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Abonashey SG, Hassan HAFM, Shalaby MA, Fouad AG, Mobarez E, El-Banna HA. Formulation, pharmacokinetics, and antibacterial activity of florfenicol-loaded niosome. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1077-1092. [PMID: 37957473 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in employing nano-sized pharmaceutical formulations in veterinary medicine has prompted the exploration of the novel nanocarriers' ability to augment the therapeutic outcome. In this study, we harnessed niosomes, spherical nanocarriers formed through non-ionic surfactant self-assembly, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the broad-spectrum antibiotic florfenicol. Pre-formulation studies were conducted to identify the optimal parameters for preparing florfenicol-loaded niosomes (FLNs). These studies revealed that the formulation that consisted of Span 60, cholesterol, and dihexadecyl phosphate (DDP) at a molar ratio of 1:1:0.1 exhibited the highest entrapment efficiency (%EE) and uniform size distribution. In vitro antibacterial testing demonstrated the niosomal capacity to significantly reduce florfenicol minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli and S. aureus. Pharmacokinetic profiles of free florfenicol and FLN were assessed following oral administration of 30 mg florfenicol/kg body weight to healthy or E. coli-infected chickens. FLN exhibited a substantially higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of florfenicol compared to free florfenicol. Furthermore, FLN showed significantly higher area under the curve (AUC0-t) than free florfenicol as revealed from the relative bioavailability studies. Lethal dose (LD) 50 values for both free florfenicol and FLN exceeded 5 g/kg of body weight, indicating high safety profile. Assessment of mortality protection in mice against lethal E. coli infections showed the significantly higher capability of FLN to improve the survival rate (75%) than free florfenicol (25%). Collectively, these findings demonstrate the niosomal ability to improve the oral bioavailability as well as the antibacterial activity of the incorporated veterinary antibiotic florfenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa G Abonashey
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hatem A F M Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa A Shalaby
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Gamal Fouad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Elham Mobarez
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hossny A El-Banna
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Romano JE, Bardhi A, Pagliuca G, Villadόniga GB, Barbarossa A. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in serum and seminal plasma in beef bulls. Theriogenology 2024; 218:276-281. [PMID: 38377713 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare the serum and seminal plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol (FLO) and florfenicol amine (FLA) after the administration of FLO either by IM or SC routes in beef bulls. Four clinically healthy Hereford bulls underwent a comprehensive physical exam, including breeding soundness examination, CBC, and chemistry profile panel. Bulls were healthy and classified satisfactory potential breeders. In one group (n = 2), a single dose of FLO was administered SC in the middle of the neck at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. In the second group (n = 2), a single dose was administered IM in the muscles of the neck at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Concentrations of FLO and FLA in serum and seminal plasma were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Blood and semen samples were collected before the administration of FLO and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after injection. The blood was collected from the coccygeal vessels, and semen was collected by electroejaculation. All samples were immediately refrigerated, processed within the first hour after collection, and finally stored at -80 °C. The mean level of total FLO in serum was higher when administered by the SC route (1,415.5 ng/mL) than by the IM route (752.4 ng/mL; P = 0.001). Differences were observed between the percentage of FLA in serum (1.8%; ranging from 1.3 to 2.9) and in seminal plasma (27.5%; ranging from 15.9 to 34.2; P = 0.0001). The mean level (±SD) of FLA was higher in seminal plasma compared to serum (467 ± 466 ng/mL and 18 ± 16 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.001). The mean level of total FLO in seminal plasma was 1,454.8 ng/mL for the SC route and 1,872.9 ng/mL for the IM route without differences between the two routes (P = 0.51). Differences in the mean level of total FLO between serum and seminal plasma were detected (1,187 ± 2,069 ng/mL and 1,748 ± 1,906 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.04). From the present investigation, it was concluded that FLO is a suitable antibiotic based on its pharmacokinetic attributes and may be employed for the treatment of bull genital infections when its use is indicated. To study the pharmacokinetics of FLO in seminal plasma, the analysis of FLA should be incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Romano
- Cooperative of Agriculture and Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446, USA.
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Trif E, Cerbu C, Olah D, Zăblău SD, Spînu M, Potârniche AV, Pall E, Brudașcă F. Old Antibiotics Can Learn New Ways: A Systematic Review of Florfenicol Use in Veterinary Medicine and Future Perspectives Using Nanotechnology. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101695. [PMID: 37238125 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic used exclusively in veterinary medicine in order to treat the pathology of farm and aquatic animals. It is a synthetic fluorinated analog of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol that functions by inhibiting ribosomal activity, which disrupts bacterial protein synthesis and has shown over time a strong activity against Gram-positive and negative bacterial groups. Florfenicol was also reported to have anti-inflammatory activity through a marked reduction in immune cell proliferation and cytokine production. The need for improvement came from (1) the inappropriate use (to an important extent) of this antimicrobial, which led to serious concerns about florfenicol-related resistance genes, and (2) the fact that this antibiotic has a low water solubility making it difficult to formulate an aqueous solution in organic solvents, and applicable for different routes of administration. This review aims to synthesize the various applications of florfenicol in veterinary medicine, explore the potential use of nanotechnology to improve its effectiveness and analyze the advantages and limitations of such approaches. The review is based on data from scientific articles and systematic reviews identified in several databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Trif
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Olah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Dan Zăblău
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Valentin Potârniche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emoke Pall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florinel Brudașcă
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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4
