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Climate Cycles, Habitat Stability, and Lineage Diversification in an African Biodiversity Hotspot. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya, a montane archipelago of 13 uplifted fault blocks (sky islands) isolated by lowland arid savanna, are a center of exceptional biological endemism. Under the influence of humid winds from the Indian Ocean, forests and associated species may have persisted in this region since the final uplift of these blocks in the late Miocene. Today, these mountains are inhabited by a remarkable diversity of bird species. To better understand the evolutionary processes behind this diversity, we combined molecular phylogenetic studies of East African montane birds with paleoclimate modeling of its montane forests. Across its largest lowland barrier, the 125 km between the Usambara and Nguru/Nguu Mountains, 10 of the 14 bird lineages exhibited a phylogeographic break. Using Bayesian methods, we established that at least three periods of forest contraction and expansion affected the diversification of Eastern Arc birds. Habitat distribution models suggest that lower-elevation hills may have acted as stepping-stones connecting isolated highlands to allow for the dispersal of montane forest-dependent species across them. Periods of vicariance during paleoclimatic cycles extending back through the Last Glacial Maximum would have then isolated these populations within the highlands they had reached. The broad distribution of neoendemic species across the mountains of East Africa provides evidence of climate cycling as a driver of lineage diversification. The high incidence of narrow-range endemism of paleoendemic species on the Usambara, Uluguru, and Udzungwa Mountains of this region is harder to explain. Our paleoclimate models retrodicted the persistence of montane forest during climate cycles on several Eastern Arc sky islands but not on the Southern Tanzania Volcanic Highlands. Consistent with recent theoretical work, different rates of local extinction rather than increased rates of lineage diversification may explain the pattern of excessive narrow-range endemism on some sky islands over others. Thus, a regional filtering effect is generated, with paleoendemics maintaining populations through time only in areas where habitat persisted, providing a credible explanation for the dramatic variance in levels of endemism among different East African sky islands.
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Cordier CP, Smith DAE, Smith YE, Downs CT. Camera trap research in Africa: A systematic review to show trends in wildlife monitoring and its value as a research tool. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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3
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Nielsen M, Margaryan A, Nielsen TL, Enghoff H, Allentoft ME. Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania represent a hotspot for biological diversity of global importance. The level of endemism is high, and Eastern Arc biodiversity has been studied extensively in vertebrates and invertebrates, including millipedes. However, millipede evolution is vastly understudied at the molecular level. Therefore, we used next-generation ‘shotgun’ sequencing to obtain mitochondrial genome sequences of 26 museum specimens, representing six genera and 12 millipede species found across the Eastern Arc Mountains. Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods yielded consistent topologies with high node support, confirming a high level of congruence between molecular and morphological analyses. The only exception was a Tropostreptus sigmatospinus individual from Zanzibar, which was placed outside an otherwise monophyletic group consisting of mainland individuals of the same assumed species. For two species with a distribution across several mountain blocks (Tropostreptus sigmatospinus and Tropostreptus hamatus), each mountain population represents a distinct monophyletic lineage. In contrast, we also observe that distinct species exist sympatrically in the same montane forests, indicative of older speciation events that are not defined by current forest distribution. Our results are important for understanding speciation mechanisms in montane rain forests and highlight that ethanol-preserved invertebrates exhibit a tremendous potential for genomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nielsen
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Arctic Station, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Disko Island , Greenland
| | - Ashot Margaryan
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Tejs Lind Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henrik Enghoff
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, WA , Australia
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Voelker G, Huntley JW, Bryja J, Denys C, Šumbera R, Demos TC, Lavrenchenko L, Nicolas V, Gnoske TP, Kerbis Peterhans JC. Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of the African climbing-mouse complex (Dendromus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 161:107166. [PMID: 33798668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Climbing mice in the genus Dendromus (sensu lato) are widely distributed in Africa, south of the Saharan Desert. The 17 currently recognized species in the genus range from widespread taxa to single-mountain endemics, and there is considerable variation across species with respect to habitats occupied. These habitats range from arid grasslands and savannahs to sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. Using the most comprehensive geographic and genetic survey to date and after reviewing many type specimens, we assess the systematics and biogeography of Dendromus. Given the structure of our molecular phylogenetic hypotheses, in which we recover six major clades, we propose the recognition of three genera within the Dendromus group (sensu lato): in addition to Dendromus (26 lineages), we suggest the retention of Megadendromus (monotypic) and the resurrection of the genus Poemys (six lineages). From our