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Mitka J, Wróblewska A, Boroń P, Kucharzyk S, Stachurska-Swakoń A. Perhaps there were northern refugia in LGM? The phylogeographic structure of the thermophilic tree Carpinus betulus in the Carpathian region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167214. [PMID: 37730049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By examining the postglacial migratory history of thermophilic tree species, the study aimed to unravel their putative glacial microrefugia in the Carpathian region. The present study points to the two distinct genetic AFLP groups of C. betulus in the Carpathian region that represent different genetic lineages based on Bayesian analysis. They differed in Nei's gene diversity index h, and the analysis of molecular variance AMOVA showed a percentage variation of the populations between the groups of 13.74 %. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 368 AFLP tree samples confirmed the presence of two genetic groups. Ninety-five populations underwent principal component analysis (PCA) to show the main correlations between genetic diversity indices and bioclimatic/climate variables (WorldClim and Carpatclim). The generalized logistic model (GLM) showed the significance of Nei's genetic index h in delimiting genetic groups. The results of population-genetic and multivariate analyses determined that the two genetic groups nowadays are spatially diffused and do not show a clear geographic pattern, pointing to a genetic melting pot. We found ecological links between genetic diversity and bioclimatic characteristics, especially the precipitation in the coldest quarter - Bio19. The refugial Maxent model indicates a significant contribution of the Bio7 variable (both linked with a continental type of climate) to the occurrence of the species during the LGM in Europe. We suggest the relict character of hornbeam populations in a specific climatic-terrain niche in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józef Mitka
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Biology, ul. Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ada Wróblewska
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology, ul. K. Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Boroń
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kucharzyk
- Bieszczady National Park, Ecological Education Unit, Bełska 7, 38-700 Ustrzyki Dolne, Poland
| | - Alina Stachurska-Swakoń
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Biology, ul. Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Lipánová V, Kabátová KN, Zeisek V, Kolář F, Chrtek J. Evolution of the Sabulina verna group (Caryophyllaceae) in Europe: A deep split, followed by secondary contacts, multiple allopolyploidization and colonization of challenging substrates. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 189:107940. [PMID: 37820762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the major goals of contemporary evolutionary biology is to elucidate the relative roles of allopatric and ecological differentiation and polyploidy in speciation. In this study, we address the taxonomically intricate Sabulina verna group, which has a disjunct Arctic-alpine postglacial range in Europe and occupies a broad range of ecological niches, including substrates toxic to plants. Using genome-wide ddRAD sequencing combined with morphometric analyses based on extensive sampling of 111 natural populations, we aimed to disentangle internal evolutionary relationships and examine their correspondence with the pronounced edaphic and ploidy diversity within the group. We identified two spatially distinct groups of diploids: a widespread Arctic-alpine group and a spatially restricted yet diverse Balkan group. Most tetraploids exhibited a considerably admixed ancestry derived from both these groups, suggesting their allopolyploid origin. Four genetic clusters in congruence with geography and mostly supported by morphological traits were recognized in the diploid Arctic-alpine group. Tetraploids are split into two distinct and geographically vicariant groups, indicating their repeated polytopic origin. Furthermore, our results also revealed at least five-fold parallel colonization of toxic substrates (serpentine and metalliferous), altogether demonstrating a complex interaction between geography, challenging substrates and polyploidy in the evolution of the group. Finally, we propose a new taxonomic treatment of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lipánová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Vojtěch Zeisek
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Chrtek
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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Szukala A, Bertel C, Frajman B, Schönswetter P, Paun O. Parallel adaptation to lower altitudes is associated with enhanced plasticity in Heliosperma pusillum (Caryophyllaceae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1619-1632. [PMID: 37277969 PMCID: PMC10952512 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High levels of phenotypic plasticity are thought to be inherently costly in stable or extreme environments, but enhanced plasticity may evolve as a response to new environments and foster novel phenotypes. Heliosperma pusillum forms glabrous alpine and pubescent montane ecotypes that diverged recurrently and polytopically (parallel evolution) and can serve as evolutionary replicates. The specific alpine and montane localities are characterized by distinct temperature conditions, available moisture, and light. Noteworthy, the ecotypes show a home-site fitness advantage in reciprocal transplantations. To disentangle the relative contribution of constitutive versus plastic gene expression to altitudinal divergence, we analyze the transcriptomic profiles of two parallely evolved ecotype pairs, grown in reciprocal transplantations at native altitudinal sites. In this incipient stage of divergence, only a minor proportion of genes appear constitutively differentially expressed between the ecotypes in both pairs, regardless of the growing environment. Both derived, montane populations bear comparatively higher plasticity of gene expression than the alpine populations. Genes that change expression plastically or constitutively underlie similar ecologically relevant pathways, related to response to drought and trichome formation. Other relevant processes, such as photosynthesis, rely mainly on plastic changes. The enhanced plasticity consistently observed in the montane ecotype likely evolved as a response to the newly colonized, drier, and warmer niche. We report a striking parallelism of directional changes in gene expression plasticity. Thus, plasticity appears to be a key mechanism shaping the initial stages of phenotypic evolution, likely fostering adaptation to novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Szukala
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14A‐1030ViennaAustria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population GeneticsViennaAustria
- Austrian Federal Research Centre for Forests (BFW)Unit of Ecological GeneticsSeckendorff‐Gudent‐Weg 8A‐1131ViennaAustria
| | - Clara Bertel
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Božo Frajman
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14A‐1030ViennaAustria
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Slovák M, Melichárková A, Štubňová EG, Kučera J, Mandáková T, Smyčka J, Lavergne S, Passalacqua NG, Vďačný P, Paun O. Pervasive Introgression During Rapid Diversification of the European Mountain Genus Soldanella (L.) (Primulaceae). Syst Biol 2023; 72:491-504. [PMID: 36331548 PMCID: PMC10276626 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybridization is a key mechanism involved in lineage diversification and speciation, especially in ecosystems that experienced repeated environmental oscillations. Recently radiated plant groups, which have evolved in mountain ecosystems impacted by historical climate change provide an excellent model system for studying the impact of gene flow on speciation. We combined organellar (whole-plastome) and nuclear genomic data (RAD-seq) with a cytogenetic approach (rDNA FISH) to investigate the effects of hybridization and introgression on evolution and speciation in the genus Soldanella (snowbells, Primulaceae). Pervasive introgression has already occurred among ancestral lineages of snowbells and has persisted throughout the entire evolutionary history of the genus, regardless of the ecology, cytotype, or distribution range size of the affected species. The highest extent of introgression has been detected in the Carpathian species, which is also reflected in their extensive karyotype variation. Introgression occurred even between species with dysploid and euploid cytotypes, which were considered to be reproductively isolated. The magnitude of introgression detected in snowbells is unprecedented in other mountain genera of the European Alpine System investigated hitherto. Our study stresses the prominent evolutionary role of hybridization in facilitating speciation and diversification on the one hand, but also enriching previously isolated genetic pools. [chloroplast capture; diversification; dysploidy; European Alpine system; introgression; nuclear-cytoplasmic discordance; ribosomal DNA.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Slovák
- Department of Evolution and Systematics, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Melichárková
- Department of Evolution and Systematics, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eliška Gbúrová Štubňová
- Department of Evolution and Systematics, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Slovak National Museum, Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromír Kučera
- Department of Evolution and Systematics, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Smyčka
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Jilská 1, 110 00 Praha, Czech Republic
- Université Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Peter Vďačný
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Felkel S, Tremetsberger K, Moser D, Dohm JC, Himmelbauer H, Winkler M. Genome-environment associations along elevation gradients in two snowbed species of the North-Eastern Calcareous Alps. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:203. [PMID: 37076814 PMCID: PMC10114330 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic climate change leads to increasing temperatures and altered precipitation and snowmelt patterns, especially in alpine ecosystems. To understand species' responses to climate change, assessment of genetic structure and diversity is crucial as the basis for the evaluation of migration patterns, genetic adaptation potential as well as the identification of adaptive alleles. RESULTS We studied genetic structure, diversity and genome-environment associations of two snowbed species endemic to the Eastern Alps with a large elevational range, Achillea clusiana Tausch and Campanula pulla L. Genotyping-by-sequencing was employed to assemble loci de novo, call variants and perform population genetic analyses. Populations of either species were distinguishable by mountain, and to some extent by elevation. We found evidence for gene flow between elevations. Results of genome-environment associations suggested similar selective pressures acting on both species, emanating mainly from precipitation and exposition rather than temperature. CONCLUSIONS Given their genetic structure and amount of gene flow among populations the two study species are suitable to serve as a model for genetic monitoring of climate change adaptation along an elevation gradient. Consequences of climate change will predominantly manifest via changes in precipitation and, thus, duration of snow cover in the snowbeds and indirectly via shrub encroachment accompanied by increasing shading of snowbeds at lower range margins. Assembling genomes of the study species and studying larger sample sizes and time series will be necessary to functionally characterize and validate the herein identified genomic loci putatively involved in adaptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Felkel
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Karin Tremetsberger
- Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, 1180, Austria
| | - Dietmar Moser
- Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation Group, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Juliane C Dohm
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Heinz Himmelbauer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Manuela Winkler
- GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
- GLORIA Coordination, Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
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Luo Z, Chen Z, Liu M, Yang L, Zhao Z, Yang D, Ding P. Phenotypic, chemical component and molecular assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Morinda officinalis germplasm. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:605. [PMID: 35986256 PMCID: PMC9392303 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morinda officinalis How (MO) is a perennial herb distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, which known as one of the “Four Southern Herbal Medicines”. The extent of genetic variability and the population structure of MO are presently little understood. Here, nine morphological traits, six chemical components and Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used in integrative research of MO germplasm variation among 88 individuals collected from ten populations across four geographical provinces of China. Results Both phenotype and chemical composition have significant genetic variation, and there is a certain correlation between them such as root diameter and the nystose content, as well as geographical distribution. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed the leaf length, leaf width, nystose, 1F-furanosaccharide nystose, and the section color were the major contributors to diversity. The cluster analysis based on phenotypic and oligosaccharide data distinguished three significant groups, which was consistent with the result of a corresponding analysis with 228,615 SNP markers, and importantly, they all showed a significant correlation with geographical origin. However, there was little similarity between two cluster results. The Shannon’s information index (I) varied from 0.17 to 0.53 with a mean of 0.37, suggesting a high level of genetic diversity in MO populations, which mainly existed among individuals within populations, accounting for 99.66% of the total according to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results. Each population also maintains the connection because of certain gene communication, so that the genetic differentiation between populations was not very significant. The STRUCTURE software was used to analyse the population structure and the result showed that 88 accessions were clustered into three groups, and 67% of them were pure type, which was also confirmed through PCA. Conclusions The comprehensive study of phenotypic, chemical and molecular markers will provide valuable information for future breeding plans and understanding the phylogenetic relationship of MO population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08817-w.