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Richards ED, Pereira RV, Davis JL, Rowe JD, Clapham MO, Wetzlich SE, Rupchis BA, Tell LA. Comparison of florfenicol depletion in dairy goat milk using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and a commercial on-farm test. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:991772. [PMID: 36105005 PMCID: PMC9465015 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.991772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly prescribed in an extra-label manner for treating meat and dairy goats. Scientific data in support of a milk withdrawal interval recommendation is limited to plasma pharmacokinetic data and minimal milk residue data that is limited to cattle. Therefore, a rapid residue detection test (RRDT) could be a useful resource to determine if milk samples are free of drug residues and acceptable for sale. This study compared a commercially available RRDT (Charm® FLT strips) to detect florfenicol residues in fresh milk samples from healthy adult dairy breed goats treated with florfenicol (40 mg/kg subcutaneously twice 4 days apart) with quantitative analysis of florfenicol concentrations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In addition, storage claims for testing bovine milk using the RRDT were assessed using stored goat milk samples. Milk samples were collected every 12 h for a minimum of 26 days. Commercial RRDT strips remained positive in individual goats ranging from 528 to 792 h (22–33 days) after the second dose, whereas, UPLC-MS/MS indicated the last detectable florfenicol concentration in milk samples ranged from 504 to 720 h (21–30 days) after the second dose. Results from stored milk samples from treated goats indicate that samples can be stored for up to 5 days in the refrigerator and 60 days in the freezer after milking prior to being tested with a low risk of false-negative test results due to drug degradation. Elevated somatic cell counts and bacterial colony were noted in some of the milk samples in this study, but further study is required to understand the impact of these quality factors on RRDT results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Richards
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Richard V. Pereira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard V. Pereira
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Joan D. Rowe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maaike O. Clapham
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Scott E. Wetzlich
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Rupchis
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lisa A. Tell
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Lisa A. Tell
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Tikhomirov M, Poźniak B, Smutkiewicz A, Świtała M. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and thiamphenicol after single oral and intravenous, as well as multiple oral administrations to geese. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:25-31. [PMID: 32933318 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1824290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TP), which are synthetic bacteriostatic antimicrobial drugs, in geese after a single intravenous or oral administration, as well as seven oral doses administered at 12 h intervals. For all treatments, the dose was 30 mg/kg. 2. After single IV administration, clearance and volume of distribution were low (0.23 ± 0.03 l/h/kg and 0.57 ± 0.08 l/kg for FF, and 0.23 ± 0.04 l/h/kg and 0.59 ± 0.08 l/kg for TP, respectively). The elimination half-life was similar between products and short (2.91 ± 0.41 and 2.84 ± 0.64 h for FF and TP, respectively). 3. The single oral administration resulted in efficient absorption (bioavailability of 83.15 ± 11.48 for FF and 75.21 ± 19.56% for TP) with high maximal concentrations of 30.47 ± 2.47 and 20.02 ± 3.87 μg/ml for FF and TP, respectively. The area under the curve was 108.36 ± 14.96 and 101.81 ± 26.48 mg×h/l for FF and TP, respectively. 4. For both drugs, the two latter parameters were found to be higher compared to earlier studies on terrestrial birds. This suggested that FF and TP may be efficient in treating infections in geese caused by certain bacteria sensitive to chloramphenicol. 5. Neither drug accumulated in tissues following the oral seven doses and no adverse effects were noted in any treated animals. Thus, the selected FF and TP dosage may be considered as a safe treatment for geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tikhomirov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
| | - B Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Smutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Świtała
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Toutain PL, Sidhu PK, Lees P, Rassouli A, Pelligand L. VetCAST Method for Determination of the Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Cut-Off Values of a Long-Acting Formulation of Florfenicol to Support Clinical Breakpoints for Florfenicol Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing in Cattle. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1310. [PMID: 31244816 PMCID: PMC6581757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The PK/PD cut-off (PK/PDCO) value of florfenicol for calf pathogens was determined for long acting formulations (MSD Nuflor® and a bioequivalent generic product). PK/PDCO is one of the three MICs considered by VetCAST, a sub-committee of the European Committee on Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), to establish a Clinical Breakpoint for interpreting Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST). A population model was built by pooling three pharmacokinetic data sets, obtained from 50 richly sampled calves, receiving one of two formulations (the pioneer product and a generic formulation). A virtual population of 5,000 florfenicol disposition curves was generated by Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS) over the 96 h of the assumed duration of action of the formulations. From this population, the maximum predicted MIC, for which 90% of calves can achieve some a priori selected critical value for two PK/PD indices, AUC/MIC and T>MIC, was established. Numerical values were established for two bacterial species of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. It was concluded that the PK/PDCO of florfenicol for both AUC/MIC and T>MIC was 1 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Toutain
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, UMR 1436 Intheres INRA, Toulouse, France
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Pritam Kaur Sidhu
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Peter Lees
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Rassouli
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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7
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Yang RS, Wang X, Tang W, Celly C, Sheng H. Mechanistic insight into the oxazoline decomposition of DFC-M, a synthetic intermediate of florfenicol. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:235-241. [PMID: 31181485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
2-(dichloromethyl)-5[4-(methylsulfonyl)-phenyl]-4-(fluoromethyl)-oxazoline (DFC-M, 1) is a key oxazoline-containing intermediate in commercial process for the synthesis of Florfenicol (3), a marketed broad spectrum veterinary antibiotic. DFC-M was not stable in solution due to the presence of oxazoline moiety, which provided further hindrance for analytical sample preparation and HPLC analysis. Hence, the mechanistic study on the in-solution degradation of DFC-M was carried out via online and offline UPLC-HR-ESI-MS as well as in-situ NMR, and the degradation pathways were proposed. This mechanistic information, together with the follow-up solution stability study, provided crucial information regarding the solution handling and mobile phase selection for DFC-M analysis during commercial processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, United States.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, United States
| | - Weijuan Tang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, United States
| | - Chander Celly
- Global Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Animal Health, Merck & Co. Inc., Madison, NJ, 07940, United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, United States.
