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Hillen F, Polson S, Yates D, Watkinson R, White K. Robenacoxib versus meloxicam following ovariohysterectomy in cats: A randomised, prospective clinical trial involving owner-based assessment of pain. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3264. [PMID: 37494365 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injectable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed to queens undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH), but the requirement for postoperative administration is unclear and practices vary. Existing studies assessing efficacy rely on pain scoring by experienced clinicians. However, following OVH, most cats are discharged within hours of recovery. METHODS Cats undergoing OVH were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: MEL and ROB. Cats in the MEL group (n = 76) received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) and those in the ROB group (n = 65) received robenacoxib (2 mg/kg). Owners were contacted by a blinded assessor 3 days postoperatively and asked to identify physical or behavioural changes and to assign pain scores using a numerical rating scale. RESULTS More cats in the ROB group displayed abnormal behaviours than cats in the MEL group (p = 0.03). Most owners assigned a pain score of 0 (72%) (n = 101), but pain scores were significantly higher in the ROB group than in the MEL group (p = 0.005). LIMITATION Methods of owner assessment of pain in cats have not been validated. CONCLUSIONS Both meloxicam and robenacoxib are effective in controlling postoperative pain. Meloxicam may have improved efficacy in certain patient populations. Applying a blanket approach to prescribing NSAIDs to cats undergoing OVH postoperatively may not be necessary. This has safety, environmental and cost implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hillen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kate White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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Fadel C, Łebkowska‐Wieruszewska B, Sartini I, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:550-557. [PMID: 35899473 PMCID: PMC9796919 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of robenacoxib (RX), a COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in sheep after single subcutaneous (SC), oral (PO), and intravenous (IV) administration. Five healthy female sheep underwent a three-phase parallel study design with a washout period of 4 weeks, in which sheep received a 4 mg/kg SC dose in phase 1, a 4 mg/kg PO administration in phase 2, and a 2 mg/kg IV administration in phase 3. Plasma RX concentrations were measured over a 48 h period for each treatment using HPLC coupled to a UV multiple wavelength detector, and the PK parameters were estimated using a non-compartmental method. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution at steady state, and total clearance were 2.64 h, 0.077 L/kg, and 0.056 L/h kg, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentrations following SC and PO administrations were 7.04 and 3.01 μg/mL, respectively. The mean bioavailability following SC and PO administrations were 45.98% and 16.58%, respectively. The SC route may be proposed for use in sheep. However, the multi-dose and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to establish more accurately its safety and efficacy in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Fadel
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | | | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity ConservationUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of PharmacologyKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly,Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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3
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Lees P, Toutain PL, Elliott J, Giraudel JM, Pelligand L, King JN. Pharmacology, safety, efficacy and clinical uses of the COX-2 inhibitor robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:325-351. [PMID: 35460083 PMCID: PMC9541287 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a veterinary‐approved non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the coxib group. It possesses anti‐hyperalgesic, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐pyretic properties. Robenacoxib inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 isoform of COX selectively (in vitro IC50 ratios COX‐1:COX‐2, 129:1 in dogs, 32:1 in cats). At registered dosages (2 mg/kg subcutaneously in dogs and cats, 1–4 mg/kg orally in dogs and 1–2.4 mg/kg orally in cats), robenacoxib produces significant inhibition of COX‐2 whilst sparing COX‐1. The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of robenacoxib is characterized by a high degree of binding to plasma proteins (>98%) and moderate volume of distribution (at steady state, 240 ml/kg in dogs and 190 ml/kg in cats). In consequence, the terminal half‐life in blood (<2 h) is short, despite moderate body clearance (0.81 L/kg/h) in dogs and low clearance (0.44 L/kg/h) in cats. Excretion is principally in the bile (65% in dogs and 72% in cats). Robenacoxib concentrates in inflamed tissues, and clinical efficacy is achieved with once‐daily dosing, despite the short blood terminal half‐life. In dogs, no relevant breed differences in robenacoxib PK have been detected. Robenacoxib has a wide safety margin; in healthy laboratory animals daily oral doses 20‐fold (dog, 1 month), eight‐fold (cat, 6 weeks) and five‐fold (dog, 6 months) higher than recommended clinical doses were well tolerated. Clinical efficacy and safety have been demonstrated in orthopaedic and soft tissue surgery, and in musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Jacobs CC, Schnabel LV, McIlwraith CW, Blikslager AT. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:636-648. [PMID: 35076950 PMCID: PMC9304133 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orthopaedic disorders are commonly encountered in equine veterinary medicine, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in the management of many equine orthopaedic disorders. There are multiple NSAIDs available for use in horses, including both non-selective and selective NSAIDS, and the body of literature evaluating the efficacy of these medications, their effects on normal and inflamed musculoskeletal tissues, and their side effects is broad. This review aims to summarise the current literature on the use of NSAIDs for equine orthopaedic disorders and examines new and future avenues for the management of inflammation in equine orthopaedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie C. Jacobs
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lauren V. Schnabel
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute (TMI)Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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5
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King JN, Jung M. Determination of the route of excretion of robenacoxib (Onsior™) in cats and dogs: A pilot study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:411-416. [PMID: 33881783 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the studies was to determine the route of excretion, faecal or urinary, of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) robenacoxib (Onsior™) in cats and dogs. The studies employed a two-part crossover design in 4 beagle dogs (2 female and 2 male, age 36-41 months and body weight 9.0-10.3 kg) and a parallel group comparison of two groups each of 3 domestic short-hair cats (2 female and 4 castrated male, age 35-73 months and body weight 3.0-5.7 kg). Animals were administered single doses of 1 (dog) or 2 (cat) mg/kg of [14 C]-robenacoxib by intravenous (IV) and oral routes. Venous blood samples were taken and analysed for robenacoxib concentration. Faeces and urine were collected for 4 (cats) or 7 (dogs) days and analysed for radioactivity. Robenacoxib was eliminated rapidly from blood (≤ 8 hr). In dogs, expressed as the percentage of the administered dose and adjusted so that faecal plus urine recovery was 100%, the mean (SD) excretion in faeces and urine was, respectively, 64.6% (4.30) and 35.4% (4.3) after IV and 66.7% (6.9) and 33.3% (6.9) after oral administration. The respective values in cats, in faeces and urine, were 72.5% (4.6) and 27.5% (4.6) after IV and 78.5% (2.6) and 21.5% (2.6) after oral administration. In conclusion, excretion of systemically available robenacoxib in cats and dogs was mixed via both faeces and urine, but predominately faecal (~64.6% in dogs and ~72.5% in cats) and assumed to be via biliary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Jung
- Elanco Animal Health Inc., Basel, Switzerland