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Hurdu BI, Coste A, Halmagyi A, Szatmari PM, Farkas A, Puscas M, Dan Turtureanu P, Rosca-Casian O, Tănase C, Oprea A, Mardari C, Rădutoiu D, Camen-Comănescu P, Sîrbu IM, Stoie A, Lupoae P, Cristea V, Jarda L, Holobiuc I, Goia I, Cătană C, Butiuc-Keul A. Ex situ conservation of plant diversity in Romania: a synthesis of threatened and endemic taxa. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Climate-Change Impacts on the Southernmost Mediterranean Arctic-Alpine Plant Populations. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced climate- and land-use change have been affecting biogeographical and biodiversity patterns for the past two centuries all over the globe, resulting in increased extinction and biotic homogenization rates. High mountain ecosystems are more sensitive to these changes, which have led to physiological and phenological shifts, as well as to ecosystem processes’ deformation. Glacial relicts, such as arctic-alpine taxa, are sensitive indicators of the effects of global warming and their rear-edge populations could include warm-adapted genotypes that might prove—conservation-wise—useful in an era of unprecedented climate regimes. Despite the ongoing thermophilization in European and Mediterranean summits, it still remains unknown how past and future climate-change might affect the distributional patterns of the glacial relict, arctic-alpine taxa occurring in Greece, their European southernmost distributional limit. Using species distribution models, we investigated the impacts of past and future climate changes on the arctic-alpine taxa occurring in Greece and identified the areas comprising arctic-alpine biodiversity hotspots in Greece. Most of these species will be faced with severe range reductions in the near future, despite their innate resilience to a multitude of threats, while the species richness hotspots will experience both altitudinal and latitudinal shifts. Being long-lived perennials means that there might be an extinction-debt present in these taxa, and a prolonged stability phase could be masking the deleterious effects of climate change on them. Several ex situ conservation measures (e.g., seed collection, population augmentation) should be taken to preserve the southernmost populations of these rare arctic-alpine taxa and a better understanding of their population genetics is urgently needed.
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Urbaniak J, Kwiatkowski P, Pawlikowski P. Genetic diversity of Salixlapponum populations in Central Europe. PHYTOKEYS 2021; 184:83-101. [PMID: 34785973 PMCID: PMC8589822 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.184.71641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salixlapponum is a cold-tolerant relict species in Europe that occurs in several sites, probably reflecting previous migration routes of S.lapponum during the Pleistocene. However, only a few data are available on the genetic structures of populations of S.lapponum. In this study, we use PCR-ISSR markers to investigate genetic variation in 19 European populations of S.lapponum L. AMOVA analysis shows that most of the variation (55.8%) occurs within populations; variability among groups accounts for 19.7%. An AMOVA analysis based on four groups determined by STRUCTURE analysis shows similar results: variability of 54.1% within the population and variability of 18.9% between the four population groups, based on geographic regions. Within individual geographic groups, which are characterised by the studied populations, the lowest variability (as well as the highest homogeneity) was found in populations located in Belarus. The obtained results are consistent with our expectations that the European Lowland could be a significant geographic barrier for gene flow over large geographic distances for S.lapponum. Both the Scandinavian and Belarusian populations, as well as those coming from NE Poland, are characterised by significant genetic distinctiveness. However, some populations from NE Poland and the Sudetes show similarities with populations from other geographic regions, indicating existing genetic relationships between them. Moreover, the results suggest a fairly clear division of the population into 4 emerging geographic regions, although separated by a geographical barrier: the Polish lowland, which forms part of the larger geographic unit known as the European Lowland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Urbaniak
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, PolandWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclawPoland
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, PolandUniversity of Silesia in KatowiceKatowicePoland
| | - Paweł Pawlikowski
- Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, PolandUniversity of WarsawWarszawaPoland
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Sutkowska A, Mitka J, Warzecha T, Bunk J, Rutkowska J, Bathelt R. Genetic melting pot and importance of long-distance dispersal indicated in the Gladiolus imbricatus L. populations in the Polish Carpathians. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16623. [PMID: 34404889 PMCID: PMC8370978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity in 11 populations of Gladiolus imbricatus in five mountain ranges, including the Tatra, Pieniny, Gorce, Beskid Niski (Western Carpathians) and Bieszczady Mts (Eastern Carpathians), was studied with inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The species is a perennial plant occurring in open and semi-open sites of anthropogenic origin (meadows and forest margins). We checked a hypothesis on the microrefugial character of the plant populations in the Pieniny Mts, a small calcareous Carpathian range of complicated relief that has never been glaciated. Plant populations in the Tatra and Pieniny Mts had the highest genetic diversity indices, pointing to their long-term persistence. The refugial vs. the non-refugial mountain ranges accounted for a relatively high value of total genetic variation [analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 14.12%, p = 0.003]. One of the Pieniny populations was of hybridogenous origin and shared genetic stock with the Tatra population, indicating there is a local genetic melting pot. A weak genetic structuring of populations among particular regions was found (AMOVA, 4.5%, p > 0.05). This could be an effect of the frequent short-distance and sporadic long-distance gene flow. The dispersal of diaspores between the remote populations in the Western Carpathians and Eastern Carpathians could be affected by the historical transportation of flocks of sheep from the Tatra to Bieszczady Mts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sutkowska
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Józef Mitka
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Warzecha
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Bunk
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Rutkowska
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Roman Bathelt
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Vogt JC, Olefeld JL, Bock C, Boenigk J, Albach DC. Patterns of protist distribution and diversification in alpine lakes across Europe. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1216. [PMID: 34459549 PMCID: PMC8311734 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogeography in Europe is known to be crucially influenced by the large mountain ranges serving as biogeographical islands for cold-adapted taxa and geographical barriers for warm-adapted taxa. While biogeographical patterns are well-known for plants and animals in Europe, we here investigated diversity and distribution patterns of protist freshwater communities on a European scale (256 lakes) in the light of the well-studied post-glacial distribution patterns of macroorganisms. Thus, our study compared 43 alpine protist communities of lakes located in the Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees, and the Sierra Nevada with that of surrounding lowland lakes. We verified altitudinal diversity gradients of freshwater protists with decreasing richness and diversity across altitudes similar to those observed for plants and animals. Alpine specialists and generalists could be identified differing significantly in richness and diversity, but hardly in occurrence and proportions of major taxonomic groups. High proportions of region-specific alpine specialists indicate an increased occurrence of distinct lineages within each mountain range and thus, suggested either separated glacial refugia or post-glacial diversification within mountain ranges. However, a few alpine specialists were shared between mountain ranges suggesting a post-glacial recolonization from a common lowland pool. Our results identified generalists with wide distribution ranges and putatively wide tolerance ranges toward environmental conditions as main drivers of protist diversification (specification) in alpine lakes, while there was hardly any diversification in alpine specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina C. Vogt
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Science (IBU)Plants Biodiversity and EvolutionCarl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
| | - Jana L. Olefeld
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Christina Bock
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Jens Boenigk
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Dirk C. Albach
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Science (IBU)Plants Biodiversity and EvolutionCarl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
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Charles KM, Stehlik I. Assisted species migration and hybridization to conserve cold-adapted plants under climate change. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:559-566. [PMID: 32643822 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperature rise due to climate change is putting many arctic and alpine plants at risk of extinction because their ability to react is outpaced by the speed of climate change. We considered assisted species migration (ASM) and hybridization as methods to conserve cold-adapted species (or the genes thereof) and to minimize the potential perturbation of ecosystems due to climate change. Assisted species migration is the deliberate movement of individuals from their current location to where the species' ecological requirements will be matched under climate projections. Hybridization refers to crossbreeding of closely related species, where for arctic and alpine plants, 1 parent is the threatened cold-adapted and the other its reproductively compatible, warm-adapted sibling. Traditionally, hybridization is viewed as negative and leading to a loss of biodiversity, even though hybridization has increased biodiversity over geological times. Furthermore, the incorporation of warm-adapted genes into a hybrid may be the only means for the persistence of increasingly more maladapted, cold-adapted species. If approached with thorough consideration of fitness-related parameters of the source population and acknowledgement of the important role hybridization has played in shaping current biodiversity, ASM and hybridization could help save partial or whole genomes of key cold-adapted species at risk due to climate change with minimal negative effects on ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Charles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ivana Stehlik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
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Záveská E, Kirschner P, Frajman B, Wessely J, Willner W, Gattringer A, Hülber K, Lazić D, Dobeš C, Schönswetter P. Evidence for Glacial Refugia of the Forest Understorey Species Helleborus niger (Ranunculaceae) in the Southern as Well as in the Northern Limestone Alps. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683043. [PMID: 34040627 PMCID: PMC8141911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Glacial refugia of alpine and subnival biota have been intensively studied in the European Alps but the fate of forests and their understory species in that area remains largely unclear. In order to fill this gap, we aimed at disentangling the spatiotemporal diversification of disjunctly distributed black hellebore Helleborus niger (Ranunculaceae). We applied a set of phylogeographic analyses based on restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) data and plastid DNA sequences to a range-wide sampling of populations. These analyses were supplemented with species distribution models generated for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We used exploratory analyses to delimit genomically coherent groups and then employed demographic modeling to reconstruct the history of these groups. We uncovered a deep split between two major genetic groups with western and eastern distribution within the Southern Limestone Alps, likely reflecting divergent evolution since the mid-Pleistocene in two glacial refugia situated along the unglaciated southern margin of the Alps. Long-term presence in the Southern Limestone Alps is also supported by high numbers of private alleles, elevated levels of nucleotide diversity and the species' modeled distribution at the LGM. The deep genetic divergence, however, is not reflected in leaf shape variation, suggesting that the morphological discrimination of genetically divergent entities within H. niger is questionable. At a shallower level, populations from the Northern Limestone Alps are differentiated from those in the Southern Limestone Alps in both RADseq and plastid DNA data sets, reflecting the North-South disjunction within the Eastern Alps. The underlying split was dated to ca. 0.1 mya, which is well before the LGM. In the same line, explicit tests of demographic models consistently rejected the hypothesis that the partial distribution area in the Northern Limestone Alps is the result of postglacial colonization. Taken together, our results strongly support that forest understory species such as H. niger have survived the LGM in refugia situated along the southern, but also along the northern or northeastern periphery of the Alps. Being a slow migrator, the species has likely survived repeated glacial-interglacial circles in distributional stasis while the composition of the tree canopy changed in the meanwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Záveská
