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Pereira D, Alline T, Schoenaers S, Asnacios A. In vivo measurement of the Young's modulus of the cell wall of single root hairs. Cell Surf 2023; 9:100104. [PMID: 36938503 PMCID: PMC10015226 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Root hairs are cells from the root epidermis that grow as long tubular bulges perpendicular to the root. They can grow in a variety of mechanical or chemical environments. Their mechanical properties are mainly due to their stiff cell wall which also constitutes a physical barrier between the cell and its environment. Thus, it is essential to be able to quantify the cell wall mechanical properties and their adaptation to environmental cues. Here, we present a technique we developed to measure the Young's (elastic) modulus of the root hair cell wall. In essence, using custom-made glass microplates as cantilevers of calibrated stiffness, we are able to measure the force necessary to bend a single living root hair. From these experiments one can determine the stiffness and Young's modulus of the root hair cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pereira
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Alline
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St.-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75013 Paris, France
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2
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Hirano T, Ebine K, Ueda T, Higaki T, Watanabe-Nakayama T, Konno H, Takigawa-Imamura H, Sato MH. The SYP123-VAMP727 SNARE complex delivers secondary cell wall components for root hair shank hardening in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4347-4365. [PMID: 37713604 PMCID: PMC10689195 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The extended tubular shape of root hairs is established by tip growth and concomitant hardening. Here, we demonstrate that a syntaxin of plants (SYP)123-vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)727-dependent secretion system delivers secondary cell wall components for hardening the subapical zone and shank of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hairs. We found increased SYP123 localization at the plasma membrane (PM) of the subapical and shank zones compared with the tip region in elongating root hairs. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)(3,5)P2 production impaired SYP123 localization at the PM and SYP123-mediated root hair shank hardening. Moreover, root hair elongation in the syp123 mutant was insensitive to a PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis inhibitor. SYP123 interacts with both VAMP721 and VAMP727. syp123 and vamp727 mutants exhibited reduced shank cell wall stiffness due to impaired secondary cell wall component deposition. Based on these results, we conclude that SYP123 is involved in VAMP721-mediated conventional secretion for root hair elongation as well as in VAMP727-mediated secretory functions for the delivery of secondary cell wall components to maintain root hair tubular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirano
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, Sokendai, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, Sokendai, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Konno
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Masa H Sato
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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Zhang X, Bian A, Li T, Ren L, Li L, Su Y, Zhang Q. ROS and calcium oscillations are required for polarized root hair growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2106410. [PMID: 35938584 PMCID: PMC9359386 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2106410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are filamentous extensions from epidermis of plant roots with growth limited to the apical dome. Cell expansion undergoes tightly regulated processes, including the coordination between cell wall loosening and cell wall crosslinking, to form the final shape and size. Tip-focused gradients and oscillations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) together with calcium ions (Ca2+) as indispensable regulated mechanisms control rapid and polarized elongation of root hair cells. ROS homeostasis mediated by plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), and class III cell wall peroxidases (PRXs), modulates cell wall properties during cell expansion. The expression levels of RBOHC, an NADPH oxidase that produces ROS, and class III PRXs are directly upregulated by ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE 4 (RSL4), encoding a basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, to modulate root hair elongation. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), as central regulators of Ca2+ oscillations, also regulate root hair extension. Here, we review how the gradients and oscillations of Ca2+ and ROS interact to promote the expansion of root hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ang Bian
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Teng Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lifei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Su