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Adrian D, King JN, Parrish RS, King SB, C Budsberg S, Gruen ME, Lascelles BDX. Robenacoxib shows efficacy for the treatment of chronic degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats: a randomized and blinded pilot clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7721. [PMID: 33833276 PMCID: PMC8032665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this pilot clinical trial was to evaluate outcome measures for the assessment of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) robenacoxib in cats with degenerative joint disease-associated pain (DJD-pain). Otherwise healthy cats (n = 109) with DJD-pain entered a parallel group, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Cats received placebo (P) or robenacoxib (R) for two consecutive 3-week periods. Treatment groups were PP, RR, and RP. Actimetry and owner-assessment data were collected. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects and generalized mixed-effects linear models. Activity data showed high within-cat and between-cat variability, and 82.4% of the values were zero. Compared to placebo, mean total activity was higher (5.7%) in robenacoxib-treated cats (p = 0.24); for the 80th percentile of activity, more robenacoxib-treated cats had a > 10% increase in activity after 3 (p = 0.046) and 6 weeks (p = 0.026). Robenacoxib treatment significantly decreased owner-assessed disability, (p = 0.01; 49% reduction in disability; effect size ~ 0.3), and improved temperament (p = 0.0039) and happiness (p = 0.021) after 6 weeks. More robenacoxib-treated cats were successes at 6 weeks (p = 0.018; NNT: 3.8). Adverse effect frequencies were similar across groups. Results identified suitable endpoints for confirmatory studies, while also indicating efficacy of robenacoxib in cats with DJD-pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Adrian
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, USA
| | - Jonathan N King
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudolph S Parrish
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Greenfield, IN, USA
- Vista Research LLC, Bath, ME, USA
| | - Stephen B King
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | - Steven C Budsberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Behavioral Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Heit MC, Stallons LJ, Seewald W, Thompson CM, Toutain CE, King SB, Helbig R. Safety evaluation of the interchangeable use of robenacoxib in commercially-available tablets and solution for injection in cats. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:355. [PMID: 32988403 PMCID: PMC7520961 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Robenacoxib (Onsior™) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed for canine and feline use for the control of pain and inflammation. It is available as both tablets and solution for injection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of the interchangeable use of commercially available robenacoxib formulations when administered to cats orally using 6 mg tablets and subcutaneously using a solution for injection containing 20 mg/mL. Thirty-four naïve healthy 4-month old cats were enrolled in this 37-day study and were randomized to four groups (three robenacoxib and one control). One robenacoxib group received the maximum recommended dose (MRD) rate of each formulation, while the other two received two and three times this dose rate. The cats underwent three 10-day treatment cycles comprised of seven days of once daily oral administration followed by three days of subcutaneous administration. The third cycle was followed by an additional seven days of oral treatment. The control group received oral empty gelatin capsules or subcutaneous saline injections. Assessment of safety was based on general health observations, clinical observations, physical, ophthalmic, electrocardiographic and neurological examinations, clinical pathology evaluations, food consumption, body weight, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations. Blood samples were collected for toxicokinetic evaluation. Results Blood concentrations of robenacoxib confirmed systemic exposure of all treated cats. All cats were in good health through study termination and there were no serious adverse events during the study. There were no changes in body weight, food consumption, ophthalmic, physical or neurological examinations during the study. Treatment-related abnormalities were of low occurrence at all doses and included injection site changes (transient edema with minimal or mild, subacute/chronic inflammation histologically) and prolongation of the QT interval. These findings were consistent with previously observed findings in studies with robenacoxib administered separately orally or subcutaneously in cats. Thus, there were no adverse effects that could be attributed specifically to the interchangeable use of oral and injectable robenacoxib. Conclusions This 37-day laboratory study supports the safety of interchanging robenacoxib injection at a daily dose of 2 mg/kg with robenacoxib tablets at a daily dose of 1 mg/kg, or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Heit
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 64140, USA.
| | - L Jay Stallons
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 64140, USA
| | - Wolfgang Seewald
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caryn M Thompson
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 64140, USA
| | - Céline E Toutain
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen B King
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 64140, USA
| | - Rainer Helbig
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Bendinelli C, Properzi R, Boschi P, Bresciani C, Rocca E, Sabbioni A, Leonardi F. Meloxicam vs robenacoxib for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing combined laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy. Vet Surg 2019; 48:578-583. [PMID: 30637777 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare meloxicam and robenacoxib for short-term postoperative pain management after combined laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy. STUDY DESIGN Double-blind, prospective, randomised clinical trial. ANIMALS Twenty-six client-owned female dogs. METHODS Dogs undergoing combined laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy were randomly divided into 2 groups. Before induction of anesthesia, 13 dogs received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously), and 13 dogs received robenacoxib (2 mg/kg subcutaneously). Pain was scored with the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (short form) before surgery and at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after extubation. Rescue analgesia (tramadol, 3 mg/kg) was provided to dogs with a Glasgow pain score (GPS) ≥5. Glasgow pain scores were analyzed by ANOVA with treatment, age, and surgical time as fixed factors. RESULTS Glasgow pain scores were higher at 24 hours postsurgery in dogs treated with robenacoxib (2.18 ± 0.29) compared with those treated with meloxicam (0.68 ± 0.41, P = .04). Two dogs treated with meloxicam and 7 dogs treated with robenacoxib required rescue analgesia. Regardless of the treatment, the overall GPS was lower at 18 and 24 hours postsurgery when the surgical time was >40 minutes compared with surgical times ≤40 minutes, but surgical site inflammation was likely a confounding factor in this finding. Glasgow pain score was not affected by patient age. CONCLUSION Meloxicam was more effective than robenacoxib at controlling pain in the population of dogs reported here. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Preoperative administration of meloxicam effectively controls pain for 24 hours after combined laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy, but rescue analgesia may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carla Bresciani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Sabbioni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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9
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Murrell J. Perioperative use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in cats and dogs. IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.k3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Oyama N, Sano T, Yamamori M, Tamura J, Umar MA, Endo Y, Ishikawa Y, Itoh A, Miyoshi K, Yamashita K. Influence of sevoflurane anesthesia with mechanical ventilation and fluid-therapy on distribution of subcutaneously administered robenacoxib in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1450-1455. [PMID: 30078791 PMCID: PMC6160876 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for dogs. The present study aimed to evaluate influences of sevoflurane anesthesia on the distribution of robenacoxib in
dogs. Ten healthy beagle dogs (1 to 11 years old, 9.3 to 14.3 kg body weight, 6 males and 4 females) were subcutaneously administered robenacoxib (2 mg/kg) under conscious condition or
sevoflurane anesthesia inhaled a 1.3-fold predetermined individual minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane at a 28-day interval. The dogs under sevoflurane anesthesia were also
mechanically ventilated and received fluid-therapy. On each occasion, serum samples were collected from the dogs before and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after the robenacoxib
administration. Serum robenacoxib concentration was measured by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Maximum serum concentration of robenacoxib (Cmax) was 2.2
µg/ml [range: 1.2–4.6] (median [range: minimum-maximum]) and time of Cmax (Tmax) was 90 min [range: 60–120] in the conscious dogs.