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | | | - Božo Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Wessely
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Willner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gattringer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Karl Hülber,
| | - Desanka Lazić
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Dobeš
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests, Vienna, Austria
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Weng YM, Kavanaugh DH, Schoville SD. Drainage basins serve as multiple glacial refugia for alpine habitats in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:826-843. [PMID: 33270315 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary histories of alpine species are often directly associated with responses to glaciation. Deep divergence among populations and complex patterns of genetic variation have been inferred as consequences of persistence within glacier boundaries (i.e., on nunataks), while shallow divergence and limited genetic variation are assumed to result from expansion from large refugia at the edge of ice shields (i.e., massifs de refuge). However, for some species, dependence on specific microhabitats could profoundly influence their spatial and demographic response to glaciation, and such a simple dichotomy may obscure the localization of actual refugia. In this study, we use the Nebria ingens complex (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a water-affiliated ground beetle lineage, to test how drainage basins are linked to their observed population structure. By analysing mitochondrial COI gene sequences and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, we find that the major drainage systems of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California best explain the population structure of the N. ingens complex. In addition, we find that an intermediate morphotype within the N. ingens complex is the product of historical hybridization of N. riversi and N. ingens in the San Joaquin basin during glaciation. This study highlights the importance of considering ecological preferences in how species respond to climate fluctuations and provides an explanation for discordances that are often observed in comparative phylogeographical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Weng
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David H Kavanaugh
- Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Climate Change and Alpine Screes: No Future for Glacial Relict Papaver occidentale (Papaveraceae) in Western Prealps. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12090346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glacial relicts, especially those with very narrow habitat requirements, are particularly affected by global warming. We considered Papaver occidentale, a glacial relict endemic to the Western Prealps, belonging to the alpine poppy complex (P. alpinum aggr.), as a model taxon to study the actual status and potential future distribution of species restricted to particular microrefugia. For this study, all known localities were visited, each population was georeferenced and the number of individuals was estimated. Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) was used to evaluate the present and future potential distribution range and habitat suitability, taking into account the specificity of its habitat (calcareous screes). According to our study, there are globally 19 natural populations of P. occidentale, and a total of about 30,000 individuals. The taxon is a highly specialized alpine plant growing in the majority of natural sites between 1900 and 2100 m a.s.l. on north-facing screes. Predictions for the end of the 21st century indicate that a suitable area will significantly decrease (0–30% remaining). Under the most severe climatic scenarios (RCP 8.5), the species risks complete extinction. The long-term in situ conservation of P. occidentale, and all other taxa of the P. alpinum complex, is unlikely to be achieved without slowing global climate change. More generally, our fine-scale study shows that local environmental buffering of large-scale climate change in high-mountain flora may be very limited in specialised taxa of patchy environments such as screes.
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Wang Y, Xie J, Wu E, Yahuza L, Duan G, Shen L, Liu H, Zhou S, Nkurikiyimfura O, Andersson B, Yang L, Shang L, Zhu W, Zhan J. Lack of gene flow between Phytophthora infestans populations of two neighboring countries with the largest potato production. Evol Appl 2020; 13:318-329. [PMID: 31993079 PMCID: PMC6976962 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow is an important evolutionary force that enables adaptive responses of plant pathogens in response to changes in the environment and plant disease management strategies. In this study, we made a direct inference concerning gene flow in the Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans between two of its hosts (potato and tomato) as well as between China and India. This was done by comparing sequence characteristics of the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF-1α) gene, generated from 245 P. infestans isolates sampled from two countries and hosts. Consistent with previous results, we found that eEF-1α gene was highly conserved and point mutation was the only mechanism generating any sequence variation. Higher genetic variation was found in the eEF-1α sequences in the P. infestans populations sampled from tomato compared to those sampled from potato. We also found the P. infestans population from India displayed a higher genetic variation in the eEF-1α sequences compared to China. No gene flow was detected between the pathogen populations from the two countries, which is possibly attributed to the geographic barrier caused by Himalaya Plateau and the minimum cross-border trade of potato and tomato products. The implications of these results for a sustainable management of late blight diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jia‐Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - E‐Jiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lurwanu Yahuza
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Guo‐Hua Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lin‐Lin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Shi‐Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Li‐Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Li‐Ping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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17
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Pan D, Hülber K, Willner W, Schneeweiss GM. An explicit test of Pleistocene survival in peripheral versus nunatak refugia in two high mountain plant species. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:172-183. [PMID: 31765501 PMCID: PMC7003806 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pleistocene climate fluctuations had profound influence on the biogeographical history of many biota. As large areas in high mountain ranges were covered by glaciers, biota were forced either to peripheral refugia (and possibly beyond to lowland refugia) or to interior refugia (nunataks). However, nunatak survival remains controversial as it relies solely on correlative genetic evidence. Here, we test hypotheses of glacial survival using two high alpine plant species (the insect‐pollinated Pedicularis asplenifolia and wind‐pollinated Carex fuliginosa) in the European Alps. Employing the iDDC (integrative Distributional, Demographic and Coalescent) approach, which couples species distribution modelling, spatial and temporal demographic simulation and Approximate Bayesian Computation, we explicitly test three hypotheses of glacial survival: (a) peripheral survival only, (b) nunatak survival only and (c) peripheral plus nunatak survival. In P. asplenifolia the peripheral plus nunatak survival hypothesis was supported by Bayes factors (BF> 100), whereas in C. fuliginosa the peripheral survival only hypothesis, although best supported, could not be unambiguously distinguished from the peripheral plus nunatak survival hypothesis (BF = 5.58). These results are consistent with current habitat preferences (P. asplenifolia extends to higher elevations) and the potential for genetic swamping (i.e., replacement of local genotypes via hybridization with immigrating genotypes [expected to be higher in the wind‐pollinated C. fuliginosa]). Although the persistence of plants on nunataks during glacial periods has been debated and studied over decades, this is one of the first studies to explicitly test the hypothesis instead of solely using correlative evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Pan
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Willner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald M Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Melichárková A, Španiel S, Marhold K, Hurdu BI, Drescher A, Zozomová-Lihová J. Diversification and independent polyploid origins in the disjunct species Alyssum repens from the Southeastern Alps and the Carpathians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1499-1518. [PMID: 31639199 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Disjunct distributions have been commonly observed in mountain plant species and have stimulated phylogeographic and phylogenetic research. Here we studied Alyssum repens, a member of the polyploid species complex A. montanum-A. repens, which exhibits SE Alpine-Carpathian disjunctions with a large elevational span and consists of diploid and tetraploid populations. We aimed to investigate the species' genetic and cytotype structure in the context of its distribution patterns, to elucidate the polyploid origins and to propose an appropriate taxonomic treatment. METHODS We combined AFLP fingerprinting markers, sequence variation of the highly repetitive ITS region of rDNA and the low-copy DET1 nuclear gene, genome size, and morphometric data. RESULTS We identified four geographically structured genetic lineages. One consisted of diploid populations from the foothills of the Southeastern Alps and neighboring regions, and the three others were allopatric montane to alpine groups comprising diploids and tetraploids growing in the Southeastern Carpathians and the Apuseni Mts. in Romania. CONCLUSIONS We inferred a vicariance scenario associated with Quaternary climatic oscillations, accompanied by one auto- and two allopolyploidization events most likely involving a northern Balkan relative. Whereas genetic differentiation and allopatric distribution would favor the taxonomic splitting of this species, the genetic lineages largely lack morphological distinguishability, and their ecological, cytotype and genome size divergence is only partial. Even though we probably face here a case of incipient speciation, we propose to maintain the current taxonomic treatment of Alyssum repens as a single, albeit variable, species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Melichárková
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Španiel
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Marhold
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bogdan-Iuliu Hurdu
- Institute of Biological Research, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 48 Republicii Street, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anton Drescher
