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Nakayama K, Obayashi Y, Munechika L, Kitamura SI, Yanagida T, Honjo M, Murakami S, Hirose E. Regeneration of tunic cuticle is suppressed in edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi contracting soft tunic syndrome. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 159:37-48. [PMID: 39087618 DOI: 10.3354/dao03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Soft tunic syndrome is an infectious disease caused by the flagellate Azumiobodo hoyamushi, which severely damages the aquaculture of the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Tunic is a cellulosic extracellular matrix entirely covering the body in ascidians and other tunicates, and its dense cuticle layer covers the tunic surface as a physical barrier against microorganisms. When the tunic of intact H. roretzi individuals was cut into strips, electron-dense fibers (DFs) appeared on the cut surface of the tunic matrix and aggregated to regenerate a new cuticular layer in seawater within a few days. DF formation was partially or completely inhibited in individuals with soft tunic syndrome, and DF formation was also inhibited by the presence of some proteases, indicating the involvement of proteolysis in the process of tunic softening as well as cuticle regeneration. Using pure cultures of the causative flagellate A. hoyamushi, the expression of protease genes and secretion of some proteases were confirmed by RNA-seq analysis and a 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide substrate assay. Some of these proteases may degrade proteins in the tunic matrix. These findings suggest that the proteases of A. hoyamushi is the key to understanding the mechanisms of cuticular regeneration inhibition and tunic softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yumiko Obayashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Leo Munechika
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Miho Honjo
- Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute, Ishinomaki, Miyagi, 986-2135, Japan
| | - Shoko Murakami
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Euichi Hirose
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
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Jang AY, Rod-in W, Shin IS, Park WJ. Immune Enhancement Effects of Neutral Lipids, Glycolipids, Phospholipids from Halocynthia aurantium Tunic on RAW264.7 Macrophages. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:476-483. [PMID: 37942550 PMCID: PMC10940747 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2307.07003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Fractionated lipids of Halocynthia aurantium (Pyuridae) have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, their modulatory properties have not been reported yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine immune enhancing effects of fractionated lipids from H. aurantium tunic on macrophage cells. The tunic of H. aurantium was used to isolate total lipids, which were then subsequently separated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0%) of each fractionated lipid. Cytotoxicity, production of NO, expression levels of immune-associated genes, and signaling pathways were then determined. Neutral lipids and glycolipids significantly stimulated NO and PGE2 production and expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner, while phospholipids ineffectively induced NO production and mRNA expression. Furthermore, it was found that both neutral lipids and glycolipids increased NF-κB p-65, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK phosphorylation, suggesting that these lipids might enhance immunity by activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, H. aurantium lipids-induced TNF-α expression was decreased by blocking MAPK or NF-κB signaling pathways. Phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells was also significantly enhanced by neutral lipids and glycolipids. These results suggest that neutral lipids and glycolipids from H. aurantium tunic have potential as immune-enhancing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-yeong Jang
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Weerawan Rod-in
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
| | - Il-shik Shin
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Han S, Zhu Y, Dong B. Halorotetin A: A Novel Terpenoid Compound Isolated from Ascidian Halocynthia rotetzi Exhibits the Inhibition Activity on Tumor Cell Proliferation. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:51. [PMID: 36662224 PMCID: PMC9860651 DOI: 10.3390/md21010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Halocynthia roretzi, the edible ascidian, has been demonstrated to be an important source of bioactive natural metabolites. Here, we reported a novel terpenoid compound named Halorotetin A that was isolated from tunic ethanol extract of H. roretzi by silica gel column chromatography, preparative layer chromatography (PLC), and semipreparative-HPLC. 1H and 13C NMRs, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, and HRESIMS profiles revealed that Halorotetin A was a novel terpenoid compound with antitumor potentials. We therefore treated the culture cells with Halorotetin A and found that it significantly inhibited the proliferation of a series of tumor cells by exerting cytotoxicity, especially for the liver carcinoma cell line (HepG-2 cells). Further studies revealed that Halorotetin A affected the expression of several genes associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including oncogenes (c-myc and c-met) and HCC suppressor genes (TP53 and KEAP1). In addition, we compared the cytotoxicities of Halorotetin A and doxorubicin on HepG-2 cells. To our surprise, the cytotoxicities of Halorotetin A and doxorubicin on HepG-2 cells were similar at the same concentration and Halorotetin A did not significantly reduce the viability of the normal cells. Thus, our study identified a novel compound that significantly inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells, which provided the basis for the discovery of leading compounds for antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shanhao Han
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Shin SR, Kim HJ, Park JJ, Shin YK, Lee JS. Light and electron microscopy studies of siphon and siphonal sheath formation in the infaunal bivalve Tresus keenae (Bivalvia: Mactridae). Micron 2022; 161:103343. [PMID: 35988303 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To understand the habitat ecology of Tresus keenae, an infaunal bivalve, the microanatomical structure of the siphon and the method of siphonal sheath formation were described. The diameter of the incurrent siphon was approximately 1.2 times greater than that of the excurrent siphon. Several irregular tentacles developed inside the distal end of the siphon. The tentacles in the incurrent siphon were approximately twice as long as those in the excurrent siphon. The siphon consisted of six tissue layers, which, from the outside inward, were the siphonal sheath, matrix, outer epithelial layer, connective tissue layer, muscular layer, and inner epithelial layer. The siphonal sheath was composed of an outer cuticle and dense microfilament layer and had vertical ducts. The matrix showed a loose microfilament layer. The outer epithelial layer was simple consisting of ciliated columnar epithelia and secretory cells. There were two types of secretory cells: arenophilic cells and proteinous granular cells. These were all unicellular glands, with cytoplasmic projections developing on the free surface and microstructural features of the cytoplasm showing secretory activity. Histochemical analysis indicated that the secretory granules of the secretory cells, the dense microfilament layer, and the matrix were composed of neutral carboxylated mucopolysaccharides. From these characteristics, it was concluded that the siphonal sheath was formed via the transportation of substances secreted by secretory cells of the outer epithelial layer to the outside through the duct. The hemolymph sinus developed in the connective tissue layer. The muscular layer had alternating longitudinal and circular muscle layers. The inner epithelial layer was simple and consisted of ciliated columnar epithelial cells and secretory cells. Secretory cells are goblet-like cells and contain acidic carboxylated substances. The siphonal sheath was identified starting at approximately 3.5 mm in shell length before the infaunal stage; as it grew, the siphonal sheath thickened, reflecting the infaunal habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ryung Shin
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
| | - Jung Jun Park
- Aquaculture Management Division, NIFS, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Shin
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NIFS, Yeosu 59780, South Korea
| | - Jung Sick Lee
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea.
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Phylogenetic comparison of egg transparency in ascidians by hyperspectral imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20829. [PMID: 33257720 PMCID: PMC7709464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The transparency of animals is an important biological feature. Ascidian eggs have various degrees of transparency, but this characteristic has not yet been measured quantitatively and comprehensively. In this study, we established a method for evaluating the transparency of eggs to first characterize the transparency of ascidian eggs across different species and to infer a phylogenetic relationship among multiple taxa in the class Ascidiacea. We measured the transmittance of 199 eggs from 21 individuals using a hyperspectral camera. The spectrum of the visual range of wavelengths (400–760 nm) varied among individuals and we calculated each average transmittance of the visual range as bio-transparency. When combined with phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences, the bio-transparencies of 13 species were derived from four different families: Ascidiidae, Cionidae, Pyuridae, and Styelidae. The bio-transparency varied 10–90% and likely evolved independently in each family. Ascidiella aspersa showed extremely high (88.0 ± 1.6%) bio-transparency in eggs that was maintained in the “invisible” larva. In addition, it was indicated that species of the Ascidiidae family may have a phylogenetic constraint of egg transparency.