In the sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs, the Cmax significantly declined (1.3 µg/ml [range: 0.8–1.4], P=0.008) and Tmax
was delayed (120 min [range: 120–240], P=0.018) compared with those in the conscious dogs. The serum robenacoxib concentration at 240 min (C240) decreased to 0.5
µg/ml [range: 0.2–0.9] in the conscious dogs, while it remained higher in the sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs (1.0 µg/ml
[range: 0.3–1.4], P=0.011). In conclusion, the anesthetic procedure with sevoflurane, mechanically ventilated, and received fluid-therapy might affect the pharmacokinetics
of subcutaneously administered robenacoxib in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Oyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sano
- Department of Veterinary Nursing Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamamori
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Jun Tamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Umar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State 600243, Nigeria
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Yusyun Ishikawa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Akifumi Itoh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Miyoshi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
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Kongara K, Chambers JP. Robenacoxib in the treatment of pain in cats and dogs: safety, efficacy, and place in therapy. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2018; 9:53-61. [PMID: 30148083 PMCID: PMC6101027 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s170893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of coxib class developed for the control of inflammation and pain in dogs and cats. It shows high selectivity for the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme in rats, cats, and dogs. Robenacoxib is available in both injectable and tablet formulations. This review initially focuses on the preclinical pharmacology of robenacoxib in rats that includes its high affinity for COX-2 enzyme and weaker and rapidly reversible binding for COX-1 enzyme in in vitro and ex vivo models of inflammation and its pharmacokinetics in the blood and inflammatory exudate, selective tissue distribution, and safety. These basic pharmacological profiles highlight the suitability of robenacoxib for use in target species, such as cats and dogs. Since the level of expression and activity of COX enzymes is species specific, COX-2-selective inhibition and the resultant effects of coxibs must be studied in target species. The pharmacological and toxicological profiles of robenacoxib in cats and dogs have been discussed prior to reviewing its clinical efficacy and safety. Large, multicenter field trials conducted in cats and dogs demonstrated the noninferior efficacy and safety of robenacoxib compared with noncoxib NSAIDs used in dogs and cats. These trials investigated the efficacy of robenacoxib against various acute and chronic painful conditions. Robenacoxib produced superior efficacy to placebo and COX-2 preferential inhibitors in postsurgical cats. The tissue-selective anti-inflammatory activity of robenacoxib has been demonstrated in dogs with osteoarthritis. Robenacoxib has also been shown to be safe in healthy dogs and cats receiving antihypertensive drugs and loop diuretics that could cause renal injury. The developmental objective of coxibs, comparable efficacy but superior safety to less selective/nonselective NSAIDs, is well established with robenacoxib in preclinical studies. More studies need to be conducted to fully explore the benefits of robenacoxib in clinical subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kongara
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,
| | - John Paul Chambers
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,
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12
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Toutain CE, Brossard P, King SB, Helbig R. Six-month safety evaluation of robenacoxib tablets (Onsior™) in dogs after daily oral administrations. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:242. [PMID: 30119677 PMCID: PMC6098579 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Robenacoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug available for canine and feline use for the control of pain and inflammation marketed as Onsior™. The aim of this target animal safety study was to evaluate the 6-month safety profile of oral robenacoxib administration. It was a randomized, negative-controlled, parallel group study. Thirty-two healthy, young, experimentally naïve, purebred Beagle dogs were administered 0 (sham control, Group 1), 2, 6, and 10 mg/kg robenacoxib (corresponding to the upper end of the dosage range [1X, Group 2] and multiples thereof [3X and 5X, Group 3 and 4]), orally once daily for 6 months. Assessment of safety included general health and clinical observations, physical, neurological, ophthalmological and electrocardiographic examinations, gross and histopathological examinations and clinical pathology evaluations. Blood samples were collected for toxicokinetic assessment of robenacoxib. Results No serious adverse events were reported. When compared with control, no treatment effect was observed for body weight, feed or water consumption, clinical pathology, urinalysis and fecal examination parameters. There were no treatment-related changes in stifle joint tissues and microscopic/histopathology examinations of all tissues/organs were normal. Salivation and soft feces were noted in all groups but observed more frequently in the treated groups as compared with control. On Day 178, increased buccal mucosal bleeding times were observed in two treated animals (Group 3 and 4) and one dog in Group 4 displayed a retinal change. Decreased hopping and conscious proprioception was noted in four treated dogs. One dog in Group 2 had ventricular premature complexes. Post-mortem changes included mild, red foci on the cecum in one dog (Group 3) and minimal duodenal discoloration in one dog (Group 4), with no corresponding histological findings in either dog. Ovarian weights were decreased in females from Group 3 and 4 with no gross or histological changes in the ovaries. Blood concentrations of robenacoxib confirmed systemic exposure of treated dogs. Exposure increased with increasing doses and there were no accumulation of robenacoxib in blood. Conclusions Robenacoxib was well tolerated at doses from 2 to 10 mg/kg/day and this 6-month study supports the safe use of Onsior™ (robenacoxib) tablets in dogs for the intended dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline E Toutain
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Brossard
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen B King
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 64140, USA
| | - Rainer Helbig
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
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Anuncibay-Soto B, Pérez-Rodriguez D, Santos-Galdiano M, Font-Belmonte E, Ugidos IF, Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Regueiro-Purriños M, Fernández-López A. Salubrinal and robenacoxib treatment after global cerebral ischemia. Exploring the interactions between ER stress and inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 151:26-37. [PMID: 29499167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood reperfusion of the ischemic tissue after stroke promotes increases in the inflammatory response as well as accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the cell, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Both Inflammation and ER stress are critical processes in the delayed death of the cells damaged after ischemia. The aim of this study is to check the putative synergic neuroprotective effect by combining anti-inflammatory and anti-ER stress agents after ischemia. METHODS The study was performed on a two-vessel occlusion global cerebral ischemia model. Animals were treated with salubrinal one hour after ischemia and with robenacoxib at 8 h and 32 h after ischemia. Parameters related to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), such as matrix metalloproteinase 9 and different cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), were analyzed by qPCR at 24 h and 48 h after ischemia. Microglia and cell components of the neurovascular unit, including neurons, endothelial cells and astrocytes, were analyzed by immunofluorescence after 48 h and seven days of reperfusion. RESULTS Pharmacologic control of ER stress by salubrinal treatment after ischemia, revealed a neuroprotective effect over neurons that reduces the transcription of molecules involved in the impairment of the BBB. Robenacoxib treatment stepped neuronal demise forward, revealing a detrimental effect of this anti-inflammatory agent. Combined treatment with robenacoxib and salubrinal after ischemia prevented neuronal loss and changes in components of the neurovascular unit and microglia observed when animals were treated only with robenacoxib. CONCLUSION Combined treatment with anti-ER stress and anti-inflammatory agents is able to provide enhanced neuroprotective effects reducing glial activation, which opens new avenues in therapies against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irene F Ugidos
- Dpt. Biología Celular, Instituto Biomedicina. Universidad de León, Spain
