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Lawson A, Walton B. Monitoring side effects of long‐term NSAID use in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Identification of multi-target inhibitors of leukotriene and prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by structural tuning of the FLAP inhibitor BRP-7. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:876-899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pereira-Leite C, Nunes C, Jamal SK, Cuccovia IM, Reis S. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy: A Journey Toward Safety. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:802-859. [PMID: 28005273 DOI: 10.1002/med.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against inflammation, pain, and fever has been supporting their worldwide use in the treatment of painful conditions and chronic inflammatory diseases until today. However, the long-term therapy with NSAIDs was soon associated with high incidences of adverse events in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the search for novel drugs with improved safety has begun with COX-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) being straightaway developed and commercialized. Nevertheless, the excitement has fast turned to disappointment when diverse coxibs were withdrawn from the market due to cardiovascular toxicity. Such events have once again triggered the emergence of different strategies to overcome NSAIDs toxicity. Here, an integrative review is provided to address the breakthroughs of two main approaches: (i) the association of NSAIDs with protective mediators and (ii) the design of novel compounds to target downstream and/or multiple enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade. To date, just one phosphatidylcholine-associated NSAID has already been approved for commercialization. Nevertheless, the preclinical and clinical data obtained so far indicate that both strategies may improve the safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pereira-Leite
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah K Jamal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iolanda M Cuccovia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salette Reis
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Mohammed A, Janakiram NB, Madka V, Brewer M, Ritchie RL, Lightfoot S, Kumar G, Sadeghi M, Patlolla JMR, Yamada HY, Cruz-Monserrate Z, May R, Houchen CW, Steele VE, Rao CV. Targeting pancreatitis blocks tumor-initiating stem cells and pancreatic cancer progression. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15524-39. [PMID: 25906749 PMCID: PMC4558168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent development of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMs) for pancreatic cancer (PC) that recapitulates human disease progression has helped to identify new strategies to delay/inhibit PC development. We first found that expression of the pancreatic tumor-initiating/cancer stem cells (CSC) marker DclK1 occurs in early stage PC and in both early and late pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and that it increases as disease progresses in GEM and also in human PC. Genome-wide next generation sequencing of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) from GEM mice revealed significantly increased DclK1 along with inflammatory genes. Genetic ablation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) decreased DclK1 in GEM. Induction of inflammation/pancreatitis with cerulein in GEM mice increased DclK1, and the novel dual COX/5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor licofelone reduced it. Dietary licofelone significantly inhibited the incidence of PDAC and carcinoma in situ with significant inhibition of pancreatic CSCs. Licofelone suppressed pancreatic tumor COX-2 and 5-LOX activities and modulated miRNAs characteristic of CSC and inflammation in correlation with PDAC inhibition. These results offer a preclinical proof of concept to target the inflammation initiation to inhibit cancer stem cells early for improving the treatment of pancreatic cancers, with immediate clinical implications for repositioning dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors in human trials for high risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Naveena B. Janakiram
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Misty Brewer
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Ritchie
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Stan Lightfoot
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael Sadeghi
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jagan Mohan R. Patlolla
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Hiroshi Y. Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Randal May
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vernon E. Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Kim T, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Owen H, Yun H, Kowalski C, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the novel COX-2 selective inhibitor cimicoxib in dogs. Vet J 2014; 200:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. CRC is responsible for more than 600,000 deaths annually and incidence rates are increasing in most of the developing countries. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations suggest that environmental factors such as western style dietary habits, tobacco-smoking, and lack of physical activities are considered as risks for CRC. Molecular pathobiology of CRC implicates pro-inflammatory conditions to promote the tumor malignant progression, invasion, and metastasis. It is well known that patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at higher risk of CRC. Many evidences exist reiterating the link between Inflammation and CRC. Inflammation involves interaction between various immune cells, inflammatory cells, chemokines, cytokines, and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, which may lead to signaling towards, tumor cell proliferation, growth, and invasion. Thus, this review will focus on mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species play a role in promoting CRC. Based on these mechanisms, various preventive strategies, involving anti-inflammatory agents, such as COX inhibitors, COX-LOX inhibitors, iNOS inhibitors, natural supplements/agents, and synthetic agents, that blocks the inflammatory pathways and suppress CRC are discussed in this review.
