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Thakur A, Rana N, Kumar R. Altered hormone expression induced genetic changes leads to breast cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2024; 36:115-122. [PMID: 38441060 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Breast cancer ranks first among gynecological cancer in India. It is associated with urbanization, changes in lifestyle and obesity. Hormones also play a crucial role in the development of breast cancer. Steroid hormones play critical role in development of breast cancer. RECENT FINDING Breast cancer is caused due to alteration in different hormone expressions leading to genetic instability. Loss or gains of functions due to genetic instability were associated with the alterations in housekeeping genes. Up-regulation in c-myc, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), CREB-regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) may cause the development of breast cancer. Peptide hormones are commonly following the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway for activation of cell cycle causing uncontrolled proliferation. Although steroid hormones are following the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) pathway, their hyper-activation of these pathways causes extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and MAPK activation, leading to carcinogenesis. SUMMARY Alteration in cell cycle proteins, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, transcription and translation factors lead to breast cancer. Apoptosis plays a vital role in the elimination of abnormal cells but failure in any of these apoptotic pathways may cause tumorigenesis. Hence, a complex interplay of hormonal and genetic factors is required to maintain homeostasis in breast cells. Imbalance in homeostasis of these hormone and genes may lead to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Thakur
- Department of Animal sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, H.P
| | - Navya Rana
- Department of Animal sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, H.P
| | - Ranjit Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland
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2
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Hoang NMH, Jo W, Kim MS. Protective effect of Prolactin releasing peptide against 1,2-diacetylbenzene -induced neuroinflammation. Neuropeptides 2023; 100:102349. [PMID: 37269608 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) has been investigated as a potential therapeutic for diabetes by the effect of food intake reduction, increasing leptin signaling, and insulin tolerance. Recent studies focused on its synaptogenesis and protective effects against neurodegeneration. Whereas 1,2-diacetylbenzene (DAB), a common metabolite of a neurotoxicant 1,2-diethyl benzene, causes memory impairment and neurotoxicity partly through the inflammatory process. Our present study assessed the effect of PrRP in microglia and its action in balancing the inflammation to protect against DAB. We observed that PrRP modulated NADPH oxidase - regulated NLRP3 inflammasome and PRL signaling pathways differently between physical and toxic conditions in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Hong Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Miyake N, Nagai T, Suga H, Osuka S, Kasai T, Sakakibara M, Soen M, Ozaki H, Miwata T, Asano T, Kano M, Muraoka A, Nakanishi N, Nakamura T, Goto M, Yasuda Y, Kawaguchi Y, Miyata T, Kobayashi T, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Hagiwara D, Iwama S, Iwase A, Inoshita N, Arima H, Kajiyama H. Functional Lactotrophs in Induced Adenohypophysis Differentiated From Human iPS Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6516050. [PMID: 35085394 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL), a hormone involved in lactation, is mainly produced and secreted by the lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary (AP) gland. We previously reported a method to generate functional adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing cells by differentiating the AP and hypothalamus simultaneously from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, PRL-producing cells in the induced AP have not been investigated. Here, we confirmed the presence of PRL-producing cells and evaluated their endocrine functions. We differentiated pituitary cells from human iPSCs using serum-free floating culture of embryoid-like aggregates with quick reaggregation (SFEB-q) method and evaluated the appearance and function of PRL-producing cells. Secretion of PRL from the differentiated aggregates was confirmed, which increased with further culture. Fluorescence immunostaining and immunoelectron microscopy revealed PRL-producing cells and PRL-positive secretory granules, respectively. PRL secretion was promoted by various prolactin secretagogues such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and prolactin-releasing peptide, and inhibited by bromocriptine. Moreover, the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic nerves in the hypothalamic tissue area around the center of the aggregates connecting to PRL-producing cells indicated the possibility of recapitulating PRL regulatory mechanisms through the hypothalamus. In conclusion, we generated pituitary lactotrophs from human iPSCs; these displayed similar secretory responsiveness as human pituitary cells in vivo. In the future, this is expected to be used as a model of human PRL-producing cells for various studies, such as drug discovery, prediction of side effects, and elucidation of tumorigenic mechanisms using disease-specific iPSCs. Furthermore, it may help to develop regenerative medicine for the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Miyake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoko Osuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mika Soen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hajime Ozaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miwata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Asano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ayako Muraoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Natsuki Nakanishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Maki Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yasuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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4
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O'Hara L, Christian HC, Le Tissier P, Smith LB. Hyperprolactinemia in a male pituitary androgen receptor knockout mouse is associated with female-like lactotroph development. Andrology 2021; 9:1652-1661. [PMID: 33998165 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating prolactin concentration in rodents and humans is sexually dimorphic. Oestrogens are a well-characterised stimulator of prolactin release. Circulating prolactin fluctuates throughout the menstrual/oestrous cycle of females in response to oestrogen levels, but remains continually low in males. We have previously identified androgens as an inhibitor of prolactin release through characterisation of males of a mouse line with a conditional pituitary androgen receptor knockout (PARKO) which have an increase in circulating prolactin, but unchanged lactotroph number. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aimed to specify the cell type that androgens act on to repress prolactin release. MATERIALS AND METHODS PARKO, lactotroph-specific, Pit1 lineage-specific and neural-specific conditional androgen receptor knockout male mice were investigated using prolactin ELISA, pituitary electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Lactotroph-specific, Pit1 lineage-specific and neural-specific conditional AR knockouts did not duplicate the high circulating prolactin seen in the PARKO line. Using electron microscopy to examine ultrastructure, we showed that pituitary androgen receptor knockout male mice develop lactotrophs that resemble those seen in female mice. Castrated PARKO males have significantly reduced circulating prolactin compared to intact males. When expression of selected oestrogen-regulated anterior pituitary genes was examined, there were no differences in expression level between controls and knockouts. DISCUSSION The cell type that androgens act on to repress prolactin release is not the lactotroph, cells in the Pit1-lineage, or the dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus. PARKO males develop a female-specific lactotroph ultrastructure that this is likely to contribute to the increase in circulating prolactin. Castrated PARKO males have significantly reduced circulating prolactin compared to intact males, which suggests that removal of both circulating oestrogens and androgens reduces the stimulation of pituitary prolactin release. CONCLUSION Further investigation is needed into prolactin regulation by changes in androgen-oestrogen balance, which is involved sexual dimorphism of development and diseases including hyperprolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura O'Hara