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Wei J, Zhang J, Lu Q, Ren P, Guo X, Wang J, Li X, Chang Y, Duan S, Wang S, Yu H, Zhang X, Yang X, Gao H, Dong B. Genomic basis of environmental adaptation in the leathery sea squirt (Styela clava). Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:1414-1431. [PMID: 32531855 PMCID: PMC7540406 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tunicates occupy the evolutionary position at the boundary of invertebrates and vertebrates. It exhibits adaptation to broad environmental conditions and is distributed globally. Despite hundreds of years of embryogenesis studies, the genetic basis of the invasive habits of ascidians remains largely unknown. The leathery sea squirt, Styela clava, is an important invasive species. We used the chromosomal-level genome and transcriptome of S. clava to explore its genomic- and molecular-network-based mechanisms of adaptation to environments. Compared with Ciona intestinalis type A (C. robusta), the size of the S. clava genome was expanded by 2-fold, although the gene number was comparable. An increase in transposon number and variation in dominant types were identified as potential expansion mechanisms. In the S. clava genome, the number of genes encoding the heat-shock protein 70 family and members of the complement system was expanded significantly, and cold-shock protein genes were transferred horizontally into the S. clava genome from bacteria. The expanded gene families potentially play roles in the adaptation of S. clava to its environments. The loss of key genes in the galactan synthesis pathway might explain the distinct tunic structure and hardness compared with the ascidian Ciona species. We demonstrated further that the integrated thyroid hormone pathway participated in the regulation of larval metamorphosis that provides S. clava with two opportunities for adapting to their environment. Thus, our report of the chromosomal-level leathery sea squirt genome provides a comprehensive genomic basis for the understanding of environmental adaptation in tunicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankai Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Qiongxuan Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Ping Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yaoguang Chang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and BioproductsQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Shuai Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Shi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xiuxia Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Technical Center of Inspection and QuarantineShandong Entry‐Exit Inspection and Quarantine BureauQingdaoChina
| | - Bo Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and BreedingCollege of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
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Song G, Delroisse J, Schoenaers D, Kim H, Nguyen TC, Horbelt N, Leclère P, Hwang DS, Harrington MJ, Flammang P. Structure and composition of the tunic in the sea pineapple Halocynthia roretzi: A complex cellulosic composite biomaterial. Acta Biomater 2020; 111:290-301. [PMID: 32438110 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biological organisms produce high-performance composite materials, such as bone, wood and insect cuticle, which provide inspiration for the design of novel materials. Ascidians (sea squirts) produce an organic exoskeleton, known as a tunic, which has been studied quite extensively in several species. However, currently, there are still gaps in our knowledge about the detailed structure and composition of this cellulosic biocomposite. Here, we investigate the composition and hierarchical structure of the tough tunic from the species Halocynthia roretzi, through a cross-disciplinary approach combining traditional histology, immunohistochemistry, vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force and electron microscopies. The picture emerging is that the tunic of H. roretzi is a hierarchically-structured composite of cellulose and proteins with several compositionally and structurally distinct zones. At the surface is a thin sclerotized cuticular layer with elevated composition of protein containing halogenated amino acids and cross-linked via dityrosine linkages. The fibrous layer makes up the bulk of the tunic and is comprised primarily of helicoidally-ordered crystalline cellulose fibres with a lower protein content. The subcuticular zone directly beneath the surface contains much less organized cellulose fibres. Given current efforts to utilize biorenewable cellulose sources for the sustainable production of bio-inspired composites, these insights establish the tunic of H. roretzi as an exciting new archetype for extracting relevant design principles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tunicates are the only animals able to produce cellulose. They use this structural polysaccharide to build an exoskeleton called a tunic. Here, we investigate the composition and hierarchical structure of the tough tunic from the sea pineapple Halocynthia roretzi through a multiscale cross-disciplinary approach. The tunic of this species is a composite of cellulose and proteins with two distinct layers. At the surface is a thin sclerotized cuticular layer with a higher protein content containing halogenated amino acids and cross-linked via dityrosine linkages. The fibrous layer makes up the bulk of the tunic and is comprised of well-ordered cellulose fibres with a lower protein content. Given current efforts to utilize cellulose to produce advanced materials, the tunic of the sea pineapple provides a striking model for the design of bio-inspired cellulosic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonho Song
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Dorian Schoenaers
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Hyungbin Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673
| | - Thai Cuong Nguyen
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Nils Horbelt
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673.
