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Rimet F, Pinseel E, Bouchez A, Japoshvili B, Mumladze L. Diatom endemism and taxonomic turnover: Assessment in high-altitude alpine lakes covering a large geographical range. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161970. [PMID: 36740061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are widely used as ecological indicators and show various degrees of endemism. Many studies that support the idea of endemic species integrate several climate zones, a variety of ecosystem types, and often focus on a global scale. Here, we investigated whether endemism could be detected when considering a homogeneous type of ecosystem in a single climate zone. We sampled stone biofilms at 40-50 cm depth in high-altitude lakes in the Alpine climate zone. A total of 149 samples were obtained from the French and Georgian mountains, two areas separated by ∼3000 km. Using Amplicon Sequence Variants derived from DNA metabarcoding, we assessed taxonomic turnover and Zeta-diversity (a measure of endemism). We ran haplotype networks and phylogenetic tests to measure geographical signal in the phylogenies of dominant taxa. The French and Georgian communities shared 51 % of species. Species that were not shared across both regions were mostly rare, and often not characteristic of lakes but of neighboring habitats instead. In contrast, at the sub-species level, 87 % of the genotypes showed restricted distributions. Whereas endemism was the rule at sub-species level, most species were shared across both French and Georgian lakes, suggesting that geographic barriers strongly limited dispersal at the sub-species level but not species level. Dominant species hosted higher levels of sub-specific diversity than rare species. In contrast to global-scale studies, we did not find any significant geographical structuring in the phylogeny of the investigated species. This could indicate ongoing dispersal at a frequency fast enough to prevent allopatric divergence, yet slow enough to prevent sharing most haplotypes between France and Georgia. These results have implications for biomonitoring: depending on the taxonomic level chosen, robust generic tools (species level) or tools dedicated to a region able to discriminate fine pressures differences (sub-species level) may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Rimet
- UMR Carrtel, INRAE, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, 75b avenue de Corzent, 74200 Thonon les Bains, France.
| | - Eveline Pinseel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 850 W Dickson St, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Agnès Bouchez
- UMR Carrtel, INRAE, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, 75b avenue de Corzent, 74200 Thonon les Bains, France
| | - Bella Japoshvili
- Ilia State University, Institute of Zoology, 3/5 Colokashvili ave, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Levan Mumladze
- Ilia State University, Institute of Zoology, 3/5 Colokashvili ave, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Morphological and Molecular Characterizations of Three Species of the Genus Synura (Synurales, Chrysophyceae) from China. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three species of the genus Synura from China are described here. Morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses were conducted for three specimens collected at different locations in China. The described morphological features included cell size, scale size, spines, keels, and struts. Molecular analyses based on multiple genetic markers (SSU and LSU rDNA and internal transcribed spacer rDNA) were used to determine the phylogenetic positions of the three Synura species. Morphologically, specimen GZ201017 collected in Guizhou Province was characterized by a well-developed keel and lanceolate scales; specimen SX210304 collected in Shanxi Province was characterized by a less-developed keel and poor silicification; and specimen GD201126 collected in Guangdong Province was characterized mainly by spines with blunt ends or two small teeth on the tips. The morphotypes GZ201017, SX210304, and GD201126 corresponded to the original descriptions of Synura petersenii, S. glabra, and S. longitubularis, respectively. This discovery laid a foundation for the molecular phylogeny of the genus Synura and an enhanced understanding of Synura diversity and distribution in China.
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Martins NT, Cassano V, Gurgel CFD. Phylogeography of Colpomenia sinuosa (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) along the Brazilian coast. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:543-554. [PMID: 35545902 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Colpomenia sinuosa is a cosmopolitan brown macroalgal species complex and hence a great candidate for evolutionary studies in the marine environment. Since 2009, three major C. sinuosa phylogenetic lineages, subdivided into eight subgroups, have been identified based on cox3 DNA sequences from worldwide collections. However, worldwide sampling remains limited and spotty. To date molecular data from Brazilian C. sinuosa populations have been limited to 10 specimens collected in a single locality. Nonetheless, C. sinuosa populations occur along the entire ~8,000 km Brazilian coast. Consequently, knowledge on population genetic diversity and spatial genetic structuring along most of the Brazilian coastline is nonexistent. To fulfill this gap in knowledge, we performed a phylogeographic analysis of C. sinuosa populations in Brazil. The highly variable cox3 marker was sequenced for 148 individuals collected in 12 localities in Brazil. Results identified two genetically distinct population groups (north vs. south) separated at 20.5° S latitude. Genetic diversity in northern populations is 14.6 and 15.5 times greater than southern populations in terms of haplotype and nucleotide diversity, respectively. Among northern populations, the Bahia state holds the largest genetic diversity. The southern populations had lower genetic diversity and no internal genetic sub-structure suggesting past bottlenecks followed by recent colonization from northern haplotypes. Our results do not indicate recent introductions of foreign haplotypes in Brazil and reinforce the crucial importance of historical and extant allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric processes driving marine macroalgal evolution in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Tavares Martins