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Dong S, Jing X, Lin S, Lu K, Li W, Lu J, Li M, Gao S, Lu S, Zhou D, Chen C, Xing B, Mao L. Root Hair Apex is the Key Site for Symplastic Delivery of Graphene into Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12179-12189. [PMID: 35947795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Uptake kinetics and delivery mechanisms of nanoparticles (NPs) in crop plants need to be urgently understood for the application of nanotechnology in agriculture as delivery systems for eco-friendly nanoagrochemicals. Here, we investigated the uptake kinetics, translocation pathway, and key internalization process of graphene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by applying three specific hydroponic cultivation methods (submerging, hanging, and split-root). Quantification results on the uptake of carbon-14 radiolabeled graphene in each tissue indicated that graphene could enter the root of wheat and further translocate to the shoot with a low delivery rate (<2%). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that internalized graphene was transported to adjacent cells through the plasmodesmata, clearly indicating the symplastic pathway of graphene translocation. The key site for the introduction of graphene into root cells for translocation through the symplastic pathway is evidenced to be the apex of growing root hair, where the newly constructed primary cell wall is much thinner. The confirmation of uptake kinetics and delivery mechanisms is useful for the development of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture, especially for graphene serving as the delivery vector for pesticides, genes, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xueping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Sijie Lin
- College Environmental Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenfei Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiajun Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Muzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Majda M, Kozlova L, Banasiak A, Derba-Maceluch M, Iashchishyn IA, Morozova-Roche LA, Smith RS, Gorshkova T, Mellerowicz EJ. Elongation of wood fibers combines features of diffuse and tip growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:673-691. [PMID: 33993523 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xylem fibers are highly elongated cells that are key constituents of wood, play major physiological roles in plants, comprise an important terrestrial carbon reservoir, and thus have enormous ecological and economic importance. As they develop, from fusiform initials, their bodies remain the same length while their tips elongate and intrude into intercellular spaces. To elucidate mechanisms of tip elongation, we studied the cell wall along the length of isolated, elongating aspen xylem fibers and used computer simulations to predict the forces driving the intercellular space formation required for their growth. We found pectin matrix epitopes (JIM5, LM7) concentrated at the tips where cellulose microfibrils have transverse orientation, and xyloglucan epitopes (CCRC-M89, CCRC-M58) in fiber bodies where microfibrils are disordered. These features are accompanied by changes in cell wall thickness, indicating that while the cell wall elongates strictly at the tips, it is deposited all over fibers. Computer modeling revealed that the intercellular space formation needed for intrusive growth may only require targeted release of cell adhesion, which allows turgor pressure in neighboring fiber cells to 'round' the cells creating spaces. These characteristics show that xylem fibers' elongation involves a distinct mechanism that combines features of both diffuse and tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Majda
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław, 50-328, Poland
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Igor A Iashchishyn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | | | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
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Yonamine R, Ichihara K, Tsuyuzaki S, Hervé C, Motomura T, Nagasato C. Changes in Cell Wall Structure During Rhizoid Formation of Silvetia babingtonii (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) Zygotes. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:1356-1367. [PMID: 33932028 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined the ultrastructure of the cell wall and immunolocalization of alginates using specific antibodies against M-rich alginates and MG blocks during rhizoid formation in fucoid zygotes, Silvetia babingtonii. The thallus region of 24-h-old zygotes had a cell wall made of three layers with different fiber distribution. In the 12-h-old zygotes, three layers in the thallus were observed before rhizoid formation, namely the inner, middle, and outer layers. During rhizoid elongation, only the inner layer was apparent close to the rhizoid tip area. Immunoelectron microscopy detected M-rich blocks of alginate on the inner half of the cell wall, irrespective of the number of layers in the thallus and rhizoid regions. The MG blocks were seen to cover a slightly wider area than M-rich alginate blocks. It was suggested that parts of M in mannuronan would be rapidly converted to G, and MG-blocks are generated. Transcriptome analysis was performed using 3 -, 10 -, and 24-h-old zygotes after fertilization to examine the relationship between gene expression and alginate synthesis over time. The expression of two mannuronan C5-epimerase homologs that convert mannuronic acid into guluronic acid in alginates was upregulated or downregulated over the course of the examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Yonamine
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ichihara
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - Shiro Tsuyuzaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Cécile Hervé
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Taizo Motomura
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
