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Wang Y, Bai Y, Zeng Q, Jiang Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu X, Liu C, Min W. Recent advances in the metabolic engineering and physiological opportunities for microbial synthesis of L-aspartic acid family amino acids: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126916. [PMID: 37716660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
L-aspartic acid, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, l-lysine, and L-methionine constitute the l-aspartate amino acids (AFAAs). Except for L-aspartic acid, these are essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans or animals themselves. E. coli and C. glutamicum are the main model organisms for AFAA production. It is necessary to reconstitute microbial cell factories and the physiological state of industrial fermentation cells for in-depth research into strains with higher AFAA production levels and optimal growth states. Considering that the anabolic pathways of the AFAAs and engineering modifications have rarely been reviewed in the latest progress, this work reviews the central metabolic pathways of two strains and strategies for the metabolic engineering of AFAA synthetic pathways. The challenges posed by microbial physiology in AFAA production and possible strategies to address them, as well as future research directions for constructing strains with high AFAA production levels, are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Qi Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Zeyuan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Xiyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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2
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Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for de novo production of 3-hydroxycadaverine. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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3
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Banerjee D, Eng T, Sasaki Y, Srinivasan A, Oka A, Herbert RA, Trinh J, Singan VR, Sun N, Putnam D, Scown CD, Simmons B, Mukhopadhyay A. Genomics Characterization of an Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum in Bioreactor Cultivation Under Ionic Liquid Stress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:766674. [PMID: 34869279 PMCID: PMC8637627 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.766674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is an ideal microbial chassis for production of valuable bioproducts including amino acids and next generation biofuels. Here we resequence engineered isopentenol (IP) producing C. glutamicum BRC-JBEI 1.1.2 strain and assess differential transcriptional profiles using RNA sequencing under industrially relevant conditions including scale transition and compare the presence vs absence of an ionic liquid, cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]). Analysis of the scale transition from shake flask to bioreactor with transcriptomics identified a distinct pattern of metabolic and regulatory responses needed for growth in this industrial format. These differential changes in gene expression corroborate altered accumulation of organic acids and bioproducts, including succinate, acetate, and acetoin that occur when cells are grown in the presence of 50 mM [Ch][Lys] in the stirred-tank reactor. This new genome assembly and differential expression analysis of cells grown in a stirred tank bioreactor clarify the cell response of an C. glutamicum strain engineered to produce IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Banerjee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Eng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Aparajitha Srinivasan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asun Oka
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Robin A Herbert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ning Sun
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Dan Putnam
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Corinne D Scown
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Blake Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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4
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Xiao J, Wang D, Wang L, Jiang Y, Xue L, Sui S, Wang J, Guo C, Wang R, Wang J, Li N, Fan H, Lv M. Increasing L-lysine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by engineering amino acid transporters. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1363-1374. [PMID: 33021685 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum has a long and successful history in the biotechnological production of L-lysine. Besides the adjustment of metabolic pathways, intracellular and extracellular transport systems are critical for the cellular metabolism of L-lysine or its by-products. Here, three amino acid transmembrane transporters, namely, GluE, BrnE/BrnF, and LysP, which are widely present in C. glutamicum strains, were each investigated by gene knockout. In comparison with that in the wild-type strain, the yield of L-lysine increased by 9.0%, 12.3%, and 10.0% after the deletion of the gluE, brnE/brnF, and lysP genes, respectively, in C. glutamicum 23,604. Moreover, the amount of by-product amino acids decreased significantly when the gluE and brnE/brnF genes were deleted. It was also demonstrated that there was no effect on the growth of the strain when the gluE or lysP gene was deleted, whereas the biomass of C. glutamicum WL1702 (ΔbrnE/ΔbrnF) in the fermentation medium was significantly reduced in comparison with that of the wild type. These results also provide useful information for enhancing the production of L-lysine or other amino acids by C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Datao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Songsen Sui
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Xinxing Town, Zhucheng, 262200, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Xinxing Town, Zhucheng, 262200, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanzhuang Guo
