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González S, Panadero R, Del Rio ML, Díez MN, Del Rosario Hidalgo M, Martínez A. Assesment of Hypoderma infestation in a wild population of Cervus elaphus from mountains Atlantic ecosystems in southwestern Europe (Spain). Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:761-771. [PMID: 37906354 PMCID: PMC10998772 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypodermosis in Cervus elaphus was studied in the Riaño Regional Hunting Reserve, Province of León, north-western Spain. One hundred and ten red deer were examined for the presence of warble fly larvae. They were analyzed by PCR analysis of the COI region of mt-DNA and identified as Hypoderma actaeon. The prevalence of larvae was 42.7% with a mean intensity of 12.5 ± 18 (range 1-80) warbles/deer infested. The distribution of larvae in the infested animals showed an aggregated/overdispersed pattern (aggregation index = 25.84), where the larvae are not randomly or uniformly distributed, but strongly aggregated among their hosts. Larvae were found in all three states. First and second-instars were observed mainly in the autumn until the end of winter (November-March) and third-instars in late winter until mid-spring (March-May). The adult animals and the males had a higher prevalence than the young and the females, finding statistically significant differences only according to the sex of the animals. Seasonal variations were observed in the prevalence with the highest number of infested animals in winter and autumn, but not in terms of the mean intensity of parasites. Additionally, we assessed the presence of anti-Hypoderma antibodies in serum by means of indirect ELISA tests, using a crude larval extract (CLE) and a purified fraction the hypodermin C (HyC) obtained from first instars of Spanish isolates of Hypoderma lineatum (cattle). These findings confirm that H. actaeon is widely distributed in northern Spain, and provide new information about its chronobiology in mountainous Atlantic ecosystems from southwestern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - María Luisa Del Rio
- Department of Animal Health, Section of Immunobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - María Natividad Díez
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - María Del Rosario Hidalgo
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Angélica Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
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Yadav V, Rafiqi SI, Yadav A, Kushwaha A, Godara R, Katoch R, Panadero-Fontán R. Dot-ELISA based on recombinant Hypodermin C of Przhevalskiana silenus for field diagnosis of goat warble fly infestation. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e13007. [PMID: 37524537 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Goat warble fly infestation (GWFI) is an economically important myiasis caused by larvae of Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera, Oestridae), prevalent in countries of the Mediterranean Basin and Indian subcontinent. GWFI is characterized by the presence of subcutaneous warbles at the lumbar and sacral region of dorsum in the infested animal. The early larval instars (L1 and L2) remain inaccessible to physical detection due to their small size and subcutaneous presence thus causing hindrance in the diagnosis. The objective of present study was to develop a field applicable early diagnostic intervention for GWFI monitoring and prophylactic management for effective control of the disease. Recombinant Hypodermin C (rHyC) antigen of P. silenus was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein was used for optimizing dot-ELISA in a checkerboard titration using goat warble fly infested serum as known positive. The optimized assay was further tested for lower temperature (18°C) and incubation time (30 min). The optimized assay was assessed for inter-rater reliability and field samples. The optimized conditions require 188 ng of protein/dot, 1:800 dilution of serum sample, 1:4000 dilution of anti-goat IgG conjugate and 5% skim milk powder in phosphate buffer saline as blocking buffer. The assay was found to have a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 97.3% and 95.8%, respectively. The inter-rater reliability of dot ELISA with rHyC indirect ELISA was found to be almost perfect with a Cohen's kappa index of 0.973. Further testing at ambient temperature (18°C) and shorter incubation steps (30 min) supported suitability of the assay for field diagnosis of GWFI. The present study provides the first report of a sensitive and specific dot-ELISA for early diagnosis of GWFI which is rapid and cost effective. The test may provide an effective field applicable tool for sustainable control of GWFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, UT of Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shafiya Imtiaz Rafiqi
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, UT of Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anish Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, UT of Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anand Kushwaha
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, UT of Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rajesh Godara
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, UT of Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rajesh Katoch
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, UT of Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rosario Panadero-Fontán