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Ghatak S, Vyas A, Misra S, O'Brien P, Zambre A, Fresco VM, Markwald RR, Swamy KV, Afrasiabi Z, Choudhury A, Khetmalas M, Padhye S. Novel di-tertiary-butyl phenylhydrazones as dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitors: synthesis, COX/LOX inhibition, molecular modeling, and insights into their cytotoxicities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:317-24. [PMID: 24295787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although dual inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes is highly effective than targeting COX or LOX alone, there are only a few reports of examining such compounds in case of colorectal cancers (CRC). In the present work we report that the novel di-tert-butyl phenol-based dual inhibitors DTPSAL, DTPBHZ, DTPINH, and DTPNHZ exhibit significant cytotoxicity against human CRC cell lines. Molecular docking studies revealed a good fit of these compounds in the COX-2 and 5-LOX protein cavities. The inhibitors show significant inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX activities and are effective against a panel of human colon cancer cell lines including HCA-7, HT-29, SW480 and intestinal Apc10.1 cells as well as the hyaluronan synthase-2 (Has2) enzyme over-expressing colon cancer cells, through inhibition of the Hyaluronan/CD44v6 cell survival pathway. Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that the di-tert-butyl phenol-based dual inhibitors reduce the expression of COX-2, 5-LOX, and CD44v6 in human colon cancer HCA-7 cells, while the combination of CD44v6shRNA and DTPSAL has an additional inhibitory effect on CD44v6 mRNA expression. The synergistic inhibitory effect of Celecoxib and Licofelone on CD44v6 mRNA expression suggests that the present dual inhibitors down-regulate cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes through CD44v6. The compounds also exhibited enhanced antiproliferative potency compared to standard dual COX/LOX inhibitor, viz. Licofelone. Importantly, the HA/CD44v6 antagonist CD44v6shRNA in combination with synthetic compounds had a sensitizing effect on the cancer cells which enhanced their antiproliferative potency, a finding which is crucial for the anti-proliferative potency of the novel synthetic di-tert-butyl phenol based dual COX-LOX inhibitors in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibnath Ghatak
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Alok Vyas
- ISTRA Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India; Department of Bioinformatics and Computer Science, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Suniti Misra
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Paul O'Brien
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ajit Zambre
- Department of Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune 411007, India
| | - Victor M Fresco
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Roger R Markwald
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - K Venkateshwara Swamy
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computer Science, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Zahra Afrasiabi
- Department of Life & Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, 820 Chestnut St., Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA
| | - Amitava Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri S & T University (formerly University of Missouri-Rolla), Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Madhukar Khetmalas
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computer Science, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Subhash Padhye
- ISTRA Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India.
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Monteiro-Steagall BP, Steagall PVM, Lascelles BDX. Systematic review of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced adverse effects in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1011-9. [PMID: 23782347 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to identify, assess, and critically evaluate the quality of evidence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced adverse effects in dogs. Original prospective studies published in peer-reviewed journals in English (1990-2012) that reported data on the safety of NSAIDs administration in dogs were searched. For each study, design type (I, II, III, or IV) and assessment of quality (+, Ø, -) were rated. For each drug, quantity and consistency rating (***, **, *) and strength of evidence (high, moderate, low, or extremely low) were identified and evaluated. The strength of evidence was defined in terms of how applicable and relevant the conclusions were to the target population. Sixty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-five (55%) research studies and 29 (45%) clinical trials were identified. A high strength of evidence existed for carprofen, firocoxib, and meloxicam; moderate for deracoxib, ketoprofen, and robenacoxib; and low for etodolac. Quality and consistency rating were as follows: carprofen (***/***), deracoxib (**/***), etodolac (*/unable to rate), firocoxib (***/**), ketoprofen (**/***), meloxicam (***/***), and robenacoxib (**/**), respectively. Adverse effects were detected in 35 studies (55%) and commonly included vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Three studies (5%) reported a power analysis related to adverse effects of ≥80%. In randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded studies (n = 25, 39%), the incidence of adverse effects was not statistically different between treated and control dogs. Finally, most studies were not appropriately designed to determine the safety of NSAIDs, and involved a healthy nongeriatric population of research dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Monteiro-Steagall
- Veterinary Anesthesia Consultancy Services, Rua Cel. Mello de Oliveira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Tavolari S, Munarini A, Storci G, Laufer S, Chieco P, Guarnieri T. The decrease of cell membrane fluidity by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Licofelone inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signalling and triggers apoptosis in HCA-7 colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 321:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Chromatographic techniques in analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in drugs and biological samples. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as a therapeutic class, are among the most often used active pharmaceutical ingredients in heath care in the world. They are mostly available without prescription and often used for treatment of fever and pain. An extensive research of the literature published in analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry journals has been conducted and the chromatographic methods which were used for the purity, stability and pharmacokinetic studies of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, in formulations and biological materials have been reviewed. The methodology for the analysis of selected drugs is very well documented and many examples are available in the literature. The common use of chromatographic techniques with various detection attachments provide possibility for monitoring of drugs in therapy.