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Petersen BL, MacAlister CA, Ulvskov P. Plant Protein O-Arabinosylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645219. [PMID: 33815452 PMCID: PMC8012813 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of proteins with diverse functions in development, defense, and stress responses are O-arabinosylated at hydroxyprolines (Hyps) within distinct amino acid motifs of continuous stretches of Hyps, as found in the structural cell wall extensins, or at non-continuous Hyps as, for example, found in small peptide hormones and a variety of plasma membrane proteins involved in signaling. Plant O-glycosylation relies on hydroxylation of Prolines to Hyps in the protein backbone, mediated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H) which is followed by O-glycosylation of the Hyp C4-OH group by either galactosyltransferases (GalTs) or arabinofuranosyltranferases (ArafTs) yielding either Hyp-galactosylation or Hyp-arabinosylation. A subset of the P4H enzymes with putative preference to hydroxylation of continuous prolines and presumably all ArafT enzymes needed for synthesis of the substituted arabinose chains of one to four arabinose units, have been identified and functionally characterized. Truncated root-hair phenotype is one common denominator of mutants of Hyp formation and Hyp-arabinosylation glycogenes, which act on diverse groups of O-glycosylated proteins, e.g., the small peptide hormones and cell wall extensins. Dissection of different substrate derived effects may not be regularly feasible and thus complicate translation from genotype to phenotype. Recently, lack of proper arabinosylation on arabinosylated proteins has been shown to influence their transport/fate in the secretory pathway, hinting to an additional layer of functionality of O-arabinosylation. Here, we provide an update on the prevalence and types of O-arabinosylated proteins and the enzymatic machinery responsible for their modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cora A. MacAlister
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kumari P, Sayas T, Bucki P, Brown-Miyara S, Kleiman M. Real-Time Visualization of Cellulase Activity by Microorganisms on Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186593. [PMID: 32916923 PMCID: PMC7555966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of methods to detect cellulase secretion by microorganisms has been developed over the years, none of which enables the real-time visualization of cellulase activity on a surface. This visualization is critical to study the interaction between soil-borne cellulase-secreting microorganisms and the surface of plant roots and specifically, the effect of surface features on this interaction. Here, we modified the known carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC) hydrolysis visualization method to enable the real-time tracking of cellulase activity of microorganisms on a surface. A surface was formed using pure CMC with acridine orange dye incorporated in it. The dye disassociated from the film when hydrolysis occurred, forming a halo surrounding the point of hydrolysis. This enabled real-time visualization, since the common need for post hydrolysis dyeing was negated. Using root-knot nematode (RKN) as a model organism that penetrates plant roots, we showed that it was possible to follow microorganism cellulase secretion on the surface. Furthermore, the addition of natural additives was also shown to be an option and resulted in an increased RKN response. This method will be implemented in the future, investigating different microorganisms on a root surface microstructure replica, which can open a new avenue of research in the field of plant root-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Tali Sayas
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.B.); (S.B.-M.)
| | - Sigal Brown-Miyara
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.B.); (S.B.-M.)
| | - Maya Kleiman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.K.); (T.S.)
- Agro-NanoTechnology and Advanced Materials Center, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
- Correspondence:
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BIDHENDI A, CHEBLI Y, GEITMANN A. Fluorescence visualization of cellulose and pectin in the primary plant cell wall. J Microsc 2020; 278:164-181. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.J. BIDHENDI
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill UniversityMacdonald Campus Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Québec Canada
| | - Y. CHEBLI
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill UniversityMacdonald Campus Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Québec Canada
| | - A. GEITMANN
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill UniversityMacdonald Campus Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Québec Canada
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Legumes display common and host-specific responses to the rhizobial cellulase CelC2 during primary symbiotic infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13907. [PMID: 31554862 PMCID: PMC6761101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary infection of legumes by rhizobia involves the controlled localized enzymatic breakdown of cell walls at root hair tips. Previous studies determined the role of rhizobial CelC2 cellulase in different steps of the symbiotic interaction Rhizobium leguminosarum-Trifolium repens. Recent findings also showed that CelC2 influences early signalling events in the Ensifer meliloti-Medicago truncatula interaction. Here, we have monitored the root hair phenotypes of two legume plants, T. repens and M. sativa, upon inoculation with strains of their cognate and non-cognate rhizobial species, R. leguminosarum bv trifolii and E. meliloti, (over)expressing the CelC2 coding gene, celC. Regardless of the host, CelC2 specifically elicited ‘hole-on-the-tip’ events (Hot phenotype) in the root hair apex, consistent with the role of this endoglucanase in eroding the noncrystalline cellulose found in polarly growing cell walls. Overproduction of CelC2 also increased root hair tip redirections (RaT phenotype) events in both cognate and non-cognate hosts. Interestingly, heterologous celC expression also induced non-canonical alterations in ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) homeostasis at root hair tips of Trifolium and Medicago. These results suggest the concurrence of shared unspecific and host-related plant responses to CelC2 during early steps of symbiotic rhizobial infection. Our data thus identify CelC2 cellulase as an important determinant of events underlying early infection of the legume host by rhizobia.