model-based molecular phylogenetic results and morphological comparisons, we suggest that six formerly synonymized taxa should be resurrected, and we highlight 14 previously undescribed lineages. We also constructed time-calibrations on our phylogeny, and performed ancestral area reconstructions using BioGeoBEARS. Based on fossil evidence, Dendromus appears to have had a widespread African distribution dating back to the Late Miocene (8-10 Ma), and our basal ancestral area reconstruction (Ethiopians Highlands + Eastern African Mountains + Zambezian region) supports this. Divergence of the six major clades we recover (Poemys, Megadendromus and four within Dendromus) occurred prior to or at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary 5.3 Ma. Biogeographically, Megadendromus is restricted to the Ethiopian Highlands. The ancestral area for Poemys is reconstructed as the Zambezian region, with species distributions ranging from South Africa to Western Africa. The ancestral area for Dendromus is reconstructed as the Ethiopian Highlands, with the ancestral areas of the four major clades being reconstructed as Ethiopian Highlands, Albertine Rift, South Africa or Western Africa. None of the four Dendromus clades are reciprocally monophyletic with respect to distributional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Voelker
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
| | - J W Huntley
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - J Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - C Denys
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP51, 75005 Paris, France
| | - R Šumbera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - T C Demos
- Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - L Lavrenchenko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Nicolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP51, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T P Gnoske
- Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - J C Kerbis Peterhans
- Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States; College of Arts & Sciences, Roosevelt University, 430 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
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Pozzi L, Penna A, Bearder SK, Karlsson J, Perkin A, Disotell TR. Cryptic diversity and species boundaries within the Paragalago zanzibaricus species complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 150:106887. [PMID: 32534184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recently described genus Paragalago is a complex of several nocturnal and morphologically cryptic species distributed in the forests of eastern Africa. Species diversity within this genus has been mainly described using species-specific differences in their loud calls. However, molecular data are still lacking for this group and species boundaries remain unclear. In this study, we explore species diversity within the zanzibaricus-complex using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear data and comparing multiple species delimitation methods. Our results consistently support the existence of three independent lineages, P. cocos, P. zanzibaricus, and P. granti, confirming previous hypotheses based on vocal data. We conclude that these three lineages represent valid cryptic species and we hypothesize that speciation within this complex was characterized by cycles of forest expansion and contraction in the Plio-Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pozzi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Anna Penna
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Simon K Bearder
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Johan Karlsson
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Perkin
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Todd R Disotell
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Tolley KA, Conradie W, Harvey J, Measey J, Blackburn DC. Molecular phylogenetics reveals a complex history underlying cryptic diversity in the Bush Squeaker Frog (Arthroleptis wahlbergii) in southern Africa. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2018.1517608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- KA Tolley
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg South Africa
| | - W Conradie
- Port Elizabeth Museum, Humewood, South Africa
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University (George Campus), George, South Africa
| | - J Harvey
- Devonshire Avenue, Howick, South Africa
| | - J Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - DC Blackburn
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Barratt CD, Bwong BA, Jehle R, Liedtke HC, Nagel P, Onstein RE, Portik DM, Streicher JW, Loader SP. Vanishing refuge? Testing the forest refuge hypothesis in coastal East Africa using genome-wide sequence data for seven amphibians. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4289-4308. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Barratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Beryl A. Bwong
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Herpetology Section; National Museums of Kenya; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Robert Jehle
- School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Salford UK
| | - H. Christoph Liedtke
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Group; Department of Wetland Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC); Sevilla Spain
| | - Peter Nagel
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Renske E. Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Daniel M. Portik
- Department of Biology; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington Texas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona
| | | | - Simon P. Loader
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
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8