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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González S, Del Rio ML, Diez MN, Hidalgo MDR, Martínez A. Identification of Hypoderma actaeon (Diptera: Oestridae) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from northern Spain: Microscopy study and molecular analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:3-11. [PMID: 36268792 PMCID: PMC10092873 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoderma spp. larvae were observed subcutaneously in the dorsal and lumbar regions of red deer (Cervus elaphus) hunted in the province of León (northwestern Spain) causing a myiasis. They were removed and initially classified by their size, shape, color, and location under the skin into the three larval stages that parasitize these animals. The morphological characteristics of the first and second-instar are described and from the features of the third-instar the species was identified as Hypoderma actaeon. To accurately identify this species, five isolates of genomic DNA from the third-instar, two from the second-instar and two from first-instar of H. actaeon were analyzed by PCR analysis of the COI region of mt-DNA. The results confirmed that the examined samples exactly matched with H. actaeon. This study has shown the morphological identification of the three larval stages of H. actaeon and, for the first time, the first and second-instar larvae have been molecularly characterized. Finally, identification of only H. actaeon suggests that this species is the only affecting red deer in the Iberian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Del Rio
- Department of Animal Health, Section of Immunobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maria Natividad Diez
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maria Del Rosario Hidalgo
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Angelica Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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First report of Przhevalskiana silenus derived recombinant hypodermin C based indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of goat warble fly myiasis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13440. [PMID: 35927296 PMCID: PMC9352896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat warble fly infestation (GWFI) is a subcutaneous myiasis caused by larvae of Przhevalskiana silenus, an insect belonging to the order Diptera. The diagnosis of GWFI is challenging in the early larval instars (L1 and L2) as they are occult under the skin and hair coat causing prolonged economic loss in form of meat and hide damage. This necessitates early diagnosis for disease control at herd level and its prophylactic management to prevent economic losses. Hypodermins, a class of serine proteases from Hypoderminae subfamily have been used as serodiagnostic antigens for the past four decades for diagnosis of warble fly myiasis. In this study,the immunodominant antigen Hypodermin C (HyC) from P. silenus has been recombinantly expressed in E. coli and immunogenic characterisation of expressed protein was done. The protein shows hallmark residues in conserved cysteine and catalytic triad typical of serine proteases along with similar profile of immunoreactivity towards Hypoderminae infestation. The present study reports an optimised indirect-ELISA based on recombinant HyC derived from P. silenus for early diagnosis of GWFI. The optimised indirect ELISA provides a sensitive and specific immunodiagnostic for mass surveillance of the GWFI with diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of 96% and 100%, respectively and not showing any cross reactivity against other important parasitic and bacterial diseases of goats. This study presents the first report of indirect ELISA based on recombinant Hypodermin C antigen derived from P. silenus for the serosurveillance of goat warble fly disease.
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Unintentional Recovery of Parasitic Diversity Following Restoration of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in North-Western Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111433. [PMID: 35681897 PMCID: PMC9179837 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the early sixties, free ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus, L.) were absent in Piedmont. Human-driven translocations and spontaneous migration of red deer from Switzerland and France resulted in the successful redistribution of this wild ungulate. In parallel, host-specific parasites harbored by red deer populations disappeared in the same area until the restoration of red deer in north-western Italy. The parasitic community has been enriched with at least two species-specific taxa, Onchocerca jakutensis and Pharyngomyia picta, suggesting that the recovery of parasitic biodiversity could be included amongst future conservation goals of this intensively managed game. Abstract Red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations in north-western Italy have been remodeled in recent decades. Multiple translocations and the spontaneous migration from Switzerland and France resulted in the successful redistribution of the red deer after human-driven extirpation during the 18th century. The scarcely diverse parasitic community harbored by these cervids has been enriched with two species-specific taxa, Onchocerca jakutensis and Phayigomyia picta, suggesting that the recovery of parasitic biodiversity could be included amongst future conservation goals of this intensively managed game. Nodular onchocercosis was reported in three red deer populations since 2011, while nasal bots were reported since 2018. Hypoderma spp. larvae were identified for the first time in 1989, then a second record was made in 2014 in the province of Biella, where a yearling male in poor condition infested with Hypoderma diana was observed. In the perspective that the restoration of species-specific parasite communities of native mammals in Europe is increasingly perceived as a conservation target, with similar dignity as the conservation of their hosts, baseline data presented in this communication may give new insights for future parasite conservation efforts.