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8
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Yang F, Lin Z, Riviere JE, Baynes RE. Development and application of a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in cattle. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:285-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Ahmed S, Liu Y, Li X. Pharmacokinetic of florfenicol in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of swine and effects of anesthetic agent on drug plasma disposition kinetics. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The primary objective of the current study was to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) of florfenicol (FFL) in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and the plasma in swine. The second objectives were to evaluate the effect of anesthesia with ketamine and propofol on the PK of FFL in plasma. Bronchoaveolar lavage was utilized for quantification of PELF volume and the urea dilution method was used to determine the concentration of FFL in PELF. FFL was administered intramuscularly (IM) to swine in a single dose of 20mg/kg body weight. The main PK parameters of FFL in plasma and PELF were as follows: the area under the concentration-time curve, maximal drug concentration, elimination half-life and mean residence time were 69.45±4.36 vs 85.03±9.26μg·hr/ml, 4.65±0.34 vs 5.94±0.86μg/ml, 9.87±1.70 vs 10.69±1.60hr and 12.75±0.35 vs 14.46±1.26hr, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the PK profiles of FFL for the anesthetized and unanesthetized pigs. This study suggest that (i) FFL penetrated rapidly into the pulmonary and the drug concentration decay faster in plasma than in the pulmonary, (ii) the PK profile of FFL in swine was not interfered after administration of anesthetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Tarim University, China; Shihezi University, China
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10
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Chang KC, Tsai CE. Bioequivalence evaluation of Florfenicol pharmaceutics in pigs using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1448869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Chang
- Division of Animal Industry, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-En Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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de Ocenda VR, Almeida-Prieto S, Luzardo-Álvarez A, Barja JL, Otero-Espinar FJ, Blanco-Méndez J. Pharmacokinetic model of florfenicol in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): establishment of optimal dosage and administration in medicated feed. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:411-424. [PMID: 27502011 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FF) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) was studied after single intravenous (10 mg kg-1 ) and oral (100 mg kg-1 ) administration. The plasma concentration-time data of florfenicol were described by an open one-compartment model. The elimination half-life (t1/2 ) was estimated to be 21.0 h, and the total body clearance, Cl, was determined as 0.028 L kg h-1 . The apparent volume distribution (Vd ) was calculated to be 0.86 L kg-1 and the mean residence time (MRTiv ) was 30.2 h. Following oral administration, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) of 55.4 μg mL-1 was reached at 12 h (Tmax ). The absorption constant (ka ) was 0.158 h-1 . The bioavailability was estimated to be 57.1%. The low bioavailability observed at higher doses was explained by the saturation of the mechanisms of absorption. The drug absorption process was limited by its inherent low solubility, which limited the amount of available FF absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, an optimal dosing schedule for FF administration is hereby provided. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration found for susceptible strains of Aeromonas salmonicida, oral FF administration of first, an initial dose of 30 mg FF kg-1 , followed by 6 maintenance doses at 18 mg kg-1 /daily could be effective against furunculosis in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- V-R de Ocenda
- Centro Tecnológico Gallego de Acuicultura (CETGA), CP: 15960, Riveira (A Coruña), Spain
| | - S Almeida-Prieto
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Luzardo-Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J L Barja
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F J Otero-Espinar
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Blanco-Méndez
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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12
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Burmańczuk A, Grabowski T, Osypiuk M, Polska B, Kowalski C. Determination of cloxacillin residues in dairy cows after intramammary administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:552-560. [PMID: 28133845 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the characteristics of cloxacillin (CLO) (MRL of withdrawal in bovine milk is 30 ng/g) after a single intramammary (IMM) dose in the dry period (DP) and lactation (LP), and to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method for CLO detection in milk. The research was conducted on a group of 10 cows in DP and 10 in LP. A single dose of 600 mg of CLO was administrated by the IMM route for a single quarter in DP and 500 mg for a single quarter in LP. CLO concentration was analyzed by HPLC. CLO was monitored at a wavelength of 206 nm. Pharmacokinetic calculations were performed using Phoenix® WinNonlin® 6.4 software. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 13.03-28 019.00 ng/g with the coefficient of determination R2 > 0.999. CLO withdrawal in both the LP and DP group had a biphasic nature. The total CLO elimination in the DP and LP group was reached after 36 and 6.5 days, respectively. A quantitative and confirmatory method for the determination of CLO in fresh milk has been established. We have confirmed that the withdrawal of CLO in the DP group is not a linear process and has a stepwise character.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burmańczuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - M Osypiuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - B Polska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - C Kowalski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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13
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Poźniak B, Pawłowski P, Pasławska U, Grabowski T, Suszko A, Lis M, Świtała M. The influence of rapid growth in broilers on florfenicol pharmacokinetics – allometric modelling of the pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic parameters. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:184-191. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1261994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Poźniak
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - P. Pawłowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - U. Pasławska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - A. Suszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Lis
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Świtała
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Kawalek JC, Howard KD, Jones Y, Scott ML, Myers MJ. Depletion of florfenicol in lactating dairy cows after intramammary and subcutaneous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:602-611. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Kawalek
- Division of Applied Veterinary Research; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research; Laurel MD USA
| | - K. D. Howard
- Division of Applied Veterinary Research; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research; Laurel MD USA
| | - Y. Jones
- Division of Applied Veterinary Research; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research; Laurel MD USA
| | - M. L. Scott
- Division of Applied Veterinary Research; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research; Laurel MD USA
| | - M. J. Myers
- Division of Applied Veterinary Research; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research; Laurel MD USA
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15
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Pérez R, Palma C, Burgos R, Jeldres JA, Espinoza A, Peñailillo AK. The acute phase response induced by Escherichia coli
lipopolysaccharide modifies the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of florfenicol in rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:183-90. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
| | - C. Palma
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
| | - R. Burgos
- Instituto de Farmacología. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - J. A. Jeldres
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
| | - A. Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
| | - A. K. Peñailillo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Concepción; Chillán Chile
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16
