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Mahzoon S, Detamore MS. Chondroinductive Peptides: Drawing Inspirations from Cell–Matrix Interactions. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 25:249-257. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Mahzoon
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Michael S. Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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2
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Rami A, Behdani M, Yardehnavi N, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Kazemi-Lomedasht F. An overview on application of phage display technique in immunological studies. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Powell Gray
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, United States
| | - Kathlynn C. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, United States
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4
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Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Alizadeh AA, Morris MB, Church WB, Dastmalchi S. Phage display as a technology delivering on the promise of peptide drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1144-57. [PMID: 24051398 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phage display represents an important approach in the development pipeline for producing peptides and peptidomimetics therapeutics. Using randomly generated DNA sequences and molecular biology techniques, large diverse peptide libraries can be displayed on the phage surface. The phage library can be incubated with a target of interest and the phage which bind can be isolated and sequenced to reveal the displayed peptides' primary structure. In this review, we focus on the 'mechanics' of the phage display process, whilst highlighting many diverse and subtle ways it has been used to further the drug-development process, including the potential for the phage particle itself to be used as a drug carrier targeted to a particular pathogen or cell type in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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5
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Knittelfelder R, Riemer AB, Jensen-Jarolim E. Mimotope vaccination--from allergy to cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:493-506. [PMID: 19344285 DOI: 10.1517/14712590902870386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mimotopes are peptides mimicking protein, carbohydrates or lipid epitopes and can be generated by phage display technology. When selected by antibodies, they represent exclusively B-cell epitopes and are devoid of antigen/allergen-specific T-cell epitopes. Coupled to carriers or presented in a multiple antigenic peptide form mimotopes achieve immunogenicity and induce epitope-specific antibody responses upon vaccination. OBJECTIVE/METHODS In allergy IgG antibodies may block IgE binding to allergens, whereas other IgG antibody specificities enhance this and support the anaphylactic reaction. In cancer, inhibitory antibody specificities prevent growth signals derived from overexpressed oncogenes, whereas growth-promoting specificities enhance signalling and proliferation. Therefore, the mimotope concept is applicable to both fields for epitope-specific vaccination and analysis of conformational B-cell epitopes for the allergen/antigen. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Mimotope technology is a relatively young theme in allergology and oncology. Still, proof of concept studies testing allergen and tumour mimotope vaccines suggest that mimotopes are ready for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Knittelfelder
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Scotcher MC, McGarvey JA, Johnson EA, Stanker LH. Epitope characterization and variable region sequence of f1-40, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody to botulinum neurotoxin type a (Hall strain). PLoS One 2009; 4:e4924. [PMID: 19290051 PMCID: PMC2654115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulism, an often fatal neuroparalytic disease, is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) which consist of a family of seven serotypes (A-H) produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. BoNT, considered the most potent biological toxin known, is a 150 kDa protein consisting of a 100 kDa heavy-chain (Hc) and a 50 kDa light-chain (Lc). F1-40 is a mouse-derived, IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds the light chain of BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) and is used in a sensitive immunoassay for toxin detection. We report the fine epitope mapping of F1-40 and the deduced amino acid sequence of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody. METHODS AND FINDINGS To characterize the binding epitope of F1-40, three complementary experimental approaches were selected. Firstly, recombinant peptide fragments of BoNT/A light-chain were used in Western blots to identify the epitope domains. Secondly, a peptide phage-display library was used to identify the specific amino acid sequences. Thirdly, the three-dimensional structure of BoNT/A was examined in silico, and the amino acid sequences determined from the phage-display studies were mapped onto the three-dimensional structure in order to visualize the epitope. F1-40 was found to bind a peptide fragment of BoNT/A, designated L1-3, which spans from T125 to L200. The motif QPDRS was identified by phage-display, and was mapped to a region within L1-3. When the three amino acids Q138, P139 and D140 were all mutated to glycine, binding of F1-40 to the recombinant BoNT/A light chain peptide was abolished. Q-138, P-139 and D-140 form a loop on the external surface of BoNT/A, exposed to solvent and accessible to F1-40 binding. CONCLUSIONS The epitope of F1-40 was localized to a single exposed loop (ss4, ss5) on the Lc of BoNT. Furthermore amino acids Q138, P139 and D140 forming the tip of the loop appear critical for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles C. Scotcher
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffery A. McGarvey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Larry H. Stanker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
