1
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Gamboa M, Gotoh Y, Doloiras-Laraño A, Watanabe K. Response of wild aquatic insect communities to thermal variation through comparative landscape transcriptomics. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 116:e22137. [PMID: 39137227 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Fluctuations in temperature are recognized as a potent driver of selection pressure, fostering genomic variations that are crucial for the adaptation and survival of organisms under selection. Notably, water temperature is a pivotal factor influencing aquatic organism persistence. By comprehending how aquatic organisms respond to shifts in water temperature, we can understand their potential physiological adaptations to environmental change in one or multiple species. This, in turn, contributes to the formulation of biologically relevant guidelines for the landscape scale transcriptome profile of organisms in lotic systems. Here, we investigated the distinct responses of seven stream stonefly species, collected from four geographical regions across Japan, to variations in temperature, including atmospheric and water temperatures. We achieved this by assessing the differences in gene expression through RNA-sequencing within individual species and exploring the patterns of community-genes among different species. We identified 735 genes that exhibited differential expressions across the temperature gradient. Remarkably, the community displayed expression levels differences of respiration and metabolic genes. Additionally, the diversity in molecular functions appeared to be linked to spatial variation, with water temperature differences potentially contributing to the overall functional diversity of genes. We found 22 community-genes with consistent expression patterns among species in response to water temperature variations. These genes related to respiration, metabolism and development exhibited a clear gradient providing robust evidence of divergent adaptive responses to water temperature. Our findings underscore the differential adaptation of stonefly species to local environmental conditions, suggesting that shared responses in gene expression may occur across multiple species under similar environmental conditions. This study emphasizes the significance of considering various species when assessing the impacts of environmental changes on aquatic insect communities and understanding potential mechanisms to cope with such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribet Gamboa
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Yusuke Gotoh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Kozo Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Ehime University, Center Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Matsuyama, Japan
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2
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Kahilainen A, Oostra V, Somervuo P, Minard G, Saastamoinen M. Alternative developmental and transcriptomic responses to host plant water limitation in a butterfly metapopulation. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5666-5683. [PMID: 34516691 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Predicting how climate change affects biotic interactions poses a challenge. Plant-insect herbivore interactions are particularly sensitive to climate change, as climate-induced changes in plant quality cascade into the performance of insect herbivores. Whereas the immediate survival of herbivore individuals depends on plastic responses to climate change-induced nutritional stress, long-term population persistence via evolutionary adaptation requires genetic variation for these responses. To assess the prospects for population persistence under climate change, it is therefore crucial to characterize response mechanisms to climate change-induced stressors, and quantify their variability in natural populations. Here, we test developmental and transcriptomic responses to water limitation-induced host plant quality change in a Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) metapopulation. We combine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on the plant metabolome, larval developmental assays and an RNA sequencing analysis of the larval transcriptome. We observed that responses to feeding on water-limited plants, in which amino acids and aromatic compounds are enriched, showed marked variation within the metapopulation, with individuals of some families performing better on control and others on water-limited plants. The transcriptomic responses were concordant with the developmental responses: families exhibiting opposite developmental responses also produced opposite transcriptomic responses (e.g. in growth-associated transcripts). The divergent responses in both larval development and transcriptome are associated with differences between families in amino acid catabolism and storage protein production. The results reveal intrapopulation variability in plasticity, suggesting that the Finnish M. cinxia metapopulation harbours potential for buffering against drought-induced changes in host plant quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Kahilainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Vicencio Oostra
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.,Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Panu Somervuo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Becker D, Barnard-Kubow K, Porter R, Edwards A, Voss E, Beckerman AP, Bergland AO. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity is under stabilizing selection in Daphnia. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1449-1457. [PMID: 35982224 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive nature of phenotypic plasticity is widely documented. However, little is known about the evolutionary forces that shape genetic variation of plasticity within populations. Whether genetic variation in plasticity is driven by stabilizing or diversifying selection and whether the strength of such forces remains constant through time, remain open questions. Here, we address this issue by assessing the evolutionary forces that shape genetic variation in antipredator developmental plasticity of Daphnia pulex. Antipredator plasticity in D. pulex is characterized by the growth of a pedestal and spikes in the dorsal head region upon exposure to predator cue. We characterized genetic variation in plasticity using a method that describes the entire dorsal shape amongst >100 D. pulex strains recently derived from the wild. We observed the strongest reduction in genetic variation in dorsal areas where plastic responses were greatest, consistent with stabilizing selection. We compared mutational variation (Vm) to standing variation (Vg) and found that Vg/Vm is lowest in areas of greatest plasticity, again consistent with stabilizing selection. Our results suggest that stabilizing selection operates directly on phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia and provide a rare glimpse into the evolution of fitness-related traits in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- School of Biosciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Karen Barnard-Kubow
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Robert Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Austin Edwards
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin Voss
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew P Beckerman
- School of Biosciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alan O Bergland
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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4
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Drown MK, Crawford DL, Oleksiak MF. Transcriptomic analysis provides insights into molecular mechanisms of thermal physiology. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:421. [PMID: 35659182 PMCID: PMC9167525 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological trait variation underlies health, responses to global climate change, and ecological performance. Yet, most physiological traits are complex, and we have little understanding of the genes and genomic architectures that define their variation. To provide insight into the genetic architecture of physiological processes, we related physiological traits to heart and brain mRNA expression using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis. mRNA expression was used to explain variation in six physiological traits (whole animal metabolism (WAM), critical thermal maximum (CTmax), and four substrate specific cardiac metabolic rates (CaM)) under 12 °C and 28 °C acclimation conditions. Notably, the physiological trait variations among the three geographically close (within 15 km) and genetically similar F. heteroclitus populations are similar to those found among 77 aquatic species spanning 15–20° of latitude (~ 2,000 km). These large physiological trait variations among genetically similar individuals provide a powerful approach to determine the relationship between mRNA expression and heritable fitness related traits unconfounded by interspecific differences. Expression patterns explained up to 82% of metabolic trait variation and were enriched for multiple signaling pathways known to impact metabolic and thermal tolerance (e.g., AMPK, PPAR, mTOR, FoxO, and MAPK) but also contained several unexpected pathways (e.g., apoptosis, cellular senescence), suggesting that physiological trait variation is affected by many diverse genes.