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Prostaglandins in cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:723419. [PMID: 22505934 PMCID: PMC3299390 DOI: 10.1155/2012/723419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins exert a profound influence over the adhesive, migratory, and invasive behavior of cells during the development and progression of cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) are upregulated in inflammation and cancer. This results in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which binds to and activates G-protein-coupled prostaglandin E1–4 receptors (EP1–4). Selectively targeting the COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2/EP1–4 axis of the prostaglandin pathway can reduce the adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Once stimulated by prostaglandins, cadherin adhesive connections between epithelial or endothelial cells are lost. This enables cells to invade through the underlying basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM). Interactions with the ECM are mediated by cell surface integrins by “outside-in signaling” through Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and/or “inside-out signaling” through talins and kindlins. Combining the use of COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2/EP1–4 axis-targeted molecules with those targeting cell surface adhesion receptors or their downstream signaling molecules may enhance cancer therapy.
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Mohammed A, Janakiram NB, Li Q, Choi CI, Zhang Y, Steele VE, Rao CV. Chemoprevention of colon and small intestinal tumorigenesis in APC(Min/+) mice by licofelone, a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor: potential implications for human colon cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:2015-26. [PMID: 21885812 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), such as COX-2, is a potential target for colon cancer inhibition and, in part, contributes to cardiovascular side effects associated with COX-2 inhibitors. Experiments were designed to assess the chemopreventive effects of a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor, licofelone {[6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl] acetic acid}, in APC(Min/+) mouse intestinal tumorigenesis. Six-week-old male and female APC(Min/+) mice (n = 10 per group) were fed with control American Institute of Nutrition-76A diet or diets containing 150 or 300 ppm licofelone for 14 weeks (∼100 days), and intestinal tumors were evaluated for tumor multiplicity and size. Licofelone significantly inhibited total intestinal tumor multiplicity and size in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.0001; mean tumors for 0, 150, and 300 ppm: 48.8, 17, and 8, respectively, in male mice; and 34.3, 8.8, and 5.5, respectively, in female mice). Licofelone at high dose showed more than 83% (P < 0.0001) tumor inhibition in both genders of mice. One hundred and fifty and 300 ppm licofelone resulted in 86% to 97% inhibition of polyps having size greater than 2 mm. One hundred and fifty and 300 ppm licofelone caused more than 72% and 100% inhibition of colonic tumors, respectively. Importantly, in mice fed with licofelone, tumors showed significantly reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (70%, P < 0.0001), increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells (75%, P < 0.0001), and there was dose-dependent suppression of serum triglycerides (71%-83%, P < 0.0001), decreased inflammatory cytokines; and decreased COX and 5-LOX activities (57%-64%, P < 0.0001). Also, compared with 300 ppm celecoxib, 300 ppm licofelone provided better efficacy in suppressing tumor growth. These observations show that a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor dramatically suppresses small intestinal and colonic tumor formation in APC(Min/+) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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KING JN, ARNAUD JP, GOLDENTHAL EI, GRUET P, JUNG M, SEEWALD W, LEES P. Robenacoxib in the dog: target species safety in relation to extent and duration of inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:298-311. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Licofelone attenuates quinolinic acid induced Huntington like symptoms: possible behavioral, biochemical and cellular alterations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:607-15. [PMID: 21237233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes are involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. Emerging evidence indicates that cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors prevent neurodegenerative processes and related complications. Therefore, the present study has been designed to explore the neuroprotective potential of licofelone (dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitor) against quinolinic acid induced Huntington like symptom in rats. Intrastriatal administration of quinolinic acid significantly caused reduction in body weight and motor function (locomotor activity, rotarod performance and beam walk test), oxidative defense (as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration and decreased endogenous antioxidant enzymes), alteration in mitochondrial enzyme complex (I, II and IV) activities, raised TNF-α level and striatal lesion volume as compared to sham treated animals. Licofelone (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) treatment significantly improved body weight, locomotor activity, rotarod performance, balance beam walk performance, oxidative defense, mitochondrial enzyme complex activities and attenuated TNF-α level and striatal lesion as compared to control (quinolinic acid). The present study highlights that licofelone attenuates behavioral, biochemical and cellular alterations against quinolinic acid induced neurotoxicity and this could be an important therapeutic avenue to ameliorate the Huntington like symptoms.