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Sergeeva A, Kolonin MG, Molldrem JJ, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Display technologies: application for the discovery of drug and gene delivery agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1622-54. [PMID: 17123658 PMCID: PMC1847402 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of molecular diversity of cell surface proteomes in disease is essential for the development of targeted therapies. Progress in targeted therapeutics requires establishing effective approaches for high-throughput identification of agents specific for clinically relevant cell surface markers. Over the past decade, a number of platform strategies have been developed to screen polypeptide libraries for ligands targeting receptors selectively expressed in the context of various cell surface proteomes. Streamlined procedures for identification of ligand-receptor pairs that could serve as targets in disease diagnosis, profiling, imaging and therapy have relied on the display technologies, in which polypeptides with desired binding profiles can be serially selected, in a process called biopanning, based on their physical linkage with the encoding nucleic acid. These technologies include virus/phage display, cell display, ribosomal display, mRNA display and covalent DNA display (CDT), with phage display being by far the most utilized. The scope of this review is the recent advancements in the display technologies with a particular emphasis on molecular mapping of cell surface proteomes with peptide phage display. Prospective applications of targeted compounds derived from display libraries in the discovery of targeted drugs and gene therapy vectors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sergeeva
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail G. Kolonin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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8
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Ozawa M, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Identification and characterization of peptides binding to newcastle disease virus by phage display. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 67:1237-41. [PMID: 16397382 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three individual peptide sequences, EVSHPKVG, WVTTSNQW, and SGGSNRSP, which have potentials to bind to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), were identified by the biopanning method using phage display technology. The binding specificities of these peptides presented on phages were confirmed by ELISA competition assay using chicken anti-NDV antiserum. The synthetic peptides designed based on these results partially neutralized the infection of NDV in vitro. The peptide-motives identified here have the potential to lead to the identification of novel molecules that inhibit the NDV infection independent of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ozawa
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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Li Z, Zhang J, Zhao R, Xu Y, Gu J. Preparation of peptide-targeted phagemid particles using a protein III-modified helper phage. Biotechniques 2005; 39:493-7. [PMID: 16235561 DOI: 10.2144/000112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand or peptide-targeted phagemid particles are being pursued as vehicles for receptor-mediated gene delivery. Here we describe a helper phage in which the protein III (pIII) protein is modified by the addition of a ligand peptide sequence at the amino terminus. Phagemid particles can be prepared with the help of this modified helper phage and should display the ligand peptide in most of the pIII proteins on the phagemid surface. Using such a method, it is not necessary for the phagemid to encode the pIII protein, which leaves a larger space for cloning genes of interest. In addition, the technique should allow for the rapid testing of peptide ligands selected from phage display libraries using phagemids encoding various reporter genes (e.g., green fluorescent protein, luciferase, beta-galactosidase) and therapeutic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghai Li
- Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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10
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11
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Rowley MJ, O'Connor K, Wijeyewickrema L. Phage display for epitope determination: a paradigm for identifying receptor-ligand interactions. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2004; 10:151-88. [PMID: 15504706 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(04)10006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies that react with many different molecular species of protein and non-protein nature are widely studied in biology and have particular utilities, but the precise epitopes recognized are seldom well defined. The definition of epitopes by X-ray crystallography of the antigen-antibody complex, the gold standard procedure, has shown that most antibody epitopes are conformational and specified by interactions with topographic determinants on the surface of the antigenic molecule. Techniques available for the definition of such epitopes are limited. Phage display using either gene-specific libraries, or random peptide libraries, provides a powerful technique for an approach to epitope identification. The technique can identify amino acids on protein antigens that are critical for antibody binding and, further, the isolation of peptide motifs that are both structural and functional mimotopes of both protein and non-protein antigens. This review discusses techniques used to isolate such mimotopes, to confirm their specificity, and to characterize peptide epitopes. Moreover there are direct practical applications to deriving epitopes or mimotopes by sequence, notably the development of new diagnostic reagents, or therapeutic agonist or antagonist molecules. The techniques developed for mapping of antibody epitopes are applicable to probing the origins of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by identifying "immunofootprints" of unknown initiating agents, as we discuss herein, and are directly applicable to examination of a wider range of receptor-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrill J Rowley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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12