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Guichard M, Allain JM, Wolfe Bianchi M, Frachisse JM. Root Hair Sizer: an algorithm for high throughput recovery of different root hair and root developmental parameters. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:104. [PMID: 31507646 PMCID: PMC6724272 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root is an important organ for water and nutrient uptake, and soil anchorage. It is equipped with root hairs (RHs) which are elongated structures increasing the exchange surface with the soil. RHs are also studied as a model for plant cellular development, as they represent a single cell with specific and highly regulated polarized elongation. For these reasons, it is useful to be able to accurately quantify RH length employing standardized procedures. Methods commonly employed rely on manual steps and are therefore time consuming and prone to errors, restricting analysis to a short segment of the root tip. Few partially automated methods have been reported to increase measurement efficiency. However, none of the reported methods allow an accurate and standardized definition of the position along the root for RH length measurement, making data comparison difficult. RESULTS We developed an image analysis algorithm that semi-automatically detects RHs and measures their length along the whole differentiation zone of roots. This method, implemented as a simple automated script in ImageJ/Fiji software that we termed Root Hair Sizer, slides a rectangular window along a binarized and straightened image of root tips to estimate the maximal RH length in a given measuring interval. This measure is not affected by heavily bent RHs and any bald spots. RH length data along the root are then modelled with a sigmoidal curve, generating several biologically significant parameters such as RH length, positioning of the root differentiation zone and, under certain conditions, RH growth rate. CONCLUSIONS Image analysis with Root Hair Sizer and subsequent sigmoidal modelling of RH length data provide a simple and efficient way to characterize RH growth in different conditions, equally suitable to small and large scale phenotyping experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Guichard
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sciences Plant Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- Present Address: Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Allain
- LMS, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
- Inria, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Michele Wolfe Bianchi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sciences Plant Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sciences Plant Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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Pujic P, Alloisio N, Fournier P, Roche D, Sghaier H, Miotello G, Armengaud J, Berry AM, Normand P. Omics of the early molecular dialogue between Frankia alni and Alnus glutinosa and the cellulase synton. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3328-3345. [PMID: 30917411 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The early Frankia-Alnus symbiotic molecular exchanges were analyzed in detail by protein and RNA omics. For this, Frankia cells were placed in the presence of Alnus roots but separated by a dialysis membrane for 64 h. The bacterial cells were then harvested and analyzed by high-throughput proteomics and transcriptomics (RNA-seq). The most upregulated gene clusters were found to be the potassium transporter operon kdp and an ABC transporter operon of uncharacterized function. The most upregulated proteins were found to be acyl dehydrogenases and the potassium transporter Kdp. These suggest a preadaptation to the impending stresses linked to the penetration into isotonic host tissues and a possible rearrangement of the membrane. Another cluster among the 60 most upregulated ones that comprised two cellulases and a cellulose synthase was conserved among the Frankia and other actinobacteria such as Streptomyces. Cellulase activity was detected on CMC all along the length of the root but not away from it. Frankia alni ACN14a was found to be unable to respire or grow on glucose as sole carbon source. The cellulose synthase was found active at the tip of hyphae in response to Alnus root exudates, resulting in a calcofluor stained tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Pujic
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRA, UMRA1418, Cedex 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicole Alloisio
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRA, UMRA1418, Cedex 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascale Fournier
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRA, UMRA1418, Cedex 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Roche
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Haitham Sghaier
- National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technology, Sidi Thabet Technopark, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Alison M Berry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philippe Normand