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Xinxing Town, Zhucheng, 262200, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nan Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Maocui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Graf M, Zieringer J, Haas T, Nieß A, Blombach B, Takors R. Physiological Response of Corynebacterium glutamicum to Increasingly Nutrient-Rich Growth Conditions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2058. [PMID: 30210489 PMCID: PMC6123352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure economic competitiveness, bioprocesses should achieve maximum productivities enabled by high growth rates (μ) and equally high substrate consumption rates (qS) as a prerequisite of sufficient carbon-to-product conversion. Both traits were investigated and improved via bioprocess engineering approaches studying the industrial work horse Corynebacterium glutamicum. Standard minimal medium CGXII with glucose as sole carbon source was supplemented with complex brain-heart-infusion (BHI) or amino acid (AA) cocktails. Maximum μ of 0.67 h-1 was exclusively observed in 37 g BHI L-1 whereas only minor growth stimulation was found after AA supplementation (μ = 0.468 h-1). Increasing glucose consumption rates (qGlc) were solely observed in certain dosages of BHI (1-10 g L-1), while 37 g BHI L-1 and AA addition revealed qGlc below the reference experiments. Moreover, BHI supplementation revealed Monod-type saturation kinetics of μ (KBHI = 2.73 g BHI L-1) referring to the preference of non-AAs as key boosting nutrients. ATP-demands under reference, 1 g BHI L-1, and AA conditions were nearly constant but halved in BHI concentrations above 5 g L-1 reflecting the energetic advantage of consuming complex nutrient components in addition to "simple" building blocks such as AAs. Furthermore, C. glutamicum revealed maximum biomass per carbon yields of about 18 gCDW C-mol-1 irrespective of the medium. In AA supplementation experiments, simultaneous uptake of 17 AAs was observed, maximum individual consumption rates determined, and L-asparagine and L-glutamine were distinguished as compounds with the highest consumption rates. Employment of the expanded stoichiometric model iMG481 successfully reproduced experimental results and revealed the importance of C. glutamicum's transaminase network to compensate needs of limiting AA supply. Model-based sensitivity studies attributed the highest impact on μ to AAs with high ATP and NADPH demands such as L-tryptophan or L-phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Anaerobic growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum via mixed-acid fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7496-508. [PMID: 26276118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02413-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, a model organism in microbial biotechnology, is known to metabolize glucose under oxygen-deprived conditions to l-lactate, succinate, and acetate without significant growth. This property is exploited for efficient production of lactate and succinate. Our detailed analysis revealed that marginal growth takes place under anaerobic conditions with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or ribose as a carbon and energy source but not with gluconate, pyruvate, lactate, propionate, or acetate. Supplementation of glucose minimal medium with tryptone strongly enhanced growth up to a final optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 12, whereas tryptone alone did not allow growth. Amino acids with a high ATP demand for biosynthesis and amino acids of the glutamate family were particularly important for growth stimulation, indicating ATP limitation and a restricted carbon flux into the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle toward 2-oxoglutarate. Anaerobic cultivation in a bioreactor with constant nitrogen flushing disclosed that CO2 is required to achieve maximal growth and that the pH tolerance is reduced compared to that under aerobic conditions, reflecting a decreased capability for pH homeostasis. Continued growth under anaerobic conditions indicated the absence of an oxygen-requiring reaction that is essential for biomass formation. The results provide an improved understanding of the physiology of C. glutamicum under anaerobic conditions.
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Characterization and molecular mechanism of AroP as an aromatic amino acid and histidine transporter in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:5334-42. [PMID: 24056108 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00971-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is equipped with abundant membrane transporters to adapt to a changing environment. Many amino acid transporters have been identified in C. glutamicum, but histidine uptake has not been investigated in detail. Here, we identified the aromatic amino acid transporter encoded by aroP as a histidine transporter in C. glutamicum by a combination of the growth and histidine uptake features. Characterization of histidine uptake showed that AroP has a moderate affinity for histidine, with a Km value of 11.40 ± 2.03 μM, and histidine uptake by AroP is competitively inhibited by the aromatic amino acids. Among the four substrates, AroP exhibits a stronger preference for tryptophan than for tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine. Homology structure modeling and molecular docking were performed to predict the substrate binding modes and conformational changes during substrate transport. These results suggested that tryptophan is best accommodated in the binding pocket due to shape compatibility, strong hydrophobic interactions, and the lowest binding energy, which is consistent with the observed substrate preference of AroP. Furthermore, the missense mutations of the putative substrate binding sites verified that Ser24, Ala28, and Gly29 play crucial roles in substrate binding and are highly conserved in the Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, the expression of aroP is not significantly affected by extracellular histidine or aromatic amino acids, indicating that the physiological role of AroP may be correlated with the increased fitness of C. glutamicum to assimilate extracellular amino acid for avoiding the high energy cost of amino acid biosynthesis.