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Valéria Cassano
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico Deluqui Gurgel
- NUPEM - Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 27965-045, Brazil
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Jadrná I, Siver PA, Škaloud P. Morphological evolution of silica scales in the freshwater genus Synura (Stramenopiles). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:355-369. [PMID: 33135154 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A high degree of morphological variability is expressed between the ornately sculptured siliceous scales formed by species in the chrysophycean genus, Synura. In this study, we aimed to uncover the general principles and trends underlying the evolution of scale morphology in this genus. We assessed the relationships among thirty extant Synura species using a robust molecular analysis that included six genes, coupled with morphological characterization of the species-specific scales. The analysis was further enriched with addition of morphological information from fossil specimens and by including the unique modern species, Synura punctulosa. We inferred the phylogenetic position of the morphologically unique S. punctulosa, to be an ancient Synura lineage related to S. splendida in the section Curtispinae. Some morphological traits, including development of a keel or a labyrinth ribbing pattern on the scale, appeared once in evolution, whereas other structures, such as a hexagonal meshwork pattern, originated independently several times over geologic time. We further uncovered numerous construction principles governing scale morphology and evolution, as follows: (i) scale roundness and pore diameter decreased during evolution; (ii) elongated scales became strengthened by a higher number of struts or ribs; (iii) as a consequence of scale biogenesis, scales with spines possessed smaller basal holes than scales with a keel and; and (iv) the keel area was proportional to scale area, indicating its potential value in strengthening the scale against breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Jadrná
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Peter A Siver
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New Londo, 06320-4196, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Čertnerová D, Škaloud P. Substantial intraspecific genome size variation in golden-brown algae and its phenotypic consequences. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1077-1087. [PMID: 32686820 PMCID: PMC7596369 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While nuclear DNA content variation and its phenotypic consequences have been well described for animals, vascular plants and macroalgae, much less about this topic is known regarding unicellular algae and protists in general. The dearth of data is especially pronounced when it comes to intraspecific genome size variation. This study attempts to investigate the extent of intraspecific variability in genome size and its adaptive consequences in a microalgal species. METHODS Propidium iodide flow cytometry was used to estimate the absolute genome size of 131 strains (isolates) of the golden-brown alga Synura petersenii (Chrysophyceae, Stramenopiles), identified by identical internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA barcodes. Cell size, growth rate and genomic GC content were further assessed on a sub-set of strains. Geographic location of 67 sampling sites across the Northern hemisphere was used to extract climatic database data and to evaluate the ecogeographical distribution of genome size diversity. KEY RESULTS Genome size ranged continuously from 0.97 to 2.02 pg of DNA across the investigated strains. The genome size was positively associated with cell size and negatively associated with growth rate. Bioclim variables were not correlated with genome size variation. No clear trends in the geographical distribution of strains of a particular genome size were detected, and strains of different genome size occasionally coexisted at the same locality. Genomic GC content was significantly associated only with genome size via a quadratic relationship. CONCLUSIONS Genome size variability in S. petersenii was probably triggered by an evolutionary mechanism operating via gradual changes in genome size accompanied by changes in genomic GC content, such as, for example, proliferation of transposable elements. The variation was reflected in cell size and relative growth rate, possibly with adaptive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Čertnerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská, Prague, Czech Republic
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Centers of endemism of freshwater protists deviate from pattern of taxon richness on a continental scale. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14431. [PMID: 32879396 PMCID: PMC7468153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we analyzed patterns of taxon richness and endemism of freshwater protists in Europe. Even though the significance of physicochemical parameters but also of geographic constraints for protist distribution is documented, it remains unclear where regional areas of high protist diversity are located and whether areas of high taxon richness harbor a high proportion of endemics. Further, patterns may be universal for protists or deviate between taxonomic groups. Based on amplicon sequencing campaigns targeting the SSU and ITS region of the rDNA we address these patterns at two different levels of phylogenetic resolution. Our analyses demonstrate that protists have restricted geographical distribution areas. For many taxonomic groups the regions of high taxon richness deviate from those having a high proportion of putative endemics. In particular, the diversity of high mountain lakes as azonal habitats deviated from surrounding lowlands, i.e. many taxa were found exclusively in high mountain lakes and several putatively endemic taxa occurred in mountain regions like the Alps, the Pyrenees or the Massif Central. Beyond that, taxonomic groups showed a pronounced accumulation of putative endemics in distinct regions, e.g. Dinophyceae along the Baltic Sea coastline, and Chrysophyceae in Scandinavia. Many other groups did not have pronounced areas of increased endemism but geographically restricted taxa were found across Europe.