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRA, UMRA1418, Cedex 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Hirano T, Konno H, Takeda S, Dolan L, Kato M, Aoyama T, Higaki T, Takigawa-Imamura H, Sato MH. PtdIns(3,5)P 2 mediates root hair shank hardening in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:888-897. [PMID: 30390081 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs elongate by tip growth and simultaneously harden the shank by constructing the inner secondary cell wall layer. While much is known about the process of tip growth1, almost nothing is known about the mechanism by which root hairs harden the shank. Here we show that phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), the enzymatic product of FORMATION OF APLOID AND BINUCLEATE CELLS 1 (FAB1), is involved in the hardening of the shank in root hairs in Arabidopsis. FAB1 and PtdIns(3,5)P2 localize to the plasma membrane along the shank of growing root hairs. By contrast, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase 3 (PIP5K3) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 localize to the apex of the root hair where they are required for tip growth. Reduction of FAB1 function results in the formation of wavy root hairs while those of the wild type are straight. The localization of FAB1 in the plasma membrane of the root hair shank requires the activity of Rho-related GTPases from plants 10 (ROP10) and localization of ROP10 requires FAB1 activity. Computational modelling of root hair morphogenesis successfully reproduces the wavy root hair phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrate that root hair shank hardening requires PtdIns(3,5)P2/ROP10 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Konno
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariko Kato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University Kurokami, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Masa H Sato
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
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14
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Yang X, Deng W. Morphological and structural characterization of the attachment system in aerial roots of Syngonium podophyllum. PLANTA 2017; 245:507-521. [PMID: 27888361 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of aerial roots of Syngonium podophyllum involves a multi-step process adjusted by multi-scale structures. Helical-crack root hairs are first found in the attachment system, representing specialized structures for surface anchorage. The morphological variability of attachment organs reflects diverse climbing strategies. One such anchoring mode in clinging-climbers involves the time-dependent interaction between roots and the support: By naturally occurring adhesive roots with root hairs, the plant can ascend on supports of any shape and size. As a typical root-climber, Syngonium podophyllum develops elongate aerial roots at nodes. Here, we studied its attachment behavior from the external morphology to the internal structure in detail. Through SEM and LM observation on several root-substrate interfaces, we suggested that the attachment of aerial roots was mediated by a multi-step process, in which root hairs played significant roles in releasing mucilaginous substance and securing the durable anchorage. We summarized all the types of shape changes of root hairs with particular focus on the abnormal transition from a tube to a helical-crack ribbon. We demonstrated our understanding with respect to the formation of the helical-crack root hairs, based on the structural evidence of cellulose microfibrils orientation on the cell wall lamellae. The helical-crack root hairs serving as energy-dissipating units retard the failure of adhesion under high winds and loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wenli Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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15
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Krupinski P, Bozorg B, Larsson A, Pietra S, Grebe M, Jönsson H. A Model Analysis of Mechanisms for Radial Microtubular Patterns at Root Hair Initiation Sites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1560. [PMID: 27840629 PMCID: PMC5083785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells have two main modes of growth generating anisotropic structures. Diffuse growth where whole cell walls extend in specific directions, guided by anisotropically positioned cellulose fibers, and tip growth, with inhomogeneous addition of new cell wall material at the tip of the structure. Cells are known to regulate these processes via molecular signals and the cytoskeleton. Mechanical stress has been proposed to provide an input to the positioning of the cellulose fibers via cortical microtubules in diffuse growth. In particular, a stress feedback model predicts a circumferential pattern of fibers surrounding apical tissues and growing primordia, guided by the anisotropic curvature in such tissues. In contrast, during the initiation of tip growing root hairs, a star-like radial pattern has recently been observed. Here, we use detailed finite element models to analyze how a change in mechanical properties at the root hair initiation site can lead to star-like stress patterns in order to understand whether a stress-based feedback model can also explain the microtubule patterns seen during root hair initiation. We show that two independent mechanisms, individually or combined, can be sufficient to generate radial patterns. In the first, new material is added locally at the position of the root hair. In the second, increased tension in the initiation area provides a mechanism. Finally, we describe how a molecular model of Rho-of-plant (ROP) GTPases activation driven by auxin can position a patch of activated ROP protein basally along a 2D root epidermal cell plasma membrane, paving the way for models where mechanical and molecular mechanisms cooperate in the initial placement and outgrowth of root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Krupinski
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Pawel Krupinski
| | - Behruz Bozorg
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - André Larsson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - Stefano Pietra
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Markus Grebe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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16