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5
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Smolander OP, Blande D, Ahola V, Rastas P, Tanskanen J, Kammonen JI, Oostra V, Pellegrini L, Ikonen S, Dallas T, DiLeo MF, Duplouy A, Duru IC, Halimaa P, Kahilainen A, Kuwar SS, Kärenlampi SO, Lafuente E, Luo S, Makkonen J, Nair A, de la Paz Celorio-Mancera M, Pennanen V, Ruokolainen A, Sundell T, Tervahauta AI, Twort V, van Bergen E, Österman-Udd J, Paulin L, Frilander MJ, Auvinen P, Saastamoinen M. Improved chromosome-level genome assembly of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) integrating Pacific Biosciences long reads and a high-density linkage map. Gigascience 2022; 11:6505122. [PMID: 35022701 PMCID: PMC8756199 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) butterfly is a model system for metapopulation dynamics research in fragmented landscapes. Here, we provide a chromosome-level assembly of the butterfly's genome produced from Pacific Biosciences sequencing of a pool of males, combined with a linkage map from population crosses. RESULTS The final assembly size of 484 Mb is an increase of 94 Mb on the previously published genome. Estimation of the completeness of the genome with BUSCO indicates that the genome contains 92-94% of the BUSCO genes in complete and single copies. We predicted 14,810 genes using the MAKER pipeline and manually curated 1,232 of these gene models. CONCLUSIONS The genome and its annotated gene models are a valuable resource for future comparative genomics, molecular biology, transcriptome, and genetics studies on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli-Pekka Smolander
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Daniel Blande
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Ahola
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Hong Kong
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juhana I Kammonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vicencio Oostra
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Lorenzo Pellegrini
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Ikonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tad Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Michelle F DiLeo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Duplouy
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilhan Cem Duru
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Halimaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 KUOPIO, Finland
| | - Aapo Kahilainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suyog S Kuwar
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.,Department of Zoology, Loknete Vyankatrao Hiray Arts, Science & Commerce College, 422003, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sirpa O Kärenlampi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 KUOPIO, Finland
| | - Elvira Lafuente
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shiqi Luo
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jenny Makkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 KUOPIO, Finland
| | - Abhilash Nair
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ville Pennanen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annukka Ruokolainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sundell
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja I Tervahauta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 KUOPIO, Finland
| | - Victoria Twort
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik van Bergen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janina Österman-Udd
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko J Frilander
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Rivera HE, Aichelman HE, Fifer JE, Kriefall NG, Wuitchik DM, Wuitchik SJS, Davies SW. A framework for understanding gene expression plasticity and its influence on stress tolerance. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1381-1397. [PMID: 33503298 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity can serve as a stepping stone towards adaptation. Recently, studies have shown that gene expression contributes to emergent stress responses such as thermal tolerance, with tolerant and susceptible populations showing distinct transcriptional profiles. However, given the dynamic nature of gene expression, interpreting transcriptomic results in a way that elucidates the functional connection between gene expression and the observed stress response is challenging. Here, we present a conceptual framework to guide interpretation of gene expression reaction norms in the context of stress tolerance. We consider the evolutionary and adaptive potential of gene expression reaction norms and discuss the influence of sampling timing, transcriptomic resilience, as well as complexities related to life history when interpreting gene expression dynamics and how these patterns relate to host tolerance. We highlight corals as a case study to demonstrate the value of this framework for non-model systems. As species face rapidly changing environmental conditions, modulating gene expression can serve as a mechanistic link from genetic and cellular processes to the physiological responses that allow organisms to thrive under novel conditions. Interpreting how or whether a species can employ gene expression plasticity to ensure short-term survival will be critical for understanding the global impacts of climate change across diverse taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanny E Rivera
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - James E Fifer
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Sara J S Wuitchik
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,FAS Informatics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah W Davies
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Gamboa M. Hemocyanin and hexamerins expression in response to hypoxia in stoneflies (Plecoptera, Insecta). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21743. [PMID: 32979236 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many freshwater ecosystems worldwide undergo hypoxia events that can trigger physiological, behavioral, and molecular responses in many organisms. Among such molecular responses, the regulation of the hemocyanin (Hc) protein expression which plays a major role in oxygen transportation within aquatic insects remains poorly understood. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) are aquatic insects that possess a functional Hc in the hemolymph similar to crustacean that co-occurs with a nonfunctional Hc protein, hexamerins (Hx). However, the role of both proteins during hypoxia remains undetermined. Here, we evaluated the effect of hypoxia on the expression of Hc and Hx proteins via a comparison between hypoxia and normoxia amino acid sequence variation and protein expression pattern within 23 stonefly species. We induced short-term hypoxia in wild-caught stoneflies species, sequenced the target region of Hc and Hx by complementary DNA synthesis, characterized the protein biochemistry using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ultrafiltration, and polarographic fluorometric method, and amplified the genome region of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional response element that regulated Hc using genome walking library approach. We found a lack of Hc expression in all examined species during hypoxia conditions, despite recognition of the HIF gene region as a possible regulatory factor of Hc, suggesting that compensatory responses as metabolic changes or behavioral tracheal movements to enhance respiratory efficiency could be possible mechanics to compensate for hypoxia. A short Hc-like novel isoform was detected instead in these 23 species, possibly due to either protein degradation or alternative splicing mechanisms, suggesting that the protein could be performing a different function other than oxygen transportation. Hx during hypoxia was expressed and exhibited species-level amino acid changes, highlighting a possible role during hypoxia. Our results demonstrate that hypoxia could enable a similar potential adaptive response of multiple species regarding specific physiological requirements, thereby shedding light on community behavior in stress environments that may help us to improve conservation practices and biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribet Gamboa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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8