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Hu D, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Wang G, Wang F, Qu Y, Niu Y, Liu S. Toxicity to the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs of piglets treated with a therapeutic dose of florfenicol. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:122-31. [PMID: 25467888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Florfenicol (FLO) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent for treatment of bacteriosis of piglets in veterinary practice. To study the toxicity to the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs of piglets treated with a therapeutic dose of FLO, 20 healthy weaned piglets were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Piglets in the FLO group were fed with fodder supplemented with 30mg/kg BW of FLO twice a day for 10 days. Blood samples were drawn at four time points: 1 day before FLO administration and 1, 7, and 14 days post-withdrawal. Three or four piglets were euthanized at each time point post-withdrawal and tissue samples (bone marrow, thymus and spleen) were collected for fixation and cryostorage. The levels of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) antibody against the vaccine, the concentrations of Hsp70 and IL-6 in serum and Hsp70 in tissues, and the mRNA expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2) and tumor suppressor p53 were detected, the hematology of the piglets were analyzed, and the histopathology and the status of apoptosis of the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs was examined. The results showed changes in several indicators in the FLO group 1 day post-withdrawal: the concentration of red blood cells (RBCs) was decreased, and that of platelets (PLTs) was significantly lower (p<0.05); the volumes of RBC and PLT were increased; the sum of blood lymphocytes was statistically decreased (p<0.05); the concentration of IL-6 was significantly increased (p<0.05); the concentrations of Hsp70 in serum and tissues were increased; obvious atrophy of the hematopoietic cell lines and partial replacement by fat cells were observed in bone marrow; thymus and spleen tissues showed lower concentrations and sparser arrangement of lymphocytes in the thymic medulla and white pulp of the spleen respectively; and the mRNA expression levels of bcl-2 in the three tissues were up-regulated, while that of p53 was down-regulated. With time after cessation of FLO administration, the indicators of the FLO group gradually returned to close to that of the control group and the histological lesions of the tissues gradually recovered, and the differences in the densities of lymphocytes and cell arrangements in the tissues between two groups gradually decreased. In conclusion, a therapeutic dose of FLO induces temporary toxicity in the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs of piglets to some extent, and influences hemopoiesis and immune function. These effects gradually decrease after cessation of FLO administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Hu
- Animal Science and Technology Department of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Taixiang Zhang
- Postdoctoral Workstation of DELISI Group, Weifang 262216, China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology Department of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Guangwen Wang
- Animal Science and Technology Department of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Animal Science and Technology Department of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yajin Qu
- Animal Science and Technology Department of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yujuan Niu
- Animal Science and Technology Department of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- Animal Science and Technology Department of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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17
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Yu ZG, Geng ZX, Liu TF, Jiang F. In vitro
and in vivo
evaluation of an in situ
forming gel system for sustained delivery of Florfenicol. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:271-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z.-G. Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Z.-X. Geng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - T.-F. Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - F. Jiang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
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18
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Pérez R, Palma C, Drápela C, Sepulveda M, Espinoza A, Peñailillo AK. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol after intravenous administration in Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxaemic sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:144-9. [PMID: 25229993 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experiments in different animal species have shown that febrile conditions, induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), may alter the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. The objective was to study the effects of a LPS-induced acute-phase response (APR) model on plasma pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FFC) after its intravenous administration in sheep. Six adult clinically healthy Suffolk Down sheep, 8 months old and 35.5 ± 2.2 kg in body weight (bw), were distributed through a crossover factorial 2 × 2 design, with 4 weeks of washout. Pairs of sheep similar in body weight were assigned to experimental groups: Group 1 (LPS) was treated with three intravenous doses of 1 μg/kg bw of E. coli LPS before FFC treatment. Group 2 (control) was treated with an equivalent volume of saline solution (SS) at similar intervals as LPS. At 24 h after the first injection of LPS or SS, an intravenous bolus of 20 mg/kg bw of FFC was administered. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected before drug administration and at different times between 0.05 and 48.0 h after treatment. FFC plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography. A noncompartmental pharmacokinetic model was used for data analysis, and data were compared using a Mann-Whitney U-test. The mean values of AUC0-∞ in the endotoxaemic sheep (105.9 ± 14.3 μg·h/mL) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than values observed in healthy sheep (78.4 ± 5.2 μg·h/mL). The total mean plasma clearance (CLT ) decreased from 257.7 ± 16.9 mL·h/kg in the control group to 198.2 ± 24.1 mL·h/kg in LPS-treated sheep. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the terminal half-life was observed in the endotoxaemic sheep (16.9 ± 3.8 h) compared to the values observed in healthy sheep (10.4 ± 3.2 h). In conclusion, the APR induced by the intravenous administration of E. coli LPS in sheep produces higher plasma concentrations of FFC due to a decrease in the total body clearance of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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19
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Sidhu P, Rassouli A, Illambas J, Potter T, Pelligand L, Rycroft A, Lees P. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration and modelling of florfenicol in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:231-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Sidhu
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. Rassouli
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - J. Illambas
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - T. Potter
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - L. Pelligand
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. Rycroft
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - P. Lees
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
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20
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Pentecost RL, Niehaus AJ, Werle NA, Lakritz J. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol after intravenous and intramuscular dosing in llamas. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:594-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Inactivation of chloramphenicol and florfenicol by a novel chloramphenicol hydrolase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6295-301. [PMID: 22752166 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01154-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloramphenicol and florfenicol are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although the bacterial resistance mechanisms to these antibiotics have been well documented, hydrolysis of these antibiotics has not been reported in detail. This study reports the hydrolysis of these two antibiotics by a specific hydrolase that is encoded by a gene identified from a soil metagenome. Hydrolysis of chloramphenicol has been recognized in cell extracts of Escherichia coli expressing a chloramphenicol acetate esterase gene, estDL136. A hydrolysate of chloramphenicol was identified as p-nitrophenylserinol by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The hydrolysis of these antibiotics suggested a promiscuous amidase activity of EstDL136. When estDL136 was expressed in E. coli, EstDL136 conferred resistance to both chloramphenicol and florfenicol on E. coli, due to their inactivation. In addition, E. coli carrying estDL136 deactivated florfenicol faster than it deactivated chloramphenicol, suggesting that EstDL136 hydrolyzes florfenicol more efficiently than it hydrolyzes chloramphenicol. The nucleotide sequences flanking estDL136 encode proteins such as amidohydrolase, dehydrogenase/reductase, major facilitator transporter, esterase, and oxidase. The most closely related genes are found in the bacterial family Sphingomonadaceae, which contains many bioremediation-related strains. Whether the gene cluster with estDL136 in E. coli is involved in further chloramphenicol degradation was not clear in this study. While acetyltransferases for chloramphenicol resistance and drug exporters for chloramphenicol or florfenicol resistance are often detected in numerous microbes, this is the first report of enzymatic hydrolysis of florfenicol resulting in inactivation of the antibiotic.