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Bhattacharya S, Chakrabarti S, Nayak A, Bhattacharya SK. Metabolic networks of microbial systems. Microb Cell Fact 2003; 2:3. [PMID: 12740044 PMCID: PMC155636 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2003] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to bioreactors the metabolites within the microbial cells are converted in an impure atmosphere, yet the productivity seems to be well regulated and not affected by changes in operation variables. These features are attributed to integral metabolic network within the microorganism. With the advent of neo-integrative proteomic approaches the understanding of integration of metabolic and protein-protein interaction networks have began. In this article we review the methods employed to determine the protein-protein interaction and their integration to define metabolite networks. We further present a review of current understanding of network properties, and benefit of studying the networks. The predictions using network structure, for example, in silico experiments help illustrate the importance of studying the network properties. The cells are regarded as complex system but their elements unlike complex systems interact selectively and nonlinearly to produce coherent rather than complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Bhattacharya
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, ABRD Company LLC, 1555 Wood Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44121, USA
| | - Subhra Chakrabarti
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, ABRD Company LLC, 1555 Wood Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44121, USA
| | - Amiya Nayak
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, ABRD Company LLC, 1555 Wood Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44121, USA
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Dept. of Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Area I 31, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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13
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Abstract
Phage display is a molecular diversity technology that allows the presentation of large peptide and protein libraries on the surface of filamentous phage. Phage display libraries permit the selection of peptides and proteins, including antibodies, with high affinity and specificity for almost any target. A crucial advantage of this technology is the direct link that exists between the experimental phenotype and its encapsulated genotype, which allows the evolution of the selected binders into optimized molecules. Phage display facilitates engineering of antibodies with regard to their size, valency, affinity, and effector functions. The selection of antibodies and peptides from libraries displayed on the surface of filamentous phage has proven significant for routine isolation of peptides and antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review serves as an introduction to phage display, antibody engineering, the development of phage-displayed peptides and antibody fragments into viable diagnostic reagents, and recent trends in display technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
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14
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Kjaergaard K, Hasman H, Schembri MA, Klemm P. Antigen 43-mediated autotransporter display, a versatile bacterial cell surface presentation system. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:4197-204. [PMID: 12107137 PMCID: PMC135209 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.15.4197-4204.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen 43 (Ag43), a self-recognizing outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli, has been converted into an efficient and versatile tool for surface display of foreign protein segments. Ag43 is an autotransporter protein characterized by the feature that all information required for transport to the outer membrane and secretion through the cell envelope is contained within the protein itself. Ag43 consists of two subunits (alpha and beta), where the beta-subunit forms an integral outer membrane translocator to which the alpha-subunit is noncovalently attached. The simplicity of the Ag43 system makes it ideally suited as a surface display scaffold. Here we demonstrate that the Ag43 alpha-module can accommodate and display correctly folded inserts and has the ability to display entire functional protein domains, exemplified by the FimH lectin domain. The presence of heterologous cysteine bridges does not interfere with surface display, and Ag43 chimeras are correctly processed into alpha- and beta-modules, offering optional and easy release of the chimeric alpha-subunits. Furthermore, Ag43 can be displayed in many gram-negative bacteria. This feature is exploited for display of our chimeras in an attenuated Salmonella strain.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics
- Adhesins, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/isolation & purification
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Fimbriae Proteins
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Lectins
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Salmonella enterica/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kjaergaard
- Microbial Adhesion Group, Section of Molecular Microbiology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Liang OD, Chavakis T, Kanse SM, Preissner KT. Ligand binding regions in the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:28946-53. [PMID: 11501527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011347200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cellular receptor (uPAR) is a key event in cell surface-associated plasminogen activation, relevant for cell migration and invasion. In order to define receptor recognition sites for uPA, we have expressed uPAR fragments as fusion products with the minor coat protein on the surface of M13 bacteriophages. Sequence analysis of cDNA fragments encoding uPA-binding peptides indicated the existence of a composite uPA-binding structure including all three uPAR domains. This finding was confirmed by experiments using an overlapping 15-mer peptide array covering the entire uPAR molecule. Four regions within the uPAR sequence were found to directly bind to uPA: two distinct regions containing amino acids 13--20 and amino acids 74--84 of the uPAR domain I, and regions in the putative loop 3 of the domains II and III. All the uPA-binding fragments from the three domains were shown to have an agonistic effect on uPA binding to immobilized uPAR. Furthermore, uPAR-(154--176) increased uPAR-transfected BAF3-cell adhesion on vitronectin in the presence of uPA, whereas uPAR-(247--276) stimulated the cell adhesion both in the absence or presence of uPA. The latter fragment was also able to augment the binding of vitronectin to uPAR in a purified system, thereby mimicking the effect of uPA on this interaction. These results indicate that uPA binding can take place to particular part(s) on several uPAR molecules and that direct uPAR-uPAR contacts may contribute to receptor activation and ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Liang