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Duplouy A, Minard G, Saastamoinen M. The gut bacterial community affects immunity but not metabolism in a specialist herbivorous butterfly. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8755-8769. [PMID: 32884655 PMCID: PMC7452788 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant tissues often lack essential nutritive elements and may contain a range of secondary toxic compounds. As nutritional imbalance in food intake may affect the performances of herbivores, the latter have evolved a variety of physiological mechanisms to cope with the challenges of digesting their plant-based diet. Some of these strategies involve living in association with symbiotic microbes that promote the digestion and detoxification of plant compounds or supply their host with essential nutrients missing from the plant diet. In Lepidoptera, a growing body of evidence has, however, recently challenged the idea that herbivores are nutritionally dependent on their gut microbial community. It is suggested that many of the herbivorous Lepidopteran species may not host a resident microbial community, but rather a transient one, acquired from their environment and diet. Studies directly testing these hypotheses are however scarce and come from an even more limited number of species.By coupling comparative metabarcoding, immune gene expression, and metabolomics analyses with experimental manipulation of the gut microbial community of prediapause larvae of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia, L.), we tested whether the gut microbial community supports early larval growth and survival, or modulates metabolism or immunity during early stages of development.We successfully altered this microbiota through antibiotic treatments and consecutively restored it through fecal transplants from conspecifics. Our study suggests that although the microbiota is involved in the up-regulation of an antimicrobial peptide, it did not affect the life history traits or the metabolism of early instars larvae.This study confirms the poor impact of the microbiota on diverse life history traits of yet another Lepidoptera species. However, it also suggests that potential eco-evolutionary host-symbiont strategies that take place in the gut of herbivorous butterfly hosts might have been disregarded, particularly how the microbiota may affect the host immune system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biology, Biodiversity UnitLund UniversityLundSweden
- Research Centre for Ecological changes, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgramFaculty of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Research Centre for Ecological changes, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgramFaculty of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Laboratory of Microbial EcologyUMR CNRS 5557UMR INRA 1418University Claude Bernard Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Research Centre for Ecological changes, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgramFaculty of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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9
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Salgado AL, DiLeo MF, Saastamoinen M. Narrow oviposition preference of an insect herbivore risks survival under conditions of severe drought. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Salgado
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Michelle F. DiLeo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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10
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Königer A, Grath S. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Cold Tolerance in Drosophila ananassae. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120624. [PMID: 30545157 PMCID: PMC6315829 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coping with daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations is a key adaptive process for species to colonize temperate regions all over the globe. Over the past 18,000 years, the tropical species Drosophila ananassae expanded its home range from tropical regions in Southeast Asia to more temperate regions. Phenotypic assays of chill coma recovery time (CCRT) together with previously published population genetic data suggest that only a small number of genes underlie improved cold hardiness in the cold-adapted populations. We used high-throughput RNA sequencing to analyze differential gene expression before and after exposure to a cold shock in cold-tolerant lines (those with fast chill coma recovery, CCR) and cold-sensitive lines (slow CCR) from a population originating from Bangkok, Thailand (the ancestral species range). We identified two candidate genes with a significant interaction between cold tolerance and cold shock treatment: GF14647 and GF15058. Further, our data suggest that selection for increased cold tolerance did not operate through the increased activity of heat shock proteins, but more likely through the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and a delayed onset of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabella Königer
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Sonja Grath
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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11
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DiLeo MF, Husby A, Saastamoinen M. Landscape permeability and individual variation in a dispersal-linked gene jointly determine genetic structure in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Evol Lett 2018; 2:544-556. [PMID: 30564438 PMCID: PMC6292703 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now clear evidence that species across a broad range of taxa harbor extensive heritable variation in dispersal. While studies suggest that this variation can facilitate demographic outcomes such as range expansion and invasions, few have considered the consequences of intraspecific variation in dispersal for the maintenance and distribution of genetic variation across fragmented landscapes. Here, we examine how landscape characteristics and individual variation in dispersal combine to predict genetic structure using genomic and spatial data from the Glanville fritillary butterfly. We used linear and latent factor mixed models to identify the landscape features that best predict spatial sorting of alleles in the dispersal-related gene phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi). We next used structural equation modeling to test if variation in Pgi mediated gene flow as measured by Fst at putatively neutral loci. In a year when the population was recovering following a large decline, individuals with a genotype associated with greater dispersal ability were found at significantly higher frequencies in populations isolated by water and forest, and these populations showed lower levels of genetic differentiation at neutral loci. These relationships disappeared in the next year when metapopulation density was high, suggesting that the effects of individual variation are context dependent. Together our results highlight that (1) more complex aspects of landscape structure beyond just the configuration of habitat can be important for maintaining spatial variation in dispersal traits and (2) that individual variation in dispersal plays a key role in maintaining genetic variation across fragmented landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F. DiLeo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 6500014Finland
| | - Arild Husby
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 6500014Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, EBCUppsala UniversityNorbyvägen 18D75236UppsalaSweden
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 6500014Finland
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12