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Škaloud P, Škaloudová M, Jadrná I, Bestová H, Pusztai M, Kapustin D, Siver PA. Comparing Morphological and Molecular Estimates of Species Diversity in the Freshwater Genus Synura (Stramenopiles): A Model for Understanding Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:574-591. [PMID: 32065394 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We performed a comparison of molecular and morphological diversity in a freshwater colonial genus Synura (Chrysophyceae, Stramenopiles), using the island of Newfoundland (Canada) as a case study. We examined the morphological species diversity in collections from 79 localities, and compared these findings to diversity based on molecular characters for 150 strains isolated from the same sites. Of 27 species or species-level lineages identified, only one third was recorded by both molecular and morphological techniques, showing both approaches are complementary in estimating species diversity within this genus. Eight taxa, each representing young evolutionary lineages, were recovered only by sequencing of isolated colonies, whereas ten species were recovered only microscopically. Our complex investigation, involving both morphological and molecular examinations, indicates that our knowledge of Synura diversity is still poor, limited only to a few well-studied areas. We revealed considerable cryptic diversity within the core S. petersenii and S. leptorrhabda lineages. We further resolved the phylogenetic position of two previously described taxa, S. kristiansenii and S. petersenii f. praefracta, propose species-level status for S. petersenii f. praefracta, and describe three new species, S. vinlandica, S. fluviatilis, and S. cornuta. Our findings add to the growing body of literature detailing distribution patterns observed in the genus, ranging from cosmopolitan species, to highly restricted taxa, to species such as S. hibernica found along coastal regions on multiple continents. Finally, our study illustrates the usefulness of combining detailed morphological information with gene sequence data to examine species diversity within chrysophyte algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Škaloudová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Jadrná
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Bestová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pusztai
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Kapustin
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Street 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter A Siver
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, 06320-4196, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Škaloud P, Škaloudová M, Doskočilová P, Kim JI, Shin W, Dvořák P. Speciation in protists: Spatial and ecological divergence processes cause rapid species diversification in a freshwater chrysophyte. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1084-1095. [PMID: 30633408 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although eukaryotic microorganisms are extremely numerous, diverse and essential to global ecosystem functioning, they are largely understudied by evolutionary biologists compared to multicellular macroscopic organisms. In particular, very little is known about the speciation mechanisms which may give rise to the diversity of microscopic eukaryotes. It was postulated that the enormous population sizes and ubiquitous distribution of these organisms could lead to a lack of population differentiation and therefore very low speciation rates. However, such assumptions have traditionally been based on morphospecies, which may not accurately reflect the true diversity, missing cryptic taxa. In this study, we aim to articulate the major diversification mechanisms leading to the contemporary molecular diversity by using a colonial freshwater flagellate, Synura sphagnicola, as an example. Phylogenetic analysis of five sequenced loci showed that S. sphagnicola differentiated into two morphologically distinct lineages approximately 15.4 million years ago, which further diverged into several evolutionarily recent haplotypes during the late Pleistocene. The most recent haplotypes are ecologically and biogeographically much more differentiated than the old lineages, presumably because of their persistent differentiation after the allopatric speciation events. Our study shows that in microbial eukaryotes, species diversification via the colonization of new geographical regions or ecological resources occurs much more readily than was previously thought. Consequently, divergence times of microorganisms in some lineages may be equivalent to the estimated times of speciation in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Škaloudová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Doskočilová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jong Im Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woonghi Shin
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Petr Dvořák
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Hörning M, Schertel A, Schneider R, Lemloh ML, Schweikert MR, Weiss IM. Mineralized scale patterns on the cell periphery of the chrysophyte Mallomonas determined by comparative 3D Cryo-FIB SEM data processing. J Struct Biol 2019; 209:107403. [PMID: 31614182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Unicellular protists can biomineralize spatially complex and functional shells. A typical cell of the photosynthetic synurophyte Mallomonas is covered by about 60-100 silica scales. Their geometric arrangement, the so-called scale case, mainly depends on the species and on the cell cycle. In this study, the scale case of the synurophyte Mallomonas was preserved in aqueous suspension using high-pressure freezing (HPF). From this specimen, a three-dimensional (3D) data set spanning a volume of about 25.6 μm × 19.2 μm × 4.2 μm with a voxel size of 12.5 nm × 12.5 nm × 25.0 nm was collected by Cryo-FIB SEM in 3 h and 24 min. SEM imaging using In-lens SE detection allowed to clearly differentiate between mineralized, curved scales of less than 0.2 μm thickness and organic cellular ultrastructure or vitrified ice. The three-dimensional spatial orientations and shapes of a minimum set of scales (N = 13) were identified by visual inspection, and manually segmented. Manual and automated segmentation approaches were comparatively applied to one arbitrarily selected reference scale using the differences in grey level between scales and other constituents. Computational automated routines and principal component analysis of the experimentally extracted data created a realistic mathematical model based on the Fibonacci pattern theory. A complete in silico scale case of Mallomonas was reconstructed showing an optimized scale coverage on the cell surface, similarly as it was observed experimentally. The minimum time requirements from harvesting the living cells to the final scale case determination by Cryo-FIB SEM and computational image processing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hörning
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Biobased Materials Group, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; AMICA - Stuttgart Research Focus (SRF), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schertel