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Combination Therapy of PPARgamma Ligands and Inhibitors of Arachidonic Acid in Lung Cancer. PPAR Res 2009; 2008:750238. [PMID: 19277204 PMCID: PMC2652614 DOI: 10.1155/2008/750238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and five-year survival remains low. Numerous studies have shown that chronic inflammation may lead to progression of carcinogenesis. As a result of inflammatory stimulation, arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism produces proliferation mediators through complex and dynamic interactions of the products of the LOX/COX enzymes. One important mediator in the activation of the AA pathways is the nuclear protein PPARgamma. Targeting LOX/COX enzymes and inducing activation of PPARgamma have resulted in significant reduction of cell growth in lung cancer cell lines. However, specific COX-inhibitors have been correlated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Clinical applications are still being explored with a novel generation of dual LOX/COX inhibitors. PPARgamma activation through synthetic ligands (TZDs) has revealed a great mechanistic complexity since effects are produced through PPARgamma-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Furthermore, PPARgamma could also be involved in regulation of COX-2. Overexpression of PPARgamma has reported to play a role in control of invasion and differentiation. Exploring the function of PPARgamma, in this new context, may provide a better mechanistic model of its role in cancer and give an opportunity to design a more efficient therapeutic approach in combination with LOX/COX inhibitors.
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16
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Goodman L, Coles TB, Budsberg S. Leukotriene inhibition in small animal medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 31:387-98. [PMID: 19000257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are important mediators of inflammatory and allergic conditions in people and are suspected to play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor growth of several different tumor types. Based on this, researchers are making great progress in identifying novel pharmacologic targets for several human diseases. Leukotriene inhibition has resulted in therapeutic benefit in clinical trials involving people with osteoarthritis, allergic asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Despite this progress and the possibility that leukotriene inhibition may also play an important therapeutic role in veterinary patients, parallel advances have not yet been made in veterinary medicine. This article summarizes leukotriene function and synthesis. It also reviews the published literature regarding potential therapeutic applications of leukotriene inhibition in both human and veterinary medicine, focusing primarily on osteoarthritis, NSAID induced gastrointestinal mucosal damage, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goodman
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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17
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Papich MG. An Update on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:1243-66, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Albrecht W, Unger A, Nussler AK, Laufer S. In Vitro Metabolism of 2-[6-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl] Acetic Acid (Licofelone, ML3000), an Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 and 5-Lipoxygenase. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:894-903. [PMID: 18268076 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Albrecht
- c-a-i-r biosciences GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Tavolari S, Bonafè M, Marini M, Ferreri C, Bartolini G, Brighenti E, Manara S, Tomasi V, Laufer S, Guarnieri T. Licofelone, a dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor, induces apoptosis in HCA-7 colon cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway independently from its ability to affect the arachidonic acid cascade. Carcinogenesis 2007; 29:371-80. [PMID: 18033773 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, no data are available concerning the potential use of dual cyclooxygenase (COX)/5-lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors as anticancer agents in colon cancer treatment. Here, we report, for the first time, that the dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor licofelone triggers apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HCA-7 colon cancer cells. Induction of apoptosis was related to the recruitment of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as shown by loss in mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 