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Muszyński A, O'Neill MA, Ramasamy E, Pattathil S, Avci U, Peña MJ, Libault M, Hossain MS, Brechenmacher L, York WS, Barbosa RM, Hahn MG, Stacey G, Carlson RW. Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I do not have identical structures in soybean root and root hair cell walls. PLANTA 2015; 242:1123-38. [PMID: 26067758 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Chemical analyses and glycome profiling demonstrate differences in the structures of the xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I isolated from soybean ( Glycine max ) roots and root hair cell walls. The root hair is a plant cell that extends only at its tip. All other root cells have the ability to grow in different directions (diffuse growth). Although both growth modes require controlled expansion of the cell wall, the types and structures of polysaccharides in the walls of diffuse and tip-growing cells from the same plant have not been determined. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the few plants whose root hairs can be isolated in amounts sufficient for cell wall chemical characterization. Here, we describe the structural features of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, xyloglucan, glucomannan, and 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan present in the cell walls of soybean root hairs and roots stripped of root hairs. Irrespective of cell type, rhamnogalacturonan II exists as a dimer that is cross-linked by a borate ester. Root hair rhamnogalacturonan I contains more neutral oligosaccharide side chains than its root counterpart. At least 90% of the glucuronic acid is 4-O-methylated in root glucuronoxylan. Only 50% of this glycose is 4-O-methylated in the root hair counterpart. Mono O-acetylated fucose-containing subunits account for at least 60% of the neutral xyloglucan from root and root hair walls. By contrast, a galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan was detected only in root hair cell walls. Soybean homologs of the Arabidopsis xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase are highly expressed only in root hairs. A mannose-rich polysaccharide was also detected only in root hair cell walls. Our data demonstrate that the walls of tip-growing root hairs cells have structural features that distinguish them from the walls of other roots cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Easwaran Ramasamy
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Laurent Brechenmacher
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Southern Alberta Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rommel M Barbosa
- Instituto de Informática, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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17
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Zhang HM, Talbot MJ, McCurdy DW, Patrick JW, Offler CE. Calcium-dependent depletion zones in the cortical microtubule array coincide with sites of, but do not regulate, wall ingrowth papillae deposition in epidermal transfer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6021-33. [PMID: 26136268 PMCID: PMC4566988 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trans-differentiation to a transfer-cell morphology is characterized by the localized deposition of wall ingrowth papillae that protrude into the cytosol. Whether the cortical microtubule array directs wall ingrowth papillae formation was investigated using a Vicia faba cotyledon culture system in which their adaxial epidermal cells were spontaneously induced to trans-differentiate to transfer cells. During deposition of wall ingrowth papillae, the aligned cortical microtubule arrays in precursor epidermal cells were reorganized into a randomized array characterized by circular depletion zones. Concurrence of the temporal appearance, spatial pattern, and size of depletion zones and wall ingrowth papillae was consistent with each papilla occupying a depletion zone. Surprisingly, microtubules appeared not to regulate construction of wall ingrowth papillae, as neither depolymerization nor stabilization of cortical microtubules changed their deposition pattern or morphology. Moreover, the size and spatial pattern of depletion zones was unaltered when the formation of wall ingrowth papillae was blocked by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis. In contrast, the depletion zones were absent when the cytosolic calcium plumes, responsible for directing wall ingrowth papillae formation, were blocked or dissipated. Thus, we conclude that the depletion zones within the cortical microtubule array result from localized depolymerization of microtubules initiated by elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels at loci where wall ingrowth papillae are deposited. The physiological significance of the depletion zones as a mechanism to accommodate the construction of wall ingrowth papillae without compromising maintenance of the plasma membrane-microtubule inter-relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mark J Talbot
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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18
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Abstract
Over the last few decades, our understanding of directed cell growth in different organisms has substantially improved. Tip-growing cells in plants elongate rapidly via targeted deposition of cell wall and membrane material at the cell apex, and use turgor pressure as a driving force for expansion. This type of polar growth requires a high degree of coordination between a plethora of cellular and extracellular components and compounds, including calcium dynamics, apoplastic reactive oxygen species and pH, the cytoskeleton, and vesicular trafficking. In this review, we attempt to outline and summarize the factors that control root hair growth and how they work together as a team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Mendrinna