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8
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Deletion of arcD in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 impairs its capsule and attenuates virulence. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3903-11. [PMID: 23918778 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00778-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The arginine deiminase system (ADS) is associated with arginine catabolism and plays a role in virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, the ADS genes exist as a locus consisting of arcABCDT. A recent genome-wide mutagenesis approach revealed that both arcD and arcT are potentially essential in a chinchilla otitis media (OM) model. In the present study, we generated ΔarcD, ΔarcT, and ΔarcDT mutants by homologous recombination and evaluated their infectivity. Our results showed that only arcD, and not arcT, of an OM isolate is required during chinchilla middle ear infection. Additionally, D39 ΔarcD exhibited enhanced nasopharyngeal colonization and was attenuated in both mouse pneumonia and bacteremia models. In vitro, D39 ΔarcD displayed enhanced adherence to A549 epithelial cells and increased phagocytosis by J774A.1 macrophages compared to those with the parental strain. This mutant also exhibited an impaired capsule, as detected using electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and a capsule assay. We demonstrated that the capsule defect in the D39 ΔarcD mutant may not be associated with a deficiency in arginine but rather is likely caused by a loss of interaction between the capsule and the transmembrane protein ArcD.
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9
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Schröder J, Maus I, Trost E, Tauch A. Complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium variabile DSM 44702 isolated from the surface of smear-ripened cheeses and insights into cheese ripening and flavor generation. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:545. [PMID: 22053731 PMCID: PMC3219685 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium variabile is part of the complex microflora on the surface of smear-ripened cheeses and contributes to the development of flavor and textural properties during cheese ripening. Still little is known about the metabolic processes and microbial interactions during the production of smear-ripened cheeses. Therefore, the gene repertoire contributing to the lifestyle of the cheese isolate C. variabile DSM 44702 was deduced from the complete genome sequence to get a better understanding of this industrial process. Results The chromosome of C. variabile DSM 44702 is composed of 3, 433, 007 bp and contains 3, 071 protein-coding regions. A comparative analysis of this gene repertoire with that of other corynebacteria detected 1, 534 predicted genes to be specific for the cheese isolate. These genes might contribute to distinct metabolic capabilities of C. variabile, as several of them are associated with metabolic functions in cheese habitats by playing roles in the utilization of alternative carbon and sulphur sources, in amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid degradation. Relevant C. variabile genes confer the capability to catabolize gluconate, lactate, propionate, taurine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid and to utilize external caseins. In addition, C. variabile is equipped with several siderophore biosynthesis gene clusters for iron acquisition and an exceptional repertoire of AraC-regulated iron uptake systems. Moreover, C. variabile can produce acetoin, butanediol, and methanethiol, which are important flavor compounds in smear-ripened cheeses. Conclusions The genome sequence of C. variabile provides detailed insights into the distinct metabolic features of this bacterium, implying a strong adaption to the iron-depleted cheese surface habitat. By combining in silico data obtained from the genome annotation with previous experimental knowledge, occasional observations on genes that are involved in the complex metabolic capacity of C. variabile were integrated into a global view on the lifestyle of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schröder
- Institut für Genomforschung und Systembiologie, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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10
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Schneider J, Wendisch VF. Biotechnological production of polyamines by bacteria: recent achievements and future perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:17-30. [PMID: 21552989 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Bacteria, the pathways of polyamine biosynthesis start with the amino acids L-lysine, L-ornithine, L-arginine, or L-aspartic acid. Some of these polyamines are of special interest due to their use in the production of engineering plastics (e.g., polyamides) or as curing agents in polymer applications. At present, the polyamines for industrial use are mainly synthesized on chemical routes. However, since a commercial market for polyamines as well as an industry for the fermentative production of amino acid exist, and since bacterial strains overproducing the polyamine precursors L-lysine, L-ornithine, and L-arginine are known, it was envisioned to engineer these amino acid-producing strains for polyamine production. Only recently, researchers have investigated the potential of amino acid-producing strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli for polyamine production. This mini-review illustrates the current knowledge of polyamine metabolism in Bacteria, including anabolism, catabolism, uptake, and excretion. The recent advances in engineering the industrial model bacteria C. glutamicum and E. coli for efficient production of the most promising polyamines, putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane), and cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane), are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schneider
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Department of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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11
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Characterization of a novel riboswitch-regulated lysine transporter in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:6240-50. [PMID: 20889741 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00935-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an opportunistic pathogen that resides primarily in the mammalian oral cavity. In this environment, A. actinomycetemcomitans faces numerous host- and microbe-derived stresses, including intense competition for nutrients and exposure to the host immune system. While it is clear that A. actinomycetemcomitans responds to precise cues that allow it to adapt and proliferate in the presence of these stresses, little is currently known about the regulatory mechanisms that underlie these responses. Many bacteria use noncoding regulatory RNAs (ncRNAs) to rapidly alter gene expression in response to environmental stresses. Although no ncRNAs have been reported in A. actinomycetemcomitans, we propose that they are likely important for colonization and persistence in the oral cavity. Using a bioinformatic and experimental approach, we identified three putative metabolite-sensing riboswitches and nine small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in A. actinomycetemcomitans during planktonic and biofilm growth. Molecular characterization of one of the riboswitches revealed that it is a lysine riboswitch and that its target gene, lysT, encodes a novel lysine-specific transporter. Finally, we demonstrated that lysT and the lysT lysine riboswitch are conserved in over 40 bacterial species, including the phylogenetically related pathogen Haemophilus influenzae.