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schneider
- High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), Nobelstr. 19, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marie-Louise Lemloh
- AMICA - Stuttgart Research Focus (SRF), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Materials Testing Institute (MPA), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael R Schweikert
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Biobased Materials Group, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; AMICA - Stuttgart Research Focus (SRF), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ingrid M Weiss
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Biobased Materials Group, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; AMICA - Stuttgart Research Focus (SRF), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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Hovde BT, Deodato CR, Andersen RA, Starkenburg SR, Barlow SB, Cattolico RA. Chrysochromulina: Genomic assessment and taxonomic diagnosis of the type species for an oleaginous algal clade. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Gusev ES, Čertnerová D, Škaloudová M, Škaloud P. Exploring Cryptic Diversity and Distribution Patterns in theMallomonas kalinae/rasilisSpecies Complex with a Description of a New Taxon-Mallomonas furtivasp. nov. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:38-47. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy S. Gusev
- Papanin's Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences; Borok Nekouz, Yaroslavl 152742 Russia
| | - Dora Čertnerová
- Department of Botany; Charles University; Benátská 2 Praha 2 CZ-12800 Czech Republic
| | - Magda Škaloudová
- Department of Botany; Charles University; Benátská 2 Praha 2 CZ-12800 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany; Charles University; Benátská 2 Praha 2 CZ-12800 Czech Republic
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12
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Keller SR, Hilderbrand RH, Shank MK, Potapova M. Environmental DNA genetic monitoring of the nuisance freshwater diatom, Didymosphenia geminata, in eastern North American streams. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Keller
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Vermont; 63 Carrigan Dr. Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Robert H. Hilderbrand
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Vermont; 63 Carrigan Dr. Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Matthew K. Shank
- Susequehanna River Basin Commission; 4423 North Front Street Harrisburg PA 17110 USA
| | - Marina Potapova
- Academy of Natural Sciences; Drexel University; 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia PA 19103 USA
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13
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Hodač L, Hallmann C, Spitzer K, Elster J, Faßhauer F, Brinkmann N, Lepka D, Diwan V, Friedl T. Widespread green algae Chlorella and Stichococcus exhibit polar-temperate and tropical-temperate biogeography. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw122. [PMID: 27279416 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella and Stichococcus are morphologically simple airborne microalgae, omnipresent in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The minute cell size and resistance against environmental stress facilitate their long-distance dispersal. However, the actual distribution of Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species has so far been inferred only from ambiguous morphology-based evidence. Here we contribute a phylogenetic analysis of an expanded SSU and ITS2 rDNA sequence dataset representing Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species from terrestrial habitats of polar, temperate and tropical regions. We aim to uncover biogeographical patterns at low taxonomic levels. We found that psychrotolerant strains of Chlorella and Stichococcus are closely related with strains originating from the temperate zone. Species closely related to Chlorella vulgaris and Muriella terrestris, and recovered from extreme terrestrial environments of polar regions and hot deserts, are particularly widespread. Stichococcus strains from the temperate zone, with their closest relatives in the tropics, differ from strains with the closest relatives being from the polar regions. Our data suggest that terrestrial Chlorella and Stichococcus might be capable of intercontinental dispersal; however, their actual distributions exhibit biogeographical patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Hodač
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Hallmann
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karolin Spitzer
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josef Elster
- Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, Phycology Centrum, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Fabian Faßhauer
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Brinkmann
- Department of Forest Botany, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Lepka
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vaibhav Diwan
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedl
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Bere T. Challenges of diatom-based biological monitoring and assessment of streams in developing countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5477-5486. [PMID: 26573306 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stream biomonitoring tools are largely lacking for many developing countries, resulting in adoption of tools developed from other countries/regions. In many instances, however, the applicability of adopted tools to the new system has not been explicitly evaluated. The objective of this study was to test the applicability of foreign diatom-based water quality assessment indices to streams in Zimbabwe, with the view to highlight challenges being faced in diatom-based biological monitoring in this developing country. The study evaluated the relationship between measured water quality variables and diatom index scores and observed some degree of concordance between water quality variables and diatom index scores emphasising the importance of diatom indices in characterisation and monitoring of stream ecological conditions in developing countries. However, ecological requirements of some diatom species need to be clarified and incorporated in a diatom-based water quality assessment protocol unique to these regions. Resources should be channelled towards tackling challenges associated with diatom-based biological monitoring, principally taxonomic studies, training of skilled labour and acquiring and maintaining the necessary infrastructure. Meanwhile, simpler coarse taxonomy-based rapid bioassessment protocol, which is less time and resource consuming and requires less specialised manpower, can be developed for the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taurai Bere
- Department of Freshwater and Fishery Science, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Off Harare-Chirundu Rd, P.Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.
