluent was significantly correlated with the prevalence and infection intensity. In contrast, macroinvertebrate diversity and river ecomorphology were shown to have little impact on disease parameters. Linear and logistic regressions highlighted quantitatively the prediction of PKD prevalence depending on environmental parameters at a given site and its possible increase due to rising temperatures. The model developed within this study could serve as a useful tool for identifying and predicting disease hot spots. These results support the importance of temperature for PKD in salmonids and provides evidence for a modulating influence of additional environmental stress factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rubin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,La Maison de la Rivière, Tolochenaz, Switzerland.,Land, Nature, Environment Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pauline de Coulon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christyn Bailey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helmut Segner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Rubin
- La Maison de la Rivière, Tolochenaz, Switzerland.,Land, Nature, Environment Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ozturk RC, Altinok I, Turgut S, Capkin E. Comparative susceptibilities and immune-related gene expressions of brown trout strains and their hybrids infected with Lactococcus garvieae and Yersinia ruckeri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:264-274. [PMID: 31128294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brown trout are polymorphic salmonid species, and it is of importance to investigate whether hybridization affects disease resistance. In this study, susceptibility of brown trout (Salmo trutta Abant, Anatolian, Black Sea, and Caspius) strains and their hybrids to Lactococcus garvieae and Yersinia ruckeri as well as their immune-related gene expression profiles were studied. Results indicated that reciprocal hybridization did not affect disease resistance in brown trout strains. Purebred Black Sea strain of brown trout was the most resistant group against Y. ruckeri, followed by other Black Sea strain hybrids. On the other hand, purebred Anatolian strain was the most resistant group to L. garvieae, followed by other Anatolian strain hybrids. Expression pattern of target genes differed in families, but the overall gene expression was comparatively high in Y. ruckeri infected families. Upregulations were mainly significant at 7 and 28 d post infection while marginal regulations were observed 8 h after infection. Disease resistance status of strains was supported by high expression of immune-related genes such as major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), and antioxidant- and hemoglobin-related gene expression. Therefore, our findings suggest that Black Sea and Anatolian strains could be used to develop fish stock that are resistant for yersiniosis and lactocaccosis, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafet C Ozturk
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Surmene Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61530, Surmene, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Altinok
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Surmene Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61530, Surmene, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Secil Turgut
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Surmene Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61530, Surmene, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Erol Capkin
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Surmene Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61530, Surmene, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Naderi Farsani M, Hoseinifar SH, Rashidian G, Ghafari Farsani H, Ashouri G, Van Doan H. Dietary effects of Coriandrum sativum extract on growth performance, physiological and innate immune responses and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Yersinia ruckeri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:233-240. [PMID: 31102711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was aimed to determine the efficacy of coriander seed extract (Coriandrum sativum) on physiological responses, immunity and disease resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss for eight weeks. A total number of six hundred rainbow trout (62 ± 0.81 g) were divided into four feeding groups including 0 (control), 0.5%, 1% and 2% of coriander seed extract (CSE). In the present study, rainbow trout fed with 2% of CSE showed significantly higher values of specific growth rate (SGR), final weight (FW) and condition factor (CF) in comparison with control group after eight weeks (P < 0.05). Regarding hematological indices results, the 2% dosage of CSE showed the highest amount of hematocrit and hemoglobin compared to control group (P < 0.05). In addition, significant improvement of lysozyme and alternative complement activity, were observed in 2% of CSE treatment (P < 0.05). After eight weeks post-feeding, 30 fish from each treatment were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri for 14 days. The findings presented that fish fed with CES, especially 2% of CSE inclusion, improved survival rate of rainbow trout against Y. ruckeri; however, there were no significant differences among the fish in control and treatment groups at the end of the eight weeks feeding with coriander seed extract. The present study demonstrated, dietary incorporation of coriander extract can improve growth factors, immunological indices and resistance of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) against Y. ruckeri infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Naderi Farsani
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Rashidian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghafari Farsani
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ashouri
- Department of Marine Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, via Brecce Bianche, 60100, Ancona, Italy
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Padra JT, Murugan AVM, Sundell K, Sundh H, Benktander J, Lindén SK. Fish pathogen binding to mucins from Atlantic salmon and Arctic char differs in avidity and specificity and is modulated by fluid velocity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215583. [PMID: 31125340 PMCID: PMC6534294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease outbreaks are limiting factors for an ethical and economically sustainable aquaculture industry. The first point of contact between a pathogen and a host occurs in the mucus, which covers the epithelial surfaces of the skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract. Increased knowledge on host-pathogen interactions at these primary barriers may contribute to development of disease prevention strategies. The mucus layer is built of highly glycosylated mucins, and mucin glycosylation differs between these epithelial sites. We have previously shown that A. salmonicida binds to Atlantic salmon mucins. Here we demonstrate binding of four additional bacteria, A. hydrophila, V. harveyi, M. viscosa and Y. ruckeri, to mucins from Atlantic salmon and Arctic char. No specific binding could be observed for V. salmonicida to any of the mucin groups. Mucin binding avidity was highest for A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, followed by V. harveyi, M. viscosa and Y. ruckeri in decreasing order. Four of the pathogens showed highest binding to either gills or intestinal mucins, whereas none of the pathogens had preference for binding to skin mucins. Fluid velocity enhanced binding of intestinal mucins to A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida at 1.5 and 2 cm/s, whereas a velocity of 2 cm/s for skin mucins increased binding of A. salmonicida and decreased binding of A. hydrophila. Binding avidity, specificity and the effect of fluid velocity on binding thus differ between salmonid pathogens and with mucin origin. The results are in line with a model where the short skin mucin glycans contribute to contact with pathogens whereas pathogen binding to mucins with complex glycans aid the removal of pathogens from internal epithelial surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abarna V. M. Murugan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|