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Panadero R, López CM, Remesar S, Cabanelas E, Varas G, Markina F, Díaz P, García-Dios D, Prieto A, Fernández G, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. Temporal and spatial spread of Hypoderma actaeon infection in roe deer from peninsular Spain determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:44-48. [PMID: 31444796 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The host switching of Hypoderma actaeon (Diptera: Oestridae), a specific parasite of red deer (Cervus elaphus), towards roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) has been recently reported in Spain. To provide information about the temporal and spatial spreading of H. actaeon infection in roe deer, 244 serum samples from animals hunted in Spain between 2013 and 2018 were analysed by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall seropositivity was 13.9%. Seropositivity was higher in continental (27.7%) and mountainous (12%) areas from central Spain, followed by southern-Mediterranean (11.2%) and northern-oceanic regions (3.5%). Differences were significant between central-continental and northern-oceanic regions (P = 0.003). No differences were found according to the sex and age of roe deer (P > 0.05). In 2013, all seropositive animals were concentrated in two distant areas in central and southern Spain, suggesting that the host switch could have occurred independently in both regions. Changes in the pattern of distribution of red deer and roe deer could have favoured the spreading of this myiasis towards roe deer, indicating that roe deer may become infested by H. actaeon in areas where both cervids coexist at high densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Panadero
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - C M López
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - S Remesar
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - E Cabanelas
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - G Varas
- Spanish Roe Deer Association, ACE-Asociación del Corzo Español, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Markina
- Spanish Roe Deer Association, ACE-Asociación del Corzo Español, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Díaz
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - D García-Dios
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - G Fernández
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - P Díez-Baños
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - P Morrondo
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Yadav A, Panadero R, Katoch R, Godara R, Cabanelas E. Myiasis of domestic and wild ruminants caused by Hypodermatinae in the Mediterranean and Indian subcontinent. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:208-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Panadero R, Varas G, Pajares G, Markina F, López C, Díaz P, Pérez-Creo A, Prieto A, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. Hypoderma actaeon: an emerging myiasis in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:94-96. [PMID: 27804140 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous larvae of Hypoderma spp. (Diptera: Oestridae) were detected in the dorsal region in 10 roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae), hunted in central Spain between January and March 2016. All larvae were found in the inner side of the hide during the skinning of the animals. The study of the morphological features of eight larvae of different stages collected from two animals allowed the identification of Hypoderma actaeon Brauer. The small size (4-5 mm) of some of the first instars suggests that the internal lifecycle of H. actaeon may be exclusively subcutaneous. This is the first confirmation of H. actaeon in roe deer; however, further studies to assess the spread of the parasite and to follow the evolution of this myiasis in roe deer are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Panadero
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - G Varas
- Spanish Roe Deer Association [Asociación del Corzo Español (ACE)], Madrid, Spain
| | - G Pajares
- Spanish Roe Deer Association [Asociación del Corzo Español (ACE)], Madrid, Spain
| | - F Markina
- Spanish Roe Deer Association [Asociación del Corzo Español (ACE)], Madrid, Spain
| | - C López
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - P Díaz
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Creo
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - P Díez-Baños
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - P Morrondo