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften der Universität Graz - Herbarium GZU, Holteigasse 6, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Judita Zozomová-Lihová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Grdiša M, Radosavljević I, Liber Z, Stefkov G, Ralli P, Chatzopoulou PS, Carović-Stanko K, Šatović Z. Divergent selection and genetic structure of Sideritis scardica populations from southern Balkan Peninsula as revealed by AFLP fingerprinting. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12767. [PMID: 31484938 PMCID: PMC6726656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sideritis scardica Giseb. is a subalpine/alpine plant species endemic to the central part of the Balkan Peninsula. In this study, we combined Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and environmental data to examine the adaptive genetic variations in S. scardica natural populations sampled in contrasting environments. A total of 226 AFLP loci were genotyped in 166 individuals from nine populations. The results demonstrated low gene diversity, ranging from 0.095 to 0.133 and significant genetic differentiation ranging from 0.115 to 0.408. Seven genetic clusters were revealed by Bayesian clustering methods as well as by Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components and each population formed its respective cluster. The exception were populations P02 Mt. Shara and P07 Mt. Vermio, that were admixed between two clusters. Both landscape genetic methods Mcheza and BayeScan identified a total of seven (3.10%) markers exhibiting higher levels of genetic differentiation among populations. The spatial analysis method Samβada detected 50 individual markers (22.12%) associated with bioclimatic variables, among them seven were identified by both Mcheza and BayeScan as being under directional selection. Four bioclimatic variables associated with five out of seven outliers were related to precipitation, suggesting that this variable is the key factor affecting the adaptive variation of S. scardica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Grdiša
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Seed Science and Technology Svetošimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Radosavljević
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Marulićev trg 9A, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Marulićev trg 9A, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gjoshe Stefkov
- University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vodnjanska 17, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Parthenopi Ralli
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Institute of Breeding and Plant Genetic Resources, Thermi - Thessalonikis, PO Box 60411, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalina S Chatzopoulou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Institute of Breeding and Plant Genetic Resources, Thermi - Thessalonikis, PO Box 60411, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Klaudija Carović-Stanko
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Seed Science and Technology Svetošimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Seed Science and Technology Svetošimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Tkach N, Röser M, Suchan T, Cieślak E, Schönswetter P, Ronikier M. Contrasting evolutionary origins of two mountain endemics: Saxifraga wahlenbergii (Western Carpathians) and S. styriaca (Eastern Alps). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:18. [PMID: 30634910 PMCID: PMC6329101 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Carpathians and the Alps are the largest mountain ranges of the European Alpine System and important centres of endemism. Among the distinctive endemic species of this area is Saxifraga wahlenbergii, a Western Carpathians member of the speciose genus Saxifraga. It was frequently considered a taxonomically isolated Tertiary palaeopolyploid and palaeoendemic, for which the closest relatives could not yet be traced. A recently described narrow endemic of the Eastern Alps, S. styriaca, was hypothesized to be closely related to S. wahlenbergii based on shared presence of peculiar glandular hairs. To elucidate the origin and phylogenetic relationships of both species we studied nuclear and plastid DNA markers based on multiple accessions and analysed the data in a wide taxonomic context. We applied Sanger sequencing, followed by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) for a refined analysis of nrITS variants to detect signatures of ancient hybridization. The ITS data were used to estimate divergence times of different lineages using a relaxed molecular clock. RESULTS We demonstrate divergent evolutionary histories for the two mountain endemics. For S. wahlenbergii we revealed a complicated hybrid origin. Its maternal parent belongs to a Western Eurasian lineage of high mountain taxa grouped in subsect. Androsaceae and is most likely the widespread S. androsacea. The putative second parent was most likely S. adscendens, which belongs to the distantly related subsect. Tridactylites. While Sanger sequencing of nrITS only showed S. adscendens-related variants in S. wahlenbergii, our NGS screening revealed presence of sequences from both lineages with clear predominance of the paternal over the maternal lineage. CONCLUSIONS Saxifraga styriaca was unambiguously assigned to subsect. Androsaceae and is not the sister taxon of S. wahlenbergii. Accordingly, the similarity of the glandular hairs observed in both taxa rests on parallelism and both species do not constitute an example of a close evolutionary link between the floras of the Western Carpathians and Eastern Alps. With the origin of its paternal, S. adscendens-like ITS DNA estimated to ca. 4.7 Ma, S. wahlenbergii is not a relict of the mid-Tertiary climate optimum. Its hybrid origin is much younger and most likely took place in the Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tkach
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Neuwerk 21, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Röser
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Neuwerk 21, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Tomasz Suchan
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Cieślak
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michał Ronikier
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Krakow, Poland
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Urbaniak J, Kwiatkowski P, Pawlikowski P. Phylogeography of Swertia perennis in Europe based on cpDNA markers. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5512. [PMID: 30245925 PMCID: PMC6147141 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swertia perennis(Gentianaceae) is a perennial diploid and clonal plant species that is discontinuously distributed in peat bogs in the mountains of Europe, Asia and North America as well as in the lowlands of Europe. The current geographical dispersion of S. perennis is probably the result of quaternary climatic changes that have played an important role in determining the distribution of Swertia and other plant and animal species. Methods In this study we used molecular techniques and combined data from chloroplast DNA markers (trnLF region and trnH-psbA spacer) to elucidate the phylogeography of S. perennis in Europe. Plants were collected from 28 populations in different locations in the lowlands and mountainous areas of Europe (e.g., the Carpathians, Sudetes, Bohemian Forest and Alps). cDNA was analysed to detect the genetic relationship between specimens from different locations. Results A total of 20 haplotypes were identified across the dataset. They were characterised by a high level of genetic variability but showed a lack of phylogeographical structure. This pattern may be the result of repeated recolonization and expansion from several areas. Such genetic differentiation may also be attributed to the relatively long-term isolation of S. perennis in Pleistocene refugia in Europe, which resulted in independent separation of different cpDNA phylogenetic lineages and variation in the nucleotide composition of cpDNA. Discussion The lack of strong phylogeographical structure makes it impossible to indicate the centre of haplotype diversity; however, refugia located in the Carpathians, Sudetes or Alps are the most probable sites where S. perennis existed in Europe. This lack of structure may also indicate a high level of gene flow in times when the landscape and fen systems were not fragmented in numerous geographically-isolated populations. This makes it difficult to speculate about the relationships between Asiatic and European plant populations and the origin and distribution of this species in Europe. Today, it seems to be restricted due to the occurrence of plants which clearly reflects the genetic variability from the ancient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Urbaniak
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Pawlikowski
- Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Blanco-Pastor JL, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Coello AJ, Pastor J, Vargas P. Topography explains the distribution of genetic diversity in one of the most fragile European hotspots. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Blanco-Pastor
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
- INRA; Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (URP3F); Lusignan France
| | | | - Alberto J. Coello
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; Madrid Spain
| | - Julia Pastor
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
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Tausch S, Leipold M, Poschlod P, Reisch C. Molecular markers provide evidence for a broad-fronted recolonisation of the widespread calcareous grassland species Sanguisorba minor from southern and cryptic northern refugia. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:562-570. [PMID: 28387987 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcareous grasslands belong to the most species-rich and endangered habitats in Europe. However, little is known about the origin of the species typically occurring in these grasslands. In this study we analysed the glacial and post-glacial history of Sanguisorba minor, a typical plant species frequently occurring in calcareous grasslands. The study comprised 38 populations throughout the whole distribution range of the species across Europe. We used molecular markers (AFLP) and applied Bayesian cluster analysis as well as spatial principal components analysis (sPCA) to identify glacial refugia and post-glacial migration routes to Central Europe. Our study revealed significant differences in the level of genetic variation and the occurrence of rare fragments within populations of S. minor and a distinct separation of eastern and western lineages. The analyses uncovered traditional southern but also cryptic northern refugia and point towards a broad fronted post-glacial recolonisation. Based on these results we postulate that incomplete lineage sorting may have contributed to the detected pattern of genetic variation and that S. minor recolonised Central Europe post-glacially from Iberia and northern glacial refugia in France, Belgium or Germany. Our results highlight the importance of refugial areas for the conservation of intraspecific variation in calcareous grassland species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tausch
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Leipold
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Poschlod
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Reisch
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
Phylogeographic analyses of plants in Europe have revealed common glacial refugia and migration routes for several trees and herbs with arctic-alpine distributions. The postglacial histories of dry grassland species in central Europe have rarely been analyzed, even though the extremely species-rich habitat is threatened. Sedum album (Crassulaceae) is a common inhabitant of rocky sites in central European dry grasslands. We inferred the phylogeographic history of S. album over its distribution range in Europe. Genetic diversity within and differentiation between 34 S. album populations was examined using AFLP markers. Population isolation was indicated based on the rarity of the fragments and by isolation-by-distance effects. We sequenced the trnL-trnF region in 32 populations and used chloroplast microsatellites to analyze chloroplast haplotype distributions. Two distinct S. album lineages were detected. One lineage was comprised of populations from eastern and central parts of central Europe, and the Apennine Peninsula. A second lineage was comprised of populations from the Iberian Peninsula and western and northern parts of central Europe. Glacial refugia were identified based on the accumulation of ancient chloroplast haplotypes, high diversity of AFLP fragments within populations, and high levels of rare fragments in Liguria, Serbia, the Apennine and Iberian peninsulas. Cryptic refugia were detected in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Isolation by distance was present all over the distribution range, and it was separately detected in southwestern and central Europe. In western Europe, where a contact zone between the two lineages can be expected, no isolation by distance was detected. Our results suggest migration routes of S. album northeastward from glacial refugia in southern Iberia, northward from the Apennine Peninsula, and northward and westward from the southeastern parts of central Europe. Therefore, central European grasslands were recently colonized by northern cryptic populations and source populations originating in the east and the Apennine Peninsula.