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Toutain CE, Heit MC, King SB, Helbig R. Safety evaluation of the interchangeable use of robenacoxib (Onsior™) tablets and solution for injection in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:359. [PMID: 29179750 PMCID: PMC5704635 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robenacoxib (Onsior™) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed for canine and feline use for the control of pain and inflammation. It is available as both tablets and solution for injection. The objective of this safety study was to investigate the interchangeable use of two robenacoxib formulations in dogs using a novel study design alternating between oral tablets and subcutaneous injections. Thirty-two naïve healthy 4-month dogs were enrolled in this 88-day study and were randomized among four groups to be untreated or to receive robenacoxib at the highest recommended or elevated dose rates. The dogs were administered three 20-day treatment cycles each separated by a 14-day washout period. Each 20-day cycle was comprised of 10 days of once daily oral administration, 3 days of subcutaneous administration, followed by further 7 days of oral administration (Groups 2 to 4). The control group (Group 1) received oral empty gelatin capsules or subcutaneous saline injections. Assessment of safety was based on general health observations, clinical observations, physical and neurological examinations including ophthalmological examinations, electrocardiographic examinations and clinical pathology evaluations, food and water consumption, body weight, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic evaluation. RESULTS Blood concentrations of robenacoxib confirmed systemic exposure of all treated dogs. All dogs were in good health through study termination and there were no serious adverse events during the course of the study. No changes in body weight, food consumption, ophthalmic, neurological examinations, electrocardiograms, buccal mucosal blood times, clinical pathology or organ weight were attributable to robenacoxib formulation administration. Primary treatment-related abnormalities were of low incidence at all doses. They were confined to macroscopic and microscopic changes observed locally at the subcutaneous injection sites and microscopic findings within the gastrointestinal tract. These findings were as expected based on previous studies with robenacoxib solution for injection alone and the known properties of this class of compound and mode of administration. There were no adverse effects which could be attributed specifically to the interchangeable use of oral and injectable robenacoxib. CONCLUSIONS Alternating regimens of robenacoxib tablets and solution for injection were well tolerated in healthy young dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline E Toutain
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Mattenstrasse 24A, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mark C Heit
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 64140, USA
| | - Stephen B King
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 64140, USA
| | - Rainer Helbig
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Mattenstrasse 24A, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
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Friton G, Thompson C, Karadzovska D, King S, King JN. Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Robenacoxib for the Treatment of Pain Associated With Soft Tissue Surgery in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:832-841. [PMID: 28514527 PMCID: PMC5435044 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used routinely to control pain and inflammation after surgery in dogs. Robenacoxib is a cyclooxygenase‐2 selective NSAID. Hypothesis/Objective Assess the clinical efficacy and safety of an injectable formulation of robenacoxib in dogs undergoing surgery. Animals Three hundred and seventeen client‐owned dogs (N = 159 robenacoxib or N = 158 placebo). Methods In this prospective, multicenter, randomized, masked, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study, dogs received a SC injection of either robenacoxib, at a target dose of 2.0 mg/kg, or placebo once prior to surgery and for 2 additional days postoperatively. Pain assessments were performed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS‐SF). The primary efficacy variable was treatment success/failure, with failure defined as the need for rescue therapy to control pain or withdrawal of the dog from the study due to an adverse event. Results Significantly (P = .006) more dogs administered robenacoxib were considered treatment successes (108 of 151, 73.7%) compared to dogs given placebo (85 of 152, 58.1%). Total pain scores (P < .01), pain at the surgery sites (response to touch, P < .01), and posture/activity (P < .05) were significantly improved at 3, 5, and 8 hours postextubation in dogs receiving robenacoxib versus placebo. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Robenacoxib administered by SC injection prior to surgery and for 2 additional days postoperatively was effective and well tolerated in the control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Friton
- Companion Animal Development, Elanco Animal Health Inc, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Thompson
- Companion Animal Development, Elanco Animal Health Inc, Greenfield, IN
| | - D Karadzovska
- Food Animal Development, Elanco Australasia Pty Limited, Kemps Creek, NSW, Australia
| | - S King
- Companion Animal Development, Elanco Animal Health Inc, Greenfield, IN
| | - J N King
- Companion Animal Development, Elanco Animal Health Inc, Basel, Switzerland
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Friton G, Thompson CM, Karadzovska D, King S, King JN. Efficacy and safety of oral robenacoxib (tablet) for the treatment of pain associated with soft tissue surgery in client-owned dogs. BMC Vet Res 2017. [PMID: 28651573 PMCID: PMC5485494 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been proven to be effective in controlling peri-operative pain in dogs. Robenacoxib is an NSAID with high selectivity for the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 isoform. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of an oral tablet formulation of robenacoxib in client-owned dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery. The study was a prospective, multi-center, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial. A total of 239 dogs were included and randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive either robenacoxib or placebo. Each dog received an oral tablet administration of either robenacoxib, at a target dose of 2 mg/kg, or placebo once prior to surgery and for two additional days post-operatively. All dogs also received a pre-anesthetic dose of 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol (intravenous or intramuscular). Pain assessments were performed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale. Robenacoxib was compared to the placebo group on a success/failure basis. Treatment failure was defined as the need for rescue therapy to control post-operative pain. Results Significantly (P = 0.019) more dogs administered robenacoxib were considered treatment successes (89 of 116, 76.72%) compared to dogs given placebo (74 of 115, 64.35%). The percentage of treatment failure was therefore 23.28% in the robenacoxib and 35.65% in the placebo group. The least squares mean total pain scores were significantly different between groups and in favor of robenacoxib at 3 and 5 hours (P < 0.05) and 8 hours post-extubation (P < 0.01). Pain at the surgery sites (response to touch) was also significantly improved at 3, 5 and 8 hours post-extubation in dogs receiving robenacoxib versus placebo (P < 0.01). In addition, a significant overall improvement in posture/activity was revealed with robenacoxib having lower scores versus placebo (P < 0.01). No significant differences between the robenacoxib and placebo groups in the frequency of reported adverse events were observed. Conclusions Robenacoxib by oral (tablet) administration was effective and well tolerated in the control of peri-operative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Friton
- Elanco Animal Health Inc., Companion Animal Development, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Caryn Marie Thompson
- Elanco Animal Health Inc., Companion Animal Development, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Daniela Karadzovska
- Elanco Australasia Pty Limited, Food Animal Development, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - Stephen King
- Elanco Animal Health Inc., Companion Animal Development, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Jonathan N King
- Elanco Animal Health Inc., Companion Animal Development, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
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Effect of benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination on glomerular filtration rate in cats. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:124. [PMID: 27338786 PMCID: PMC4917992 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combined use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may induce acute kidney injury in humans, especially when combined with diuretics. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination in healthy cats. In each of two studies (study 1 followed by study 2), 32 healthy cats were randomised to one of four groups (n = 4 male and 4 female cats per group) in a parallel-group design. The groups received orally once daily for 7 days either placebo (control group), benazepril, robenacoxib or benazepril plus robenacoxib. In study 2, all groups received in addition 0.5 mg/kg furosemide twice daily by subcutaneous injection for 7 days. Results Benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination were well tolerated as evidenced from lack of clinical signs and no negative effects on body weight, feed consumption and clinical chemistry, haematology and urinalysis variables. The primary endpoint of the study was the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which was estimated from the plasma clearance of iohexol. In the absence of furosemide, GFR was significantly higher in cats receiving the combination of benazepril plus robenacoxib compared to the other three groups, and was also significantly higher in females receiving only benazepril compared to the control. Administration of furosemide induced diuresis, reduced GFR and activated the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system, evidenced from increased plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentrations. Compared to the control group in cats treated with furosemide, GFR was increased by benazepril (females only) but decreased by robenacoxib (males only). Benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination significantly inhibited the increase in plasma aldosterone induced by furosemide. Conclusions The combination of benazepril and robenacoxib was well tolerated and either increased or had a neutral effect on GFR in healthy cats without or with concomitant furosemide. The combination of benazepril and robenacoxib reduced plasma aldosterone concentrations increased by furosemide. It is recommended to test the efficacy and safety of the combined use of benazepril and robenacoxib in cats with clinical disease, notably proteinuric chronic kidney disease.