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Muehlenberg 1, 14476 PotsdamGermany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Muehlenberg 1, 14476 PotsdamGermany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of MelbourneParkville 3010, VictoriaAustralia
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19
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Fujita M, Wasteneys GO. A survey of cellulose microfibril patterns in dividing, expanding, and differentiating cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:687-98. [PMID: 24169947 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are critical for plant cell specialization and function. Recent advances in live cell imaging of fluorescently tagged cellulose synthases to track cellulose synthesis have greatly advanced our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis. Nevertheless, cellulose deposition patterns remain poorly described in many cell types, including those in the process of division or differentiation. In this study, we used field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis of cryo-planed tissues to determine the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in various faces of cells undergoing cytokinesis or specialized development, including cell types in which cellulose cannot be imaged by conventional approaches. In dividing cells, we detected microfibrillar meshworks in the cell plates, consistent with the concentration at the cell plate of cellulose synthase complexes, as detected by fluorescently tagged CesA6. We also observed a loss of parallel cellulose microfibril orientation in walls of the mother cell during cytokinesis, which corresponded with the loss of fluorescently tagged cellulose synthase complexes from these surfaces. In recently formed guard cells, microfibrils were randomly organized and only formed a highly ordered circumferential pattern after pore formation. In pit fields, cellulose microfibrils were arranged in circular patterns around plasmodesmata. Microfibrils were random in most cotyledon cells except the epidermis and were parallel to the growth axis in trichomes. Deposition of cellulose microfibrils was spatially delineated in metaxylem and protoxylem cells of the inflorescence stem, supporting recent studies on microtubule exclusion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
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20
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Larson ER, Tierney ML, Tinaz B, Domozych DS. Using monoclonal antibodies to label living root hairs: a novel tool for studying cell wall microarchitecture and dynamics in Arabidopsis. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:30. [PMID: 25309618 PMCID: PMC4192329 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arabidopsis root hair represents a valuable cell model for elucidating polar expansion mechanisms in plant cells and the overall biology of roots. The deposition and development of the cell wall is central to the root hair expansion apparatus. During this process, incorporation of specific wall polymers into the growing wall architecture constitutes a critical spatio-temporal event that controls hair size and growth rate and one that is closely coordinated with the cell's endomembrane, cytoskeletal and signal transduction apparatuses. RESULTS In this study, the protocol for live cell labeling of roots with monoclonal antibodies that bind to specific wall polymers is presented. This method allows for rapid assessment of root hair cell wall composition during development and assists in describing changes to cell wall composition in transgenic mutant lines. Enzymatic "unmasking" of specific polymers prior to labeling allows for refined interpretation of cell wall chemistry. Live cell immunofluorescence data may also be correlated with transmission electron microscopy-based immunogold labeling. CONCLUSIONS Live Arabidopsis root hairs may be labeled with cell wall polymer-specific antibodies. This methodology allows for direct visualization of cell wall dynamics throughout development in stable transgenic plant lines. It also provides an important new tool in the elucidation of the specific interactions occurring between membrane trafficking networks, cytoskeleton and the cell wall deposition/remodeling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Larson
- />Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- />Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Mary L Tierney
- />Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Berke Tinaz
- />Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA
| | - David S Domozych
- />Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA
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21
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Abstract
Tip growth is employed throughout the plant kingdom. Our understanding of tip growth has benefited from modern tools in molecular genetics, which have enabled the functional characterization of proteins mediating tip growth. Here we first discuss the evolutionary role of tip growth in land plants and then describe the prominent model tip-growth systems, elaborating on some advantages and disadvantages of each. Next we review the organization of tip-growing cells, the role of the cytoskeleton, and recent developments concerning the physiological basis of tip growth. Finally, we review advances in the understanding of the extracellular signals that are known to guide tip-growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Rounds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
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