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.,ZJU-UoE Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Paul Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lee B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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5
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Botermann DS, Brandes N, Frommhold A, Heß I, Wolff A, Zibat A, Hahn H, Buslei R, Uhmann A. Hedgehog signaling in endocrine and folliculo-stellate cells of the adult pituitary. J Endocrinol 2021; 248:303-316. [PMID: 33480359 PMCID: PMC7983331 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous overactivation of Hedgehog signaling in adult pituitaries results in increased expression of proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), growth hormone (Gh) and prolactin (Prl), elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth) production and proliferation of Sox2+ cells. Moreover, ACTH, GH and PRL-expressing human pituitary adenomas strongly express the Hedgehog target GLI1. Accordingly, Hedgehog signaling seems to play an important role in pathology and probably also in homeostasis of the adult hypophysis. However, the specific Hedgehog-responsive pituitary cell type has not yet been identified. We here investigated the Hedgehog pathway activation status and the effects of deregulated Hedgehog signaling cell-specifically in endocrine and non-endocrine pituitary cells. We demonstrate that Hedgehog signaling is unimportant for the homeostasis of corticotrophs, whereas it is active in subpopulations of somatotrophs and folliculo-stellate cells in vivo. Reinforcement of Hedgehog signaling activity in folliculo-stellate cells stimulates growth hormone production/release from somatotrophs in a paracrine manner, which most likely is mediated by the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide. Overall, our data show that Hedgehog signaling affects the homeostasis of pituitary hormone production via folliculo-stellate cell-mediated regulation of growth hormone production/secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Simon Botermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Brandes
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Frommhold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Heß
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolff
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arne Zibat
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Buslei
- Institute of Pathology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Anja Uhmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Uhmann:
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6
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O'Hara L, Christian HC, Jeffery N, Le Tissier P, Smith LB. Characterisation of a mural cell network in the murine pituitary gland. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12903. [PMID: 32959418 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary are composed of endocrine cells, as well as vasculature and supporting cells, such as folliculostellate cells. Folliculostellate cells form a network with several postulated roles in the pituitary, including production of paracrine signalling molecules and cytokines, coordination of endocrine cell hormone release, phagocytosis, and structural support. Folliculostellate cells in rats are characterised by expression of S100B protein, and in humans by glial fibrillary acid protein. However, there is evidence for another network of supporting cells in the anterior pituitary that has properties of mural cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. The present study aims to characterise the distribution of cells that express the mural cell marker platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) in the mouse pituitary and establish whether these cells are folliculostellate. By immunohistochemical localisation, we determine that approximately 80% of PDGFRβ+ cells in the mouse pituitary have a non-perivascular location and 20% are pericytes. Investigation of gene expression in a magnetic cell sorted population of PDGFRβ+ cells shows that, despite a mostly non-perivascular location, this population is enriched for mural cell markers but not enriched for rat or human folliculostellate cell markers. This is confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The present study concludes that a mural cell network is present throughout the anterior pituitary of the mouse and that this population does not express well-characterised human or rat folliculostellate cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura O'Hara
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathan Jeffery
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lee B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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7
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González-Rodríguez A, Labad J, Seeman MV. Antipsychotic-induced Hyperprolactinemia in aging populations: Prevalence, implications, prevention and management. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 101:109941. [PMID: 32243999 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the prevalence, implications, prevention and management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in aging populations. Antipsychotics are indicated mainly for the treatment of psychotic illness but are also used in other conditions. Complications induced by antipsychotics increase with age, due to age-related changes in drug metabolism and excretion. Almost all antipsychotics lead to hyperprolactinemia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, which counteracts dopamine's inhibitory action on prolactin secretion. The main findings of this narrative review are that, though many of the known side effects of high prolactin levels lose their salience with age, the risk of exacerbating osteoporosis remains critical. Methods of preventing antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in older individuals include using antipsychotic medication (AP) as sparingly as possible and monitoring AP serum levels, regularly measuring prolactin levels, closely monitoring bone density, treating substance abuse, and teaching patients stress management techniques. When hyperprolactinemia symptoms cannot be otherwise managed, adjunctive drugs are available. Potential helpful adjuncts are: dopamine agonists, antipsychotics with partial agonist properties (e.g. aripiprazole), selective estrogen receptor modulators, and metformin. Because a gold standard for prevention/treatment has not been established, clinical decisions need to be made based on safety and individual circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre González-Rodríguez
- Department of Mental Health. Parc Tauli University Hospital. I3PT. Sabadell (Barcelona, Spain) Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)..