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22
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LAINESSE C, GEHRING R, PASLOSKE K, SMITH G, SOBACK S, WAGNER S, WHITTEM T. Challenges associated with the demonstration of bioequivalence of intramammary products in ruminants. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 Suppl 1:65-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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PALMA C, RAMÍREZ J, BENAVENTE A, CAZANGA V, VENEGAS M, PÉREZ R. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and florfenicol-amine after intravenous administration in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:508-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Holmes K, Bedenice D, Papich MG. Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:382-8. [PMID: 21736588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A single dose of florfenicol (Nuflor(®)) was administered to eight healthy adult alpacas at 20 mg/kg intramuscular (i.m.) and 40 mg/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) using a randomized, cross-over design, and 28-day washout period. Subsequently, 40 mg/kg florfenicol was injected s.c. every other day for 10 doses to evaluate long-term effects. Maximum plasma florfenicol concentrations (C(max), measured via high-performance liquid chromatography) were achieved rapidly, leading to a higher C(max) of 4.31±3.03 μg/mL following administration of 20 mg/kg i.m. than 40 mg/kg s.c. (C(max): 1.95±0.94 μg/mL). Multiple s.c. dosing at 48 h intervals achieved a C(max) of 4.48±1.28 μg/mL at steady state. The area under the curve and terminal elimination half-lives were 51.83±11.72 μg/mL·h and 17.59±11.69 h after single 2 mg/kg i.m. dose, as well as 99.78±23.58 μg/mL·h and 99.67±59.89 h following 40 mg/kg injection of florfenicol s.c., respectively. Florfenicol decreased the following hematological parameters after repeated administration between weeks 0 and 3: total protein (6.38 vs. 5.61 g/dL, P<0.0001), globulin (2.76 vs. 2.16 g/dL, P<0.0003), albumin (3.61 vs. 3.48 g/dL, P=0.0038), white blood cell count (11.89 vs. 9.66×10(3)/μL, P<0.044), and hematocrit (27.25 vs. 24.88%, P<0.0349). Significant clinical illness was observed in one alpaca. The lowest effective dose of florfenicol should thus be used in alpacas and limited to treatment of highly susceptible pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Holmes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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25
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LIU N, GUO M, MO F, SUN YH, YUAN Z, CAO LH, JIANG SX. Involvement of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A in the metabolism of florfenicol of rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:202-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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The effects of florfenicol on lymphocyte subsets and humoral immune response in mice. Pol J Vet Sci 2011; 14:191-8. [DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Effect of three anthelmentics on disposition kinetics of florfenicol in goats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3340-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Lohani M, Ahmad AH, Singh KP, Verma S. Pharmacokinetics and Residual Studies of Florfenicol Following Multiple Dose Oral Administration in Poultry. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2010.9707145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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29
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Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol after intravenous and intramuscular administration in New Zealand White rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:102-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Anadón A, Martínez MA, Martínez M, Ríos A, Caballero V, Ares I, Martínez-Larrañaga MR. Plasma and tissue depletion of florfenicol and florfenicol-amine in chickens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11049-11056. [PMID: 18975969 DOI: 10.1021/jf802138y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chickens were used to investigate plasma disposition of florfenicol after single intravenous (i.v.) and oral dose (20 mg kg-1 body weight) and to study residue depletion of florfenicol and its major metabolite florfenicol-amine after multiple oral doses (40 mg kg-1 body weight, daily for 3 days). Plasma and tissue samples were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. After i.v. and oral administration, plasma concentration-time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model. The mean [ +/- standard deviation (SD)] elimination half-life (t1/2beta) of florfenicol in plasma was 7.90 +/- 0.48 and 8.34 +/- 0.64 h after i.v. and oral administration, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration was 10.23 +/- 1.67 microg mL-1, and the interval from oral administration until maximal concentration was 0.63 +/- 0.07 h. Oral bioavailability was found to be 87 +/- 16%. Florfenicol was converted to florfenicol-amine. After multiple oral dose (40 mg kg-1 body weight, daily for 3 days), in kidney and liver, concentrations of florfenicol (119.34 +/- 31.81 and 817.34 +/- 91.65 microg kg-1, respectively) and florfenicol-amine (60.67 +/- 13.05 and 48.50 +/- 13.07 microg kg-1, respectively) persisted for 7 days. The prolonged presence of residues of florfenicol and florfenicol-amine in edible tissues can play an important role in human food safety, because the compounds could give rise to a possible health risk. A withdrawal time of 6 days was necessary to ensure that the residues of florfenicol were less than the maximal residue limits or tolerance established by the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Gilliam JN, Streeter RN, Papich MG, Washburn KE, Payton ME. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in serum and synovial fluid after regional intravenous perfusion in the distal portion of the hind limb of adult cows. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:997-1004. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.8.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Park BK, Lim JH, Kim MS, Hwang YH, Yun HI. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and its metabolite, florfenicol amine, in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:85-9. [PMID: 17570454 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A study on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol was conducted in six healthy dogs following a single intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) dose of 20 mg kg(-1) body weight (b.w.). Florfenicol concentrations in serum were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Plasma concentration-time data after p.o. or i.v. administration were analyzed by a non-compartmental analysis. Following i.v. injection, the total body clearance was 1.03 (0.49) L kg(-1)h(-1) and the volume of distribution at steady-state was 1.45 (0.82) L kg(-1). Florfenicol was rapidly distributed and eliminated following i.v. injection with 1.11 (0.94)h of the elimination half-life. After oral administration, the calculated mean C(max) values (6.18 microg ml(-1)) were reached at 0.94 h in dogs. The elimination half-life of florfenicol was 1.24 (0.64) h and the absolute bioavailability (F) was achieved 95.43 (11.60)% after oral administration of florfenicol. Florfenicol amine, the major metabolite of florfenicol, was detected in all dogs after i.v. and p.o. administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwon Park