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12
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Park JH, Lee SY. Metabolic pathways and fermentative production of L-aspartate family amino acids. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:560-77. [PMID: 20518059 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The L-aspartate family amino acids (AFAAs), L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine and L-isoleucine have recently been of much interest due to their wide spectrum of applications including food additives, components of cosmetics and therapeutic agents, and animal feed additives. Among them, L-threonine, L-lysine and L-methionine are three major amino acids produced currently throughout the world. Recent advances in systems metabolic engineering, which combine various high-throughput omics technologies and computational analysis, are now facilitating development of microbial strains efficiently producing AFAAs. Thus, a thorough understanding of the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of the biosynthesis of these amino acids is urgently needed for designing system-wide metabolic engineering strategies. Here we review the details of AFAA biosynthetic pathways, regulations involved, and export and transport systems, and provide general strategies for successful metabolic engineering along with relevant examples. Finally, perspectives of systems metabolic engineering for developing AFAA overproducers are suggested with selected exemplary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Park
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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13
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Huhn S, Jolkver E, Krämer R, Marin K. Identification of the membrane protein SucE and its role in succinate transport in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:327-35. [PMID: 20809072 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Succinic acid is excreted during anaerobiosis by many bacteria, and manifold applications are known making the biotechnological production of succinate attractive. Although the pathways for succinate formation are known, succinate export is not understood in most of the succinate producing bacteria. Here, we present a bioinformatic approach for identification of a putative succinate export system in Corynebacterium glutamicum. The subsequent screening revealed that a mutant in the gene cg2425 is impaired in succinate production or transport under anaerobic conditions. A function of the Cg2425 protein as import system was excluded. In contrast, a role of the Cg2425 protein as succinate export system was indicated by accumulation of increased amounts of internal succinate under anaerobic conditions in a Cg2425-dependent manner and a concomitant impairment of external succinate accumulation. In conclusion, we propose that Cg2425 participates in succinate export in C. glutamicum and suggest the name SucE for the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Huhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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14
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Quantifying and directing metabolite flux: Application to amino acid overproduction. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Schluesener D, Fischer F, Kruip J, Rögner M, Poetsch A. Mapping the membrane proteome ofCorynebacterium glutamicum. Proteomics 2005; 5:1317-30. [PMID: 15717325 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to avoid the specific problems with intrinsic membrane proteins in proteome analysis, a new procedure was developed which is superior to the classical two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) method in terms of intrinsic membrane proteins. For analysis of the membrane proteome from Corynebacterium glutamicum, we replaced the first separation dimension, i.e., the isoelectric focusing step, by anion-exchange chromatography, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE in the second separation dimension. Enrichment of the membrane intrinsic subproteome was achieved by washing with 2.5 M NaBr which removed more than 35% of the membrane-associated soluble proteins. For the extraction and solubilization of membrane proteins, the detergent amidosulfobetaine 14 (ASB-14) was most efficient in a detailed screening procedure and proved also suitable for chromatography. 356 gel bands were spotted, and out of 170 different identified proteins, 50 were membrane-integral. Membrane proteins with one up to 13 transmembrane helices were found. Careful analysis revealed that this new procedure covers proteins from a wide pI range (3.7-10.6) and a wide mass range of 10-120 kDa. About 50% of the identified membrane proteins belong to various functional categories like energy metabolism, transport, signal transduction, protein translocation, and proteolysis while for the others a function is not yet known, indicating the potential of the developed method for elucidation of membrane proteomes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schluesener
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Tryfona T, Bustard MT. Fermentative production of lysine by Corynebacterium glutamicum: transmembrane transport and metabolic flux analysis. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Kalinowski J, Bathe B, Bartels D, Bischoff N, Bott M, Burkovski A, Dusch N, Eggeling L, Eikmanns BJ, Gaigalat L, Goesmann A, Hartmann M, Huthmacher K, Krämer R, Linke B, McHardy AC, Meyer F, Möckel B, Pfefferle W, Pühler A, Rey DA, Rückert C, Rupp O, Sahm H, Wendisch VF, Wiegräbe I, Tauch A. The complete Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 genome sequence and its impact on the production of L-aspartate-derived amino acids and vitamins. J Biotechnol 2003; 104:5-25. [PMID: 12948626 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(03)00154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The complete genomic sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, well-known in industry for the production of amino acids, e.g. of L-glutamate and L-lysine was determined. The C. glutamicum genome was found to consist of a single circular chromosome comprising 3282708 base pairs. Several DNA regions of unusual composition were identified that were potentially acquired by horizontal gene transfer, e.g. a segment of DNA from C. diphtheriae and a prophage-containing region. After automated and manual annotation, 3002 protein-coding genes have been identified, and to 2489 of these, functions were assigned by homologies to known proteins. These analyses confirm the taxonomic position of C. glutamicum as related to Mycobacteria and show a broad metabolic diversity as expected for a bacterium living in the soil. As an example for biotechnological application the complete genome sequence was used to reconstruct the metabolic flow of carbon into a number of industrially important products derived from the amino acid L-aspartate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Kalinowski