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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Hirose E, Nakayama K, Yanagida T, Nawata A, Kitamura SI. Measurement of Tunic Hardness in an Edible Ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, with Remarks on Soft Tunic Syndrome. Zoolog Sci 2018; 35:548-552. [DOI: 10.2108/zs180072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Euichi Hirose
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Nawata
- Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute, Ishinomaki, Miyagi 986-2135, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Nam KW, Shin YK, Park KI. Seasonal variation in Azumiobodo hoyamushi infection among benthic organisms in the southern coast of Korea. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:569. [PMID: 26531210 PMCID: PMC4632471 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have reported that soft tunic syndrome (STS) in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi is caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Azumiobodo hoyamushi. In this study, we attempted to detect and quantify the pathogen in benthic animals. Methods Four species of ascidians, three species of echinoderms, two species of bivalves, one species each of sponge and algae, as well as seawater, were collected in 2014 and 2015 from an ascidian farm on the southern coast of Korea by SCUBA diving. Samples were collected from ascidian hanging culture ropes or the sea bottom. Inhalent siphons were excised for the analysis of ascidians, and soft body tissues were excised from the other species. Membrane filters were used to filter collected seawater. Tissues and membrane filters were analysed using culture testing, PCR testing, and qPCR diagnoses. Results Only organisms belonging to Ascidiacea are susceptible to A. hoyamushi infection. The infection rate (% infected of the total number collected) and infection intensity (number of cells infected/g tissue wet weight) varied depending on the seasonal variation in seawater temperatures. Most ascidians examined were infected with A. hoyamushi and showed higher infection intensity in cold water seasons (April 2014 and February 2015), followed by a dramatic drop during warm water seasons (August and November, 2014). In addition, infection intensity of A. hoyamushi during the warm water period was higher in ascidians from the sea bottom than those from the hanging culture rope. Conclusions Among benthic organisms that inhabit the southern coast of Korea, most ascidians are susceptible to A. hoyamushi infection. Seasonal cycle of infection rates and intensities of the pathogen correspond well with the STS disappearance and onset cycle observed in ascidian farms. The high intensity of A. hoyamushi infection in the ascidians on the sea bottom of ascidian farms during summer suggest further studies on the role of the pathogen in resumption of STS occurrence in late fall or early winter in the southern coast of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Nam
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 573-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Kyung Shin
- National Fisheries Research Institute, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 573-701, Republic of Korea.
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Kimura S, Nakayama K, Wada M, Kim UJ, Azumi K, Ojima T, Nozawa A, Kitamura SI, Hirose E. Cellulose is not degraded in the tunic of the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi contracting soft tunic syndrome. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 116:143-148. [PMID: 26480917 DOI: 10.3354/dao02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soft tunic syndrome is a fatal disease in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, causing serious damage to ascidian aquaculture in Korea and Japan. In diseased individuals, the tunic, an integumentary extracellular matrix of ascidians, softens and eventually tears. This is an infectious disease caused by the kinetoplastid flagellate Azumiobodo hoyamushi. However, the mechanism of tunic softening remains unknown. Because cellulose fibrils are the main component of the tunic, we compared the contents and structures of cellulose in healthy and diseased tunics by means of biochemical quantification and X-ray diffractometry. Unexpectedly, the cellulose contents and structures of cellulose microfibrils were almost the same regardless of the presence or absence of the disease. Therefore, it is unlikely that thinning of the microfibrils occurred in the softened tunic, because digestion should have resulted in decreases in crystallinity index and crystallite size. Moreover, cellulase was not detected in pure cultures of A. hoyamushi in biochemical and expressed sequence tag analyses. These results indicate that cellulose degradation does not occur in the softened tunic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterial Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Di Bella MA, Carbone MC, De Leo G. Ultrastructural aspects of naturally occurring wound in the tunic of two ascidians: Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata (Tunicata). Micron 2015; 69:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shin YK, Nam KW, Park KH, Yoon JM, Park KI. Quantitative assessment of Azumiobodo hoyamushi distribution in the tunic of soft tunic syndrome-affected ascidian Halocynthia roretzi using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:539. [PMID: 25425505 PMCID: PMC4253000 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The kinetoplastid parasite, Azumiobodo hoyamushi, is the causative agent of soft tunic syndrome (STS) in ascidians and leads to their mass mortality in Korean waters. This study was conducted to quantify A. hoyamushi density during the development of STS in the tunics of ascidians (Halocynthia roretzi) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Findings The infection intensity of A. hoyamushi, as measured by qPCR, varied depending on the part of the tunic analyzed, as well as the stage of STS development. The highest infection intensity was recorded in the tunics of the siphons. The infection intensity of A. hoyamushi in the siphons was only 2.9 cell/tunic (area, 0.25 cm2) or 106.0 cell/gram tunic (GT) in the early phase of STS, but this value increased dramatically to 16,066 cells/tunic (0.25 cm2) or 617,004 cell/GT at the time of death. The number of A. hoyamushi parasites increased gradually and their distribution spread from the siphons to the other parts of the tunics. Conclusions qPCR enabled the quantitation of A. hoyamushi and the results revealed that parasite density increased as STS progressed. In addition, our results suggested that the siphons might function as the portal of entry for A. hoyamushi during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyung Shin
- National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Woong Nam
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 573-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwan Ha Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 573-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Man Yoon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 573-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 573-701, Republic of Korea.