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25
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Leipold M, Tausch S, Poschlod P, Reisch C. Species distribution modeling and molecular markers suggest longitudinal range shifts and cryptic northern refugia of the typical calcareous grassland species Hippocrepis comosa (horseshoe vetch). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1919-1935. [PMID: 28331599 PMCID: PMC5355195 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcareous grasslands belong to the most diverse, endangered habitats in Europe, but there is still insufficient information about the origin of the plant species related to these grasslands. In order to illuminate this question, we chose for our study the representative grassland species Hippocrepis comosa (Horseshoe vetch). Based on species distribution modeling and molecular markers, we identified the glacial refugia and the postglacial migration routes of the species to Central Europe. We clearly demonstrate that H. comosa followed a latitudinal and due to its oceanity also a longitudinal gradient during the last glacial maximum (LGM), restricting the species to southern refugia situated on the Peninsulas of Iberia, the Balkans, and Italy during the last glaciation. However, we also found evidence for cryptic northern refugia in the UK, the Alps, and Central Germany. Both species distribution modeling and molecular markers underline that refugia of temperate, oceanic species such as H. comosa must not be exclusively located in southern but also in western of parts of Europe. The analysis showed a distinct separation of the southern refugia into a western cluster embracing Iberia and an eastern group including the Balkans and Italy, which determined the postglacial recolonization of Central Europe. At the end of the LGM, H. comosa seems to have expanded from the Iberian refugium, to Central and Northern Europe, including the UK, Belgium, and Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Leipold
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Simone Tausch
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Christoph Reisch
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
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Molecular Biogeography of the High Mountain Systems of Europe: An Overview. HIGH MOUNTAIN CONSERVATION IN A CHANGING WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55982-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Windmaißer T, Kattari S, Heubl G, Reisch C. Glacial refugia and postglacial expansion of the alpine-prealpine plant species Polygala chamaebuxus. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7809-7819. [PMID: 30128131 PMCID: PMC6093163 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The shrubby milkwort (Polygala chamaebuxus L.) is widely distributed in the Alps, but occurs also in the lower mountain ranges of Central Europe such as the Franconian Jura or the Bohemian uplands. Populations in these regions may either originate from glacial survival or from postglacial recolonization. In this study, we analyzed 30 populations of P. chamaebuxus from the whole distribution range using AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis to identify glacial refugia and to illuminate the origin of P. chamaebuxus in the lower mountain ranges of Central Europe. Genetic variation and the number of rare fragments within populations were highest in populations from the central part of the distribution range, especially in the Southern Alps (from the Tessin Alps and the Prealps of Lugano to the Triglav Massiv) and in the middle part of the northern Alps. These regions may have served, in accordance with previous studies, as long-term refugia for the glacial survival of the species. The geographic pattern of genetic variation, as revealed by analysis of molecular variance, Bayesian cluster analysis and a PopGraph genetic network was, however, only weak. Instead of postglacial recolonization from only few long-term refugia, which would have resulted in deeper genetic splits within the data set, broad waves of postglacial expansion from several short-term isolated populations in the center to the actual periphery of the distribution range seem to be the scenario explaining the observed pattern of genetic variation most likely. The populations from the lower mountain ranges in Central Europe were more closely related to the populations from the southwestern and northern than from the nearby eastern Alps. Although glacial survival in the Bohemian uplands cannot fully be excluded, P. chamaebuxus seems to have immigrated postglacially from the southwestern or central-northern parts of the Alps into these regions during the expansion of the pine forests in the early Holocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Windmaißer
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Stefan Kattari
- Systematic Botany and MycologyDepartment Biology IGeoBio‐Center LMULudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Günther Heubl
- Systematic Botany and MycologyDepartment Biology IGeoBio‐Center LMULudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Christoph Reisch
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
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Richmond JQ, Wood DA, Swaim KE, Fisher RN, Vandergast AG. Historical Habitat Barriers Prevent Ring-like Genetic Continuity Throughout the Distribution of Threatened Alameda Striped Racers (Coluber lateralis euryxanthus). HERPETOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-15-00046.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Q. Richmond
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Dustin A. Wood
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Karen E. Swaim
- Swaim Biological Incorporated, 4435 First Street PMB 312, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Robert N. Fisher
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Amy G. Vandergast
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
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Kolář F, Fuxová G, Záveská E, Nagano AJ, Hyklová L, Lučanová M, Kudoh H, Marhold K. Northern glacial refugia and altitudinal niche divergence shape genome-wide differentiation in the emerging plant modelArabidopsis arenosa. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3929-49. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolář
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; PO Box 1172 Blindern Oslo NO-0318 Norway
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Fuxová
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Institute of Botany; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck AT-6020 Austria
| | - Atsushi J. Nagano
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto JP-520-2113 Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture; Ryukoku University; Shiga JP-612-8577 Japan
- JST PRESTO; Saitama JP-332-0012 Japan
| | - Lucie Hyklová
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto JP-520-2113 Japan
| | - Karol Marhold
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava SK-845 23 Slovak Republic
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Daneck H, Fér T, Marhold Fls K. Glacial survival in northern refugia? Phylogeography of the temperate shrubRosa pendulinaL. (Rosaceae): AFLP vs. chloroplast DNA variation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Daneck
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Benátská 2 CZ-128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Fér
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Benátská 2 CZ-128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Karol Marhold Fls
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Benátská 2 CZ-128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 SK-845 23 Bratislava Slovak Republic
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Vera-Escalona I, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. Echoes of a distant time: effects of historical processes on contemporary genetic patterns in Galaxias platei in Patagonia. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4112-28. [PMID: 26147523 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting the genetic structure of a metapopulation as the outcome of gene flow over a variety of timescales is essential for the proper understanding of how changes in landscape affect biological connectivity. Here we contrast historical and contemporary connectivity in two metapopulations of the freshwater fish Galaxias platei in northern and southernmost Patagonia where paleolakes existed during the Holocene and Pleistocene, respectively. Contemporary gene flow was mostly high and asymmetrical in the northern system while extremely reduced in the southernmost system. Historical migration patterns were high and symmetric in the northern system and high and largely asymmetric in the southern system. Both systems showed a moderate structure with a clear pattern of isolation by distance (IBD). Effective population sizes were smaller in populations with low contemporary gene flow. An approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach suggests a late Holocene colonization of the lakes in the northern system and recent divergence of the populations from refugial populations from east and west of the Andes. For the southern system, the ABC approach reveals that some of the extant G. platei populations most likely derive from an ancestral population inhabiting a large Pleistocene paleolake while the rest derive from a higher-altitude lake. Our results suggest that neither historical nor contemporary processes individually fully explain the observed structure and geneflow patterns and both are necessary for a proper understanding of the factors that affect diversity and its distribution. Our study highlights the importance of a temporal perspective on connectivity to analyse the diversity of spatially complex metapopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Vera-Escalona
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniel E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