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Park BK, Lim JH, Kim MS, Hwang YH, Yun HI. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and its major metabolite, florfenicol amine, in rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:32-6. [PMID: 17217398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and its active metabolite florfenicol amine were investigated in rabbits after a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration of florfenicol at 20 mg/kg bodyweight. The plasma concentrations of florfenicol and florfenicol amine were determined simultaneously by an LC/MS method. After i.v. injection, the terminal half-life (t(1/2lambdaz)), steady-state volume of distribution, total body clearance and mean residence time of florfenicol were 0.90 +/- 0.20 h, 0.94 +/- 0.19 L/kg, 0.63 +/- 0.06 L/h/kg and 1.50 +/- 0.34 h respectively. The peak concentrations (C(max)) of florfenicol (7.96 +/- 2.75 microg/mL) after p.o. administration were observed at 0.90 +/- 0.38 h. The t(1/2lambdaz) and p.o. bioavailability of florfenicol were 1.42 +/- 0.56 h and 76.23 +/- 12.02% respectively. Florfenicol amine was detected in all rabbits after i.v. and p.o. administration. After i.v. and p.o. administration of florfenicol, the observed Cmax values of florfenicol amine (5.06 +/- 1.79 and 3.38 +/- 0.97 microg/mL) were reached at 0.88 +/- 0.78 and 2.10 +/- 1.08 h respectively. Florfenicol amine was eliminated with an elimination half-life of 1.84 +/- 0.17 and 2.35 +/- 0.94 h after i.v. and p.o. administration respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-K Park
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Li J, Ding S, Zhang S, Li C, Li X, Liu Z, Liu J, Shen J. Residue depletion of florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in Swine tissues after intramuscular administration. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:9614-9. [PMID: 17147454 DOI: 10.1021/jf061869p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A study of the tissue depletion of florfenicol (FF) administered intramuscularly twice to swine at a dose rate of 20 mg per kg of body weight at 24 h intervals was carried out. Forty healthy cross swine were treated with the FF injection formulation. Five treated animals were selected randomly to be sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 14, 17, and 21 days withdrawal. FF and florfenicol amine (FFa) residue concentrations in muscle, liver, and kidney were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) detection at 225 nm. Liver samples showed the lowest FF and the highest FFa concentrations throughout the experiment period. However, the highest total concentrations of FF and FFa during the study were found in kidney, which indicated that kidney is the target tissue for FF. The sum of FF and FFa concentrations in all tissues analyzed was below the accepted maximum residue limits recommended by the Agriculture Ministry of People's Republic of China and the European Union at 8 days posttreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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Zimmerman DM, Armstrong DL, Curro TG, Dankoff SM, Vires KW, Cook KK, Jaros ND, Papich MG. PHARMACOKINETICS OF FLORFENICOL AFTER A SINGLE INTRAMUSCULAR DOSE IN WHITE-SPOTTED BAMBOO SHARKS (CHILOSCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2006; 37:165-73. [PMID: 17312796 DOI: 10.1638/05-065.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in the white-spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum). In addition to the pharmacokinetics, the potential application for treatment of bacterial meningitis was explored. A pilot study was used to compare doses of 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg i.m. Following that study, 10 adult sharks were administered a single i.m. dose of florfenicol at 40 mg/kg. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were collected and analyzed for florfenicol by a sensitive and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic method. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using both non-compartmental and compartmental techniques. The absorption produced an average peak at 54 (+/-19) hr from the i.m. site of administration, and the half-life was prolonged, averaging 269.79 hr (+/-135.87). Florfenicol plasma concentrations peaked at an average of 11.85 microg/ml (+/-1.45) and were maintained above our target minimum inhibitory concentration of 4-8 microg/ml for at least 120 hr. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations peaked at an estimated 9 microg/ml around 48 hr, surpassing the target minimum inhibitory concentration for at least 72 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Zimmerman
- Henry Doorly Zoo, 3701 South 10th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68107, USA
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36
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Jiang HX, Zeng ZL, Chen ZL, Liu JJ, Fung KF. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in pigs following intravenous, intramuscular or oral administration and the effects of feed intake on oral dosing. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:153-6. [PMID: 16515670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H-X Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
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37
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KuKanich B, Gehring R, Webb AI, Craigmill AL, Riviere JE. Effect of formulation and route of administration on tissue residues and withdrawal times. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:1574-7. [PMID: 16313034 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Butch KuKanich
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Department of Biomedical Sciences, NC 27606, USA
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38
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Kowalski P, Konieczna L, Chmielewska A, Oledzka I, Plenis A, Bieniecki M, Lamparczyk H. Comparative evaluation between capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of florfenicol in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:983-9. [PMID: 16084049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) and a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection have been developed for florfenicol analysis in plasma samples. The suitabilities of both methods for quantitative determination of florfenicol were approved through validation specification, such as linearity, precision, selectivity, accuracy, limit of detection and quantification. The capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay were compared by analyzing a series of plasma samples containing florfenicol in different concentrations using the two methods. The extraction procedure is simple and no gradient elution or derivatization is required. Furthermore, the analysis time of the CE method is two times shorter than the respective parameter in HPLC and solvent consumptions is considerably lower. The calibration curve were linear to at least 0.05-10 microg/ml (r = 0.9998) and 0.1-10 microg/ml (r = 0.9998) for CE and HPLC, respectively. The separation efficiency are good for both methods. The detection limits for florfenicol were 0.015 microg/ml with CE and 0.03 microg/ml with HPLC and CE method gave lower value, even though UV detector was applied in the both cases. The both methods were selective, robust and reliable quantification of florfenicol and can be useful for clinical and biomedical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kowalski
- Medical University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hallera 107, PL-80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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39