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Des Marteaux LE, Štětina T, Koštál V. Insect fat body cell morphology and response to cold stress is modulated by acclimation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.189647. [PMID: 30190314 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding about the nature of cellular cryoinjury and mechanisms by which some animals survive freezing while others do not is currently lacking. Here, we exploited the broadly manipulable freeze tolerance of larval malt flies (Chymomyza costata) to uncover cell and tissue morphological changes associated with freeze mortality. Diapause induction, cold acclimation and dietary proline supplementation generate malt fly variants ranging from weakly to extremely freeze tolerant. Using confocal microscopy and immunostaining of the fat body, Malpighian tubules and anterior midgut, we described tissue and cytoskeletal (F-actin and α-tubulin) morphologies among these variants after exposure to various cold stresses (from chilling at -5°C to extreme freezing at -196°C), and upon recovery from cold exposure. Fat body tissue appeared to be the most susceptible to cryoinjury: freezing caused coalescence of lipid droplets, loss of α-tubulin structure and apparent aggregation of F-actin. A combination of diapause and cold acclimation substantially lowered the temperature at which these morphological disruptions occurred. Larvae that recovered from a freezing challenge repaired F-actin aggregation but not lipid droplet coalescence or α-tubulin structure. Our observations indicate that lipid coalescence and damage to α-tubulin are non-lethal forms of freeze injury, and suggest that repair or removal (rather than protection) of actin proteins is a potential mechanism of acquired freeze tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Des Marteaux
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Štětina
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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13
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de Jong MA, Saastamoinen M. Environmental and genetic control of cold tolerance in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:636-645. [PMID: 29424462 PMCID: PMC5969317 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermal tolerance has a major effect on individual fitness and species distributions and can be determined by genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity. We investigate the effects of developmental and adult thermal conditions on cold tolerance, measured as chill coma recovery (CCR) time, during the early and late adult stage in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. We also investigate the genetic basis of cold tolerance by associating CCR variation with polymorphisms in candidate genes that have a known role in insect physiology. Our results demonstrate that a cooler developmental temperature leads to reduced cold tolerance in the early adult stage, whereas cooler conditions during the adult stage lead to increased cold tolerance. This suggests that adult acclimation, but not developmental plasticity, of adult cold tolerance is adaptive. This could be explained by the ecological conditions the Glanville fritillary experiences in the field, where temperature during early summer, but not spring, is predictive of thermal conditions during the butterfly's flight season. In addition, an amino acid polymorphism (Ala-Glu) in the gene flightin, which has a known function in insect flight and locomotion, was associated with CCR. These amino acids have distinct biochemical properties and may thus affect protein function and/or structure. To our knowledge, our study is the first to link genetic variation in flightin to cold tolerance, or thermal adaptation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. de Jong
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - M. Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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14
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Woestmann L, Gibbs M, Hesketh H, Saastamoinen M. Viral exposure effects on life-history, flight-related traits, and wing melanisation in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:136-143. [PMID: 29627352 PMCID: PMC5971209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections represent a constant threat for organisms and can lead to substantial fitness losses. Understanding how individuals, especially from natural populations, respond towards infections is thus of great importance. Little is known about immunity in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). As the larvae live gregariously in family groups, vertical and horizontal transmission of infections could have tremendous effects on individuals and consequently impact population dynamics in nature. We used the Alphabaculovirus type strain Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and demonstrated that positive concentration-dependent baculovirus exposure leads to prolonged developmental time and decreased survival during larval and pupal development, with no sex specific differences. Viral exposure did not influence relative thorax mass or wing morphometric traits often related to flight ability, yet melanisation of the wings increased with viral exposure, potentially influencing disease resistance or flight capacity via thermal regulation. Further research is needed to explore effects under sub-optimal conditions, determine effects on fitness-related traits, and investigate a potential adaptive response of increased melanisation in the wings due to baculovirus exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Woestmann
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Melanie Gibbs
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen Hesketh
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Oostra V, Saastamoinen M, Zwaan BJ, Wheat CW. Strong phenotypic plasticity limits potential for evolutionary responses to climate change. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29520061 PMCID: PMC5843647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, the expression of multiple phenotypes from one genome, is a widespread adaptation to short-term environmental fluctuations, but whether it facilitates evolutionary adaptation to climate change remains contentious. Here, we investigate seasonal plasticity and adaptive potential in an Afrotropical butterfly expressing distinct phenotypes in dry and wet seasons. We assess the transcriptional architecture of plasticity in a full-factorial analysis of heritable and environmental effects across 72 individuals, and reveal pervasive gene expression differences between the seasonal phenotypes. Strikingly, intra-population genetic variation for plasticity is largely absent, consistent with specialisation to a particular environmental cue reliably predicting seasonal transitions. Under climate change, deteriorating accuracy of predictive cues will likely aggravate maladaptive phenotype-environment mismatches and increase selective pressures on reaction norms. However, the observed paucity of genetic variation for plasticity limits evolutionary responses, potentially weakening prospects for population persistence. Thus, seasonally plastic species may be especially vulnerable to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicencio Oostra
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, The Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher W Wheat
- Department of Zoology, Population Genetics, Stockholm University, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Vasudeva R, Deeming D, Eady P. Larval developmental temperature and ambient temperature affect copulation duration in a seed beetle. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of temperature on cellular, systemic and whole-organism processes can be short-term, acting within seconds or minutes of a temperature change, or long-term, acting across ontogenetic stages to affect an organism’s morphology, physiology and behavioural phenotype. Here we examine the effect of larval development temperature on adult copulatory behaviour in the bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. As predicted by temperature’s kinetic effects, copulation duration was longest at the lowest ambient temperature. However, where ambient temperature was fixed and developmental temperature experimentally varied, males reared at the highest temperature were least likely to engage in copulation, whilst those reared at the lowest temperature copulated for longer. Previous research has shown males reared at cooler temperatures inseminate fewer sperm. Thus, in this species longer copulations are associated with reduced sperm transfer. We argue that knowledge of preceding ontogenetic conditions will help to elucidate the causes of variation in copulatory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Vasudeva
- aUniversity of East Anglia, School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - D.C. Deeming
- bSchool of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - P.E. Eady
- bSchool of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
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17
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Abstract