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Pachschwöll C, Escobar García P, Winkler M, Schneeweiss GM, Schönswetter P. Polyploidisation and geographic differentiation drive diversification in a European High Mountain Plant Group (Doronicum clusii Aggregate, Asteraceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118197. [PMID: 25749621 PMCID: PMC4352020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Range shifts (especially during the Pleistocene), polyploidisation and hybridization are major factors affecting high-mountain biodiversity. A good system to study their role in the European high mountains is the Doronicum clusii aggregate (Asteraceae), whose four taxa (D. clusii s.s., D. stiriacum, D. glaciale subsp. glaciale and D. glaciale subsp. calcareum) are differentiated geographically, ecologically (basiphilous versus silicicolous) and/or via their ploidy levels (diploid versus tetraploid). Here, we use DNA sequences (three plastid and one nuclear spacer) and AFLP fingerprinting data generated for 58 populations to infer phylogenetic relationships, origin of polyploids-whose ploidy level was confirmed by chromosomally calibrated DNA ploidy level estimates-and phylogeographic history. Taxonomic conclusions were informed, among others, by a Gaussian clustering method for species delimitation using dominant multilocus data. Based on molecular data we identified three lineages: (i) silicicolous diploid D. clusii s.s. in the Alps, (ii) silicicolous tetraploid D. stiriacum in the eastern Alps (outside the range of D. clusii s.s.) and the Carpathians and (iii) the basiphilous diploids D. glaciale subsp. glaciale (eastern Alps) and D. glaciale subsp. calcareum (northeastern Alps); each taxon was identified as distinct by the Gaussian clustering, but the separation of D. glaciale subsp. calcareum and D. glaciale subsp. glaciale was not stable, supporting their taxonomic treatment as subspecies. Carpathian and Alpine populations of D. stiriacum were genetically differentiated suggesting phases of vicariance, probably during the Pleistocene. The origin (autopolyploid versus allopolyploid) of D. stiriacum remained unclear. Doronicum glaciale subsp. calcareum was genetically and morphologically weakly separated from D. glaciale subsp. glaciale but exhibited significantly higher genetic diversity and rarity. This suggests that the more widespread D. glaciale subsp. glaciale originated from D. glaciale subsp. calcareum, which is restricted to a prominent Pleistocene refugium previously identified in other alpine plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Pachschwöll
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Winkler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- GLORIA co-ordination, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Global Change and Sustainability & Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Silbergasse 30, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald M. Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Vitales D, García-Fernández A, Pellicer J, Vallès J, Santos-Guerra A, Cowan RS, Fay MF, Hidalgo O, Garnatje T. Key processes for Cheirolophus (Asteraceae) diversification on oceanic islands inferred from AFLP data. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113207. [PMID: 25412495 PMCID: PMC4239036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation of the genus Cheirolophus (Asteraceae) in Macaronesia constitutes a spectacular case of rapid diversification on oceanic islands. Twenty species - nine of them included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - have been described to date inhabiting the Madeiran and Canarian archipelagos. A previous phylogenetic study revealed that the diversification of Cheirolophus in Macaronesia started less than 2 Ma. As a result of such an explosive speciation process, limited phylogenetic resolution was reported, mainly due to the low variability of the employed molecular markers. In the present study, we used highly polymorphic AFLP markers to i) evaluate species' boundaries, ii) infer their evolutionary relationships and iii) investigate the patterns of genetic diversity in relation to the potential processes likely involved in the radiation of Cheirolophus. One hundred and seventy-two individuals representing all Macaronesian Cheirolophus species were analysed using 249 AFLP loci. Our results suggest that geographic isolation played an important role in this radiation process. This was likely driven by the combination of poor gene flow capacity and a good ability for sporadic long-distance colonisations. In addition, we also found some traces of introgression and incipient ecological adaptation, which could have further enhanced the extraordinary diversification of Cheirolophus in Macaronesia. Last, we hypothesize that current threat categories assigned to Macaronesian Cheirolophus species do not reflect their respective evolutionary relevance, so future evaluations of their conservation status should take into account the results presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vitales
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Fernández
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Robyn S. Cowan
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F. Fay
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Grdiša M, Liber Z, Radosavljević I, Carović-Stanko K, Kolak I, Satovic Z. Genetic diversity and structure of Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium Trevir./Sch./Bip., Asteraceae) within the Balkan refugium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105265. [PMID: 25121763 PMCID: PMC4133326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium Trevir. /Sch./ Bip.) is an outcrossing, perennial insecticidal plant, restricted to the eastern Adriatic coast (Mediterranean). Amplified fragment-length polymorphisms (AFLP) were used to investigate the genetic diversity and structure within and among 20 natural plant populations. The highest level of gene diversity, the number of private alleles and the frequency down-weighted marker values (DW) were found in northern Adriatic populations and gradually decreased towards the southern boundary of the species range. Genetic impoverishment of these southern populations is most likely the result of human-related activities. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most of the genetic diversity was attributed to differences among individuals within populations (85.78%), which are expected due to the outcrossing nature of the species. A Bayesian analysis of the population structure identified two dominant genetic clusters. A spatial analysis of the genetic diversity indicated that 5.6% of the genetic differentiation resulted from isolation by distance (IBD), while 12.3% of the genetic differentiation among populations followed the pattern of isolation by environmental distance (IBED). Knowledge of the genetic diversity patterns of the natural populations and the mechanism behind these patterns is required for the exploitation and possible conservation management of this endemic and economically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Grdiša
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail:
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Department of Botany, Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Radosavljević
- Department of Botany, Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klaudija Carović-Stanko
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kolak
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Satovic
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ley A, Hardy O. Contrasting patterns of gene flow between sister plant species in the understorey of African moist forests – The case of sympatric and parapatric Marantaceae species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 77:264-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Turner B, Paun O, Munzinger J, Duangjai S, Chase MW, Samuel R. Analyses of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) indicate rapid radiation of Diospyros species (Ebenaceae) endemic to New Caledonia. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:269. [PMID: 24330478 PMCID: PMC3881503 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation in some plant groups has occurred on islands and due to the characteristic rapid pace of phenotypic evolution, standard molecular markers often provide insufficient variation for phylogenetic reconstruction. To resolve relationships within a clade of 21 closely related New Caledonian Diospyros species and evaluate species boundaries we analysed genome-wide DNA variation via amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Results A neighbour-joining (NJ) dendrogram based on Dice distances shows all species except D. minimifolia, D. parviflora and D. vieillardii to form unique clusters of genetically similar accessions. However, there was little variation between these species clusters, resulting in unresolved species relationships and a star-like general NJ topology. Correspondingly, analyses of molecular variance showed more variation within species than between them. A Bayesian analysis with BEAST produced a similar result. Another Bayesian method, this time a clustering method, Structure, demonstrated the presence of two groups, highly congruent with those observed in a principal coordinate analysis (PCO). Molecular divergence between the two groups is low and does not correspond to any hypothesised taxonomic, ecological or geographical patterns. Conclusions We hypothesise that such a pattern could have been produced by rapid and complex evolution involving a widespread progenitor for which an initial split into two groups was followed by subsequent fragmentation into many diverging populations, which was followed by range expansion of then divergent entities. Overall, this process resulted in an opportunistic pattern of phenotypic diversification. The time since divergence was probably insufficient for some species to become genetically well-differentiated, resulting in progenitor/derivative relationships being exhibited in a few cases. In other cases, our analyses may have revealed evidence for the existence of cryptic species, for which more study of morphology and ecology are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Turner
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria.