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Smith GW, Gehring R, Craigmill AL, Webb AI, Riviere JE. Extralabel intramammary use of drugs in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Abd El-Aty AM, Goudah A, Abo El-Sooud K, El-Zorba HY, Shimoda M, Zhou HH. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of florfenicol following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administrations in rabbits. Vet Res Commun 2004; 28:515-24. [PMID: 15509025 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000040241.06642.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the disposition kinetics and bioavailability of florfenicol after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral administration to rabbits at a dose of 30 mg/kg BW. Serial blood samples were collected through an indwelling catheter intermittently for 24 h for various routes. Plasma antibacterial concentrations were determined using a microbiological assay method with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as a reference organism. Plasma concentration-time data generated in the present study were analysed by non-compartmental methods based on statistical moment theory. Following i.v. administration, the overall elimination half-life (t1/2beta) was 1.54 h, mean residence time (MRT) was 1.69 h, mean volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) was 0.57 L/kg, and total body clearance (Cltot) was 0.34 L/kg/h. After i.m. and oral dosing, the terminal part of the curve should correspond to the absorption phase, instead of to the elimination phase, with terminal half-lives of 3.01 and 2.57 h, respectively. The mean absorption time (MAT) was 2.65 h for i.m. and 2.01 h for oral administration. Elimination rate constants differed with i.v., i.m. and oral administrations, suggesting a flip-flop situation. The observed mean peak plasma concentrations (Cmax obs) were 21.65 and 15.14 microg/ml achieved at a post-injection time (Tmax obs) of 0.5 h following i.m. and oral dosing, respectively. The absolute systemic availabilities were 88.25% and 50.79%, respectively, and the extent of plasma protein binding percent was 11.65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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41
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Lane VM, Villarroel A, Wetzlich SE, Wetzlich S, Clifford A, Taylor I, Craigmill AL. Intravenous and subcutaneous pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:191-6. [PMID: 15305846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol were determined in 10 adult sheep (five wethers and five ewes) after a single 40 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) dose, and three daily subcutaneous (s.c.) doses of 40 mg/kg of a commercial preparation (Nuflor((R))). The concentration of florfenicol in serum samples was assayed using a proprietary HPLC assay method, and pharmacokinetic parameters derived for individual animal data by each route using compartmental and noncompartmental approaches. Two animals (one male and one female) were excluded due to observed i.v. dosing problems, and a biexponential model was found to fit the i.v. data well for six of the other eight animals. Data from two males showed prolonged low concentrations of florfenicol in serum and were better fit by a three-compartment model. The mean +/- SD for the half-lives of the distribution and elimination phases for the six sheep best fit with a two-compartment model were 0.069 +/- 0.018 and 1.01 +/- 0.09 h respectively, and for the V(d(ss)) and clearances were 0.503 +/- 0.035 L/kg and 366 +/- 53 mL/h/kg respectively. The data collected during the s.c. multiple dose study were analyzed using noncompartmental methods only. The bioavailability (F%) after s.c. dosing was calculated in three ways to compare estimation methods as steady-state had not been reached and single dose s.c. data were not obtained past 24 h. Using the AUC(0--24) and AUC(0--> infinity ) from the first dose, the F% values averaged 27 and 40% respectively. Using the AUC(0--> infinity ) for all doses, the F% was 65%. Calculations of the mean time during which the serum concentration exceeded 0.5 and 1.0 microg/mL were 105 +/- 3.9 and 74.7 +/- 12.2 h respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Lane
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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42
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Shen J, Li X, Jiang H, Hsu WH, Jianzhong S, Xiubo L, Haiyang J, Walter HH. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in healthy sheep*. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:163-8. [PMID: 15189302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol was conducted in 20 crossbred healthy sheep following a single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Florfenicol concentrations in serum were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection at a wavelength of 223 nm in which serum samples were spiked with chloramphenicol as internal standard. Serum concentration-time data after i.v. administration were best described by a three-compartment open model with values for the distribution half-lives (T(1/2alpha)) 1.51 +/- 0.06 and 1.59 +/- 0.10 h, elimination half-lives (T(1/2beta)) 18.83 +/- 6.76 and 18.71 +/- 1.85 h, total body clearance (Cl(B)) 0.26 +/- 0.03 and 0.25 +/- 0.01 L/kg/h, volume of distribution at steady-state (V(d(ss))) 1.86 +/- 0.11 and 1.71 +/- 0.20 L/kg, area under curve (AUC) 76.31 +/- 9.17 and 119.21 +/- 2.05 microg.h/mL after i.v. injections of 20 and 30 mg/kg b.w. respectively. Serum concentration-time data after i.m. administration were adequately described by a one-compartment open model. The pharmacokinetic parameters were distribution half-lives (T(1/2k(a) )) 0.27 +/- 0.03 and 0.25 +/- 0.09 h, elimination half-lives (T(1/2k(e) )) 10.34 +/- 1.11 and 9.57 +/- 2.84 h, maximum concentrations (C(max)) 4.13 +/- 0.29 and 7.04 +/- 1.61 microg/mL, area under curve (AUC) 67.95 +/- 9.61 and 101.95 +/- 8.92 microg.h/mL, bioavailability (F) 89.04% and 85.52% after i.m. injections of 20 and 30 mg/kg b.w. respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
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43
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Liu J, Fung KF, Chen Z, Zeng Z, Zhang J. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in healthy pigs and in pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:820-3. [PMID: 12543702 PMCID: PMC151723 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.2.820-823.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic study of florfenicol was conducted in 18 crossbred pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae following intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), or oral (p.o.) administration of a single dose of 20 mg/kg. The disease model was confirmed by clinical signs, X rays, pathohistologic examinations, and organism isolation. Florfenicol concentrations in plasma were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection at a wavelength of 223 nm. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using the MCPKP software (Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, China). The disposition of florfenicol after a single i.v. bolus was described by a two-compartment model with values for the half-life at alpha phase (t(1/2alpha)), the half-life at beta phase (t(1/2beta)), the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0- infinity )), and the volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)) of 0.37 h, 2.91 h, 64.86 micro g. h/ml, and 1.2 liter/kg, respectively. The concentration-time data fitted the one-compartment (after i.m.) and two-compartment (after p.o.) models with first-order absorption. The values for the maximum concentration of drug in serum (C(max)), t(1/2alpha), t(1/2beta), and bioavailability after i.m. and p.o. dosing were 4.00 and 8.11 micro g/ml, 0.12 and 3.91 h, 13.88 and 16.53 h, and 122.7 and 112.9%, respectively, for the two models. The study showed that florfenicol was absorbed quickly and completely, distributed widely, and eliminated slowly in the infected pigs, and there was no statistically significant difference between the pharmacokinetic profiles for the infected and healthy pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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44
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Li JZ, Fung KF, Chen ZL, Zeng ZL, Zhang J. Tissue pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2002; 27:265-71. [PMID: 12587956 DOI: 10.1007/bf03192337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study has been to determine the tissue pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol in the pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. 21 crossed-bred (Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire) local species of pigs were infected experimentally with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 and confirmed as typical sub-acute pleuropneumonia. A single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight of florfenicol, a novel animal-using antibiotic, was administrated intramuscularly in the pigs and then samples of blood, lung, trachea with bronchi, liver, kidney and muscle were taken at scheduled time points. Drug concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet detector via extraction with ethyl acetate under nitrogen flow. The statistic moment theory (SMT) mathematic package was applied to calculate the tissue pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol in the infected model. AUC of lung, trachea with bronchi, liver, kidney and muscle were 121.69, 79.37, 81.05, 181.2, and 94.07 mg/l x h, respectively, MRT were from 34.66 to 90.17 h, and t1/2beta from 24.75 to 69.34 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Florfenicol was widely distributed in these tissues and maintained the effective therapeutic concentrations especially in the respiratory tract tissues that are the target organs of Actinobacillus pneuropneumoniae. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tissue pharmacokinetic data could be evidence for regime designing of florfenicol in treatment of porcine pleuropneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