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De Meester L, Vanoverbeke J, Kilsdonk LJ, Urban MC. Evolving Perspectives on Monopolization and Priority Effects. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:136-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Vanormelingen P, Evans KM, Mann DG, Lance S, Debeer AE, D'Hondt S, Verstraete T, De Meester L, Vyverman W. Genotypic diversity and differentiation among populations of two benthic freshwater diatoms as revealed by microsatellites. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4433-48. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vanormelingen
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 - S8 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Katharine M. Evans
- School of Geosciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JW UK
- Royal Botanic Garden; Edinburgh EH3 5LR UK
| | - David G. Mann
- Royal Botanic Garden; Edinburgh EH3 5LR UK
- Aquatic Ecosystems; Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA); Crta de Poble Nou Km 5.5 E-43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita Catalunya Spain
| | - Stacey Lance
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory; University of Georgia; Aiken SC USA
| | - Ann-Eline Debeer
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 - S8 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Sofie D'Hondt
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 - S8 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Tine Verstraete
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 - S8 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Ch. De Bériotstraat 32 Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 - S8 Gent 9000 Belgium
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Stoof-Leichsenring KR, Herzschuh U, Pestryakova LA, Klemm J, Epp LS, Tiedemann R. Genetic data from algae sedimentary DNA reflect the influence of environment over geography. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12924. [PMID: 26261899 PMCID: PMC4542542 DOI: 10.1038/srep12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic investigations on eukaryotic plankton confirmed the existence of modern biogeographic patterns, but analyses of palaeoecological data exploring the temporal variability of these patterns have rarely been presented. Ancient sedimentary DNA proved suitable for investigations of past assemblage turnover in the course of environmental change, but genetic relatedness of the identified lineages has not yet been undertaken. Here, we investigate the relatedness of diatom lineages in Siberian lakes along environmental gradients (i.e. across treeline transects), over geographic distance and through time (i.e. the last 7000 years) using modern and ancient sedimentary DNA. Our results indicate that closely-related Staurosira lineages occur in similar environments and less-related lineages in dissimilar environments, in our case different vegetation and co-varying climatic and limnic variables across treeline transects. Thus our study reveals that environmental conditions rather than geographic distance is reflected by diatom-relatedness patterns in space and time. We tentatively speculate that the detected relatedness pattern in Staurosira across the treeline could be a result of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions across the arctic boreal treeline, however, a geographically-driven divergence and subsequent repopulation of ecologically different habitats might also be a potential explanation for the observed pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Stoof-Leichsenring
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ulrike Herzschuh
- 1] Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany [2] University of Potsdam, Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luidmila A Pestryakova
- North-Eastern Federal University of Yakutsk, Department for Geography and Biology, ul. Belinskogo 58, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Juliane Klemm
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura S Epp
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ralph Tiedemann
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Lebret K, Tesson SVM, Kritzberg ES, Tomas C, Rengefors K. Phylogeography of the freshwater raphidophyte Gonyostomum semen confirms a recent expansion in northern Europe by a single haplotype. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:768-781. [PMID: 26986795 PMCID: PMC5034800 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gonyostmum semen is a freshwater raphidophyte that has increased in occurrence and abundance in several countries in northern Europe since the 1980s. More recently, the species has expanded rapidly also in north-eastern Europe, and it is frequently referred to as invasive. To better understand the species history, we have explored the phylogeography of G. semen using strains from northern Europe, United States, and Japan. Three regions of the ribosomal RNA gene (small subunit [SSU], internal transcribed spacer [ITS] and large subunit [LSU]) and one mitochondrial DNA marker (cox1) were analyzed. The SSU and partial LSU sequences were identical in all strains, confirming that they belong to the same species. The ITS region differentiated the American from the other strains, but showed high intra-strain variability. In contrast, the mitochondrial marker cox1 showed distinct differences between the European, American, and Japanese strains. Interestingly, only one cox1 haplotype was detected in European strains. The overall low diversity and weak geographic structure within northern European strains supported the hypothesis of a recent invasion of new lakes by G. semen. Our data also show that the invasive northern European lineage is genetically distinct from the lineages from the other continents. Finally, we concluded that the mitochondrial cox1 was the most useful marker in determining large-scale biogeographic patterns in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lebret
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-22362, Sweden
| | - Sylvie V M Tesson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-22362, Sweden
| | - Emma S Kritzberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-22362, Sweden
| | - Carmelo Tomas
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, Myrtle Grove 2336, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karin Rengefors
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-22362, Sweden
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Sherwood AR, Carlile AL, Neumann JM, Kociolek JP, Johansen JR, Lowe RL, Conklin KY, Presting GG. The Hawaiian freshwater algae biodiversity survey (2009-2014): systematic and biogeographic trends with an emphasis on the macroalgae. BMC Ecol 2014; 14:28. [PMID: 25343968 PMCID: PMC4222836 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-014-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A remarkable range of environmental conditions is present in the Hawaiian Islands due to their gradients of elevation, rainfall and island age. Despite being well known as a location for the study of evolutionary processes and island biogeography, little is known about the composition of the non-marine algal flora of the archipelago, its degree of endemism, or affinities with other floras. We conducted a biodiversity survey of the non-marine macroalgae of the six largest main Hawaiian Islands using molecular and microscopic assessment techniques. We aimed to evaluate whether endemism or cosmopolitanism better explain freshwater algal distribution patterns, and provide a baseline data set for monitoring future biodiversity changes in the Hawaiian Islands. RESULTS 1,786 aquatic and terrestrial habitats and 1,407 distinct collections of non-marine macroalgae were collected from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai and Hawaii from the years 2009-2014. Targeted habitats included streams, wet walls, high elevation bogs, taro fields, ditches and flumes, lakes/reservoirs, cave walls and terrestrial areas. Sites that lacked freshwater macroalgae were typically terrestrial or wet wall habitats that were sampled for diatoms and other microalgae. Approximately 50% of the identifications were of green algae, with lesser proportions of diatoms, red algae, cyanobacteria, xanthophytes and euglenoids. 898 DNA sequences were generated representing eight different markers, which enabled an assessment of the number of taxonomic entities for genera collected as part of the survey. Forty-four well-characterized taxa were assessed for global distribution patterns. This analysis revealed no clear biogeographic affinities of the flora, with 27.3% characterized as "cosmopolitan", 11.4% "endemic", and 61.3% as intermediate. CONCLUSIONS The Hawaiian freshwater algal biodiversity survey represents the first comprehensive effort to characterize the non-marine algae of a tropical region in the world using both morphological and molecular tools. Survey data were entered in the Hawaiian Freshwater Algal Database, which serves as a digital repository of photographs and micrographs, georeferenced localities and DNA sequence data. These analyses yielded an updated checklist of the non-marine macroalgae of the Hawaiian Islands, and revealed varied biogeographic affinities of the flora that are likely a product of both natural and anthropogenic dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Sherwood