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Hirose E, Kumagai A, Nawata A, Kitamura SI. Azumiobodo hoyamushi, the kinetoplastid causing soft tunic syndrome in ascidians, may invade through the siphon wall. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 109:251-256. [PMID: 24991851 DOI: 10.3354/dao02744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The infectious kinetoplastid Azumiobodo hoyamushi causes 'soft tunic syndrome', a serious problem in aquaculture of the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Infection tests using diseased tunics demonstrated that juvenile (0.8 yr old) individuals never developed soft tunic syndrome, but all individuals in the other age groups (1.8, 2.8, and 3.8 yr old) showed the disease symptoms. In the infection tests, tunic softening was first observed at the tunic around siphons. Based on ultrastructural observation of the inner wall of the branchial siphon, the tunic lining the inner wall in juveniles (0.5 yr old) was completely covered with cuticle, which had a dense structure to prevent bacterial and protist invasion. In contrast, the tunic was often partly damaged and not covered with cuticle in healthy adults (≥2.5 yr old). The damaged tunic in the siphon wall could be an entrance for A. hoyamushi into the tunic of adult hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euichi Hirose
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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14
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Song SM, Sylvatrie-Danne DB, Joo SY, Shin YK, Yu HS, Lee YS, Jung JE, Inoue N, Lee WK, Goo YK, Chung DI, Hong Y. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting 18s ribosomal DNA for rapid detection of Azumiobodo hoyamushi (Kinetoplastea). THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:305-10. [PMID: 25031473 PMCID: PMC4096644 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ascidian soft tunic syndrome (AsSTS) caused by Azumiobodo hoyamushi (A. hoyamushi) is a serious aquaculture problem that results in mass mortality of ascidians. Accordingly, the early and accurate detection of A. hoyamushi would contribute substantially to disease management and prevention of transmission. Recently, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was adopted for clinical diagnosis of a range of infectious diseases. Here, the authors describe a rapid and efficient LAMP-based method targeting the 18S rDNA gene for detection of A. hoyamushi using ascidian DNA for the diagnosis of AsSTS. A. hoyamushi LAMP assay amplified the DNA of 0.01 parasites per reaction and detected A. hoyamushi in 10 ng of ascidian DNA. To validate A. hoyamushi 18S rDNA LAMP assays, AsSTS-suspected and non-diseased ascidians were examined by microscopy, PCR, and by using the LAMP assay. When PCR was used as a gold standard, the LAMP assay showed good agreement in terms of sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). In the present study, a LAMP assay based on directly heat-treated samples was found to be as efficient as DNA extraction using a commercial kit for detecting A. hoyamushi. Taken together, this study shows the devised A. hoyamushi LAMP assay could be used to diagnose AsSTS in a straightforward, sensitive, and specific manner, that it could be used for forecasting, surveillance, and quarantine of AsSTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Song
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | | | - So-Young Joo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Shin
- Aquaculture Management Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Korea
| | - Ji-Eon Jung
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Korea
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Won Kee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Youn-Kyoung Goo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Dong-Il Chung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Yeonchul Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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15
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Fish discards management in selected Spanish and Portuguese métiers: Identification and potential valorisation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Kim HJ, Park JS, Park KH, Shin YK, Park KI. The kinetoplastid parasite Azumiobodo hoyamushi, the causative agent of soft tunic syndrome of the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi, resides in the East Sea of Korea. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 116:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Song JK, Kim D, Eun JB, Choi BD, Oh MJ, Jung SJ. Identification of cellulolytic bacteria associated with tunic softness syndrome in the sea squirt, Halocynthia roretzi. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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Maeng S, Lee JH, Kim GJ, Kim SH, Kwon HC, Shin YK, Sohn YC. Molecular and expression analysis of the farnesoid X receptor in the urochordate Halocynthia roretzi. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Hirose E, Nozawa A, Kumagai A, Kitamura SI. Azumiobodo hoyamushi gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Euglenozoa, Kinetoplastea, Neobodonida): a pathogenic kinetoplastid causing the soft tunic syndrome in ascidian aquaculture. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 97:227-35. [PMID: 22422093 DOI: 10.3354/dao02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We used morphological and genetic analyses to investigate a pathogenic kinetoplastid isolated from a diseased edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi with soft tunic syndrome. The morphological characteristics of the kinetoplastid are similar to those in the order Neobodonida in the subclass Metakinetoplastida. However, the presence of unique globular bodies distinguishes this kinetoplastid from the other polykinetoplastic genera (i.e. Cruzella, Dimastigella and Rhynchobodo) in this order. These globular bodies are cytoplasmic inclusions without an outer delimiting membrane and are composed of a homologous granular matrix containing electron-dense bands. A phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences also indicated that the kinetoplastid belongs to the order Neobodonida, although it forms an independent clade in this order. From these results, we propose a new genus in the order Neobodonida, i.e. Azumiobodo gen. nov., and Azumiobodo hoyamushi as the type species for the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euichi Hirose