The study of insect social behavior has offered tremendous insight into the molecular mechanisms mediating behavioral and phenotypic plasticity. Genomic applications to the study of eusocial insect species, in particular, have led to several hypotheses for the processes underlying the molecular evolution of behavior. Advances in understanding the genetic control of social organization have also been made, suggesting an important role for supergenes in the evolution of divergent behavioral phenotypes. Intensive study of social phenotypes across species has revealed that behavior and caste are controlled by an interaction between genetic and environmentally mediated effects and, further, that gene expression and regulation mediate plastic responses to environmental signals. However, several key methodological flaws that are hindering progress in the study of insect social behavior remain. After reviewing the current state of knowledge, we outline ongoing challenges in experimental design that remain to be overcome in order to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Weitekamp
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ,
| | - Romain Libbrecht
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ,
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18
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Duplouy A, Wong SC, Corander J, Lehtonen R, Hanski I. Genetic effects on life-history traits in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3371. [PMID: 28560112 PMCID: PMC5446771 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to local habitat conditions may lead to the natural divergence of populations in life-history traits such as body size, time of reproduction, mate signaling or dispersal capacity. Given enough time and strong enough selection pressures, populations may experience local genetic differentiation. The genetic basis of many life-history traits, and their evolution according to different environmental conditions remain however poorly understood. METHODS We conducted an association study on the Glanville fritillary butterfly, using material from five populations along a latitudinal gradient within the Baltic Sea region, which show different degrees of habitat fragmentation. We investigated variation in 10 principal components, cofounding in total 21 life-history traits, according to two environmental types, and 33 genetic SNP markers from 15 candidate genes. RESULTS We found that nine SNPs from five genes showed strong trend for trait associations (p-values under 0.001 before correction). These associations, yet non-significant after multiple test corrections, with a total number of 1,086 tests, were consistent across the study populations. Additionally, these nine genes also showed an allele frequency difference between the populations from the northern fragmented versus the southern continuous landscape. DISCUSSION Our study provides further support for previously described trait associations within the Glanville fritillary butterfly species across different spatial scales. Although our results alone are inconclusive, they are concordant with previous studies that identified these associations to be related to climatic changes or habitat fragmentation within the Åland population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Swee C Wong
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Niitepõld K, Saastamoinen M. A Candidate Gene in an Ecological Model Species: Phosphoglucose Isomerase (Pgi) in the Glanville Fritillary Butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). ANN ZOOL FENN 2017. [DOI: 10.5735/086.054.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Niitepõld
- Metapopulation Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Ahola V, Wahlberg N, Frilander MJ. Butterfly Genomics: Insights from the Genome ofMelitaea cinxia. ANN ZOOL FENN 2017. [DOI: 10.5735/086.054.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Ahola
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikko J. Frilander
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Montgomery SH, Mank JE. Inferring regulatory change from gene expression: the confounding effects of tissue scaling. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:5114-5128. [PMID: 27564408 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of gene expression are often designed with the aim of identifying regulatory changes associated with phenotypic variation. In recent years, large-scale transcriptome sequencing methods have increasingly been applied to nonmodel organisms to ask important ecological or evolutionary questions. Although experimental design varies, many of these studies have been based on RNA libraries obtained from heterogeneous tissue samples, for example homogenized whole bodies. Comparisons between groups of samples that vary in tissue composition can introduce sufficient variation in RNA abundance to produce patterns of differential expression that are mistakenly interpreted as evidence of regulatory differences. Here, we present a simple model that demonstrates this effect. The model describes the relationship between transcript abundance and tissue composition in a two-tissue system, and how this relationship varies under different scaling relationships. Using a range of biologically realistic variables, including real biological examples, to parameterize the model we highlight the potentially severe influence of tissue scaling on relative transcript abundance. We use these results to identify key aspects of experimental design and analysis that can help to limit the influence of tissue scaling on the inference of regulatory difference from comparative studies of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Montgomery
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Judith E Mank
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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22
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Wood CW, Brodie ED. Evolutionary response when selection and genetic variation covary across environments. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1189-200. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corlett W. Wood
- Mountain Lake Biological Station and Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA22904 USA
| | - Edmund D. Brodie
- Mountain Lake Biological Station and Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA22904 USA
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23
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Zhang B, Peng Y, Zheng J, Liang L, Hoffmann AA, Ma CS. Response of heat shock protein genes of the oriental fruit moth under diapause and thermal stress reveals multiple patterns dependent on the nature of stress exposure. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:653-63. [PMID: 27125786 PMCID: PMC4907996 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein gene (Hsp) families are thought to be important in thermal adaptation, but their expression patterns under various thermal stresses have still been poorly characterized outside of model systems. We have therefore characterized Hsp genes and their stress responses in the oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta, a widespread global orchard pest, and compared patterns of expression in this species to that of other insects. Genes from four Hsp families showed variable expression levels among tissues and developmental stages. Members of the Hsp40, 70, and 90 families were highly expressed under short exposures to heat and cold. Expression of Hsp40, 70, and Hsc70 family members increased in OFM undergoing diapause, while Hsp90 was downregulated. We found that there was strong sequence conservation of members of large Hsp families (Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsc70) across taxa, but this was not always matched by conservation of expression patterns. When the large Hsps as well as small Hsps from OFM were compared under acute and ramping heat stress, two groups of sHsps expression patterns were apparent, depending on whether expression increased or decreased immediately after stress exposure. These results highlight potential differences in conservation of function as opposed to sequence in this gene family and also point to Hsp genes potentially useful as bioindicators of diapause and thermal stress in OFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Group of Climate Change Biology, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Group of Climate Change Biology, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jincheng Zheng
- Group of Climate Change Biology, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lina Liang
- Group of Climate Change Biology, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Group of Climate Change Biology, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China.