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
| | - Amy L Carlile
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
- Current address: Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven 06516, CT, USA
| | - Jessica M Neumann
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
| | - J Patrick Kociolek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johansen
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights 44118, OH, USA
| | - Rex L Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green 43409, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly Y Conklin
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
| | - Gernot G Presting
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
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Scoble JM, Cavalier-Smith T. Scale evolution in Paraphysomonadida (Chrysophyceae): Sequence phylogeny and revised taxonomy of Paraphysomonas, new genus Clathromonas, and 25 new species. Eur J Protistol 2014; 50:551-92. [PMID: 25456313 PMCID: PMC4238902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrophic chrysomonads of the genus Paraphysomonas are ubiquitous phagotrophs with diverse silica scale morphology. Over 50 named species have been described by electron microscopy from uncultured environmental samples. Sequence data exist for very few, but the literature reveals misidentification or lumping of most previously sequenced. For critically integrating scale and sequence data, 59 clonal cultures were studied light microscopically, by sequencing 18S ribosomal DNA, and recording scale morphology by transmission electron microscopy. We found strong congruence between variations in scale morphology and rDNA sequences, and unexpectedly deep genetic diversity. We now restrict Paraphysomonas to species with nail-like spine scales, establishing 23 new species and eight subspecies (Paraphysomonadidae). Species having base-plates with dense margins form three distinct subclades; those with a simple margin only two. We move 29 former Paraphysomonas species with basket scales into a new genus, Clathromonas, and describe two new species. Clathromonas belongs to a very distinct rDNA clade (Clathromonadidae fam. n.), possibly distantly sister to Paraphysomonas. Molecular and morphological data are mutually reinforcing; both are needed for evaluating paraphysomonad diversity and confirm excessive past lumping. Former Paraphysomonas species with neither nail-like nor basket scales are here excluded from Paraphysomonas and will be assigned to new genera elsewhere.
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21
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Single cell genome analysis of an uncultured heterotrophic stramenopile. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4780. [PMID: 24759094 PMCID: PMC3998028 DOI: 10.1038/srep04780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad swath of eukaryotic microbial biodiversity cannot be cultivated in the lab and is therefore inaccessible to conventional genome-wide comparative methods. One promising approach to study these lineages is single cell genomics (SCG), whereby an individual cell is captured from nature and genome data are produced from the amplified total DNA. Here we tested the efficacy of SCG to generate a draft genome assembly from a single sample, in this case a cell belonging to the broadly distributed MAST-4 uncultured marine stramenopiles. Using de novo gene prediction, we identified 6,996 protein-encoding genes in the MAST-4 genome. This genetic inventory was sufficient to place the cell within the ToL using multigene phylogenetics and provided preliminary insights into the complex evolutionary history of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the MAST-4 lineage.
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22
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Heger TJ, Edgcomb VP, Kim E, Lukeš J, Leander BS, Yubuki N. A Resurgence in Field Research is Essential to Better Understand the Diversity, Ecology, and Evolution of Microbial Eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:214-23. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry J. Heger
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre and Museum; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Virginia P. Edgcomb
- Geology and Geophysics Department; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology; American Museum of Natural History; New York New York 10024 USA
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology; Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Brian S. Leander
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre and Museum; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Naoji Yubuki
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre and Museum; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Abarca N, Jahn R, Zimmermann J, Enke N. Does the cosmopolitan diatom Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing have a biogeography? PLoS One 2014; 9:e86885. [PMID: 24489799 PMCID: PMC3906111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatom cultures of the G. parvulum species complex were established from seven different sites in the Faroe Islands, Sweden, Germany, Mexico and Korea, and were studied in detail. Eight morphodemes were identified which corresponded to the descriptions of the cosmopolitan taxon G. parvulum (Kützing) Kützing sensu lato: its nominate variety (var. parvulum), G. parvulum var. exilissimum Grunow and G. parvulum f. saprophilum Lange-Bertalot & Reichardt, G. [parvulum var.] lagenula Kützing plus four unidentifiable morphodemes. The concatenated analysis of the sequences of the markers 18SV4, rbcL, and ITS as well as morphological data resulted in a separation of four taxa based on their biogeography in Mexico, Korea, central Continental Europe and Northern Atlantic Europe. Mantel tests showed a significant correlation between molecular and geographical distances. The diagnoses of two taxa, G. parvulum sensu stricto, and G. lagenula, were emended, G. saprophilum elevated to species rank and epitypes designated. One species was newly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelida Abarca
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Regine Jahn
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Zimmermann
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- AG Spezielle Botanik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Neela Enke
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Przyboś E, Tarcz S. Three-locus analysis in conjunction with strain crosses confirms the existence of reproductively isolated populations inParamecium jenningsi. SYST BIODIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2013.865680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tesson SVM, Edelaar P. Dispersal in a changing world: opportunities, insights and challenges. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2013; 1:10. [PMID: 25709824 PMCID: PMC4337764 DOI: 10.1186/2051-3933-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been long recognised that dispersal is an important life-history trait that plays a key role in the demography and evolution of populations and species. This then suggests that dispersal play a central role in the response of populations and species to ever-increasing global change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, and biological invasions. During a symposium held at Lund University (Sweden), the causes and consequences of dispersal were discussed, and here we provide an overview of the talks. As the discussions often gravitated towards the role and our understanding of dispersal in a changing world and given the urgent challenges posed by it, we place this overview in the context of global change. We draw and discuss four conclusions: (i) methodological advances provide opportunities for improved future studies, (ii) dispersal distances can be much greater than previously thought (examples in plants and vertebrates), but also much more restricted (examples in micro-organisms), (iii) dispersal is more dynamic than we often care to admit (e.g. due to individual variation, effects of parasites, variation in life history, developmental and evolutionary responses, community impacts), (iv) using results of dispersal research for detailed prediction of outcomes under global change is currently mostly out of reach - nevertheless, that should not stop us from showing the many negative consequences of global change, and how dispersal is often a limiting factor in adapting to this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pim Edelaar