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Mental Health. Parc Tauli University Hospital. I3PT. Sabadell (Barcelona, Spain) Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). CIBERSAM
| | - Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5P 3L6
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8
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Dobolyi A, Oláh S, Keller D, Kumari R, Fazekas EA, Csikós V, Renner É, Cservenák M. Secretion and Function of Pituitary Prolactin in Evolutionary Perspective. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:621. [PMID: 32612510 PMCID: PMC7308720 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamo-pituitary system developed in early vertebrates. Prolactin is an ancient vertebrate hormone released from the pituitary that exerts particularly diverse functions. The purpose of the review is to take a comparative approach in the description of prolactin, its secretion from pituitary lactotrophs, and hormonal functions. Since the reproductive and osmoregulatory roles of prolactin are best established in a variety of species, these functions are the primary subjects of discussion. Different types of prolactin and prolactin receptors developed during vertebrate evolution, which will be described in this review. The signal transduction of prolactin receptors is well conserved among vertebrates enabling us to describe the whole subphylum. Then, the review focuses on the regulation of prolactin release in mammals as we have the most knowledge on this class of vertebrates. Prolactin secretion in response to different reproductive stimuli, such as estrogen-induced release, mating, pregnancy and suckling is detailed. Reproduction in birds is different from that in mammals in several aspects. Prolactin is released during incubation in avian species whose regulation and functional significance are discussed. Little information is available on prolactin in reptiles and amphibians; therefore, they are mentioned only in specific cases to explain certain evolutionary aspects. In turn, the osmoregulatory function of prolactin is well established in fish. The different types of pituitary prolactin in fish play particularly important roles in the adaptation of eutherian species to fresh water environments. To achieve this function, prolactin is released from lactotrophs in hyposmolarity, as they are directly osmosensitive in fish. In turn, the released prolactin acts on branchial epithelia, especially ionocytes of the gill to retain salt and excrete water. This review will highlight the points where comparative data give new ideas or suggest new approaches for investigation in other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Oláh
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Keller
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emese A. Fazekas
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vivien Csikós
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Renner
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Microdissection Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Cservenák
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Phillipps HR, Yip SH, Grattan DR. Patterns of prolactin secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 502:110679. [PMID: 31843563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin is pleotropic in nature affecting multiple tissues throughout the body. As a consequence of the broad range of functions, regulation of anterior pituitary prolactin secretion is complex and atypical as compared to other pituitary hormones. Many studies have provided insight into the complex hypothalamic-pituitary networks controlling prolactin secretion patterns in different species using a range of techniques. Here, we review prolactin secretion in both males and females; and consider the different patterns of prolactin secretion across the reproductive cycle in representative female mammals with short versus long luteal phases and in seasonal breeders. Additionally, we highlight changes in the pattern of secretion during pregnancy and lactation, and discuss the wide range of adaptive functions that prolactin may have in these important physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollian R Phillipps
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Siew H Yip
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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10
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Li Q, Jia Y, Burris WR, Bridges PJ, Matthews JC. Forms of selenium in vitamin-mineral mixes differentially affect the expression of genes responsible for prolactin, ACTH, and α-MSH synthesis and mitochondrial dysfunction in pituitaries of steers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:631-643. [PMID: 30476104 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (inorganic Se, ISe), SEL-PLEX (organic forms of Se, OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter pituitary transcriptome profiles in growing beef steers grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) pasture. Predominately Angus steers (BW = 183 ± 34 kg) were randomly selected from fall-calving cows grazing E+ pasture and consuming VM mixes that contained 35 ppm Se as ISe, OSe, or MIX forms. Steers were weaned, depleted of Se for 98 d, and subjected to summer-long common grazing of a 10.1 ha E+ pasture containing 0.51 ppm ergot alkaloids. Steers were assigned (n = 8 per treatment) to the same Se-form treatments on which they were raised. Selenium treatments were administered by daily top-dressing 85 g of VM mix onto 0.23 kg soyhulls, using in-pasture Calan gates. As previously reported, serum prolactin was greater for MIX (52%) and OSe (59%) steers vs. ISe. Pituitaries were collected at slaughter and changes in global and selected mRNA expression patterns determined by microarray and real-time reverse transcription PCR analyses, respectively. The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The form of Se affected the expression of 542 annotated genes (P < 0.005). Integrated pathway analysis found a canonical pathway network between prolactin and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)/ACTH/α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) synthesis-related proteins and that mitochondrial dysfunction was a top-affected canonical pathway. Targeted reverse transcription-PCR analysis found that the relative abundance of mRNA encoding prolactin and POMC/ACTH/α-MSH synthesis-related proteins was affected (P < 0.05) by the form of Se, as were (P ≤ 0.05) mitochondrial dysfunction-related proteins (CYB5A, FURIN, GPX4, and PSENEN). OSe steers appeared to have a greater prolactin synthesis capacity (more PRL mRNA) vs. ISe steers through decreased dopamine type two receptor signaling (more DRD2 mRNA), whereas MIX steers had a greater prolactin synthesis capacity (more PRL mRNA) and release potential by increasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone concentrations (less TRH receptor mRNA) than ISe steers. OSe steers also had a greater ACTH and α-MSH synthesis potential (more POMC, PCSK2, CPE, and PAM mRNA) than ISe steers. We conclude that form of Se in VM mixes altered expression of genes responsible for prolactin and POMC/ACTH/α-MSH synthesis, and mitochondrial function, in pituitaries of growing beef steers subjected to summer-long grazing an E+ pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yang Jia
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Walter R Burris
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Phillip J Bridges
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - James C Matthews
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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11
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Leem YH, Park JS, Chang H, Park J, Kim HS. Exercise Prevents Memory Consolidation Defects Via Enhancing Prolactin Responsiveness of CA1 Neurons in Mice Under Chronic Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6609-6625. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Camilletti MA, Abeledo-Machado A, Ferraris J, Pérez PA, Faraoni EY, Pisera D, Gutierrez S, Díaz-Torga G. Role of GPER in the anterior pituitary gland focusing on lactotroph function. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:99-110. [PMID: 30400046 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian steroids control a variety of physiological functions. They exert actions through classical nuclear steroid receptors, but rapid non-genomic actions through specific membrane steroid receptors have been also described. In this study, we demonstrate that the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is expressed in the rat pituitary gland and, at a high level, in the lactotroph population. Our results revealed that ~40% of the anterior pituitary cells are GPER positive and ~35% of the lactotrophs are GPER positive. By immunocytochemical and immuno-electron-microscopy studies, we demonstrated that GPER is localized in the plasmatic membrane but is also associated to the endoplasmic reticulum in rat lactotrophs. Moreover, we found that local Gper expression is regulated negatively by 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) and fluctuates during the estrus cycle, being minimal in proestrus. Interestingly, lack of ovarian steroids after an ovariectomy (OVX) significantly increased pituitary GPER expression specifically in the three morphologically different subtypes of lactotrophs. We found a rapid estradiol stimulatory effect on PRL secretion mediated by GPER, both in vitro and ex vivo, using a GPER agonist G1, and this effect was prevented by the GPER antagonist G36, demonstrating a novel role for this receptor. Then, the increased pituitary GPER expression after OVX could lead to alterations in the pituitary function as all three lactotroph subtypes are target of GPER ligand and could be involved in the PRL secretion mediated by GPER. Therefore, it should be taken into consideration in the response of the gland to an eventual hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Andrea Camilletti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Abeledo-Machado
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Ferraris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Pérez
- Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Erika Y Faraoni
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Pisera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutierrez
- Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela Díaz-Torga
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Grass Carp Prolactin Gene: Structural Characterization and Signal Transduction for PACAP-induced Prolactin Promoter Activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4655. [PMID: 29545542 PMCID: PMC5854708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, structural analysis of grass carp prolactin (PRL) gene was performed and the signaling mechanisms for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) regulation of PRL promoter activity were investigated. In αT3-1 cells, PRL promoter activity could be induced by oPACAP38 which was blocked by PACAP antagonist but not the VIP antagonist. The stimulatory effect of oPACAP38 was mimicked by activation of AC/cAMP and voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel (VSCC) signaling, or induction of Ca2+ entry. In parallel, PACAP-induced PRL promoter activity was negated or inhibited by suppressing cAMP production, inhibiting PKA activity, removal of extracellular Ca2+, VSCC blockade, calmodulin (CaM) antagonism, and inactivation of CaM kinase II. Similar sensitivity to L-type VSCC, CaM and CaM kinase II inhibition were also observed by substituting cAMP analog for oPACAP38 as the stimulant for PRL promoter activity. Moreover, PACAP-induced PRL promoter activity was also blocked by inhibition of PLC signaling, attenuation of [Ca2+]i immobilization via IP3 receptors, and blockade of PI3K/P70S6K pathway. The PACAP-induced PRL promoter activation may involve transactivation of the transcription factor CREB. These results suggest that PACAP can stimulate PRL promoter activation by PAC1 mediated functional coupling of the Ca2+/CaM/CaM kinase II cascades with the AC/cAMP/PKA pathway. Apparently, other signaling pathways, including PLC/IP3 and PI3K/P70S6K cascades, may also be involved in PACAP induction of PRL gene transcription.