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Portillo F, Branch WR, Conradie W, Rödel MO, Penner J, Barej MF, Kusamba C, Muninga WM, Aristote MM, Bauer AM, Trape JF, Nagy ZT, Carlino P, Pauwels OS, Menegon M, Burger M, Mazuch T, Jackson K, Hughes DF, Behangana M, Zassi-Boulou AG, Greenbaum E. Phylogeny and biogeography of the African burrowing snake subfamily Aparallactinae (Squamata: Lamprophiidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:288-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Grismer LL, Wood PL, Quah ESH, Anuar S, Ngadi EB, Izam NAM, Ahmad N. Systematics, ecomorphology, cryptic speciation and biogeography of the lizard genus Tytthoscincus Linkem, Diesmos & Brown (Squamata: Scincidae) from the sky-island archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Lee Grismer
- Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Perry L Wood
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, East Bulldog Boulevard, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Evan S H Quah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Anuar
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang, Penang, Malaysia
- Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ehwan B Ngadi
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amalina Mohd Izam
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Ahmad
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute for Environment and Development, (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Impact of species delimitation and sampling on niche models and phylogeographical inference: A case study of the East African reed frog Hyperolius substriatus Ahl, 1931. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 114:261-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Weirauch C, Forthman M, Grebennikov V, Baňař P. From Eastern Arc Mountains to extreme sexual dimorphism: systematics of the enigmatic assassin bug genus Xenocaucus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Tribelocephalinae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Quintero I, Keil P, Jetz W, Crawford FW. Historical Biogeography Using Species Geographical Ranges. Syst Biol 2015; 64:1059-73. [PMID: 26254671 PMCID: PMC4838013 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial variation in biodiversity is the result of complex interactions between evolutionary history and ecological factors. Methods in historical biogeography combine phylogenetic information with current species locations to infer the evolutionary history of a clade through space and time. A major limitation of most methods for historical biogeographic inference is the requirement of single locations for terminal lineages, reducing contemporary species geographical ranges to a point in two-dimensional space. In reality, geographic ranges usually show complex geographic patterns, irregular shapes, or discontinuities. In this article, we describe a method for phylogeographic analysis using polygonal species geographic ranges of arbitrary complexity. By integrating the geographic diversification process across species ranges, we provide a method to infer the geographic location of ancestors in a Bayesian framework. By modeling migration conditioned on a phylogenetic tree, this approach permits reconstructing the geographic location of ancestors through time. We apply this new method to the diversification of two neotropical bird genera, Trumpeters (Psophia) and Cinclodes ovenbirds. We demonstrate the usefulness of our method (called rase) in phylogeographic reconstruction of species ancestral locations and contrast our results with previous methods that compel researchers to reduce the distribution of species to one point in space. We discuss model extensions to enable a more general, spatially explicit framework for historical biogeographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Quintero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA;
| | - Petr Keil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Jilska 1, 11000 Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA
| | - Forrest W Crawford
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Grismer LL, Wood PL, Anuar S, Quah ESH, Muin MA, Onn CK, Sumarli AX, Loredo AI. Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages ofHemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia. Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Lee Grismer
- Department of Biology; La Sierra University; 4500 Riverwalk Parkway Riverside CA 92515 USA
| | - Perry L. Wood
- Department of Biology; Brigham Young University; 150 East Bulldog Boulevard Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Shahrul Anuar
- School of Biological Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 USM Penang Pulau Pinang Malaysia
- Center for Marine and Coastal Studies; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Minden Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Evan S. H. Quah
- School of Biological Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 USM Penang Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Abdul Muin
- School of Biological Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 USM Penang Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Chan Kin Onn
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Alexandra X. Sumarli
- Department of Biology; La Sierra University; 4500 Riverwalk Parkway Riverside CA 92515 USA
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14
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Evolutionary relationships, species delimitation and biogeography of Eastern Afromontane horned chameleons (Chamaeleonidae: Trioceros). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 80:125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Menegon M, Loader S, Marsden S, Branch W, Davenport T, Ursenbacher S. The genus Atheris (Serpentes: Viperidae) in East Africa: Phylogeny and the role of rifting and climate in shaping the current pattern of species diversity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 79:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Travers SL, Jackman TR, Bauer AM. A molecular phylogeny of Afromontane dwarf geckos (Lygodactylus) reveals a single radiation and increased species diversity in a South African montane center of endemism. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 80:31-42. [PMID: 25108258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Afromontane habitats throughout eastern sub-Saharan Africa support remarkable levels of microendemism. However, despite being the subject of decades of research interest, biogeographical patterns of diversification throughout this disjunct montane system still remain largely unknown. We examined the evolutionary relationships of diurnal dwarf geckos (Lygodactylus) from several Afromontane regions throughout southeastern Africa, focusing primarily on two species groups (rex and bonsi groups). Using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we generate a molecular phylogeny containing all members of the rex and bonsi groups, to evaluate the monophyly of these groups along with previous biogeographic hypotheses suggesting independent southward invasions into the greater Drakensberg Afromontane center of endemism in northeastern South Africa by each group. Our results provide no support for these taxonomic and biogeographic hypotheses, and instead reveal geographically circumscribed patterns of diversification. One clade is restricted to the highlands of southern Malawi and northern Mozambique and the other to the greater Drakensberg region of northeastern South Africa and Swaziland. Interestingly, L. bernardi from the Nyanga Highlands of eastern Zimbabwe is nested within the primarily savanna-dwelling capensis group. We use Bayesian species delimitation methods to evaluate species limits within the greater Drakensberg clade, which support the elevation of the subspecies of L. ocellatus and L. nigropunctatus, thus bringing the total to eight species within a relatively confined geographic area. These results further highlight the greater Drakensberg Afromontane region as both an important center of endemism, as well as a center of diversification contributing to the accumulation of southern Africa's rich species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Travers
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
| | - Todd R Jackman
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
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17
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Zancolli G, Steffan-Dewenter I, Rödel MO. Amphibian diversity on the roof of Africa: unveiling the effects of habitat degradation, altitude and biogeography. DIVERS DISTRIB 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zancolli
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocentre; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocentre; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde; Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity; Invalidenstr. 43 10115 Berlin Germany
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18
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Kieswetter CM, Schneider CJ. Phylogeography in the northern Andes: Complex history and cryptic diversity in a cloud forest frog, Pristimantis w-nigrum (Craugastoridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:417-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Orozco-terWengel P, Andreone F, Louis E, Vences M. Mitochondrial introgressive hybridization following a demographic expansion in the tomato frogs of Madagascar, genusDyscophus. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:6074-90. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco Andreone
- Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali; Via Giolitti 36 10123 Torino Italy
| | - Edward Louis
- Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo; 3701 S 10th Street Omaha NE 68107 USA
| | - Miguel Vences
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute; Technical University of Braunschweig; Mendelssohnstr. 4 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Poynton
- a Department of Zoology , Natural History Museum , London , UK
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Loader SP, Ceccarelli FS, Wilkinson M, Menegon M, Mariaux J, de Sá RO, Howell KM, Gower DJ. Species boundaries and biogeography of East African torrent frogs of the genus Petropedetes (Amphibia: Anura: Petropeditidae). AFR J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2013.781549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Loader
- a Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography) , University of Basel , Switzerland
| | - F. Sara Ceccarelli
- a Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography) , University of Basel , Switzerland
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- b Department of Zoology , The Natural History Museum , London , UK
| | - Michele Menegon
- c Tropical Biodiversity Section , Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali , Trento , Italy
| | - Jean Mariaux
- d Department of Invertebrates , Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Rafael O. de Sá
- e Department of Biology , University of Richmond , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Kim M. Howell
- f Department of Zoology and Marine Biology , University of Dar es Salaam , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - David J. Gower
- b Department of Zoology , The Natural History Museum , London , UK
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22
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Lawson LP. Diversification in a biodiversity hot spot: landscape correlates of phylogeographic patterns in the African spotted reed frog. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1947-60. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda P. Lawson
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology; University of Chicago; Chicago IL 60637 USA
- Zoology Department; Field Museum of Natural History; Chicago IL 60605 USA
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23