- />Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemical Engineering, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- />Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana – CSIC, Seville, Spain
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Heger TJ, Mitchell EAD, Leander BS. Holarctic phylogeography of the testate amoebaHyalosphenia papilio(Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) reveals extensive genetic diversity explained more by environment than dispersal limitation. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5172-84. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry J. Heger
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; University of British Columbia; #3529- 6270 University Blvd Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Edward A. D. Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biology; University of Neuchâtel; Rue Emile-Argand 11 Neuchâtel CH-2000 Switzerland
| | - Brian S. Leander
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; University of British Columbia; #3529- 6270 University Blvd Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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First evidence of the existence of semi-cryptic species and of a phylogeographic structure in the Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing complex (Bacillariophyta). Protist 2013; 164:686-705. [PMID: 23994722 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Gomphonema parvulum complex includes species displaying considerable morphological variability and a wide geographical distribution. These characteristics make them difficult to identify by microscopy and raise the question of their taxonomic validity and of the possibility of biogeographical differentiation between them. In this context, we isolated 39 G. parvulum s.l. strains from rivers located in a tropical island (Mayotte) and in mainland Europe. By sequencing three DNA fragments (ITS, rbcL and cox1), four clades (A, B, C and D) were clearly identified, and an additional one (B') was distinguishable only on the rbcL sequence. The main four clades can be separated by their morphological criteria, in particular by the shape of the central area, but some overlaps were found between them. We therefore consider that the G. parvulum complex contains at least four semi-cryptic species corresponding to the four main clades. One of them (A) was found only on Mayotte, while two others (C and D) were found only in Europe. The last clade (B) contained strains from both Europe and Mayotte. Pyrosequencing data confirmed the geographical differences in the distribution of these species, suggesting that the G. parvulum complex displays biogeographic structure.
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28
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Siver PA, Wolfe AP, Rohlf FJ, Shin W, Jo BY. Combining geometric morphometrics, molecular phylogeny, and micropaleontology to assess evolutionary patterns in Mallomonas (Synurophyceae: Heterokontophyta). GEOBIOLOGY 2013; 11:127-138. [PMID: 23331313 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synurophytes, also known as scaled chrysophytes, are ecologically important algae that produce an array of siliceous structures upon which their taxonomy is based. Despite occupying a key position within the photosynthetic heterokonts, the evolutionary history of synurophytes remains poorly constrained. Here, modern and Middle Eocene siliceous scales of the morphotaxon Mallomonas insignis are used as a model to investigate synurophyte evolutionary patterns. Structural details of scale morphology were examined comparatively with scanning electron microscopy and scored for geometric morphometric analyses to assess the stability of shape characters. Although consistent size differences exist (modern scales are larger than Eocene counterparts), the populations cannot be differentiated on the basis of shape or microstructural detail, implying considerable evolutionary stasis in scale morphology. A time-calibrated relaxed molecular clock analysis using a three-gene concatenated data set (27 strains) suggests that the M. insignis lineage predates the available fossil record, having diverged from closest congeneric taxa in the Cretaceous (≥94 Ma). However, the molecular analysis also implies that considerable genetic variability is present within several morphotaxa of Mallomonas, implying that substantial genetic variability has arisen despite the retention of uniform scale morphologies, and resulting in the widespread occurrence of cryptic taxa. Results from the synurophyte lineage are consistent with the notion of protracted ghost ranges (>10 Ma) implied by the molecular phylogenies of other algal groups, together pointing to the paucity of the fossil record of these organisms on these timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Siver
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT, USA
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Zufall RA, Dimond KL, Doerder FP. Restricted distribution and limited gene flow in the model ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:1081-91. [PMID: 23094694 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biogeography of microbial eukaryotes has long been debated, but few phylogeographic data have been available to assess whether protists tend to have ubiquitous or endemic distributions. We addressed this issue in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, a highly successful model system in cell and molecular biology. We found that this species has a distribution that is restricted to the Eastern United States, with high diversity in the northeast and low diversity across the rest of its distribution. We find high levels of population subdivision, low rates of migration and significant isolation by distance, supporting the moderate endemicity model of protist biogeography. This restricted gene flow may be a result of small population size, which would reduce the probability of migration events, or the inability to establish after migration. This work lays the foundation for T. thermophila to become a valuable model system for studying population biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Zufall
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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Molecular evidence for distinct Antarctic lineages in the cosmopolitan terrestrial diatoms Pinnularia borealis and Hantzschia amphioxys. Protist 2012; 164:101-15. [PMID: 22554828 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent morphology-based studies indicate that freshwater diatom floras in the Antarctic comprise a significant share of endemics among a majority of apparently cosmopolitan species. Given the widespread (pseudo)cryptic species diversity in diatoms, we assessed the molecular divergence and temperature-dependent growth characteristics between Antarctic and non-Antarctic strains for two presumed species with a cosmopolitan distribution, namely Pinnularia borealis and Hantzschia amphioxys. Molecular phylogenies based on the plastid gene rbcL and the nuclear 28S rDNA (D1-D3 region) revealed that both taxa consist of multiple lineages, each including a distinct Antarctic lineage. A molecular clock estimates the origin of P. borealis at 35.8 (30-47) million years (Ma) ago, making this the oldest known diatom species complex. The Antarctic P. borealis lineage is estimated to have diverged 7.8 (2-15) Ma ago, after the geographical and thermal isolation of the Antarctic continent. Despite not being psychrophilic, the Antarctic lineages of P. borealis and H. amphioxys have a lower optimal growth temperature and upper lethal temperature than most lineages from more temperate regions, indicating niche differentiation. Together, this suggests that many presumed cosmopolitan Antarctic diatom species are in fact species complexes, possibly containing Antarctic endemics with low temperature preferences.