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24
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Pélissié B, Piou C, Jourdan-Pineau H, Pagès C, Blondin L, Chapuis MP. Extra Molting and Selection on Nymphal Growth in the Desert Locust. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155736. [PMID: 27227885 PMCID: PMC4881952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, extra-molting has been viewed as a compensatory mechanism for nymphal growth that contributes to optimize body weight for successful reproduction. However, little is known on the capacity of extra-molting to evolve in natural populations, which limits our understanding of how selection acts on nymphal growth. We used a multi-generational pedigree, individual monitoring and quantitative genetics models to investigate the evolution of extra-molting and its impact on nymphal growth in a solitarious population of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Growth compensation via extra-molting was observed for 46% of the females, whose adult weight exceeded by 4% that of other females, at a cost of a 22% longer development time. We found a null heritability for body weight threshold only, and the highest and a strongly female-biased heritability for extra molting. Our genetic estimates show that (1) directional selection can act on growth rate, development time and extra-molting to optimize body weight threshold, the target of stabilizing selection, (2) extra-molting can evolve in natural populations, and (3) a genetic conflict, due to sexually antagonistic selection on extra-molting, might prevent its fixation. Finally, we discuss how antagonistic selection between solitarious and gregarious environments and/or genetic correlations between growth and phase traits might also impact the evolution of extra-molting in locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Piou
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
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25
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Larval growth rate is associated with the composition of the gut microbiota in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Oecologia 2016; 181:895-903. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Ahola V, Koskinen P, Wong SC, Kvist J, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Saastamoinen M, Frilander MJ, Lehtonen R, Hanski I. Temperature- and sex-related effects of serine protease alleles on larval development in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2224-35. [PMID: 26337146 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The body reserves of adult Lepidoptera are accumulated during larval development. In the Glanville fritillary butterfly, larger body size increases female fecundity, but in males fast larval development and early eclosion, rather than large body size, increase mating success and hence fitness. Larval growth rate is highly heritable, but genetic variation associated with larval development is largely unknown. By comparing the Glanville fritillary population living in the Åland Islands in northern Europe with a population in Nantaizi in China, within the source of the post-glacial range expansion, we identified candidate genes with reduced variation in Åland, potentially affected by selection under cooler climatic conditions than in Nantaizi. We conducted an association study of larval growth traits by genotyping the extremes of phenotypic trait distributions for 23 SNPs in 10 genes. Three genes in clip-domain serine protease family were associated with larval growth rate, development time and pupal weight. Additive effects of two SNPs in the prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-3 (ProPO3) gene, related to melanization, showed elevated growth rate in high temperature but reduced growth rate in moderate temperature. The allelic effects of the vitellin-degrading protease precursor gene on development time were opposite in the two sexes, one genotype being associated with long development time and heavy larvae in females but short development time in males. Sexually antagonistic selection is here evident in spite of sexual size dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ahola
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Koskinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S C Wong
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kvist
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Saastamoinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M J Frilander
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Lehtonen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Genome-Scale Biology Research Program & Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Luo S, Ahola V, Shu C, Xu C, Wang R. Heat shock protein 70 gene family in the Glanville fritillary butterfly and their response to thermal stress. Gene 2015; 556:132-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Alvarez M, Schrey AW, Richards CL. Ten years of transcriptomics in wild populations: what have we learned about their ecology and evolution? Mol Ecol 2015; 24:710-25. [PMID: 25604587 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular ecology has moved beyond the use of a relatively small number of markers, often noncoding, and it is now possible to use whole-genome measures of gene expression with microarrays and RNAseq (i.e. transcriptomics) to capture molecular response to environmental challenges. While transcriptome studies are shedding light on the mechanistic basis of traits as complex as personality or physiological response to catastrophic events, these approaches are still challenging because of the required technical expertise, difficulties with analysis and cost. Still, we found that in the last 10 years, 575 studies used microarrays or RNAseq in ecology. These studies broadly address three questions that reflect the progression of the field: (i) How much variation in gene expression is there and how is it structured? (ii) How do environmental stimuli affect gene expression? (iii) How does gene expression affect phenotype? We discuss technical aspects of RNAseq and microarray technology, and a framework that leverages the advantages of both. Further, we highlight future directions of research, particularly related to moving beyond correlation and the development of additional annotation resources. Measuring gene expression across an array of taxa in ecological settings promises to enrich our understanding of ecology and genome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Alvarez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
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29
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Harrisson KA, Pavlova A, Telonis-Scott M, Sunnucks P. Using genomics to characterize evolutionary potential for conservation of wild populations. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1008-25. [PMID: 25553064 PMCID: PMC4231592 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomics promises exciting advances towards the important conservation goal of maximizing evolutionary potential, notwithstanding associated challenges. Here, we explore some of the complexity of adaptation genetics and discuss the strengths and limitations of genomics as a tool for characterizing evolutionary potential in the context of conservation management. Many traits are polygenic and can be strongly influenced by minor differences in regulatory networks and by epigenetic variation not visible in DNA sequence. Much of this critical complexity is difficult to detect using methods commonly used to identify adaptive variation, and this needs appropriate consideration when planning genomic screens, and when basing management decisions on genomic data. When the genomic basis of adaptation and future threats are well understood, it may be appropriate to focus management on particular adaptive traits. For more typical conservations scenarios, we argue that screening genome-wide variation should be a sensible approach that may provide a generalized measure of evolutionary potential that accounts for the contributions of small-effect loci and cryptic variation and is robust to uncertainty about future change and required adaptive response(s). The best conservation outcomes should be achieved when genomic estimates of evolutionary potential are used within an adaptive management framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Pavlova