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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20
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Jeong JE, Kang SW, Shin YK, Jun JC, Kim YO, Hur YB, Kim JH, Chae SH, Lee JS, Choi IH, Han YS, Seog DH, Lee YS. Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) between normal group and softness syndrome group in Halocynthia roretzi. Mol Cell Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Cha IS, Castillo CSD, Nho SW, Hikima JI, Aoki T, Jung TS. Innate immune response in the hemolymph of an ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, showing soft tunic syndrome, using label-free quantitative proteomics. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:809-816. [PMID: 21256860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Soft tunic syndrome of Halocynthia roretzi manifests as soft, weak, and rupturable tunics, causing mass mortality. Utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), innate immune response was established by comparing hemolymph protein profiles of ascidians with healthy or softened tunics. Of 100 proteins in each individual ascidian, 59 proteins from healthy and 56 proteins from diseased ascidians were functionally classified. Proteins found only in diseased individuals included trypsin inhibitor and Hr-29, and with high exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) values. From 41 proteins identified to be common to both healthy and diseased ascidians, 15 were associated with innate immune response. Ficolin 3, a component of the lectin-complement system, was significantly decreased in diseased ascidians, but a cell surface protein, type II transmembrane serine protease-1 (TTSP), was considerably elevated. These results suggest that trypsin inhibitor, ficolin 3, and TTSP are probably involved in the innate immune response related to this tunic disease. Beside, Hr-29 could be suggested as a biomarker for soft tunic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Seok Cha
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gajwa-Dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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22
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Kumagai A, Suto A, Ito H, Tanabe T, Song JY, Kitamura SI, Hirose E, Kamaishi T, Miwa S. Soft tunic syndrome in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi is caused by a kinetoplastid protist. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 95:153-161. [PMID: 21848123 DOI: 10.3354/dao02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An etiological study was conducted to clarify whether the flagellate-like cells found in histological preparations of the tunic of diseased Halocynthia roretzi (Drasche) were the causative agent of soft tunic syndrome in this ascidian. When pieces of softened diseased tunic were incubated overnight in sterile seawater, live flagellated cells, which were actively swimming in the seawater, were observed in 47 out of 61 diseased ascidians (77%), but not in moribund or abnormal individuals with normal tunics (n = 36) nor in healthy animals (n = 19). The flagellate was morphologically very similar to those observed in histological sections of the diseased tunic. By contrast, flagellates were not found in tunic pieces of healthy, moribund, and abnormal individuals that did not exhibit softening of the tunic. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the flagellate has polykinetoplastic mitochondria with discoidal cristae. The cytomorphologies of the flagellate were the same as those of the flagellate-like cells in the diseased tunic. We cultured the flagellate from the softened tunic in vitro and confirmed that the tunics of healthy ascidians, which were immersion-challenged with suspensions of the subcultured flagellates, became softened 17 d after exposure, including the final 12 d in aerated, running seawater. The occurrence of flagellates was also confirmed by incubating pieces of soft tunic from experimentally infected animals in seawater overnight. These results indicate that the flagellate is the causative agent of soft tunic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kumagai
- Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute, Ishinomaki, Miyagi 986-2135, Japan.
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23
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Kitamura SI, Ohtake SI, Song JY, Jung SJ, Oh MJ, Choi BD, Azumi K, Hirose E. Tunic morphology and viral surveillance in diseased Korean ascidians: Soft tunic syndrome in the edible ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi (Drasche), in aquaculture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:153-160. [PMID: 19878530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
'Soft tunic syndrome' causes mass mortality in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi in Korean and Japanese aquaculture. In histopathological comparison, there were no specific differences between diseased specimens from Korea and Japan, indicating that soft tunic syndrome occurring in Korea and Japan is the same disease. No bacterial or protozoan cells were microscopically detected in either healthy or diseased tunics suggesting they are not the direct causes of soft tunic syndrome. Attempts were made to isolate virus from affected ascidians taking into account temperature conditions in which soft tunic syndrome is most prevalent in the field. However, no viruses were isolated from diseased or non-diseased specimens using chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214), flounder fin (FFN) or epithelioma papillosum cyprini (EPC) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-I Kitamura
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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