and 3 activation and poly-(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 cleavage. Moreover, licofelone induced the cleavage of the full-length p21(Bax) into p18(Bax), a more potent inducer of the apoptotic process than the uncleaved form. Pre-treatment of HCA-7 cells with the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk significantly blocked licofelone-induced apoptosis, confirming that this process occurred primarily in a caspase-dependent pathway. We also present evidences that licofelone was able to affect the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade, as it blocked the activity of 5-LOX and COX enzymes, and it induced, through the phosphorylation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), the release of unesterified AA from HCA-7 membrane phospholipids. However, apoptosis induction was not related to the ability of licofelone to affect the AA cascade, since neither exogenous prostaglandin E(2) and leukotriene B(4) addition, nor pharmacological inhibition of cPLA(2), was able to rescue HCA-7 cells from apoptosis. Even if further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of licofelone-induced apoptosis, this study suggests that this drug, as well as similar dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors, may represent a novel and promising approach in colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tavolari
- Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, via F. Selmi 3, Bologna 40126, Italy
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20
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Craven M, Chandler ML, Steiner JM, Farhadi A, Welsh E, Pratschke K, Shaw DJ, Williams DA. Acute Effects of Carprofen and Meloxicam on Canine Gastrointestinal Permeability and Mucosal Absorptive Capacity. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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21
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Six DA, Barbayianni E, Loukas V, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Stephens D, Wong AC, Magrioti V, Moutevelis-Minakakis P, Baker SF, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. Structure-activity relationship of 2-oxoamide inhibition of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 and group V secreted phospholipase A2. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4222-35. [PMID: 17672443 DOI: 10.1021/jm0613673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is a key provider of substrates for the production of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor. We explored the structure-activity relationship of 2-oxoamide-based compounds and GIVA cPLA2 inhibition. The most potent inhibitors are derived from delta- and gamma-amino acid-based 2-oxoamides. The optimal side-chain moiety is a short nonpolar aliphatic chain. All of the newly developed 2-oxoamides as well as those previously described have now been tested with the human Group V secreted PLA2 (GV sPLA2) and the human Group VIA calcium-independent PLA2 (GVIA iPLA2). Only one 2-oxoamide compound had appreciable inhibition of GV sPLA2, and none of the potent GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors inhibited either GV sPLA2 or GVIA iPLA2. Two of these specific GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors were also found to have potent therapeutic effects in animal models of pain and inflammation at dosages well below the control nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Six
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, USA
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22
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Steagall PVM, Mantovani FB, Ferreira TH, Salcedo ES, Moutinho FQ, Luna SPL. Evaluation of the adverse effects of oral firocoxib in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:218-23. [PMID: 17472653 PMCID: PMC7194286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the adverse effects of oral firocoxib in dogs. Six dogs (20.2+/-6.3 kg) were studied. Values for complete blood count (CBC), serum urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase, alanine phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, occult blood in feces, platelet aggregation, and buccal mucosal bleeding time were measured before and 7, 14, 21, and 29 days after SID treatment with firocoxib 5.3+/-0.34 mg/kg (FG) or lactose 1 mg/kg (LG) for 28 days, in a randomized crossover study. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract endoscopy was performed before treatment began and at 29 days. Lesions were scored from grade 0 to 6. Data were analyzed using anova and paired t-tests (P<0.05). None of the dogs presented adverse clinical effects. There were no significant changes in CBC, biochemical profiles within groups, or differences between groups. Pretreatment mean+/-SD bleeding time (LG, 70.7+/-32.1 sec; FG, 75.8+/-38.1 sec) and platelet aggregation (LG, 86.4+/-10.2%; FG, 85.6+/-9.2%) were not significantly different from readings at 29 days (LG, 95.2+/-25 sec; FG, 91.7+/-24 sec and LG, 73.2+/-15.1%; FG, 84+/-10.3%) nor the groups were different. None of the dogs had positive fecal occult blood tests, and endoscopic lesion scores were grade 0 both before treatment and at 29 days. Administration of firocoxib did not cause any adverse effects on GI, or hematological or serum biochemical variables and appears to have been well tolerated by dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V M Steagall