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Panteri A, Kukk A, Desevaux C, Seewald W, King JN. Effect of benazepril and robenacoxib and their combination on glomerular filtration rate in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:44-56. [PMID: 27302598 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Combined use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may induce acute kidney injury, especially when combined with diuretics. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination in healthy dogs. In each of two studies (studies 1 and 2), 32 beagle dogs were randomized into one of four groups in a parallel-group design. Groups received once-daily oral treatment for 7 days with placebo, benazepril, robenacoxib or benazepril plus robenacoxib. In study 2, all dogs received additionally 2 mg/kg furosemide orally twice daily. The primary endpoint was the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated from the plasma clearance of iohexol. Secondary endpoints included standard clinical monitoring and, in study 2, plasma renin activity, urine volume, specific gravity and aldosterone concentration and water intake. Administration of furosemide induced diuresis, reduced GFR and activated the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system. Benazepril and robenacoxib, administered alone or in combination, were tolerated well, did not decrease GFR with or without co-administration of furosemide and significantly reduced urinary aldosterone concentrations. No increased risk of acute kidney injury was identified with the combination of benazepril and robenacoxib in healthy dogs. Different effects might occur in dogs with heart or renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Panteri
- Preclinical, Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale, St-Aubin, Switzerland
| | - A Kukk
- Preclinical, Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale, St-Aubin, Switzerland
| | - C Desevaux
- Safety, Elanco Animal Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W Seewald
- Companion Animal Development, Elanco Animal Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J N King
- Companion Animal Development, Elanco Animal Health, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Practical relevance: The reported incidence of hip dysplasia (HD) in cats varies dramatically between studies, but the condition is likely more common than we realise. There is little doubt that cats with HD and associated osteoarthritis (OA) suffer pain, and this warrants appropriate therapy. Diagnostic challenges: Clinical signs of HD in cats are often gradual in onset, making them difficult to appreciate, but may include inactivity, pelvic limb lameness, difficulty jumping and climbing stairs, and reluctance to squat to defecate. Often lameness is bilateral, and can be particularly difficult to recognise. The most common radiographic finding is an abnormally shallow acetabulum. Subluxation, however, is not consistently associated with OA in cats and therefore the role that joint laxity plays in disease progression remains uncertain. Degenerative changes of the femoral head and neck seem to develop later than in the dog, and are less marked. Therapeutic challenges: The majority of cats respond to non-surgical management with environmental modulation, physical therapy, dietary modulation, weight loss, nutraceuticals and drug therapy. Should non-surgical management not provide sufficient relief, two salvage surgical options are available: femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) and total hip replacement (THR). While there is a risk of complications with micro-THR, the positive outcomes that have been reported indicate that it should be considered in the treatment of coxofemoral pathology in cats in the same way that THR is considered for larger dogs, especially given the inconsistent results associated with FHNE. Monitoring the effect of treatment is challenging as the assessment of pain in cats is complex and there is no validated scoring system or owner-completed questionnaire yet available for cats. Evidence base: There is a paucity of clinical reports focusing solely on HD in cats. The author draws on a combination of published studies, in cats, dogs and humans, as well as personal clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Perry
- Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA
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Szweda M, Szarek J, Lew M, Szarek-Bęska A, Gulda D. Can liquorice extract and herbal solution prevent colonic mucosa damage caused by robenacoxib in dogs? Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 18:793-8. [PMID: 26812822 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in animals, especially in dogs, to manage pain due to inflammatory disease. This study investigated whether plant drugs can prevent mucosal injury induced by robenacoxib. We used fifteen healthy beagle dogs (7 male and 8 female) aged 4 months, weighing 4.2-5.1 kg at the beginning of the study. Endoscopy and biopsy of the colon were performed before and on the 21 day treatment with robenacoxib (1), robenacoxib, herbal solution with liquorice extract (2), placebo - an empty capsule (3). There were 5 animals in each group. The greatest microscopic damage in the colon was observed in animals which received robenacoxib. Plant drug administration reduced the severity of lesions in the colon when administered with robenacoxib (ARI = - 0.15). CONCLUSION concurrent administration of liquorice extract and plant solution with robenacoxib was associated with significant decreased severity of the robenacoxib-induced colonic mucosal lesions.
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Perceived efficacy of analgesic drug regimens used for koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in Australia. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:350-6. [PMID: 25000697 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0251r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent publications report that some therapeutic drugs used in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) have poor oral absorption and are rapidly eliminated. Therefore, information on both the analgesic drug dosage regimens used to treat koalas in Australia and koala caretakers' perceptions of the efficacy of these drugs to control pain was collected for the purpose of identifying the most popular analgesics to prioritize future analgesic pharmacokinetic studies for this species. A one-page, double-sided questionnaire was distributed both electronically and by mail to Australian koala care facilities such as zoos and wildlife hospitals. Information was received from 13 respondents. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most frequently used analgesics, followed by full micro- and partial opioid receptor agonists and acetaminophen with or without codeine. The full micro-opioid receptor agonists and acetaminophen with or without codeine were most consistently considered efficacious, with wider variation in perceived efficacy of the NSAIDs. Analgesic drug combinations were generally thought efficacious.