- Institut für Biochemie, Fachbereich Humanmedizin, Justus-Leipzig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Collins J, Horn N, Wadenbäck J, Szardenings M. Cosmix-plexing: a novel recombinatorial approach for evolutionary selection from combinatorial libraries. J Biotechnol 2001; 74:317-38. [PMID: 11526910 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0352(01)00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of existing combinatorial biological library methods has been moderate in terms of the success rates, the affinities of the ligands selected and the time and effort involved in trying to optimize the initial leads. Although mimicking natural evolution, existing strategies take little notice of the importance of recombination within a selected population to generate increased diversity. We present an overview of our recent progress which has resulted in the successful development of such a strategy, which we designate cosmix-plexing. We incorporate recombination as a central feature in obtaining high success rates and high affinities, even for short monomer peptides, in a very short time. The method uses type II restriction enzymes to re-assort small hypervariable DNA cassettes from an intermediate pre-selected population (e.g. from a phagemid display library), while maintaining the original open-reading frame. Since, in the naive library, each cassette contains all possible combinations of the polypeptide sequences it encodes, much longer regions can be optimized than was possible with methods which depend on a simple selection from the naive library. Short peptides can now be rapidly selected, which exhibit the same, or higher, specificity and affinity for a defined target molecule, than (say) an antibody or even the natural ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Collins
- Cosmix molecular biologicals GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.
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17
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Lee JH, Engler JA, Collawn JF, Moore BA. Receptor mediated uptake of peptides that bind the human transferrin receptor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:2004-12. [PMID: 11277922 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A biopanning process designed to find peptide epitopes specific for cell surface receptors has been used in this study to select seven- and 12-amino-acid peptides capable of binding to and internalizing with the human transferrin receptor (hTfR). Through sequential rounds of negative and positive selection, two peptide sequences were identified that specifically bind to the hTfR. Phage containing the sequences HAIYPRH or THRPPMWSPVWP were inhibited from binding the hTfR in a dose-dependent fashion when peptides of the same sequence were present in a competition assay. Interestingly, transferrin did not compete with either of these sequences for receptor binding, suggesting that these peptides bind a site on the hTfR distinct from the transferrin binding site. When either of these sequences was expressed as a fusion to green fluorescent protein (GFP), the recombinant GFP molecule was internalized in cells expressing the hTfR. These studies suggest that the two peptides can be used to target other proteins into the endosomal pathway. Further, they provide a strategy for identifying peptides that bind to other cell surface receptors that can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lee
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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18
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Klemm P, Schembri MA. Fimbrial surface display systems in bacteria: from vaccines to random libraries. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 Pt 12:3025-3032. [PMID: 11101660 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-12-3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Klemm
- Department of Microbiology, Bldg 301, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1
| | - Mark A Schembri
- Department of Microbiology, Bldg 301, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1
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19
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Kjaergaard K, Sørensen JK, Schembri MA, Klemm P. Sequestration of zinc oxide by fimbrial designer chelators. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:10-4. [PMID: 10618196 PMCID: PMC91778 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.1.10-14.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 fimbriae are surface organelles of Escherichia coli. By engineering a structural component of the fimbriae, FimH, to display a random peptide library, we were able to isolate metal-chelating bacteria. A library consisting of 4 x 10(7) independent clones was screened for binding to ZnO. Sequences responsible for ZnO adherence were identified, and distinct binding motifs were characterized. The sequences selected exhibited various degrees of affinity and specificity towards ZnO. Competitive binding experiments revealed that the sequences recognized only the oxide form of Zn. Interestingly, one of the inserts exhibited significant homology to a specific sequence in a putative zinc-containing helicase, which suggests that searches such as this one may aid in identifying binding motifs in nature. The zinc-binding bacteria might have a use in detoxification of metal-polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kjaergaard
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Abstract
Phage display is a powerful technique that can be used to develop antibodies to target molecules. One approach for antibody phage display is to select phage from a large naive library of antibody immunoglobulin variable region fragments (Fv) expressed on the surface of phage. Phage that display antibody fragments of interest are selected by their ability to bind the target antigen immobilized on a solid support surface. A major difficulty often encountered with this approach is that phage that bind to additional antigens that are present during the phage selection steps are also selected. We have developed an alternating selection approach to minimize selection of unwanted phage. In the alternating selection approach, two selection methods are used. Each selection method contains different contaminating antigens. This approach was used to select phage that bind a phosphoryated form of the E47 transcription factor. Phage were selected based on their ability to bind a phospho-peptide in solution and alternatively a phospho-protein coated on a polyvinyl micortiter plate. This approach proved significantly better than selection with only one method. With one selection technique, 2 of 48 (4%) selected clones bound to the target antigen. With another selection technique, 15 of 48 (31%) selected clones bound to the target antigen. With alternating selection, 71 of 93 (76%) of the clones bound to the target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lu