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Lascelles BDX, Court MH, Hardie EM, Robertson SA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review. Vet Anaesth Analg 2007; 34:228-50. [PMID: 17451496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence regarding the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in cats. DATABASES USED PubMed, CAB abstracts. CONCLUSIONS Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used with caution in cats because of their low capacity for hepatic glucuronidation, which is the major mechanism of metabolism and excretion for this category of drugs. However, the evidence presented supports the short-term use of carprofen, flunixin, ketoprofen, meloxicam and tolfenamic acid as analgesics in cats. There were no data to support the safe chronic use of NSAIDs in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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24
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Araico A, Terencio MC, Alcaraz MJ, Domínguez JN, León C, Ferrándiz ML. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Me-UCH9, a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Life Sci 2007; 80:2108-2117. [PMID: 17490689 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported the dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity by some phenylsulphonyl urenyl chalcone derivatives. 2,4-dichloro-4'N[N'(4''methylphenylsulphonyl)urenyl] chalcone (Me-UCH9), was selected in the present study to determine its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect after oral administration in several animal models related to the activation of COX-2 and 5-LO pathways. In the zymosan stimulated mouse air pouch model, Me-UCH9, reduced in a dose-dependent manner leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) levels in pouch exudates obtained at 4 h, as well as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) generated through COX-2 activation at 24 h. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and myeloperoxidase activity were also strongly inhibited in this model. Me-UCH9 significantly reduced granuloma size and vascular index determined in the murine air pouch granuloma model of angiogenesis. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, this compound inhibited inflammatory response and pain, as well as PGE(2) and LTB(4) content in paw edematous fluid. Analgesic properties were corroborated in the murine phenyl-p-benzoquinone-induced writhing test. Finally, Me-UCH9 exerted anti-inflammatory effects in the chronic model of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, both inhibiting paw swelling and reducing PGE(2) content. Our findings confirm that Me-UCH9 can modulate inflammatory and nociceptive responses in relation to the dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LO activities presented by this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Araico
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M C Terencio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M J Alcaraz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J N Domínguez
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas 1051, Venezuela
| | - C León
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas 1051, Venezuela
| | - M L Ferrándiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Villa R, Cagnardi P, Belloli C, Zonca A, Zizzadoro C, Ferro E, Carli S. Oral and intravenous administration of nimesulide in the horse: rational dosage regimen from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. Equine Vet J 2007; 39:136-42. [PMID: 17378442 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x159123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The selective COX-2-inhibitor nimesulide is used extra-label in equine veterinary practice as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, there are no data on which to base the rational use of the drug in this species. OBJECTIVES To determine the effective COX selectivity of nimesulide in the horse, and suggest a suitable dosing schedule. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of nimesulide in the horse after oral administration (1 mg/kg bwt), and oral and i.v. administration (1.5 mg/kg bwt) were investigated, effects of feeding status on bioavailability determined, and plasma protein binding of the drug and its principal metabolites measured. Compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed. The plasma concentration-time profile was used, together with in vitro literature data on nimesulide inhibition of COX isoforms, to determine the effective COX selectivity of nimesulide in the horse, and suggest a suitable dosing schedule. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that 1.5 mg/kg bwt may produce adequate clinical effects, and the dosing interval should be 12-24 h depending on condition severity. However, at that dose, the concentration in the animal exceeds the in vitro IC50 for both isoforms, so that COX-1/COX-2 selectivity is lost and side-effects due to COX-1 inhibition are a possibility. Nimesulide should therefore be used with caution in equine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Villa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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26