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Wood RC, Wyatt JE, Bullins KW, Hanley AV, Hanley GA, Denham JW, Panus PC, Harirforoosh S. Effects of rebamipide on nephrotoxicity associated with selected NSAIDs in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:138-46. [PMID: 24365796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is primarily limited by renal and gastrointestinal adverse effects. Rebamipide suppresses gastric mucosal injury when administered with NSAIDs. This study aimed to determine rebamipide's influence upon renal effects following concomitant use with celecoxib or diclofenac. On day 0, rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n≥6). On days 1 and 2, three groups received placebo and three groups were administered rebamipide (30 mg/kg) twice daily. On day 3, the rats treated with placebo received another dose of placebo and ten minutes later a single dose of celecoxib (40 mg/kg), diclofenac (10mg/kg), or placebo, respectively. The rats treated with rebamipide received one more dose of rebamipide and ten minutes later one single dose of celecoxib, diclofenac, or placebo, respectively. Urine and blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, and 3. Sodium and potassium excretion rates decreased significantly in the rats treated with celecoxib, diclofenac, rebamipide plus celecoxib, or rebamipide plus diclofenac on day 3. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels significantly increased in placebo plus diclofenac and rebamipide plus diclofenac groups on day 3. Comparing the two groups, the levels of BUN was significantly higher in the rebamipide plus diclofenac group compared to that of placebo plus diclofenac group. Concomitant administration of rebamipide with either NSAID caused a rise in concentrations of urinary kidney injury molecule-1. Histopathological evaluations revealed an intensified NSAID-induced tubular necrosis by rebamipide. Based upon the results obtained, concomitant administration of rebamipide with NSAIDs enhances the effect of NSAIDs on tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Wood
- Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jarrett E Wyatt
- Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Kenny W Bullins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Angela V Hanley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Gregory A Hanley
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - James W Denham
- College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Peter C Panus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Sam Harirforoosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Population pharmacokinetic analysis of blood concentrations of robenacoxib in dogs with osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:580-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tamura J, Itami T, Ishizuka T, Fukui S, Ooyama N, Miyoshi K, Sano T, Yamashita K. Sparing effect of robenacoxib on the minimum alveolar concentration for blunting adrenergic response (MAC-BAR) of sevoflurane in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:113-7. [PMID: 24004933 PMCID: PMC3979944 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a newer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for dogs and cats.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of robenacoxib on the minimum alveolar
concentration for blunting adrenergic response (MAC-BAR) of sevoflurane in dogs.
Sevoflurane MAC-BAR was determined by judging dogs’ response to a noxious electrical
stimulus (50 V, 50 Hz and 10 msec) for 10 sec in 6 beagle dogs on two occasions at least a
7-day interval. In each occasion, saline (0.1 ml/kg) or robenacoxib (2
mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously at 1 hr prior to the MAC-BAR determination.
Robenacoxib significantly decreased the sevoflurane MAC-BAR (3.44 ± 0.53% for saline vs.
2.84 ± 0.38% for robenacoxib, P=0.039). These results suggest that
subcutaneous robenacoxib provides a clinically relevant sparing effect on anesthetic
requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Gruet P, Seewald W, King JN. Robenacoxib versus meloxicam for the management of pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs: a randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:92. [PMID: 23638669 PMCID: PMC3655053 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used routinely to control pain and inflammation after surgery in dogs. Robenacoxib is a new NSAID with high selectivity for the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 isoform of COX. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of robenacoxib for the management of peri-operative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs. The study was a prospective, randomized, blinded, positive-controlled, non-inferiority, multi-center clinical trial. A total of 174 dogs undergoing major soft tissue surgery were included and randomly allocated in a 2:1 ratio to receive either robenacoxib (n = 118) or the positive control, meloxicam (n = 56). Each dog received an initial dose subcutaneously prior to surgery (robenacoxib 2 mg/kg, meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg), followed by daily oral doses (robenacoxib 1-2 mg/kg, meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg) for 12 days (range 10-14) after surgery. Pain and inflammation were assessed subjectively using the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCPS) by clinicians as the primary end point and additional evaluations by the clinicians and animal owners as secondary endpoints. RESULTS Both treatments provided similar pain control, with no significant differences between groups for any efficacy variable using non-parametric analyses (Mann-Whitney U test). In no dog was analgesic rescue therapy administered. Non-inferior efficacy of robenacoxib compared to meloxicam was demonstrated statistically for the primary and all secondary endpoints using parametric analysis of variance, although the data were not normally distributed even after log transformation. For the primary endpoint (reciprocal of the modified GCPS score), the relative efficacy of robenacoxib/meloxicam was 1.12 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.97-1.29. CONCLUSION A treatment regimen of robenacoxib by subcutaneous injection followed by oral tablets had good tolerability and non-inferior efficacy compared to meloxicam for the management of peri-operative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs.