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Reuquen P, Guajardo-Correa E, Oróstica ML, Curotto C, Parada-Bustamante A, Cardenas H, Orihuela PA. Prolactin gene expression in the pituitary of rats subjected to vaginocervical stimulation requires Erk-1/2 signaling. Reprod Biol 2017; 17:357-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Oberhaus EL, Thompson DL, Pham CK, Valencia NA. Seasonal Assessment of Duration of Prolactin Suppression Following Cabergoline Treatment in Mares: Unstimulated Versus Sulpiride and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Responses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Lin C, Jiang X, He M, Zhao L, Huang T, Bian Z, Wong AOL. Mechanisms for PACAP-induced prolactin gene expression in grass carp pituitary cells. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:37-51. [PMID: 28130410 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic hormone with diverse functions but its role in prolactin (PRL) regulation is highly controversial. To shed light on Prl regulation by PACAP in fish model, grass carp pituitary cells was used as a model to examine the receptor specificity and signal transduction for PACAP modulation of prl gene expression in the carp pituitary. Using RT-PCR, PACAP-selective PAC1 receptor was detected in carp lactotrophs. In carp pituitary cells, nanomolar doses of PACAP, but not VIP, could elevate Prl secretion and protein production with concurrent rise in prl mRNA and these stimulatory effects were blocked by PACAP antagonist but not VIP antagonist. PACAP-induced prl mRNA expression could be mimicked by activating adenylate cyclase (AC), increasing cAMP level by cAMP analog, or increasing intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) by Ca2+ ionophore/voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel (VSCC) activator. PACAP-induced prl gene expression, however, was attenuated/abolished by suppressing cAMP production, inhibiting PKA activity, blocking [Ca2+]i mobilization and VSCC activation, calmodulin (CaM) antagonism, and inactivation of JNK and CaM Kinase II (CaMK-II). Similar sensitivity to CaM, JNK, and CaMK-II blockade was also noted by substituting cAMP analog for PACAP as the stimulant for prl mRNA expression. These results, as a whole, provide evidence for the first time that (i) PACAP activation of PAC1 receptor expressed in carp lactotrophs could induce Prl synthesis and secretion, and (ii) Prl production induced by PACAP was mediated by upregulation of prl gene expression, presumably via functional coupling of cAMP/PKA-, Ca2+/CaM-, and MAPK-dependent cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Lin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Clinical DivisionSchool of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural MedicineYunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mulan He
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ling Zhao
- Clinical DivisionSchool of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Huang
- Clinical DivisionSchool of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Clinical DivisionSchool of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural MedicineYunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
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17
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Featherstone K, Hey K, Momiji H, McNamara AV, Patist AL, Woodburn J, Spiller DG, Christian HC, McNeilly AS, Mullins JJ, Finkenstädt BF, Rand DA, White MRH, Davis JRE. Spatially coordinated dynamic gene transcription in living pituitary tissue. eLife 2016; 5:e08494. [PMID: 26828110 PMCID: PMC4749562 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription at individual genes in single cells is often pulsatile and stochastic. A key question emerges regarding how this behaviour contributes to tissue phenotype, but it has been a challenge to quantitatively analyse this in living cells over time, as opposed to studying snap-shots of gene expression state. We have used imaging of reporter gene expression to track transcription in living pituitary tissue. We integrated live-cell imaging data with statistical modelling for quantitative real-time estimation of the timing of switching between transcriptional states across a whole tissue. Multiple levels of transcription rate were identified, indicating that gene expression is not a simple binary 'on-off' process. Immature tissue displayed shorter durations of high-expressing states than the adult. In adult pituitary tissue, direct cell contacts involving gap junctions allowed local spatial coordination of prolactin gene expression. Our findings identify how heterogeneous transcriptional dynamics of single cells may contribute to overall tissue behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Featherstone
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Hey
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Momiji
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Anne V McNamara
- Systems Biology Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda L Patist
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Woodburn
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David G Spiller
- Systems Biology Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan S McNeilly
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John J Mullins
- The Molecular Physiology Group, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A Rand
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael RH White
- Systems Biology Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julian RE Davis
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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18
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Hackney AC, Davis HC, Lane AR. Exercise augments the nocturnal prolactin rise in exercise-trained men. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2015; 6:217-22. [PMID: 26445644 PMCID: PMC4579415 DOI: 10.1177/2042018815593035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to profile over a 24 h period the prolactin responses of exercise-trained men on a day involving rest with no exercise in comparison to a day involving exercise training sessions. METHODS This is a quasi-experimental design study using repeated measures determination of 24 h prolactin responses in exercise-trained men (n = 16; age = 27.3± 3.3 years (mean ± standard deviation)). Blood samples were taken hourly over a 24 h period on a day involving two intensive exercise training sessions (ED), and on a separate control day (CD) with no exercise activity. The order of the ED and CD was randomized. Physical activity and diet were controlled and replicated for the ED and CD. Blood specimens were handled, prepared and analyzed utilizing appropriate standard clinical practices. The data were analyzed with the Friedman analysis of variance and Nemenyi post hoc statistical procedure for repeated measures. RESULTS On the CD, prolactin displayed a typical circadian rhythm with daytime values of the hormone being less than the nocturnal rise once sleep had begun (p < 0.05; 16:00-20:00 h > all other times). On the ED, prolactin responses were noticeably different from those of the CD. The morning and afternoon exercise sessions included significant increases in prolactin immediately at the end of the exercise sessions, being greater than corresponding CD time points (p < 0.01; 01:00 h and 10:00 h); also for the second hour (2 h) following the morning exercise session. On the ED there was a displayed circadian nocturnal response in the hormone with 16:00-24:00 h being elevated above the all nonexercise effected values for that specific day (p < 0.01). Finally, the ED nocturnal elevation for prolactin for 16:00-24:00 h was significantly greater than the same respective hours on the CD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Findings clearly demonstrated that nocturnal prolactin responses are augmented in exercise-trained men on days when they perform exercise. The mechanisms inducing this adaptive response are unclear but warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hope C. Davis
- Endocrine Section, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy R. Lane