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Yang EC, Boo GH, Kim HJ, Cho SM, Boo SM, Andersen RA, Yoon HS. Supermatrix data highlight the phylogenetic relationships of photosynthetic stramenopiles. Protist 2011; 163:217-31. [PMID: 22001261 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular data had consistently recovered monophyletic classes for the heterokont algae, however, the relationships among the classes had remained only partially resolved. Furthermore, earlier studies did not include representatives from all taxonomic classes. We used a five-gene (nuclear encoded SSU rRNA; plastid encoded rbcL, psaA, psbA, psbC) analysis with a subset of 89 taxa representing all 16 heterokont classes to infer a phylogenetic tree. There were three major clades. The Aurearenophyceae, Chrysomerophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Phaeothamniophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Schizocladiophyceae and Xanthophyceae formed the SI clade. The Chrysophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Pinguiophyceae, Synchromophyceae and Synurophyceae formed the SII clade. The Bacillariophyceae, Bolidophyceae, Dictyochophyceae and Pelagophyceae formed the SIII clade. These three clades were also found in a ten-gene analysis. The approximately unbiased test rejected alternative hypotheses that forced each class into either of the other two clades. Morphological and biochemical data were not available for all 89 taxa, however, existing data were consistent with the molecular phylogenetic tree, especially for the SIII clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chan Yang
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA
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Zuccarello GC, Yoon HS, Kim H, Sun L, de Goër SL, West JA. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE UPRIGHT ERYTHROPELTIDALES (COMPSOPOGONOPHYCEAE, RHODOPHYTA): MULTIPLE CRYPTIC LINEAGES OF ERYTHROTRICHIA CARNEA 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:627-637. [PMID: 27021992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The phylogeny of morphologically simple algae is problematic due to insufficient morphological characters to aid in distinguishing species and relationships. The problem is further compounded because multiple evolutionary lineages of morphologically similar species occur in most well-sampled biogeographic locations; therefore, location cannot be used as a proxy for species. The phylogeny of the upright members of the Erythropeltidales is partially clarified by combining molecular data, unialgal culture observations, and worldwide sampling. Our results show that there are several well-supported lineages within the Erythropeltidales with only two morphologically recognizable taxa at present. The first is the genus Porphyrostromium, with a well-developed basal crust, which includes two Erythrotrichia species (Porphyrostromium ligulatum comb. nov. and Porphyrostromium pulvinatum comb. nov.). The second is the branched species Erythrotrichia welwitschii (Rupr.) Batters. There are also six strongly supported Erythrotrichia carnea-like lineages. While not completely satisfactory, we propose that one lineage (lineage 2) with samples close to the type locality be designated as E. carnea with a specific isolate as an epitype. The lack of morphology to differentiate the other lineages leads to a taxonomy based solely on gene sequencing and molecular phylogeny, with rbcL sequences differentiating the lineages proposed. We hold off on proposing more species and genera until more data and samples can be gathered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe C Zuccarello
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New ZealandBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 180 McKown Point Road, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USASchool of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand11 rue des Moguerou, 29680 Roscoff, FranceSchool of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New ZealandBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 180 McKown Point Road, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USASchool of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand11 rue des Moguerou, 29680 Roscoff, FranceSchool of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - HeeJeong Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New ZealandBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 180 McKown Point Road, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USASchool of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand11 rue des Moguerou, 29680 Roscoff, FranceSchool of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ling Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New ZealandBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 180 McKown Point Road, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USASchool of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand11 rue des Moguerou, 29680 Roscoff, FranceSchool of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Susan Loiseaux de Goër
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New ZealandBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 180 McKown Point Road, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USASchool of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand11 rue des Moguerou, 29680 Roscoff, FranceSchool of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John A West
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New ZealandBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 180 McKown Point Road, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USASchool of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand11 rue des Moguerou, 29680 Roscoff, FranceSchool of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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