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Ecological and functional correlates of molar shape variation in European populations of Arvicola (Arvicolinae, Rodentia). ZOOL ANZ 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Four new bat species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex) reflect Plio-Pleistocene divergence of dwarfs and giants across an Afromontane archipelago. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41744. [PMID: 22984399 PMCID: PMC3440430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gigantism and dwarfism evolve in vertebrates restricted to islands. We describe four new species in the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii species-complex of horseshoe bats, whose evolution has entailed adaptive shifts in body size. We postulate that vicissitudes of palaeoenvironments resulted in gigantism and dwarfism in habitat islands fragmented across eastern and southern Africa. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences recovered two clades of R. hildebrandtii senso lato which are paraphyletic with respect to a third lineage (R. eloquens). Lineages differ by 7.7 to 9.0% in cytochrome b sequences. Clade 1 includes R. hildebrandtii sensu stricto from the east African highlands and three additional vicariants that speciated across an Afromontane archipelago through the Plio-Pleistocene, extending from the Kenyan Highlands through the Eastern Arc, northern Mozambique and the Zambezi Escarpment to the eastern Great Escarpment of South Africa. Clade 2 comprises one species confined to lowland savanna habitats (Mozambique and Zimbabwe). A third clade comprises R. eloquens from East Africa. Speciation within Clade 1 is associated with fixed differences in echolocation call frequency, and cranial shape and size in populations isolated since the late Pliocene (ca 3.74 Mya). Relative to the intermediate-sized savanna population (Clade 2), these island-populations within Clade 1 are characterised by either gigantism (South African eastern Great Escarpment and Mts Mabu and Inago in Mozambique) or dwarfism (Lutope-Ngolangola Gorge, Zimbabwe and Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa). Sympatry between divergent clades (Clade 1 and Clade 2) at Lutope-Ngolangola Gorge (NW Zimbabwe) is attributed to recent range expansions. We propose an "Allometric Speciation Hypothesis", which attributes the evolution of this species complex of bats to divergence in constant frequency (CF) sonar calls. The origin of species-specific peak frequencies (overall range = 32 to 46 kHz) represents the allometric effect of adaptive divergence in skull size, represented in the evolution of gigantism and dwarfism in habitat islands.
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BARATA MAFALDA, PERERA ANA, MARTÍNEZ-FREIRÍA FERNANDO, HARRIS DJAMES. Cryptic diversity within the Moroccan endemic day geckos Quedenfeldtia (Squamata: Gekkonidae): a multidisciplinary approach using genetic, morphological and ecological data. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Measey GJ, Muchai V, Spawls S. Rediscovery of Boulengerula denhardtiNieden 1912 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) in Meru County, Kenya. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.3377/004.047.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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27
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New Species of Arthroleptis (Anura: Arthroleptidae) from Ngozi Crater in the Poroto Mountains of Southwestern Tanzania. J HERPETOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1670/10-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Barton HD, Wisely SM. Phylogeography of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in North America: Pleistocene dispersal and contemporary population structure. J Mammal 2012. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-a-270.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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29
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Measey GJ, Tolley KA. Sequential fragmentation of Pleistocene forests in an East Africa biodiversity hotspot: chameleons as a model to track forest history. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26606. [PMID: 22053198 PMCID: PMC3203880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) is an example of naturally fragmented tropical forests, which contain one of the highest known concentrations of endemic plants and vertebrates. Numerous paleo-climatic studies have not provided direct evidence for ancient presence of Pleistocene forests, particularly in the regions in which savannah presently occurs. Knowledge of the last period when forests connected EAM would provide a sound basis for hypothesis testing of vicariance and dispersal models of speciation. Dated phylogenies have revealed complex patterns throughout EAM, so we investigated divergence times of forest fauna on four montane isolates in close proximity to determine whether forest break-up was most likely to have been simultaneous or sequential, using population genetics of a forest restricted arboreal chameleon, Kinyongia boehmei. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used mitochondrial and nuclear genetic sequence data and mutation rates from a fossil-calibrated phylogeny to estimate divergence times between montane isolates using a coalescent approach. We found that chameleons on all mountains are most likely to have diverged sequentially within the Pleistocene from 0.93-0.59 Ma (95% HPD 0.22-1.84 Ma). In addition, post-hoc tests on chameleons on the largest montane isolate suggest a population expansion ∼182 Ka. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Sequential divergence is most likely to have occurred after the last of three wet periods within the arid Plio-Pleistocene era, but was not correlated with inter-montane distance. We speculate that forest connection persisted due to riparian corridors regardless of proximity, highlighting their importance in the region's historic dispersal events. The population expansion coincides with nearby volcanic activity, which may also explain the relative paucity of the Taita's endemic fauna. Our study shows that forest chameleons are an apposite group to track forest fragmentation, with the inference that forest extended between some EAM during the Pleistocene 1.1-0.9 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G John Measey
- Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
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30