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Christe C, Caetano S, Aeschimann D, Kropf M, Diadema K, Naciri Y. The intraspecific genetic variability of siliceous and calcareous Gentiana species is shaped by contrasting demographic and re-colonization processes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 70:323-36. [PMID: 24099890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Ciminalis section of Gentiana comprises seven species, two of them growing on siliceous substrates (G. alpina and G. acaulis), the other ones being calcareous taxa (G. clusii, G. angustifolia, G. ligustica, G. occidentalis and G. dinarica). A total of 515 individuals from 183 populations over the entire Ciminalis distribution range was analyzed using four chloroplast loci (trnH-psbA, matK, rpoB and rpoC1) and the nuclear ribosomal marker ITS2. The siliceous species display only two chloroplast haplotypes each and are both characterized by patterns of range expansions all over the Alps. Conversely, the calcareous species are on average more diverse (two to 13 haplotypes per species) with strong patterns of local structuring. We suggest that the occurrence of many calcareous refugia at the periphery of the Alps must have led to local adaptation and morphological diversification, and helped preserving intraspecific diversities during the last glaciations for the associated taxa. ITS2 was more efficient in delineating species boundaries than the chloroplast markers for which several haplotypes are shared among species. This might be either due to chloroplast capture among species and/or to recent divergence. Species adapted to the same substrate are generally only distantly related when they co-occur in the same place. For both types of markers, G. clusii is found genetically distant from all other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christe
- Unité de Phylogénie et Génétique Moléculaires, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Chemin de l'Impératrice 1, CH-1292 Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Systématique Végétale et Biodiversité, Université de Genève, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, CH-1292 Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
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Scalone R, Albach DC. Degradation of sexual reproduction in Veronica filiformis after introduction to Europe. BMC Evol Biol 2012. [PMID: 23198765 PMCID: PMC3539859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baker's law predicts that self-incompatible plant species are generally poor colonizers because their mating system requires a high diversity of genetically differentiated individuals and thus self-compatibility should develop after long-distance dispersal. However, cases like the introduction of the self-incompatible Veronica filiformis (Plantaginaceae) to Europe constitute an often overlooked alternative to this rule. This species was introduced from subalpine areas of the Pontic-Caucasian Mountains and colonized many parts of Central and Western Europe in the last century, apparently without producing seeds. To investigate the consequences of the absence of sexual reproduction in this obligate outcrosser since its introduction, AFLP fingerprints, flower morphology, pollen and ovule production and seed vitality were studied in introduced and native populations. RESULTS Interpopulation crossings of 19 introduced German populations performed in the greenhouse demonstrated that introduced populations are often unable to reproduce sexually. These results were similar to intrapopulation crossings, but this depended on the populations used for crossings. Results from AFLP fingerprinting confirmed a lack of genetic diversity in the area of introduction, which is best explained by the dispersal of clones. Flower morphology revealed the frequent presence of mutations affecting the androecium of the flower and decreasing pollen production in introduced populations. The seeds produced in our experiments were smaller, had a lower germination rate and had lower viability than seeds from the native area. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that V. filiformis was able to spread by vegetative means in the absence of sexual reproduction. This came at the cost of an accumulation of phenotypically observable mutations in reproductive characters, i.e. Muller's ratchet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Scalone
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Bentzelweg 9, Mainz 55099, Germany
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Taberlet P, Zimmermann NE, Englisch T, Tribsch A, Holderegger R, Alvarez N, Niklfeld H, Coldea G, Mirek Z, Moilanen A, Ahlmer W, Marsan PA, Bona E, Bovio M, Choler P, Cieślak E, Colli L, Cristea V, Dalmas J, Frajman B, Garraud L, Gaudeul M, Gielly L, Gutermann W, Jogan N, Kagalo AA, Korbecka G, Küpfer P, Lequette B, Letz DR, Manel S, Mansion G, Marhold K, Martini F, Negrini R, Niño F, Paun O, Pellecchia M, Perico G, Piękoś‐Mirkowa H, Prosser F, Puşcaş M, Ronikier M, Scheuerer M, Schneeweiss GM, Schönswetter P, Schratt‐Ehrendorfer L, Schüpfer F, Selvaggi A, Steinmann K, Thiel‐Egenter C, Loo M, Winkler M, Wohlgemuth T, Wraber T, Gugerli F. Genetic diversity in widespread species is not congruent with species richness in alpine plant communities. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:1439-48. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Taberlet
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine CNRS UMR 5553 Université Joseph Fourier BP 43 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Niklaus E. Zimmermann
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Englisch
- Faculty Centre of Biodiversity University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Tribsch
- Faculty Centre of Biodiversity University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Rolf Holderegger
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- Laboratoire de Botanique Evolutive Université de Neuchâtel 11, rue Emile‐Argand 2007 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Harald Niklfeld
- Faculty Centre of Biodiversity University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Gheorghe Coldea
- Institute of Biological Research Str. Republicii nr. 48 400015 Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Zbigniew Mirek
- Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences Lubicz 46 31‐512 Kraków Poland
| | - Atte Moilanen
- Department of Biosciences P.O. Box 65 (Biocenter III) FI‐00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Wolfgang Ahlmer
- University of Regensburg Institute of Botany 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Paolo Ajmone Marsan
- Biodiversity and ancient DNA Research Center – BioDNA – and Institute of Zootechnics Università Cattolica del S. Cuore via E. Parmense, 84 29122 Piacenza Italy
| | - Enzo Bona
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 10 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Maurizio Bovio
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 10 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Philippe Choler
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine CNRS UMR 5553 Université Joseph Fourier BP 43 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Elżbieta Cieślak
- Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences Lubicz 46 31‐512 Kraków Poland
| | - Licia Colli
- Biodiversity and ancient DNA Research Center – BioDNA – and Institute of Zootechnics Università Cattolica del S. Cuore via E. Parmense, 84 29122 Piacenza Italy
| | | | - Jean‐Pierre Dalmas
- Conservatoire Botanique National Alpin ‐ CBNA Domaine de Charance 05000 Gap France
| | - Božo Frajman
- Univerza v Ljubljani Oddelek za biologijo BF Večna pot 111 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Luc Garraud
- Conservatoire Botanique National Alpin ‐ CBNA Domaine de Charance 05000 Gap France
| | - Myriam Gaudeul
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine CNRS UMR 5553 Université Joseph Fourier BP 43 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Ludovic Gielly
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine CNRS UMR 5553 Université Joseph Fourier BP 43 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Walter Gutermann
- Faculty Centre of Biodiversity University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Nejc Jogan
- Univerza v Ljubljani Oddelek za biologijo BF Večna pot 111 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Alexander A. Kagalo
- Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians N.A.S. of Ukraine 4 Kozelnitska str. 79026 Lviv Ukraine
| | - Grażyna Korbecka
- Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences Lubicz 46 31‐512 Kraków Poland
| | - Philippe Küpfer
- Laboratoire de Botanique Evolutive Université de Neuchâtel 11, rue Emile‐Argand 2007 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Benoît Lequette
- Parc national du Mercantour 23 rue d'Italie, BP 1316 06006 Nice Cedex 1 France
| | - Dominik Roman Letz
- Institute of Botany of Slovak Academy of Sciences Department of Vascular Plant Taxonomy Dúbravská cesta 9 845 23 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Stéphanie Manel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine CNRS UMR 5553 Université Joseph Fourier BP 43 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Guilhem Mansion
- Laboratoire de Botanique Evolutive Université de Neuchâtel 11, rue Emile‐Argand 2007 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Karol Marhold
- Institute of Botany of Slovak Academy of Sciences Department of Vascular Plant Taxonomy Dúbravská cesta 9 845 23 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Fabrizio Martini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 10 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Riccardo Negrini
- Biodiversity and ancient DNA Research Center – BioDNA – and Institute of Zootechnics Università Cattolica del S. Cuore via E. Parmense, 84 29122 Piacenza Italy
| | - Fernando Niño
- Medias‐France/IRD CNES ‐ BPi 2102, 18, Av. Edouard Belin F‐31401 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Faculty Centre of Biodiversity University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Marco Pellecchia
- Biodiversity and ancient DNA Research Center – BioDNA – and Institute of Zootechnics Università Cattolica del S. Cuore via E. Parmense, 84 29122 Piacenza Italy
| | - Giovanni Perico
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 10 34127 Trieste Italy
| | | | | | - Mihai Puşcaş
- Babes‐Bolyai University 400015 Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Michał Ronikier
- Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences Lubicz 46 31‐512 Kraków Poland
| | - Martin Scheuerer
- University of Regensburg Institute of Botany 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Peter Schönswetter
- Faculty Centre of Biodiversity University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Fanny Schüpfer
- Laboratoire de Botanique Evolutive Université de Neuchâtel 11, rue Emile‐Argand 2007 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Alberto Selvaggi
- Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente c.so Casale, 476 10132 Torino Italy
| | - Katharina Steinmann
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Conny Thiel‐Egenter
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Marcela Loo
- Faculty Centre of Biodiversity University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Manuela Winkler
- Faculty Centre of Biodiversity University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Tone Wraber
- Univerza v Ljubljani Oddelek za biologijo BF Večna pot 111 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Felix Gugerli
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
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Wachter GA, Arthofer W, Dejaco T, Rinnhofer LJ, Steiner FM, Schlick-Steiner BC. Pleistocene survival on central Alpine nunataks: genetic evidence from the jumping bristletail Machilis pallida. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4983-95. [PMID: 22994297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of survival during the Pleistocene glaciation periods have been studied for more than a century. Until now, molecular studies that confirmed animal survival on Alpine nunataks, that is, ice-free summits surrounded by glaciers, were restricted to peripheral areas. Here, we search for molecular signatures of inner-Alpine survival of the narrow endemic and putatively parthenogenetic Alpine jumping bristletail Machilis pallida combining mitochondrial and AFLP data from its three known populations. The mitochondrial data indicate survival on both peripheral and central nunataks, the latter suggesting that refugia in the centre of the Alpine main ridge were more widespread than previously recognized. Incongruences between mitochondrial and AFLP patterns suggest a complex evolutionary history of the species and may be explained via parallel fixation of parthenogenesis of different origins during the last glacial maximum. We suggest that the inferred parthenogenesis may have been essential for central nunatak survival, but may pose a serious threat for M. pallida in consideration of the present climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor A Wachter
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Vrancken J, Brochmann C, Wesselingh RA. A European phylogeography of Rhinanthus minor compared to Rhinanthus angustifolius: unexpected splits and signs of hybridization. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1531-48. [PMID: 22957160 PMCID: PMC3434919 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinanthus minor and Rhinanthus angustifolius (Orobanchaceae) are annual hemiparasites, which occur sympatrically in Europe and are known to hybridize. We studied chloroplast and nuclear (amplified fragment length polymorphism [AFLP]) diversity in R. minor and compared genetic structuring in this species with R. angustifolius by analyzing the AFLP data for both species simultaneously. The AFLP data revealed that populations in Italy, Greece, and southeast Russia initially identified as R. minor were so distant from the other R. minor populations that they probably belong to another, yet unidentified taxon, and we refer to them as Rhinanthus sp. R. minor s.s. showed a clear geographic genetic structure in both the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear genome. The simultaneous analysis of both species shed new light on the previously published findings for R. angustifolius, because some populations now turned out to belong to R. minor. The admixture analysis revealed very few individuals of mixed R. minor–R.angustifolius ancestry in the natural populations in the west of Europe, while admixture levels were higher in the east. The combined haplotype network showed that haplotype H1 was shared among all species and is likely to be ancestral. H2 was more abundant in R. angustifolius and H3 in R. minor, and the latter probably arose from H1 in this species in the east of Europe. The occurrence of H3 in R. angustifolius may be explained by introgression from R. minor, but without interspecific admixture, these are likely to have been old hybridization events. Our study underlines the importance of including related species in phylogeographic studies.