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Shin YO, Lee JB, Min YK, Yang HM. Heat acclimation affects circulating levels of prostaglandin E2, COX-2 and orexin in humans. Neurosci Lett 2013; 542:17-20. [PMID: 23523649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and orexin before and after heat acclimation (HA) to test the hypothesis that decreased basal body temperature due to HA correlate with circulating levels of these key thermoregulatory molecules. Nine healthy human male volunteers were recruited (age, 21.9±2.7 years). The subjects were exposed to half-body immersion in hot water (42±0.5°C) at the same time of day (2-5p.m.) on alternate days for 3 weeks. The HA protocol included 10 bouts of 30min immersion. All experiments were performed in an automated climate chamber (temperature, 26.0±0.5°C; relative humidity, 60±3.0%; air velocity, <1m/s). Tympanic and skin temperatures were measured, and mean body temperature was calculated. The difference in body weight was used to estimate total sweat loss. Serum levels of PGE2, COX-2 and orexin were analyzed before and after HA. Body temperature decreased significantly (P<0.05) after HA, whereas sweat volume increased significantly (P<0.01). Serum PGE2, COX-2 and orexin concentrations decreased significantly compared to those at pre-acclimation (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively). Our data suggest that decreased basal body temperature after HA is associated with decreases in thermoregulatory molecules, such as PGE2, COX-2 and orexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Oh Shin
- Department of Healthcare, Global Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, 646 Asan, Republic of Korea
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Sano T, King JN, Seewald W, Sakakibara N, Okumura M. Comparison of oral robenacoxib and ketoprofen for the treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal disorders in cats: A randomised clinical trial. Vet J 2012; 193:397-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Practical relevance Osteoarthritis (OA) is very common in the cat and in many cases is associated with significant long-term pain, which limits mobility and activity, and severely compromises the animal’s quality of life. Clinical challenges The treatment of chronic arthritic pain is a major challenge and many analgesic drugs used in other species are not licensed, not available or not tested for use in the cat. Many older cats with painful OA have some degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and many clinicians are reluctant to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in these animals because of the potential for nephrotoxicity. Evidence base There are several publications that show that meloxicam is an effective NSAID for the cat and can be used long-term. It is easy to administer and there is published evidence that meloxicam can actually slow the progression of CKD in this species. Many other drugs are used to treat chronic pain in the cat but there is no documented evidence of their efficacy in OA. Unlike the dog, there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets in managing feline OA and further work is required. There is no published data as yet for the usefulness or otherwise of nutraceuticals (glucosamine and chondroitin) in managing feline OA; studies in the authors’ clinic suggest some pain-relieving effect. Research into environmental enrichment as a way of improving quality of life in cats with painful OA is lacking, but it is an approach worth using where possible. Modifications to the environment (eg, provision of comfortable bedding and ramps) are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - Pamela Johnston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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EDAMURA K, KING JN, SEEWALD W, SAKAKIBARA N, OKUMURA M. Comparison of Oral Robenacoxib and Carprofen for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Dogs: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1121-31. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya EDAMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252–0880, Japan
| | - Jonathan N. KING
- Clinical Development, Novartis Animal Health Inc., Werk Rosental, Schwarzwaldalle 215, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang SEEWALD
- Clinical Development, Novartis Animal Health Inc., Werk Rosental, Schwarzwaldalle 215, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Masahiro OKUMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan
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PELLIGAND L, KING JN, TOUTAIN PL, ELLIOTT J, LEES P. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:19-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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KING JN, HOTZ R, REAGAN EL, ROTH DR, SEEWALD W, LEES P. Safety of oral robenacoxib in the cat. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:290-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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KING JN, ARNAUD JP, GOLDENTHAL EI, GRUET P, JUNG M, SEEWALD W, LEES P. Robenacoxib in the dog: target species safety in relation to extent and duration of inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:298-311. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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REYMOND N, SPERANZA C, GRUET P, SEEWALD W, KING JN. Robenacoxib vs. carprofen for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis; a randomized, noninferiority clinical trial. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:175-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gruet P, Seewald W, King JN. Evaluation of subcutaneous and oral administration of robenacoxib and meloxicam for the treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:184-93. [PMID: 21281192 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess efficacy and tolerability of robenacoxib for control of pain and inflammation in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery. ANIMALS 140 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES A multicenter, prospective, randomized, blinded field trial was conducted to compare robenacoxib (97 dogs) and meloxicam (43 dogs). After randomization, each dog received an initial dose (robenacoxib, 2 mg/kg; meloxicam, 0.2 mg/kg) via SC injection before surgery and daily doses (robenacoxib, 1 to 2 mg/kg; meloxicam, 0.1 mg/kg) administered orally for up to 15 days after surgery. Efficacy was assessed by veterinarians and owners via numeric rating scales and visual analogue scales. Safety was assessed on the basis of reported adverse events, clinical signs, results of hematologic and biochemical analyses, and buccal mucosa bleeding times. RESULTS Treatment groups were balanced with respect to baseline and demographic data. Both treatments provided similar adequate pain control, as assessed with a modified Glasgow pain scale as the primary end point and supported by secondary end points in evaluations conducted by veterinarians and owners. For the primary end point, the ratio of the reciprocal of the scores for robenacoxib to meloxicam was 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 1.37). No dogs required rescue analgesia. Both treatments were associated with only minor adverse events, which were not necessarily related to the administered treatments and did not affect mucosal bleeding times. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Robenacoxib provided efficacy and tolerability similar to those of meloxicam for the management of perioperative pain and inflammation in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gruet
- Novartis Santé Animale SAS, F-92845 Rueil-Malmaison, France.
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Marshall JF, Bhatnagar AS, Bowman SG, Howard CM, Morris NN, Skorich DA, Redding CD, Blikslager AT. Evaluation of the cyclooxygenase selectivity of robenacoxib and its effect on recovery of ischemia-injured jejunal mucosa in horses. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:226-32. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.2.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Silber HE, Burgener C, Letellier IM, Peyrou M, Jung M, King JN, Gruet P, Giraudel JM. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of blood and joint synovial fluid concentrations of robenacoxib from healthy dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2633-45. [PMID: 20922466 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this population analysis was to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties of robenacoxib in blood and stifle joint synovial fluid of dogs. METHODS Data were obtained from two studies: 1) 8 healthy Beagle dogs in which an acute inflammation was induced by injection of urate crystals into one joint; 2) 95 dogs from various breeds diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA). Robenacoxib concentrations in blood and synovial fluid were measured using a validated HPLC-UV and LC-MS method. Non-linear mixed effects modeling was performed using NONMEM6. RESULTS A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with linear elimination was developed to describe blood concentrations of robenacoxib. Blood clearance in healthy animals was found to be 75% higher than in OA dogs. Synovial fluid concentrations were modeled using an effect-compartment-type model predicting longer residence times in OA dogs compared to healthy Beagles (e.g. concentrations above the IC(50) for COX-2, respectively, 16 h vs. 10 h at 1.5 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Robenacoxib was found to reside longer at the effect site (inflamed joint) compared to blood in both healthy and OA dogs. These results may explain the good efficacy observed with once-daily dosing in clinical trials and the high safety index of robenacoxib in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Silber
- Novartis Pharma AG, Modeling & Simulation Pharmacology, Postfach, Basel, Switzerland.
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Grubb T. Where do we go from here? Future treatment strategies for chronic pain. Top Companion Anim Med 2010; 25:59-63. [PMID: 20188340 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many of the tools that can be used to alleviate chronic pain in our patients are readily available to all practitioners, but they are not used with appropriate frequency. Thus, the immediate future of chronic pain therapy is simply to do more of what we are already doing. There are also drugs and techniques currently used in human medicine that may be available to us in the near future and many drugs and techniques on the research bench that might make it to our patients in the more distant future. Because of the magnitude of the chronic pain problem in human medicine, research on the treatment of chronic pain is intense, and the hope is that both human and veterinary patients will eventually benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Grubb
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7010, USA.
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SCHMID V, SEEWALD W, LEES P, KING J. In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib in the cat: a comparative study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:444-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Giraudel JM, Gruet P, Alexander DG, Seewald W, King JN. Evaluation of orally administered robenacoxib versus ketoprofen for treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal disorders in cats. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:710-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.7.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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SCHMID VB, SPRENG DE, SEEWALD W, JUNG M, LEES P, KING JN. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of robenacoxib in acute joint inflammation in dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:118-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Practical relevance Degenerative joint disease (DJD) has a high prevalence in domestic cats and can be associated with pain. This pain should be addressed wherever possible. Audience All practitioners are faced with cats that are mobility impaired due to DJD-associated pain. Patient group Cats of all ages and breeds, and either sex, can experience DJD-associated discomfort. Clinical challenges Recognizing DJD and assessing DJD-associated pain in cats is a challenge. Owner observations of activity and behavior, careful observation and a logical and thorough orthopedic evaluation are key. Current understanding of the etiology of feline DJD and the mechanisms of DJD-associated pain is incomplete, making the rational choice of treatments a further challenge. Evidence base Evidence is emerging on the prevalence of feline DJD, and on how to assess the associated pain and mobility impairment. There is a lack of information on the etiology of feline DJD and a relative lack of data on the efficacy of putative treatments.