- Endocrine Section, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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19
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Christensen AP, Patel SH, Grasa P, Christian HC, Williams SA. Oocyte glycoproteins regulate the form and function of the follicle basal lamina and theca cells. Dev Biol 2015; 401:287-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Christian HC, Imirtziadis L, Tortonese D. Ultrastructural changes in lactotrophs and folliculo-stellate cells in the ovine pituitary during the annual reproductive cycle. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:277-84. [PMID: 25650820 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In seasonal mammals living in temperate zones, photoperiod regulates prolactin secretion, such that prolactin plasma concentrations peak during the summer months and are lowest during the winter. In sheep, a short-day breeder, circulating prolactin has important modulatory effects on the reproductive system via inhibitory actions on pituitary gonadotrophs and hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone release. The exact cellular mechanisms that account for the chronic hypersecretion of prolactin during the summer is not known, although evidence supports an intrapituitary mechanism regulated by melatonin. Folliculo-stellate (FS) cells are non-endocrine cells that play a crucial role in paracrine communication within the pituitary and produce factors controlling prolactin and gonadotrophin release. The present study examined the morphology of the FS and lactotroph cell populations and their distribution in the sheep pituitary during the annual reproductive cycle. Ovine pituitary glands were collected in the winter (breeding season; BS) and summer (nonbreeding season; NBS) and were prepared for quantitative electron microscopy to assess the effects of season on FS and lactotroph cell density, morphology and distribution, as well as on junctional contacts between cells. It was found that lactotrophs in the NBS are larger in size and contain more numerous PRL granules than lactotrophs in the BS. FS cells were also larger in the NBS compared to BS and showed altered morphology such that, in the BS, long cell processes surrounded clusters of adjacent secretory cells. Although no significant change in the number of junctions was observed between lactotrophs and FS cells, or lactotrophs and gonadotrophs, there was a significant increase in the number of adherens junctions between lactotrophs and between FS cells. These findings demonstrate seasonal plasticity in the morphology of lactotrophs and FS cells that reflect changes in PRL secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Kingsbury MA, Jan N, Klatt JD, Goodson JL. Nesting behavior is associated with VIP expression and VIP-Fos colocalization in a network-wide manner. Horm Behav 2015; 69:68-81. [PMID: 25573700 PMCID: PMC4359656 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many species, including humans, engage in a series of behaviors that are preparatory to the arrival of offspring. Such "nesting behaviors" are of obvious importance, but relevant neuroendocrine mechanisms remain little studied. We here focus on the potential roles of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the performance of appetitive and consummatory nesting behaviors in male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Using combined immunocytochemistry for Fos and in situ hybridization for VIP, we now show that many VIP cell groups show increased transcriptional activity in response to nest building in male and female zebra finches. Particularly strong data come from the preoptic area (medial preoptic area and medial preoptic nucleus), where VIP-Fos co-expression correlates positively with three different measures of nesting behavior, as does the number of VIP-expressing cells. Remarkably, we find that VIP mRNA and/or VIP-Fos co-expression is correlated with nesting behavior in virtually every brain area that we examined, including the medial amygdala (anterior and posterior), medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, medial preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray complex (central gray and nucleus intercollicularis), and ventral tegmental area. Near-significant effects are also obtained in the tuberoinfundibular hypothalamus. Although most correlations are positive, negative correlations are observed for the VIP cell group of the anterior hypothalamus, a population that selectively promotes aggression, and also the periaqueductal gray complex. These data demonstrate a network-wide relationship between peptide production and social behavior that is, to our knowledge, unparalleled by other peptidergic modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy A Kingsbury
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Namratha Jan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James D Klatt
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James L Goodson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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22
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Abel MH, Charlton HM, Huhtaniemi I, Pakarinen P, Kumar TR, Christian HC. An investigation into pituitary gonadotrophic hormone synthesis, secretion, subunit gene expression and cell structure in normal and mutant male mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:863-75. [PMID: 23895394 PMCID: PMC5599115 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate brain-pituitary-gonadal inter-relationships, we have compared the effects of mutations that perturb the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in male mice. Specifically, serum and pituitary gonadotrophin concentrations, gonadotrophin gene expression, and gonadotroph structure and number were measured. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)β knockout (FSHβKO), FSH receptor knockout (FSHRKO), luteinising hormone (LH) receptor knockout (LuRKO), hypogonadal (hpg), testicular feminised (tfm) and gonadectomised mice were compared with control wild-type mice or heterozygotes. Serum levels of LH were similar in FSHβKO, FSHRKO and heterozygote males despite decreased androgen production in KO males. As expected, there was no detectable FSH in the serum or pituitary and an absence of expression of the FSHβ subunit gene in FSHβKO mice. However, there was a significant increase in expression of the common α and LHβ subunit genes in FSHRKO males. The morphology of FSHβKO and FSHRKO gonadotrophs was not significantly different from controls, except that the subpopulation of granules consisting of an electron-dense core and electron-lucent 'halo' was not observed in FSHβKO gonadotrophs and the granules were smaller in diameter. In the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone deficient hpg mouse, gonadotrophin mRNA and hormone levels were significantly lower compared to control mice and gonadotrophs were correspondingly smaller, with less abundant endoplasmic reticulum and reduced secretory granules. In LuRKO, tfm and gonadectomised mice, hyperstimulation of LHβ and FSHβ mRNA and serum protein concentrations was reflected by subcellular changes in gonadotroph morphology, including more dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and more secretory granules distributed adjacent to the plasma membrane. In summary, major differences in pituitary content and serum concentrations of the gonadotrophins LH and FSH have been found between normal and mutant male mice. These changes are associated with changes in transcriptional activity of the gonadotrophin subunit genes and are reflected by changes in the cellular structure and secretory granule architecture within the gonadotroph cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Abel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H. M. Charlton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I. Huhtaniemi
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - P. Pakarinen