- University of California, Irvine, Pathology Department, Medical Science D470, Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Schembri MA, Kjaergaard K, Klemm P. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by fimbrial designer adhesins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 170:363-71. [PMID: 9933931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring adhesins bind to specific molecular targets in a lock-and-key fashion due to the composition of the binding domain of the adhesin. By introduction of random peptide libraries in a suitable surface exposed carrier protein it is possible to create and select designer adhesins with novel binding affinities. Type 1 fimbriae are surface organelles of Escherichia coli which mediate D-mannose sensitive binding to different host surfaces through the FimH adhesin, an integral part of these organelles. We have studied the ability of the FimH adhesin to display random peptide sequences. By serial selection and enrichment procedures specific sequences were identified which conferred the ability on recombinant cells to adhere to various metal oxides (PbO2, CoO, MnO2, Cr2O3). The properties inherent in these sequences permitted the distinct recognition of metals to varying degrees, indicating that this system allow for the isolation of peptide sequences with a variety of binding avidities. These studies demonstrate the potential and versatility of the FimH display system for presenting random peptide sequences. In addition, the possibility exists for the construction of microorganisms for the bioaccumulation of heavy metals from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schembri
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Abstract
The structural model of filamentous phage derived by X-ray fibre diffraction is supported by spectroscopic and genetic experiments. The structure of the receptor-binding domain at the end of the phage and the structure of the phage-coded intracellular DNA-binding protein have been determined at high resolution. The recent dissection of the virus life cycle by genetic and biochemical analyses, combined with structural information, suggests models for virus infection and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Marvin
- Cambridge Centre for Molecular Recognition, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK.
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Rakonjac J, Jovanovic G, Model P. Filamentous phage infection-mediated gene expression: construction and propagation of the gIII deletion mutant helper phage R408d3. Gene X 1997; 198:99-103. [PMID: 9370269 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the use of transcriptional fusions to the phage shock protein (psp) promoter. These fusions are expressed only when cells are infected by filamentous phage. In an application, the psp promoter was fused to the protein coding part of filamentous phage gene III (gIII). Protein III (pIII) is needed to complement mutant f1 phage containing a deletion of gIII, but its synthesis also renders cells resistant to infection. By inducing pIII production from psp-gIII only in the cells that are already infected with phage, it was possible to obtain plaques from phage in which gIII had been completely deleted. gIII was deleted from two helper phages: R408 and VCSM13, which were then propagated on cells containing the psp-gIII fusion. These two phages were tested for use in a phage display method that requires generation of noninfectious, phagemid-containing virion-like particles. Both helpers worked, but R408d3 was superior to VCSM13d3, because it generated about 1800-times fewer background infectious particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rakonjac
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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24
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Kast P, Hilvert D. 3D structural information as a guide to protein engineering using genetic selection. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1997; 7:470-9. [PMID: 9266167 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(97)80109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A great variety of protein systems have been investigated in the past year using structure-guided evolutionary strategies. On the basis of available 3D structural information, critical regions of proteins have been targeted for randomizing mutagenesis and active variants of the corresponding genes have been selected. These approaches help characterize structural and mechanistic features of proteins and have important implications for design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kast
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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25
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Georgiou G, Stathopoulos C, Daugherty PS, Nayak AR, Iverson BL, Curtiss R. Display of heterologous proteins on the surface of microorganisms: from the screening of combinatorial libraries to live recombinant vaccines. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15:29-34. [PMID: 9035102 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0197-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable progress towards the development of expression systems for the display of heterologous polypeptides and, to a lesser extent, oligosaccharides on the surface of bacteria or yeast. The availability of protein display vectors has in turn provided the impetus for a range of exciting technologies. Polypeptide libraries can be displayed in bacteria and screened by cell sorting techniques, thus simplifying the isolation of proteins with high affinity for ligands. Expression of antigens on the surface of nonvirulent microorganisms is an attractive approach to the development of high-efficacy recombinant live vaccines. Finally, cells displaying protein receptors or antibodies are of use for analytical applications and bioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin.
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