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King JN, Rudaz C, Borer L, Jung M, Seewald W, Lees P. In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of canine cyclooxygenase isoforms by robenacoxib: a comparative study. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:497-506. [PMID: 20004922 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro whole blood canine assays were used to quantify the inhibitory actions of the novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) robenacoxib on the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, in comparison with other drugs of the NSAID class. COX-1 activity was determined by measuring serum thromboxane (Tx)B(2) synthesis in blood samples allowed to clot at 37 degrees C for 1h. COX-2 activity was determined by measuring prostaglandin (PG)E(2) synthesis in blood samples incubated at 37 degrees C for 24h in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. The rank order of selectivity for inhibition of COX-2 versus COX-1 (IC(50) COX-1:IC(50) COX-2) for veterinary drugs was highest with robenacoxib (128.8) compared to deracoxib (48.5), nimesulide (29.2), S+ carprofen (17.6), meloxicam (7.3), etodolac (6.6), R- carprofen (5.8) and ketoprofen (0.88). Selectivity expressed as the clinically relevant ratio IC(20) COX-1:IC(80) COX-2 was highest for robenacoxib (19.8) compared to deracoxib (2.3), S+ carprofen (2.5), R- carprofen (2.1), nimesulide (1.8), etodolac (0.76), meloxicam (0.46) and ketoprofen (0.21). An in vivo pharmacokinetic ex vivo pharmacodynamic study in the dog established dosage and concentration-effect relationships for single oral doses of robenacoxib over the dosage range 0.5-8.0mg/kg. Values of C(max) and AUC were linearly related to dosage over the tested range. Robenacoxib did not inhibit serum TxB(2) synthesis (COX-1) ex vivo at dosages of 0.5-4.0mg/kg and produced only transient inhibition (at the 1h and 2h sampling times) at the 8mg/kg dosage. All dosages of robenacoxib (0.5-8mg/kg) produced marked, significant and dose related inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis (COX-2) ex vivo. The data demonstrate that in the dog robenacoxib is a highly selective inhibitor of the COX-2 isoform of COX, and significantly inhibits COX-2 and spares COX-1 in vivo when administered orally over the dosage range 0.5-4.0mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N King
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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Giraudel JM, King JN, Jeunesse EC, Lees P, Toutain PL. Use of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approach in the cat to determine a dosage regimen for the COX-2 selective drug robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:18-30. [PMID: 19161452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic efficacy of the new COX-2 selective inhibitor robenacoxib in the cat and established pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters for these effects. Robenacoxib, at a dosage of 2 mg/kg administered subcutaneously, was evaluated in a kaolin-induced paw inflammation model in 10 cats, using both clinically relevant endpoints (lameness scoring, locomotion tests) and other indicators of inflammation (body and skin temperature, thermal pain threshold) to establish its pharmacological profile. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling approach, based on indirect response models, was used to describe the time course and magnitude of the responses to robenacoxib. All endpoints demonstrated good responsiveness to robenacoxib administration and both the magnitude and time courses of responses were well described by the indirect pharmacodynamic response models. Pharmacokinetic and clinically relevant pharmacodynamic parameters were used to simulate dosage regimens that will assist the planning of clinical trials and the selection of an optimal dosage regimen for robenacoxib in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Giraudel
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, UMR 181 Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales INRA, ENVT, Toulouse Cedex, France
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Giraudel JM, Toutain PL, King JN, Lees P. Differential inhibition of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes in the cat by the NSAID robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:31-40. [PMID: 19161453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed for use in companion animal medicine. The objectives of this study were: to quantify the inhibitory actions of robenacoxib on cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes in feline whole blood assays; to establish blood concentration-time profiles of robenacoxib after intravenous and subcutaneous dosing in the cat and; to predict the time courses of inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib. COX-1 and COX-2 activities in heparinized feline whole blood samples were induced with calcium ionophore and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Inhibition of thromboxane B2 provided a marker of both COX-1 and COX-2 activities and a nonlinear parametric mixed effects modelling approach was used to establish the pharmacodynamic parameters describing this inhibition. Mean values (and prediction intervals) of IC50 were 28.9 (16.4-51.1) microM (COX-1) and 0.058 (0.010-0.340) microM (COX-2). These parameters were used to compute several selectivity indices. Selectivity IC ratios (COX-1:COX-2) were 502.3 (IC50/IC50), 451.6 (IC95/IC95) and 17.05 (IC20/IC80). Based on a clinically recommended dosage regimen of 2 mg/kg, it was predicted that the corresponding mean robenacoxib blood concentration over the first 12 h after drug administration corresponded to 5% inhibition of COX-1 and 90% inhibition of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Giraudel
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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Jung M, Lees P, Seewald W, King JN. Analytical determination and pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:41-8. [PMID: 19161454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for the measurement of the novel analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug robenacoxib in blood and plasma of dogs and cats. To prevent nonreproducible carry-over effects, an initial solid phase extraction procedure was followed by high pressure liquid chromatography analysis for samples with concentrations in the range 500 to 20,000 ng/mL. To improve accuracy, samples of concentration 3 to 100 ng/mL were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Applying these methods, blood concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic variables of robenacoxib in dogs were determined in a four-phase cross-over study, which compared different routes of administration of the drug, including intravenous (i.v.) injection, oral application with and without feed, and subcutaneous (s.c.) application. After i.v. administration the mean clearance from blood was 0.81 L/kg/h, the volume of distribution was 0.77 L/kg for the elimination phase and 0.24 L/kg for steady-state, and the terminal half-life in blood was 0.63 h. Maximum blood concentrations were obtained in less than 1 h following oral or s.c. application. Absolute bioavailability was 88% after s.c. injection, 84% after oral administration to fasted dogs, but was reduced to 62% when applied orally to fed dogs. In canine and feline plasma the degree of binding of robenacoxib to plasma protein in vitro was greater than 98%. The blood:plasma concentration ratio was 0.44:1 in the dog and 0.65:1 in the cat. In conclusion analytical methods for the quantification of robenacoxib in blood and plasma in the dog and cat were developed and validated. In dogs, robenacoxib has good bioavailability after oral (84%) and subcutaneous (88%) administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jung
- Novartis Animal Health Research Centre, St-Aubin, Switzerland
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