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Paul Sunnucks
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, Vic., Australia
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30
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Transcriptome analysis reveals signature of adaptation to landscape fragmentation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101467. [PMID: 24988207 PMCID: PMC4079591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterize allelic and gene expression variation between populations of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) from two fragmented and two continuous landscapes in northern Europe. The populations exhibit significant differences in their life history traits, e.g. butterflies from fragmented landscapes have higher flight metabolic rate and dispersal rate in the field, and higher larval growth rate, than butterflies from continuous landscapes. In fragmented landscapes, local populations are small and have a high risk of local extinction, and hence the long-term persistence at the landscape level is based on frequent re-colonization of vacant habitat patches, which is predicted to select for increased dispersal rate. Using RNA-seq data and a common garden experiment, we found that a large number of genes (1,841) were differentially expressed between the landscape types. Hexamerin genes, the expression of which has previously been shown to have high heritability and which correlate strongly with larval development time in the Glanville fritillary, had higher expression in fragmented than continuous landscapes. Genes that were more highly expressed in butterflies from newly-established than old local populations within a fragmented landscape were also more highly expressed, at the landscape level, in fragmented than continuous landscapes. This result suggests that recurrent extinctions and re-colonizations in fragmented landscapes select a for specific expression profile. Genes that were significantly up-regulated following an experimental flight treatment had higher basal expression in fragmented landscapes, indicating that these butterflies are genetically primed for frequent flight. Active flight causes oxidative stress, but butterflies from fragmented landscapes were more tolerant of hypoxia. We conclude that differences in gene expression between the landscape types reflect genomic adaptations to landscape fragmentation.
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Mattila ALK, Hanski I. Heritability of flight and resting metabolic rates in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1733-43. [PMID: 24909057 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal capacity is a key life-history trait especially in species inhabiting fragmented landscapes. Evolutionary models predict that, given sufficient heritable variation, dispersal rate responds to natural selection imposed by habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we estimate phenotypic variance components and heritability of flight and resting metabolic rates (RMRs) in an ecological model species, the Glanville fritillary butterfly, in which flight metabolic rate (FMR) is known to correlate strongly with dispersal rate. We modelled a two-generation pedigree with the animal model to distinguish additive genetic variance from maternal and common environmental effects. The results show that FMR is significantly heritable, with additive genetic variance accounting for about 40% of total phenotypic variance; thus, FMR has the potential to respond to selection on dispersal capacity. Maternal influences on flight metabolism were negligible. Heritability of flight metabolism was context dependent, as in stressful thermal conditions, environmentally induced variation dominated over additive genetic effects. There was no heritability in RMR, which was instead strongly influenced by maternal effects. This study contributes to a mechanistic understanding of the evolution of dispersal-related traits, a pressing question in view of the challenges posed to many species by changing climate and fragmentation of natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L K Mattila
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Vasudeva R, Deeming DC, Eady PE. Developmental temperature affects the expression of ejaculatory traits and the outcome of sperm competition in Callosobruchus maculatus. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1811-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vasudeva
- School of Life Sciences; University of Lincoln; Lincoln UK
| | - D. C. Deeming
- School of Life Sciences; University of Lincoln; Lincoln UK
| | - P. E. Eady
- School of Life Sciences; University of Lincoln; Lincoln UK
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33
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de Jong MA, Wong SC, Lehtonen R, Hanski I. Cytochrome P450 geneCYP337and heritability of fitness traits in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1994-2005. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. de Jong
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - S. C. Wong
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - R. Lehtonen
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - I. Hanski
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 00014 Helsinki Finland
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34
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Rieseberg L, Vines T, Gow J, Kane N. Molecular Ecology continues to perform well according to the major publication metrics. Introduction. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1-15. [PMID: 24372750 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Duplouy A, Ikonen S, Hanski I. Life history of the Glanville fritillary butterfly in fragmented versus continuous landscapes. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:5141-56. [PMID: 24455144 PMCID: PMC3892324 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation threaten the long-term viability of innumerable species of plants and animals. At the same time, habitat fragmentation may impose strong natural selection and lead to evolution of life histories with possible consequences for demographic dynamics. The Baltic populations of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) inhabit regions with highly fragmented habitat (networks of small dry meadows) as well as regions with extensive continuous habitat (calcareous alvar grasslands). Here, we report the results of common garden studies on butterflies originating from two highly fragmented landscapes (FL) in Finland and Sweden and from two continuous landscapes (CL) in Sweden and Estonia, conducted in a large outdoor cage (32 by 26 m) and in the laboratory. We investigated a comprehensive set of 51 life-history traits, including measures of larval growth and development, flight performance, and adult reproductive behavior. Seventeen of the 51 traits showed a significant difference between fragmented versus CL. Most notably, the growth rate of postdiapause larvae and several measures of flight capacity, including flight metabolic rate, were higher in butterflies from fragmented than CL. Females from CL had shorter intervals between consecutive egg clutches and somewhat higher life-time egg production, but shorter longevity, than females from FL. These results are likely to reflect the constant opportunities for oviposition in females living in continuous habitats, while the more dispersive females from FL allocate more resources to dispersal capacity at the cost of egg maturation rate. This study supports theoretical predictions about small population sizes and high rate of population turnover in fragmented habitats selecting for increased rate of dispersal, but the results also indicate that many other life-history traits apart from dispersal are affected by the degree of habitat fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki PO Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Suvi Ikonen