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - T. R. Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center,, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - H. C. Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kingsbury MA, Miller KM, Goodson JL. VPAC receptor signaling modulates grouping behavior and social responses to contextual novelty in a gregarious finch: a role for a putative prefrontal cortex homologue. Horm Behav 2013; 64:511-8. [PMID: 23899763 PMCID: PMC3864561 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In both mammals and birds, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons and fibers are present in virtually every brain area that is important for social behavior. VIP influences aggression in birds, social recognition in rodents, and prolactin secretion in both taxa, but other possible functions in social modulation remain little explored. VIP effects are mediated by VPAC receptors, which bind both VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide. Within the lateral septum and medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, VPAC receptors are found at higher densities in gregarious finch species relative to territorial species, suggesting that VPAC receptor activation promotes social contact and/or preference for larger groups. Here we here test this hypothesis in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and also examine the relevance of VPAC receptors to anxiety-like processes. Intraventricular infusions of the VPAC receptor antagonist, neurotensin6-11 mouseVIP7-28, strongly reduce social contact when animals are tested in a novel environment, and exert sex-specific effects on grouping behavior. Specifically, VPAC receptor antagonism reduces gregariousness in females but increases gregariousness in males. Interestingly, VPAC antagonism in the medial pallium (putative prefrontal cortex homologue) significantly reduces gregariousness in both sexes, suggesting site-specific effects of VIP signaling. However, VPAC antagonism does not modulate novel-familiar social preferences in a familiar environment or general anxiety-like behaviors. The current results suggest that endogenous activation of VPAC receptors promotes social contact under novel environmental conditions, a function that may be accentuated in gregarious species. Moreover, endogenous VIP modulates gregariousness in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy A Kingsbury
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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24
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Sosa LDV, Gutiérrez S, Petiti JP, Vaca AM, De Paul AL, Torres AI. Cooperative effect of E₂ and FGF2 on lactotroph proliferation triggered by signaling initiated at the plasma membrane. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E41-9. [PMID: 23651845 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated the effect of 17β-estradiol (E₂) and basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on the lactotroph cell-proliferative response and the related membrane-initiated signaling pathway. Anterior pituitary mixed-cell cultures of random, cycling 3-mo-old female rats were treated with 10 nM E₂, E₂ membrane-impermeable conjugated BSA (E₂-BSA), PPT (ERα agonist), and DPN (ERβ agonist) alone or combined with FGF2 (10 ng/ml) for 30 min or 4 h. Although our results showed that the uptake of BrdU into the nucleus of lactotrophs was not modified by E₂ or FGF2 alone, a significant increase in the lactotroph uptake of BrdU was observed after E₂/FGF2 coincubation, with this effect being mimicked by PPT/FGF2. These proliferative effects were blocked by ICI 182,780 or PD-98059. The involvement of membrane ER in the proliferative response of prolactin cells induced by the steroid and FGF2 coincubation was confirmed using E₂-BSA, and the association between ERα and FGF receptor was observed after E₂/FGF2 treatment by immunoprecipitation. A significant increase in the ERK1/2 expression was noted after E₂, E₂-BSA, PPT, and FGF2 alone, which was more noticeable after E₂-BSA/FGF2, E₂/FGF2, or PPT/FGF2 treatments. This study provides evidence that E₂ and FGF2 exert a cooperative effect on the lactotroph proliferation principally by signaling initiated at the plasma membrane triggering a genomic effect mediated by MEK/ERK1/2, a common signaling pathway, that finally regulates the lactotroph population, thus contributing to pituitary plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana del V Sosa
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Featherstone K, White MRH, Davis JRE. The prolactin gene: a paradigm of tissue-specific gene regulation with complex temporal transcription dynamics. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:977-90. [PMID: 22420298 PMCID: PMC3505372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of numerous mammalian genes is highly pulsatile, with bursts of expression occurring with variable duration and frequency. The presence of this stochastic or 'noisy' expression pattern has been relatively unexplored in tissue systems. The prolactin gene provides a model of tissue-specific gene regulation resulting in pulsatile transcription dynamics in both cell lines and endocrine tissues. In most cell culture models, prolactin transcription appears to be highly variable between cells, with differences in transcription pulse duration and frequency. This apparently stochastic transcription is constrained by a transcriptional refractory period, which may be related to cycles of chromatin remodelling. We propose that prolactin transcription dynamics result from the summation of oscillatory cellular inputs and by regulation through chromatin remodelling cycles. Observations of transcription dynamics in cells within pituitary tissue show reduced transcriptional heterogeneity and can be grouped into a small number of distinct patterns. Thus, it appears that the tissue environment is able to reduce transcriptional noise to enable coordinated tissue responses to environmental change. We review the current knowledge on the complex tissue-specific regulation of the prolactin gene in pituitary and extra-pituitary sites, highlighting differences between humans and rodent experimental animal models. Within this context, we describe the transcription dynamics of prolactin gene expression and how this may relate to specific processes occurring within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Featherstone
- Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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26
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Nassiri F, Cusimano MD, Scheithauer BW, Rotondo F, Fazio A, Syro LV, Kovacs K, Lloyd RV. Prolactinomas: diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2012; 7:233-241. [PMID: 30764014 DOI: 10.1586/eem.12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary lactotrophs secrete prolactin. This process is enhanced by estrogen and inhibited by dopamine. Prolactinomas are benign neoplasms that rarely increase in size and are classified according to size as microadenomas (<10 mm diameter) or macroadenomas (>10 mm diameter). The clinical features of prolactinomas most commonly result from prolactin's effect on the gonads and breast in women and from mass effect in men. This review details the clinical features and management of patients with prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Nassiri
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernd W Scheithauer
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fabio Rotondo
- c Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, 30 Bond Street, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
- f Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, 30 Bond Street, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Alessandra Fazio
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luis V Syro
- d Department of Neurosurgery, Clinica Medellin & Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- c Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, 30 Bond Street, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Ricardo V Lloyd
- e Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital & Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
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27