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Sol AM, Gerardo P, Natividad DB, Ana PC, Alberto P, Pablo DB, Patrocinio M. Cephenemyiosis, an emergent myiasis in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from northwestern Spain. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4605-4610. [PMID: 27623698 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cephenemyia stimulator larvae cause a specific myiasis in roe deer, which is widely distributed in Europe. In Spain, this parasite was detected by the first time in 2005, coinciding with a high mortality of this ruminant especially in northwest of the country. The aim of this study was to analyse the results obtained by necropsy and ELISA to elucidate when the first infestation by C. stimulator in roe deer from northwestern Spain occurred, as well as to determine the influence of some intrinsic factors on the prevalence and intensity of infestation. During 1994-2000, none seropositive roe deer was observed by ELISA. However, from 2007 to 2014, 38 % of animals were seropositive. The results of the necropsy pointed that prevalence and intensity of infestation had increased over the years. There was a positive and significant correlation between the number of animals harbouring C. stimulator larvae and seroprevalence values. This significant correlation was also observed between the seroprevalence and mean intensity of infestation. Adult roe deer showed higher prevalence and intensity of infestation than younger reaching statistical significance. It is also detected that the prevalence of infestation was significantly higher in males than in females although the mean number of larvae found in females were higher than in males. The combined use of direct and indirect techniques demonstrated a high prevalence of C. stimulator infestation in roe deer in the northwest of Spain, which certainly highlights the importance of this myiasis during the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arias María Sol
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pajares Gerardo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Díez-Baños Natividad
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pérez-Creo Ana
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Prieto Alberto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Díez-Baños Pablo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Morrondo Patrocinio
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Li XY, Liu XH, Ge YQ, Zhang D. Scanning electron microscopy of antennal sensory organs of the cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3865-71. [PMID: 26193822 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoderma lineatum (Villers, 1789) (Diptera: Oestridae) is a hypodermosis fly that has resulted in great economic losses worldwide. The antennae of cattle grub males and females were examined through stereoscopic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the general morphology, combined with distribution, type, size, and ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla. All of the three antennal segments (antennal scape, pedicel, and funiculus) possess microtrichiae on their surface. Mechanoreceptors only exist on the antennal scape and pedicel. The antennal funiculus presents four types of antennal sensilla: trichoid, basiconic, coeloconic, and clavate sensilla. Three distinctive characters of H. lineatum are obvious: (1) the relatively slender, flexible, and equal-height mechanoreceptors; (2) the enlarged antennal pedicel, and numerous antennal sensory pits and pit sensilla on the antennal funiculus; and (3) all types of antennal sensilla clustered in sensory pits, respectively. Additionally, the enlarged antennal pedicel and abundant sensory pits and pit sensilla might facilitate odor detection, enhance olfactory sensitivity and accuracy, and also protect the fragile antennal sensilla from mechanical irritation or damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Arias MS, Pajares G, Paz-Silva A, Díez-Baños N, Suárez JL, Díez-Baños P, Sánchez-Andrade R, Morrondo P. Antigen characterization from second instars of oestrid bot flies for the detection of anti-Cephenemyia stimulator antibodies by ELISA in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28 Suppl 1:83-89. [PMID: 25171610 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A study to determine the most appropriate antigen for use in the serodiagnosis of Cephenemyia (Diptera: Oestridae) infestation in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was carried out using immunoenzymatic tests. Serum samples from 43 roe deer from northern Spain were obtained post-mortem and corresponding numbers of bot fly larvae established. Three antigen complexes were tested, including Cephenemyia stimulator Clark excretory/secretory antigens (CsES), C. stimulator somatic antigens (CsSA) and Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera: Oestridae) excretory/secretory antigens (OoES). In addition, the composition of each antigen was analysed using an electrophoresis system. Cephenemyia stimulator larvae were found in 25% of roe deer; the mean intensity of infection was 24.3 larvae per infested animal. In the antigen analysis, CsSA showed four exclusive bands of molecular weight (17-19, 62, 65 and 67-70 kDa). A positive correlation between immunoglobulin G (IgG) values and total number of larvae was found with CsES and CsSA. The highest sensitivity value, negative predictive value and negative likelihood ratio were obtained using CsES. The highest specificity value, positive likelihood ratio and kappa value were achieved with CsSA. The predictive values of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using CsES and CsSA reached statistical significance and seroprevalence values were 26-44%. The use of ELISA with CsES and CsSA seems promising in the non-invasive diagnosis of Cephenemyia infestation in roe deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Arias
- Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Santiago de Compostela University, Lugo, Spain
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