- Lammi Biological Station Lammi, FI-16900, Finland
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki PO Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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36
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Johansson F, Veldhoen N, Lind MI, Helbing CC. Phenotypic plasticity in the hepatic transcriptome of the European common frog (Rana temporaria): the interplay between environmental induction and geographical lineage on developmental response. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5608-23. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Johansson
- Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; 75105 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Nik Veldhoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology; University of Victoria; P.O. Box 3055, Stn CSC Victoria British Colombia V8W 3P6 Canada
| | - Martin I. Lind
- Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; 75105 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Caren C. Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology; University of Victoria; P.O. Box 3055, Stn CSC Victoria British Colombia V8W 3P6 Canada
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Cheviron ZA, Connaty AD, McClelland GB, Storz JF. Functional genomics of adaptation to hypoxic cold-stress in high-altitude deer mice: transcriptomic plasticity and thermogenic performance. Evolution 2013; 68:48-62. [PMID: 24102503 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In species that are distributed across steep environmental gradients, adaptive variation in physiological performance may be attributable to transcriptional plasticity in underlying regulatory networks. Here we report the results of common-garden experiments that were designed to elucidate the role of regulatory plasticity in evolutionary adaptation to hypoxic cold-stress in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). We integrated genomic transcriptional profiles with measures of metabolic enzyme activities and whole-animal thermogenic performance under hypoxia in highland (4350 m) and lowland (430 m) mice from three experimental groups: (1) wild-caught mice that were sampled at their native elevations; (2) wild-caught/lab-reared mice that were deacclimated to low-elevation conditions in a common-garden lab environment; and (3) the F(1) progeny of deacclimated mice that were maintained under the same low-elevation common-garden conditions. In each experimental group, highland mice exhibited greater thermogenic capacities than lowland mice, and this enhanced performance was associated with upregulation of transcriptional modules that influence several hierarchical steps in the O(2) cascade, including tissue O(2) diffusion (angiogenesis) and tissue O(2) utilization (metabolic fuel use and cellular oxidative capacity). Most of these performance-related transcriptomic changes occurred over physiological and developmental timescales, suggesting that regulatory plasticity makes important contributions to fitness-related physiological performance in highland deer mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Cheviron
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801.
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38
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Ojanen SP, Nieminen M, Meyke E, Pöyry J, Hanski I. Long-term metapopulation study of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia): survey methods, data management, and long-term population trends. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3713-37. [PMID: 24198935 PMCID: PMC3810870 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term observational studies conducted at large (regional) spatial scales contribute to better understanding of landscape effects on population and evolutionary dynamics, including the conditions that affect long-term viability of species, but large-scale studies are expensive and logistically challenging to keep running for a long time. Here, we describe the long-term metapopulation study of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) that has been conducted since 1991 in a large network of 4000 habitat patches (dry meadows) within a study area of 50 by 70 km in the Åland Islands in Finland. We explain how the landscape structure has been described, including definition, delimitation, and mapping of the habitat patches; methods of field survey, including the logistics, cost, and reliability of the survey; and data management using the EarthCape biodiversity platform. We describe the long-term metapopulation dynamics of the Glanville fritillary based on the survey. There has been no long-term change in the overall size of the metapopulation, but the level of spatial synchrony and hence the amplitude of fluctuations in year-to-year metapopulation dynamics have increased over the years, possibly due to increasing frequency of exceptional weather conditions. We discuss the added value of large-scale and long-term population studies, but also emphasize the need to integrate more targeted experimental studies in the context of long-term observational studies. For instance, in the case of the Glanville fritillary project, the long-term study has produced an opportunity to sample individuals for experiments from local populations with a known demographic history. These studies have demonstrated striking differences in dispersal rate and other life-history traits of individuals from newly established local populations (the offspring of colonizers) versus individuals from old, established local populations. The long-term observational study has stimulated the development of metapopulation models and provided an opportunity to test model predictions. This combination of empirical studies and modeling has facilitated the study of key phenomena in spatial dynamics, such as extinction threshold and extinction debt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami P Ojanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Orsini
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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40
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You M, Yue Z, He W, Yang X, Yang G, Xie M, Zhan D, Baxter SW, Vasseur L, Gurr GM, Douglas CJ, Bai J, Wang P, Cui K, Huang S, Li X, Zhou Q, Wu Z, Chen Q, Liu C, Wang B, Li X, Xu X, Lu C, Hu M, Davey JW, Smith SM, Chen M, Xia X, Tang W, Ke F, Zheng D, Hu Y, Song F, You Y, Ma X, Peng L, Zheng Y, Liang Y, Chen Y, Yu L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li G, Fang L, Li J, Zhou X, Luo Y, Gou C, Wang J, Wang J, Yang H, Wang J. A heterozygous moth genome provides insights into herbivory and detoxification. Nat Genet 2013; 45:220-5. [PMID: 23313953 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How an insect evolves to become a successful herbivore is of profound biological and practical importance. Herbivores are often adapted to feed on a specific group of evolutionarily and biochemically related host plants, but the genetic and molecular bases for adaptation to plant defense compounds remain poorly understood. We report the first whole-genome sequence of a basal lepidopteran species, Plutella xylostella, which contains 18,071 protein-coding and 1,412 unique genes with an expansion of gene families associated with perception and the detoxification of plant defense compounds. A recent expansion of retrotransposons near detoxification-related genes and a wider system used in the metabolism of plant defense compounds are shown to also be involved in the development of insecticide resistance. This work shows the genetic and molecular bases for the evolutionary success of this worldwide herbivore and offers wider insights into insect adaptation to plant feeding, as well as opening avenues for more sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsheng You
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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