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Fuchs J, Fjeldså J, Bowie RCK. Diversification across an altitudinal gradient in the Tiny Greenbul (Phyllastrephus debilis) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:117. [PMID: 21539741 PMCID: PMC3097164 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa have become one of the focal systems with which to explore the patterns and mechanisms of diversification among montane species and populations. One unresolved question is the extent to which populations inhabiting montane forest interact with those of adjacent lowland forest abutting the coast of eastern Africa. The Tiny Greenbul (Phyllastephus debilis) represents the only described bird species within the Eastern Arc/coastal forest mosaic, which is polytypic across an altitudinal gradient: the subspecies albigula (green head) is distributed in the montane Usambara and Nguru Mountains whereas the subspecies rabai (grey head) is found in Tanzanian lowland and foothill forest. Using a combination of morphological and genetic data, we aim to establish if the pattern of morphological differentiation in the Tiny Greenbul (Phyllastrephus debilis) is the result of disruptive selection along an altitudinal gradient or a consequence of secondary contact following population expansion of two differentiated lineages. RESULTS We found significant biometric differences between the lowland (rabai) and montane (albigula) populations in Tanzania. The differences in shape are coupled with discrete differences in the coloration of the underparts. Using multi-locus data gathered from 124 individuals, we show that lowland and montane birds form two distinct genetic lineages. The divergence between the two forms occurred between 2.4 and 3.1 Myrs ago.Our coalescent analyses suggest that limited gene flow, mostly from the subspecies rabai to albigula, is taking place at three mid-altitude localities, where lowland and montane rainforest directly abut. The extent of this introgression appears to be limited and is likely a consequence of the recent expansion of rabai further inland. CONCLUSION The clear altitudinal segregation in morphology found within the Tiny Greenbul is the result of secondary contact of two highly differentiated lineages rather than disruptive selection in plumage pattern across an altitudinal gradient. Based on our results, we recommend albigula be elevated to species rank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Fuchs
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA.
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LAWSON LUCINDAP. The discordance of diversification: evolution in the tropical-montane frogs of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:4046-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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STANLEY WILLIAMT, ESSELSTYN JACOBA. Biogeography and diversity among montane populations of mouse shrew (Soricidae: Myosorex) in Tanzania. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Malonza PK, Lötters S, Measey GJ. The Montane Forest Associated Amphibian Species of the Taita Hills, Kenya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2982/028.099.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Bell RC, Parra JL, Tonione M, Hoskin CJ, Mackenzie JB, Williams SE, Moritz C. Patterns of persistence and isolation indicate resilience to climate change in montane rainforest lizards. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:2531-44. [PMID: 20497322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Globally, montane tropical diversity is characterized by extraordinary local endemism that is not readily explained by current environmental variables indicating a strong imprint of history. Montane species often exist as isolated populations under current climatic conditions and may have remained isolated throughout recent climatic cycles, leading to substantial genetic and phenotypic divergence. Alternatively, populations may have become contiguous during colder climates resulting in less divergence. Here we compare responses to historical climate fluctuation in a montane specialist skink, Lampropholis robertsi, and its more broadly distributed congener, L. coggeri, both endemic to rainforests of northeast Australia. To do so, we combine spatial modelling of potential distributions under representative palaeoclimates, multi-locus phylogeography and analyses of phenotypic variation. Spatial modelling of L. robertsi predicts strong isolation among disjunct montane refugia during warm climates, but with potential for localized exchange during the most recent glacial period. In contrast, predicted stable areas are more widespread and connected in L. coggeri. Both species exhibit pronounced phylogeographic structuring for mitochondrial and nuclear genes, attesting to low dispersal and high persistence across multiple isolated regions. This is most prominent in L. robertsi, for which coalescent analyses indicate that most populations persisted in isolation throughout the climate cycles of the Pleistocene. Morphological divergence, principally in body size, is more evident among isolated populations of L. robertsi than L. coggeri. These results highlight the biodiversity value of isolated montane populations and support the general hypothesis that tropical montane regions harbour high levels of narrow-range taxa because of their resilience to past climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna C Bell
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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36
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Rundell RJ, Leander BS. Masters of miniaturization: Convergent evolution among interstitial eukaryotes. Bioessays 2010; 32:430-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Amor N, Velo-Antón G, Farjallah S, Said K. Genetic Variation Across Tunisian Populations of the Anuran SpeciesDiscoglossus pictusandPelophylax saharicus. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.3377/004.045.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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