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Featherstone K, Harper CV, McNamara A, Semprini S, Spiller DG, McNeilly J, McNeilly AS, Mullins JJ, White MRH, Davis JRE. Pulsatile patterns of pituitary hormone gene expression change during development. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3484-91. [PMID: 21984812 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.088500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Important questions in biology have emerged recently concerning the timing of transcription in living cells. Studies on clonal cell lines have shown that transcription is often pulsatile and stochastic, with implications for cellular differentiation. Currently, information regarding transcriptional activity at cellular resolution within a physiological context remains limited. To investigate single-cell transcriptional activity in real-time in living tissue we used bioluminescence imaging of pituitary tissue from transgenic rats in which luciferase gene expression is driven by a pituitary hormone gene promoter. We studied fetal and neonatal pituitary tissue to assess whether dynamic patterns of transcription change during tissue development. We show that gene expression in single cells is highly pulsatile at the time endocrine cells first appear but becomes stabilised as the tissue develops in early neonatal life. This stabilised transcription pattern might depend upon tissue architecture or paracrine signalling, as isolated cells, generated from enzymatic dispersion of the tissue, display pulsatile luminescence. Nascent cells in embryonic tissue also showed coordinated transcription activity over short distances further indicating that cellular context is important for transcription activity. Overall, our data show that cells alter their patterns of gene expression according to their context and developmental stage, with important implications for cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Featherstone
- Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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28
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He Z, Fernandez-Fuente M, Strom M, Cheung L, Robinson IC, Le Tissier P. Continuous on-line monitoring of secretion from rodent pituitary endocrine cells using fluorescent protein surrogate markers. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:197-207. [PMID: 21166728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a system to use secreted fluorescent proteins (FPs) as surrogate markers for the continuous on-line monitoring of hormone release from perfused tissue slices. We have tested this system using GH-GFP transgenic rats with green fluorescent protein (GFP) targeted to the secretory vesicles (SVs) of pituitary growth hormone (GH) cells. Brief exposures of vibratome slices to GH secretagogues [GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6)] or somatostatin caused changes in FP output that correlate with hormone secretion, subsequently measured in fractions of perfusate by radioimmunoassay. The temporal resolution of this method was capable of revealing differences in the kinetics of response to GHRH and GHRP-6 between wild-type and dwarf (dw/dw) rats harbouring the GH-GFP transgene. We further tested the utility of the system by generating transgenic mice with red FPs targeted to secretory vesicles (PRL-mRFP(sv)) and to the cytoplasm (PRL-DsRed(cyto)) of lactotrophs. Dopamine had no effect on the FP output from pituitary slices of PRL-DsRed(cyto) mice but inhibited output from those of PRL-mRFP(sv) animals, with a rebound increase of release after removal, which again correlated with hormone output measured in the perfusate by radioimmunoassay. The inhibition of monomeric RFP secretion by dopamine was dose-dependent, as was stimulation by low concentrations of oxytocin. The temporal resolution afforded by this method provides useful insight into the release kinetics from large populations of pituitary cells, and fills a temporo-spatial gap between single vesicle and single cell monitoring of exocytosis in milliseconds, and in vivo sampling studies of release into the bloodstream on a time scale of minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z He
- Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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29
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Ellestad LE, Saliba J, Porter TE. Ontogenic characterization of gene expression in the developing neuroendocrine system of the chick. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:82-93. [PMID: 21168412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system consists of five major hypothalamic-pituitary hormone axes that regulate several important metabolic processes, and it develops in all vertebrates during embryogenesis. In order to define initiation and establishment of these five axes, mRNA expression profiles of hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting factors, their pituitary receptors, and pituitary hormones were characterized during the second half of embryogenesis and first week post-hatch in the chick. Axis initiation was defined as the age when pituitary hormone mRNA levels began to increase substantially, and establishment was defined as the age when mRNA for all components had reached maximum expression levels. The adrenocorticotropic axis appears established by e12, as there were no major increases in gene expression after that age. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit increased between e10 and e18, indicating establishment of the thyrotropic axis during this period. Pituitary growth hormone substantially increased on e16, and hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone did not increase until e20, indicating that somatotropic axis activity is established late in embryonic development. Lactotropic axis initiation is evident just prior to hatch, as pituitary prolactin and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 did not increase until e18 and e20, respectively. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 increased after hatch, and pituitary luteinizing hormone β-subunit expression remained low until d3, indicating the gonadotropic axis is not fully functional until after hatching. This study is the first to characterize major hypothalamic and pituitary components of all five neuroendocrine axes simultaneously and considerably increases our understanding of neuroendocrine system establishment during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ellestad
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Endocrine pituitary cells are neuronlike; they express numerous voltage-gated sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride channels and fire action potentials spontaneously, accompanied by a rise in intracellular calcium. In some cells, spontaneous electrical activity is sufficient to drive the intracellular calcium concentration above the threshold for stimulus-secretion and stimulus-transcription coupling. In others, the function of these action potentials is to maintain the cells in a responsive state with cytosolic calcium near, but below, the threshold level. Some pituitary cells also express gap junction channels, which could be used for intercellular Ca(2+) signaling in these cells. Endocrine cells also express extracellular ligand-gated ion channels, and their activation by hypothalamic and intrapituitary hormones leads to amplification of the pacemaking activity and facilitation of calcium influx and hormone release. These cells also express numerous G protein-coupled receptors, which can stimulate or silence electrical activity and action potential-dependent calcium influx and hormone release. Other members of this receptor family can activate calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to a cell type-specific modulation of electrical activity. This review summarizes recent findings in this field and our current understanding of the complex relationship between voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, gap junction channels, and G protein-coupled receptors in pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Program in Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, Room 6A-36, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4510, USA.