- Institut für Genomforschung, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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18
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Bellmann A, Vrljić M, Pátek M, Sahm H, Krämer R, Eggeling L. Expression control and specificity of the basic amino acid exporter LysE of Corynebacterium glutamicum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:1765-1774. [PMID: 11429454 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-7-1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
LysE of Corynebacterium glutamicum belongs to a large new superfamily of translocators whose members are probably all involved in the export of small solutes. Here, the transcript initiation site of lysE, and its divergently transcribed regulator gene, lysG, are identified. Single-copy transcriptional fusions of lysE with lacZ, and titration experiments, show that LysG is the positive regulator of lysE expression enabling its up to 20-fold induction. This induction requires the presence of a coinducer, which is either intracellular L-lysine, or L-arginine. A competition experiment showed that LysE exports these two basic amino acids at comparable rates of about 0.75 nmol min(-1) (mg dry wt)(-1). Although L-histidine and L-citrulline also act as coinducers of lysE expression, these two amino acids are not exported by LysE. As is evident from the analysis of a lysEG deletion mutant, the physiological role of the lysEG system is to prevent bacteriostasis due to elevated L-lysine or L-arginine concentrations that arise during growth in the presence of peptides or in mutants possessing a deregulated biosynthesis pathway. C. glutamicum has additional export activities other than those of LysE for exporting L-histidine, L-citrulline and L-ornithine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bellmann
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany1
| | - M Vrljić
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany1
| | - M Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech Republic2
| | - H Sahm
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany1
| | - R Krämer
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 47, D-57674 Köln, Germany3
| | - L Eggeling
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany1
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19
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Eggeling L, Sahm H. The cell wall barrier of Corynebacterium glutamicum and amino acid efflux. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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EGGELING LOTHAR, SAHM HERMANN. The Cell Wall Barrier of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Amino Acid Efflux. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.92.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Pavelka MS, Jacobs WR. Comparison of the construction of unmarked deletion mutations in Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by allelic exchange. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:4780-9. [PMID: 10438745 PMCID: PMC93962 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.16.4780-4789.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, genetic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, was hindered by a lack of methods for gene disruptions and allelic exchange. Several groups have described different methods for disrupting genes marked with antibiotic resistance determinants in the slow-growing organisms Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and M. tuberculosis. In this study, we described the first report of using a mycobacterial suicidal plasmid bearing the counterselectable marker sacB for the allelic exchange of unmarked deletion mutations in the chromosomes of two substrains of M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. In addition, our comparison of the recombination frequencies in these two slow-growing species and that of the fast-growing organism Mycobacterium smegmatis suggests that the homologous recombination machinery of the three species is equally efficient. The mutants constructed here have deletions in the lysA gene, encoding meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase, an enzyme catalyzing the last step in lysine biosynthesis. We observed striking differences in the lysine auxotrophic phenotypes of these three species of mycobacteria. The M. smegmatis mutant can grow on lysine-supplemented defined medium or complex rich medium, while the BCG mutants grow only on lysine-supplemented defined medium and are unable to form colonies on complex rich medium. The M. tuberculosis lysine auxotroph requires 25-fold more lysine on defined medium than do the other mutants and is dependent upon the detergent Tween 80. The mutants described in this work are potential vaccine candidates and can also be used for studies of cell wall biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pavelka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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22
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23