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Schorr G, Holstein N, Pearman PB, Guisan A, Kadereit JW. Integrating species distribution models (SDMs) and phylogeography for two species of Alpine Primula. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1260-77. [PMID: 22833799 PMCID: PMC3402199 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The major intention of the present study was to investigate whether an approach combining the use of niche-based palaeodistribution modeling and phylo-geography would support or modify hypotheses about the Quaternary distributional history derived from phylogeographic methods alone. Our study system comprised two closely related species of Alpine Primula. We used species distribution models based on the extant distribution of the species and last glacial maximum (LGM) climate models to predict the distribution of the two species during the LGM. Phylogeographic data were generated using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). In Primula hirsuta, models of past distribution and phylogeographic data are partly congruent and support the hypothesis of widespread nunatak survival in the Central Alps. Species distribution models (SDMs) allowed us to differentiate between alpine regions that harbor potential nunatak areas and regions that have been colonized from other areas. SDMs revealed that diversity is a good indicator for nunataks, while rarity is a good indicator for peripheral relict populations that were not source for the recolonization of the inner Alps. In P. daonensis, palaeo-distribution models and phylogeographic data are incongruent. Besides the uncertainty inherent to this type of modeling approach (e.g., relatively coarse 1-km grain size), disagreement of models and data may partly be caused by shifts of ecological niche in both species. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that the combination of palaeo-distribution modeling with phylogeographical approaches provides a more differentiated picture of the distributional history of species and partly supports (P. hirsuta) and partly modifies (P. daonensis and P. hirsuta) hypotheses of Quaternary distributional history. Some of the refugial area indicated by palaeodistribution models could not have been identified with phylogeographic data.
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SCHOVILLE SEAND, LAM ATHENAW, RODERICK GEORGEK. A range-wide genetic bottleneck overwhelms contemporary landscape factors and local abundance in shaping genetic patterns of an alpine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae:Colias behrii). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4242-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kolář F, Fér T, Štech M, Trávníček P, Dušková E, Schönswetter P, Suda J. Bringing together evolution on serpentine and polyploidy: spatiotemporal history of the diploid-tetraploid complex of Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae). PLoS One 2012; 7:e39988. [PMID: 22792207 PMCID: PMC3390331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization is one of the leading forces in the evolution of land plants, providing opportunities for instant speciation and rapid gain of evolutionary novelties. Highly selective conditions of serpentine environments act as an important evolutionary trigger that can be involved in various speciation processes. Whereas the significance of both edaphic speciation on serpentine and polyploidy is widely acknowledged in plant evolution, the links between polyploid evolution and serpentine differentiation have not yet been examined. To fill this gap, we investigated the evolutionary history of the perennial herb Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae), a diploid-tetraploid complex that exhibits an intriguing pattern of eco-geographic differentiation. Using plastid DNA sequencing and AFLP genotyping of 336 previously cytotyped individuals from 40 populations from central Europe, we unravelled the patterns of genetic variation among the cytotypes and the edaphic types. Diploids showed the highest levels of genetic differentiation, likely as a result of long term persistence of several lineages in ecologically distinct refugia and/or independent immigration. Recurrent polyploidization, recorded in one serpentine island, seems to have opened new possibilities for the local serpentine genotype. Unlike diploids, the serpentine tetraploids were able to escape from the serpentine refugium and spread further; this was also attributable to hybridization with the neighbouring non-serpentine tetraploid lineages. The spatiotemporal history of K. arvensis allows tracing the interplay of polyploid evolution and ecological divergence on serpentine, resulting in a complex evolutionary pattern. Isolated serpentine outcrops can act as evolutionary capacitors, preserving distinct karyological and genetic diversity. The serpentine lineages, however, may not represent evolutionary 'dead-ends' but rather dynamic systems with a potential to further influence the surrounding populations, e.g., via independent polyplodization and hybridization. The complex eco-geographical pattern together with the incidence of both primary and secondary diploid-tetraploid contact zones makes K. arvensis a unique system for addressing general questions of polyploid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Buehler D, Graf R, Holderegger R, Gugerli F. Contemporary gene flow and mating system of Arabis alpina in a Central European alpine landscape. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:1359-67. [PMID: 22492332 PMCID: PMC3359921 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gene flow is important in counteracting the divergence of populations but also in spreading genes among populations. However, contemporary gene flow is not well understood across alpine landscapes. The aim of this study was to estimate contemporary gene flow through pollen and to examine the realized mating system in the alpine perennial plant, Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae). METHODS An entire sub-alpine to alpine landscape of 2 km(2) was exhaustively sampled in the Swiss Alps. Eighteen nuclear microsatellite loci were used to genotype 595 individuals and 499 offspring from 49 maternal plants. Contemporary gene flow by pollen was estimated from paternity analysis, matching the genotypes of maternal plants and offspring to the pool of likely father plants. Realized mating patterns and genetic structure were also estimated. KEY RESULTS Paternity analysis revealed several long-distance gene flow events (≤1 km). However, most outcrossing pollen was dispersed close to the mother plants, and 84 % of all offspring were selfed. Individuals that were spatially close were more related than by chance and were also more likely to be connected by pollen dispersal. CONCLUSIONS In the alpine landscape studied, genetic structure occurred on small spatial scales as expected for alpine plants. However, gene flow also covered large distances. This makes it plausible for alpine plants to spread beneficial alleles at least via pollen across landscapes at a short time scale. Thus, gene flow potentially facilitates rapid adaptation in A. alpina likely to be required under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Buehler
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R. Graf
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - R. Holderegger
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F. Gugerli
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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SLOVÁK MAREK, KUČERA JAROMÍR, TURIS PETER, ZOZOMOVÁ-LIHOVÁ JUDITA. Multiple glacial refugia and postglacial colonization routes inferred for a woodland geophyte, Cyclamen purpurascens: patterns concordant with the Pleistocene history of broadleaved and coniferous tree species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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VALTUEÑA FRANCISCOJ, PRESTON CHRISD, KADEREIT JOACHIMW. Phylogeography of a Tertiary relict plant,Meconopsis cambrica(Papaveraceae), implies the existence of northern refugia for a temperate herb. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1423-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Escobar García P, Winkler M, Flatscher R, Sonnleitner M, Krejčíková J, Suda J, Hülber K, Schneeweiss GM, Schönswetter P. Extensive range persistence in peripheral and interior refugia characterizes Pleistocene range dynamics in a widespread Alpine plant species (Senecio carniolicus, Asteraceae). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1255-70. [PMID: 22276934 PMCID: PMC3306793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that survival of arctic-alpine organisms in peripheral or interior glacial refugia are not mutually exclusive and may both be involved in shaping an organism’s Pleistocene history, yet potentially at different time levels. Here, we test this hypothesis in a high-mountain plant (diploid lineage of Senecio carniolicus, Asteraceae) from the Eastern European Alps, in which patterns of morphological variation and current habitat requirements suggest survival in both types of refugia. To this end, we used AFLPs, nuclear and plastid DNA sequences and analysed them, among others, within a graph theoretic framework and using novel Bayesian methods of phylogeographic inference. On the basis of patterns of genetic diversity, occurrence of rare markers, distribution of distinct genetic lineages and patterns of range connectivity both interior refugia in the formerly strongly glaciated central Alps and peripheral refugia along the southern margin of the Alps were identified. The presence of refugia congruently inferred by markers resolving at different time levels suggests that these refugia acted as such throughout several glacial cycles. The high degree of range persistence together with gradual range expansion, which contrasts with the extent of range shifts implied for other Alpine species, is likely responsible for incipient lineage differentiation evident from the genetic data. Replacing a simplistic peripheral vs. interior refugia dualism by more complex models involving both types of refugia and considering different time levels will help identifying common phylogeographic patterns with respect to, for instance, location of refugia and colonization routes and elucidating their underlying genetic and/or ecological causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, Austria
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VALTUEÑA FRANCISCOJ, PRESTON CHRISD, KADEREIT JOACHIMW. Evolutionary significance of the invasion of introduced populations into the native range of Meconopsis cambrica. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4318-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cox K, Vanden Broeck A, Van Calster H, Mergeay J. Temperature-related natural selection in a wind-pollinated tree across regional and continental scales. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:2724-38. [PMID: 21623981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive genetic variation is a key factor in evolutionary biology, but the detection of signatures of natural selection remains challenging in nonmodel organisms. We used a genome scan approach to detect signals of natural selection in the Black alder (Alnus glutinosa), a widespread wind-pollinated tree. Gene flow through pollen dispersal is believed to be high in this species, and we therefore expected to find a clear response to natural selection. In combination with two different landscape genetic approaches, we determined which environmental variables were most associated with the inferred selection. This analysis was performed on a regional scale (northern Belgium) and on a continental scale (Europe). Because climate-related differences are much more pronounced at the continental scale, we expected to find more selection-sensitive genetic markers across Europe than across northern Belgium. At both spatial scales, a substantial number of genetic loci were considered outliers, with respect to neutral expectations, and were therefore identified as selective. Based on results from our combined approach, four putative selective loci (or 2.5%) were recovered with high statistical support. Although these loci seemed to be associated with different environmental variables, they were mainly temperature-related. Our study demonstrates that the use of complementary methods in landscape genetics allows the discovery of selective loci which otherwise might stay hidden. In combination with a genome scan, the selective loci can be verified and the nature of the selection pressure can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cox
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium.
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