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45
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Abstract
Sixty 3-month-old homozygote male mice were studied for circadian rhythmicity in the toxicity of florfenicol overdose. Animals were kept under a regimen of 12h light, 12h darkness (12:12 LD) with food and water available ad libitum. The LD50 (median lethal) dose was determined in a preliminary experiment and was administered to groups of 10 mice at six different clock times (hours) after light onset (HALO): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 HALO. Cosinor analysis verified a statistically significant (P < .04) circadian rhythm in the toxic effect (mortality) of florfenicol. Mortality was greatest when the drug was injected 4h after the commencement of the activity span (16 HALO) and least when injected 4h after the start of the diurnal rest span (4 HALO). Mortality was 2.5 times greater when drug injection was given at 16 HALO than at 4 HALO.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Picco
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
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46
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Atef M, el-Gendi AY, Amer AM, Abd El-Aty AM. Disposition kinetics of florfenicol in goats by using two analytical methods. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2001; 48:129-36. [PMID: 11379386 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Florfenicol, a monofluorinated analogue of thiamphenicol, has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacterial strains, including enteric bacteria that are resistant to chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol was studied following a single intravenous bolus or intramuscular injections at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight, in five healthy goats. Serum florfenicol concentrations were determined using two analytical methods: microbiological assay and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using redundant routine equations and the results derived from each method were compared. While florfenicol was detected for up to 4 and 8 h after administration by the bioassay, the drug was recovered in serum after 12 and 24 h by HPLC following intravenous and intramuscular injections, respectively. Comparison of the concentration profiles obtained by the two methods revealed substantial differences in the resultant kinetic data. Values for the initial serum concentration, elimination half-life, the area under the serum concentration-time curve, the mean residence time, and the systemic bioavailability were significantly (P < 0.01) higher when florfenicol concentrations were determined using HPLC. In conclusion, differences between analytical methodologies should be considered when interpreting the kinetic data for clinical use. However, both the hepatic biotransformations and the interchangeability of enantiomers need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Atef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
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47
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Voorspoels J, D'Haese E, De Craene BA, Vervaet C, De Riemaecker D, Deprez P, Nelis H, Remon JP. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol after treatment of pigs with single oral or intramuscular doses or with medicated feed for three days. Vet Rec 1999; 145:397-9. [PMID: 10574273 DOI: 10.1136/vr.145.14.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol, a structural analogue of thiamphenicol, were studied in six pigs after single oral and intramuscular doses of 15 mg/kg bodyweight, and after feeding them with medicated feed containing 250 mg/kg for three days, a concentration which provided approximately the same dose rate of the drug. The oral doses contained a specially prepared pelleted formulation of the drug. The bioavailability of the drug was similar for the oral and intramuscular doses. Florfenicol was absorbed rapidly from the feed and its concentration in plasma remained between 2 and 6 microg/ml - above the minimum inhibitory concentration values for common pig pathogens - during the three days.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Voorspoels
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Gent, Belgium
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48
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Abstract
1. Disposition kinetics of florfenicol were studied in Pasteurella-free (control) and Pasturella-infected Muscovy ducks following intravenous and/or intramuscular injection in a single dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the tissue distribution and residual pattern of the drug were determined in diseased ducks. 2. The maximum serum concentration of florfenicol in control healthy and infected ducks was reached 1 hour after intramuscular injection but the peak concentration in control ducks was higher than in infected birds. 3. The volume of distribution, total body clearance and systemic bioavailability were higher in infected ducks than in control birds 5.15 l/kg, 10.24 ml/kg/min and 73.03% respectively. Data relating to intravenous injection were analysed using a 2 compartment open model curve fit. 4. Florfenicol was not detected in the serum of infected ducks on the 7th day following intramuscular administration of 30 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 5 successive days but was detected in kidney, bile and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A el-Banna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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49
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de Craene BA, Deprez P, D'Haese E, Nelis HJ, Van den Bossche W, De Leenheer P. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of calves. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1991-5. [PMID: 9303399 PMCID: PMC164050 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.9.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol, a fluorinated analog of thiamphenicol, is of great value in veterinary infectious diseases that formerly responded favorably to chloramphenicol. In view of the treatment of meningitis in calves, we studied its pharmacokinetics in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of six animals. To this end, a new high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed which, unlike previous ones, uses solid-phase instead of double-phase extraction to isolate the drug. After a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight, a maximum concentration in CSF of 4.67 +/- 1.51 microg/ml (n = 6) was reached, with a mean residence time of 8.7 h. The decline of florfenicol in both CSF and plasma fitted a biexponential model with elimination half-lives of 13.4 and 3.2 h, respectively. Florfenicol penetrated well into CSF, as evidenced from an availability of 46% +/- 3% relative to plasma. The levels remained above the MIC for Haemophilus somnus over a 20-h period. Our results provide evidence indicating the effectiveness of florfenicol in the treatment of bacterial meningitis of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A de Craene
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Microbiologie, Universiteit, Gent, Ghent, Belgium
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