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Ruffert S, Lambert C, Peter H, Wendisch VF, Krämer R. Efflux of compatible solutes in Corynebacterium glutamicum mediated by osmoregulated channel activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 247:572-80. [PMID: 9266699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria respond to hypoosmotic stress by releasing low-molecular-mass solutes in order to maintain constant turgor pressure. We have studied the function of osmoregulated channel(s) in Corynebacterium glutamicum, which are responsible for efflux of various solutes upon sudden decrease in osmotic pressure. The channels preferentially mediated efflux of compatible solutes such as glycine betaine and proline. The release of molecules of similar size, e.g. glutamate or lysine, was restricted, ATP was completely retained even after severe osmotic shock. The cells maintained high cytoplasmic K+ and Na+ concentrations under hypoosmotic shock. Several results suggest that the solute efflux is mediated by a channel and not by a carrier, e.g. by reversal of the glycine betaine uptake systems of C. glutamicum: the release of glycine betaine and proline was extremely fast reaching an efflux rate of 6000 micromol x min(-1) x g dm(-1) or higher; the efflux was not significantly influenced by addition of external transport substrate, e.g. glycine betaine; in spite of an extremely high chemical gradient, no significant efflux under isoosmolar conditions was observed; efflux of solutes was unchanged after full uncoupling of membrane energetics by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). These results indicate the presence of an osmoregulated channel in C. glutamicum similar to the mechanosensitive channel(s) of Escherichia coli. The activity of the channel did not depend on the growth conditions, but we observed a tight regulation on the level of activity, i.e. the mechanosensitive channel behaved as a perfect osmometer. By monitoring release of glycine betaine under slow and continuous decrease of the external osmolality, we observed continous efflux whithout a stepwise release of solutes. This resulted in a significant steady-state decrease of the membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ruffert
- Institut für Biotechnologie 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
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24
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Bathe B, Kalinowski J, Pühler A. A physical and genetic map of the Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 chromosome. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 252:255-65. [PMID: 8842145 DOI: 10.1007/bf02173771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A combined physical and genetic map of the Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 chromosome was constructed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and hybridizations with cloned gene probes. Total genomic DNA was digested with the meganucleases SwaI (5'-ATTTAAAT-3'), PacI (5'-TTAATTAA-3'), and PmeI (5'-GTTTAAAC-3') yielding 26,27, and 23 fragments, respectively. The chromosomal restriction fragments were then separated by PFGE. By summing up the lengths of the fragments generated with each of the three enzymes, a genome size of 3082 +/- 20 kb was determined. To identify adjacent SwaI fragments, a genomic cosmid library of C.glutamicum was screened for chromosomal inserts containing SwaI sites. Southern blots of the PFGE gels were hybridized with these linking clones to connect the SwaI fragments in their natural order. By this method, about 90% of the genome could be ordered into three contigs. Two of the remaining gaps were closed by cross-hybridization of blotted SwaI digests using as probes PacI and PmeI fragments isolated from PFGE gels. The last gap in the chromosomal map was closed by hybridization experiments using partial SwaI digestions, thereby proving the circularity of the chromosome. By hybridization of gene probes to SwaI fragments separated by PFGE about 30 genes, including rRNA operons, IS element and transposon insertions were localized on the physical map.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bathe
- Department of Genetics, University of Bielefeld, Germany
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25
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Eggeling L, Krämer R, Vrljic M, Kronemeyer W, Sahm H. Transport mutants and transport genes of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 782:191-201. [PMID: 8659896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb40560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Eggeling
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
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26
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Burkovski A, Weil B, Krämer R. Characterization of a secondary uptake system for l-glutamate in Corynebacterium glutamicum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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27
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Burkovski A, Krämer R. Functional expression of the glutamate uptake system from Corynebacterium glutamicum in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 127:263-6. [PMID: 7758940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate uptake in the Gram-positive Corynebacterium glutamicum is mediated via a binding protein-dependent transport system, which is encoded by the gluABCD gene cluster. Cloning of these genes in an expression vector and subsequent transformation of the resulting plasmid allows different strains of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli to grow on glutamate as sole carbon and nitrogen source. However, overexpression of the glutamate uptake system results in growth inhibitory effects, probably due to the particular topology of the binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burkovski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Biotechnologie I, Jülich, Germany
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28