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31
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Dimitrov E, Usdin TB. Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues modulates the mouse hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via paraventricular glutamatergic neurons. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:4375-94. [PMID: 20853513 PMCID: PMC3004125 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the subparafascicular area at the caudal border of the thalamus that contain the neuropeptide tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) densely innervate several hypothalamic areas, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). These areas contain a matching distribution of TIP39's receptor, the parathyroid hormone receptor 2 (PTH2R). Frequent PTH2R coexpression with a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGlut2) suggests that TIP39 could presynaptically regulate glutamate release. By using immunohistochemistry we found CRH-ir neurons surrounded by PTH2R-ir fibers and TIP39-ir axonal projections in the PVN area of the mouse brain. Labeling hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons by peripheral injection of fluorogold in PTH2R-lacZ knock-in mice showed that most PTH2Rs are on PVN and peri-PVN interneurons and not on neuroendocrine cells. Double fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed a high level of coexpression between PTH2R and VGlut2 mRNA by cells located in the PVN and nearby brain areas. Local TIP39 infusion (100 pmol) robustly increased pCREB-ir in the PVN and adjacent perinuclear zone. It also increased plasma corticosterone and decreased plasma prolactin. These effects of TIP39 on pCREB-ir, corticosterone, and prolactin were abolished by coinfusion of the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5; 30 pmol each) and were absent in PTH2R knockout mice. Basal plasma corticosterone was slightly decreased in TIP39 knockout mice just before onset of their active phase. The present data indicate that the TIP39 ligand/PTH2 receptor system provides facilitatory regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via hypothalamic glutamatergic neurons and that it may regulate other neuroendocrine systems by a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Dimitrov
- Section on Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ted Björn Usdin
- Section on Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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32
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Harper CV, Featherstone K, Semprini S, Friedrichsen S, McNeilly J, Paszek P, Spiller DG, McNeilly AS, Mullins JJ, Davis JRE, White MRH. Dynamic organisation of prolactin gene expression in living pituitary tissue. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:424-30. [PMID: 20130141 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.060434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression in living cells is highly dynamic, but temporal patterns of gene expression in intact tissues are largely unknown. The mammalian pituitary gland comprises several intermingled cell types, organised as interdigitated networks that interact functionally to generate co-ordinated hormone secretion. Live-cell imaging was used to quantify patterns of reporter gene expression in dispersed lactotrophic cells or intact pituitary tissue from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic rats in which a large prolactin genomic fragment directed expression of luciferase or destabilised enhanced green fluorescent protein (d2EGFP). Prolactin promoter activity in transgenic pituitaries varied with time across different regions of the gland. Although amplitude of transcriptional responses differed, all regions of the gland displayed similar overall patterns of reporter gene expression over a 50-hour period, implying overall co-ordination of cellular behaviour. By contrast, enzymatically dispersed pituitary cell cultures showed unsynchronised fluctuations of promoter activity amongst different cells, suggesting that transcriptional patterns were constrained by tissue architecture. Short-term, high resolution, single cell analyses in prolactin-d2EGFP transgenic pituitary slice preparations showed varying transcriptional patterns with little correlation between adjacent cells. Together, these data suggest that pituitary tissue comprises a series of cell ensembles, which individually display a variety of patterns of short-term stochastic behaviour, but together yield long-range and long-term coordinated behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Harper
- Centre for Cell Imaging, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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33
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Castrique E, Fernandez-Fuente M, Le Tissier P, Herman A, Levy A. Use of a prolactin-Cre/ROSA-YFP transgenic mouse provides no evidence for lactotroph transdifferentiation after weaning, or increase in lactotroph/somatotroph proportion in lactation. J Endocrinol 2010; 205:49-60. [PMID: 20139144 PMCID: PMC2837375 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In rats, a shift from somatotroph dominance to lactotroph dominance during pregnancy and lactation is well reported. Somatotroph to lactotroph transdifferentiation and increased lactotroph mitotic activity are believed to account for this and associated pituitary hypertrophy. A combination of cell death and transdifferentiation away from the lactotroph phenotype has been reported to restore non-pregnant pituitary proportions after weaning. To attempt to confirm that a similar process occurs in mice, we generated and used a transgenic reporter mouse model (prolactin (PRL)-Cre/ROSA26-expression of yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)) in which PRL promoter activity at any time resulted in permanent, stable, and highly specific EYFP. Triple immunochemistry for GH, PRL, and EYFP was used to quantify EYFP+ve, PRL-ve, and GH+ve cell populations during pregnancy and lactation, and for up to 3 weeks after weaning, and concurrent changes in cell size were estimated. At all stages, the EYFP reporter was expressed in 80% of the lactotrophs, but in fewer than 1% of other pituitary cell types, indicating that transdifferentiation from those lactotrophs where reporter expression was activated is extremely rare. Contrary to expectations, no increase in the lactotroph/somatotroph ratio was seen during pregnancy and lactation, whether assessed by immunochemistry for the reporter or PRL: findings confirmed by PRL immunochemistry in non-transgenic mice. Mammosomatotrophs were rarely encountered at the age group studied. Individual EYFP+ve cell volumes increased significantly by mid-lactation compared with virgin animals. This, in combination with a modest and non-cell type-specific estrogen-induced increase in mitotic activity, could account for pregnancy-induced changes in overall pituitary size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Castrique
- Henry Wellcome Labs for Integrative Neuroscience and EndocrinologyUniversity of BristolDorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NYUK
| | - Marta Fernandez-Fuente
- Division of Molecular NeuroendocrinologyNational Institute for Medical ResearchThe Ridgeway, Mill Hill, , London, NW7 1AAUK
| | - Paul Le Tissier
- Division of Molecular NeuroendocrinologyNational Institute for Medical ResearchThe Ridgeway, Mill Hill, , London, NW7 1AAUK
| | - Andy Herman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical SciencesUniversity WalkClifton, BristolUK
| | - Andy Levy
- Henry Wellcome Labs for Integrative Neuroscience and EndocrinologyUniversity of BristolDorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NYUK
- (Correspondence should be addressed to A Levy who is now at Bristol University and United Bristol Healthcare Trust, Bristol, UK; )
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Kelberman D, Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R, Robinson ICAF, Dattani MT. Genetic regulation of pituitary gland development in human and mouse. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:790-829. [PMID: 19837867 PMCID: PMC2806371 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Normal hypothalamopituitary development is closely related to that of the forebrain and is dependent upon a complex genetic cascade of transcription factors and signaling molecules that may be either intrinsic or extrinsic to the developing Rathke's pouch. These factors dictate organ commitment, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation within the anterior pituitary. Abnormalities in these processes are associated with congenital hypopituitarism, a spectrum of disorders that includes syndromic disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia, combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, and isolated hormone deficiencies, of which the commonest is GH deficiency. The highly variable clinical phenotypes can now in part be explained due to research performed over the last 20 yr, based mainly on naturally occurring and transgenic animal models. Mutations in genes encoding both signaling molecules and transcription factors have been implicated in the etiology of hypopituitarism, with or without other syndromic features, in mice and humans. To date, mutations in known genes account for a small proportion of cases of hypopituitarism in humans. However, these mutations have led to a greater understanding of the genetic interactions that lead to normal pituitary development. This review attempts to describe the complexity of pituitary development in the rodent, with particular emphasis on those factors that, when mutated, are associated with hypopituitarism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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