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Vidal C, Gómez-Hernández A, Sánchez-Galán E, González A, Ortega L, Gómez-Gerique JA, Tuñón J, Egido J. Licofelone, a balanced inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, reduces inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:108-16. [PMID: 17015640 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Licofelone, a dual anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, may have a better cardiovascular profile that cycloxygenase-2 inhibitors due to cycloxygenase-1 blockade-mediated antithrombotic effect and a better gastrointestinal tolerability. We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of licofelone on atherosclerotic lesions as well as in isolated neutrophils from whole blood of rabbits compared with a selective inhibitor of COX-2, rofecoxib. We also assessed the antithrombotic effect of licofelone in rabbit platelet-rich plasma. For this purpose, 30 rabbits underwent injury of femoral arteries, and they were randomized to receive 10 mg/kg/day licofelone or 5 mg/kg/day rofecoxib or no treatment during 4 weeks with atherogenic diet in all cases. Ten healthy rabbits were used as controls. Neutrophils and platelets were isolated from peripheral blood of rabbits for ex vivo studies. Licofelone reduced intima/media ratio in injured arteries, the macrophages infiltration in the neointimal area, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene expression, and the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in rabbit atheroma. Moreover, licofelone inhibited COX-2 and 5-LOX protein expression in vascular lesions. Rofecoxib only diminished COX-2 protein expression and MCP-1 gene expression in vascular atheroma. Prostaglandin E(2) in rabbit plasma was attenuated by both drugs. Licofelone almost abolished 5-LOX activity by inhibiting leukotriene B4 generation in rabbit neutrophils and prevented platelet thromboxane B2 production from whole blood. Licofelone reduces neointimal formation and inflammation in an atherosclerotic rabbit model more markedly than rofecoxib. This effect, together with the antiplatelet activity of licofelone, suggests that this drug may have a favorable cardiovascular profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vidal
- Department of Vascular Research, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Narita T, Sato R, Tomizawa N, Tani K, Komori S, Hara S. Safety of reduced-dosage ketoprofen for long-term oral administration in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1115-20. [PMID: 16817730 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety of reduced-dosage ketoprofen (RDKET) for long-term oral administration in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 14 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Racemic ketoprofen (0.25 mg/kg, PO) and gelatin capsules, as a drug-free placebo, were each administered to 7 dogs for 30 days. Dogs were periodically monitored via physical examination, blood analyses, endoscopic examinations, fecal occult blood tests (tetramethylbenzidine and guaiac methods), renal function tests (effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate), urinalyses, urinary enzyme indices (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase), and hemostatic function tests (buccal mucosa bleeding time, cuticle bleeding time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen concentration). RESULTS Pyloric antrum lesion grade was significantly higher in the RDKET group on day 28, compared with the pretreatment and control group grades. Fecal occult blood grade measured by use of the tetramethylbenzidine method was significantly higher in the RDKET group on day 30, compared with the pretreatment grade. No other significant differences were detected between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE RDKET induced mild to moderate gastric mucosal injuries especially in the pyloric antrum in healthy Beagles, whereas no adverse effects were observed in renal function or hemostasis. Fecal occult blood tests may be useful as screening tests for adverse gastrointestinal effects induced by RDKET in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Narita
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Japan
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28
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Puhlmann U, Schäfer D, Ziemann C. Update on COX-2 inhibitor patents with a focus on optimised formulation and therapeutic scope of drug combinations making use of COX-2 inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bergh MS, Budsberg SC. The Coxib NSAIDs: Potential Clinical and Pharmacologic Importance in Veterinary Medicine. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Abstract
This meeting, hosted by Visiongain and B2B conferences, comprised approximately 35 delegates, predominantly from the pharmaceutical industry, and promoted interactive discussion. It covered a broad range of drug discovery and development activities, ranging from preclinical studies with compounds requiring further optimisation, through to launched drugs used in the treatment of arthritis today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braddock
- Discovery Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, Leicestershire, UK.
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