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Kronemeyer W, Peekhaus N, Krämer R, Sahm H, Eggeling L. Structure of the gluABCD cluster encoding the glutamate uptake system of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:1152-8. [PMID: 7868586 PMCID: PMC176718 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.5.1152-1158.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the mechanism and function of the glutamate uptake system of gram-positive Corynebacterium glutamicum, a mutant deficient in glutamate uptake was isolated and was then used to isolate a DNA fragment restoring this deficiency. In a low-copy-number vector, this fragment resulted in an increased glutamate uptake rate of 4.9 nmol/min/mg (wild type, 1.5 nmol/min/mg). In addition, carbon source-dependent regulation of the glutamate uptake system was determined with the fragment, showing that the entire structures required for expression and control reside on the fragment isolated. Sequencing of 3,977 bp revealed the presence of a four-gene cluster (gluABCD) with deduced polypeptide sequences characteristic of a nucleotide-binding protein (GluA), a periplasmic binding protein (GluB), and integral membrane proteins (GluC and GluD), identifying the glutamate transporter as a binding protein-dependent system (ABC transporter). This identification was confirmed by the kinetic characteristics obtained for cells grown in the presence of globomycin, which exhibited an increased Km of 1,400 microM (without globomycin, the Km was 1.5 microM) but a nearly unaltered maximum velocity. By applying gene-directed mutagenesis, a strain with the entire cluster deleted was constructed. With this mutant, the glutamate uptake rate was reduced from 1.4 to less than 0.1 nmol/min/mg, which is proof that this system is the only relevant one for glutamate uptake. With this strain, the glutamate excretion rate was unaffected (18 nmol/min/mg), showing that no component of gluABCD is involved in export but rather that a specific machinery functions for the latter purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kronemeyer
- Institut für Biotechnologie 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
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29
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Sarsero JP, Pittard AJ. Membrane topology analysis of Escherichia coli K-12 Mtr permease by alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase fusions. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:297-306. [PMID: 7814318 PMCID: PMC176591 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.2.297-306.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mtr gene of Escherichia coli K-12 encodes an inner membrane protein which is responsible for the active transport of trypotophan into the cell. It has been proposed that the Mtr permease has a novel structure consisting of 11 hydrophobic transmembrane spans, with a cytoplasmically disposed amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus located in the periplasmic space (J.P. Sarsero, P. J. Wookey, P. Gollnick, C. Yanofsky, and A.J. Pittard, J. Bacteriol. 173:3231-3234, 1991). The validity of this model was examined by the construction of fusion proteins between the Mtr permease and alkaline phosphatase or beta-galactosidase. In addition to the conventional methods, in which the reporter enzyme replaces a carboxyl-terminal portion of the membrane protein, the recently developed alkaline phosphatase sandwich fusion technique was utilized, in which alkaline phosphatase is inserted into an otherwise intact membrane protein. A cluster of alkaline phosphatase fusions to the carboxyl-terminal end of the Mtr permease exhibited high levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, giving support to the proposition of a periplasmically located carboxyl terminus. The majority of fusion proteins produced enzymatic activities which were in agreement with the positions of the fusion sites on the proposed topological model of the permease. The synthesis of a small cluster of hybrid proteins, whose enzymatic activity did not agree with the location of their fusion sites within putative transmembrane span VIII or the preceding periplasmic loop, was not detected by immunological techniques and did not necessitate modification of the proposed model in this region. Slight alterations may need to be made in the positioning of the carboxyl-terminal end of transmembrane span X.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Sarsero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Jetten MS, Sinskey AJ. Recent advances in the physiology and genetics of amino acid-producing bacteria. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1995; 15:73-103. [PMID: 7736600 DOI: 10.3109/07388559509150532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum and its close relatives, C. flavum and C. lactofermentum, have been used for over 3 decades in the industrial production of amino acids by fermentation. Since 1984, several research groups have started programs to develop metabolic engineering principles for amino acid-producing Corynebacterium strains. Initially, the programs concentrated on the isolation of genes encoding (deregulated) biosynthetic enzymes and the development of general molecular biology tools such as cloning vectors and DNA transfer methods. With most of the genes and tools now available, recombinant DNA technology can be applied in strain improvement. To accomplish these improvements, it is critical and advantageous to understand the mechanisms of gene expression and regulation as well as the biochemistry and physiology of the species being engineered. This review explores the advances made in the understanding and application of amino acid-producing bacteria in the early 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jetten
- Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Kluyyer Laboratory for Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Schäfer A, Schwarzer A, Kalinowski J, Pühler A. Cloning and characterization of a DNA region encoding a stress-sensitive restriction system from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 and analysis of its role in intergeneric conjugation with Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:7309-19. [PMID: 7961503 PMCID: PMC197120 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.23.7309-7319.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RP4-mediated transfer of mobilizable plasmids in intergeneric conjugation of Escherichia coli donors with Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 is severely affected by a restriction system in the recipient that can be inactivated by a variety of exogenous stress factors. In this study a rapid test procedure based on intergeneric conjugal plasmid transfer that permitted the distinction between restriction-negative and restriction-positive C. glutamicum clones was developed. By using this procedure, clones of the restriction-deficient mutant strain C. glutamicum RM3 harboring a plasmid library of the wild-type chromosome were checked for their restriction properties. A complemented clone with a restriction-positive phenotype was isolated and found to contain a plasmid with a 7-kb insertion originating from the wild-type chromosome. This plasmid, termed pRES806, is able to complement the restriction-deficient phenotype of different C. glutamicum mutants. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two open reading frames (orf1 and orf2) on the complementing DNA fragment. The region comprising orf1 and orf2 displayed a strikingly low G+C content and was present exclusively in C. glutamicum strains. Gene disruption experiments with the wild type proved that orf1 is essential for complementation, but inactivation of orf2 also resulted in a small but significant increase in fertility. These results were confirmed by infection assays with the bacteriophage CL31 from Corynebacterium lilium ATCC 15990.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schäfer
- Department of Genetics, University of Bielefeld, Germany
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krämer
- Institut für Biotechnologie 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
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33
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Biology of L-lysine overproduction byCorynebacterium glutamicum. Amino Acids 1994; 6:261-72. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00813746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/1993] [Accepted: 07/16/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Eikmanns BJ, Eggeling L, Sahm H. Molecular aspects of lysine, threonine, and isoleucine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1994; 64:145-63. [PMID: 8092856 DOI: 10.1007/bf00873024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the industrial production of amino acids, e.g. of L-glutamate and L-lysine. In the last ten years genetic engineering methods were developed for C. glutamicum and consequently, recombinant DNA technology was employed to study the biosynthetic pathways and to improve the amino acid productivity by manipulation of enzymatic, transport and regulatory functions of this bacterium. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the synthesis and over-production of the aspartate derived amino acids L-lysine, L-threonine and L-isoleucine in C. glutamicum. A special feature of C. glutamicum is its ability to convert the lysine intermediate piperideine2,6-dicarboxylate to diaminopimelate by two different routes, i.e. by reactions involving succinylated intermediates or by the single reaction of diaminopimelate dehydrogenase. The flux distribution over the two pathways is regulated by the ammonium availability. The overall carbon flux from aspartate to lysine, however, is governed by feedback-control of the aspartate kinase and by the level of dihydrodipicolinate synthase. Consequently, expression of lysCFBR encoding a deregulated aspartate kinase and/or the overexpression of dapA encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthase led to overproduction of lysine. As a further specific feature C. glutamicum possesses a specific lysine export carrier which shows high activity in lysine overproducing mutants. Threonine biosynthesis is in addition to control by the aspartate kinase tightly regulated at the level of homoserine dehydrogenase which is subject to feedback-inhibition and to repression. C. glutamicum strains possessing a deregulated aspartate kinase and a deregulated homoserine dehydrogenase produce lysine and threonine. Amplification of deregulated homoserine dehydrogenase in such strains led to an almost complete redirection of the carbon flux to threonine. For a further flux from threonine to isoleucine the allosteric control of threonine dehydratase and of the acetohydroxy acid synthase are important. The expression of the genes encoding the latter enzyme is additionally regulated at the transcriptional level. By addition of 2-oxobutyrate as precursor and by bypassing the expression control of the acetohydroxy acid synthase genes high isoleucine overproduction can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Eikmanns
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
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Transport of aromatic amino acids and its influence on overproduction of the amino acids in Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- B Poolman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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Bourdineaud J, Heierli D, Gamper M, Verhoogt H, Driessen A, Konings W, Lazdunski C, Haas D. Characterization of the arcD arginine:ornithine exchanger of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Localization in the cytoplasmic membrane and a topological model. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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39
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Rossol I, Pühler A. The Corynebacterium glutamicum aecD gene encodes a C-S lyase with alpha, beta-elimination activity that degrades aminoethylcysteine. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2968-77. [PMID: 1569026 PMCID: PMC205951 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.9.2968-2977.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
S-(beta-Aminoethyl)-cysteine (AEC) resistance was achieved in Corynebacterium glutamicum by cloning a chromosomal 1.5-kb EcoRV-BglII DNA fragment on a multicopy plasmid. DNA sequence analysis of the 1.5-kb DNA fragment revealed an open reading frame (ORF326) which represents the AEC resistance gene, designated aecD. The aecD gene directs the synthesis of a 36-kDa protein which was visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The aecD gene is a nonessential gene and mediates AEC resistance only in an amplified state. C. glutamicum strains harboring an amplified aecD gene can utilize AEC as an alternative nitrogen source, indicating that the AEC resistance mechanism is due to AEC degradation. Since the AEC degradation products analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography were found to be pyruvate and aminoethanethiol (cysteamine), it was concluded that the aecD gene encodes a C-S lyase with alpha, beta-elimination activity. Besides AEC, the C-S lyase was also able to use cysteine, cystine, and cystathionine as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rossol
- Department of Genetics, University of Bielefeld, Germany
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