1
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Miao J, Williams DL, Kruppa MD, Peters BM. Glycogen synthase activity in Candida albicans is partly controlled by the functional ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gac1p. mSphere 2024:e0057524. [PMID: 39315809 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00575-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To adapt to various host microenvironments, the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans possesses the capacity to accumulate and store glycogen as an internal carbohydrate source. In the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ScGlc7p and ScGac1p are the serine/threonine type 1 protein phosphatase catalytic and regulatory subunits that control glycogen synthesis by altering the phosphorylation state of the glycogen synthase Gsy2p. Despite recent delineation of the glycogen synthesis pathway in C. albicans, the molecular events driving synthase activation are currently undefined. In this study, using a combination of microbiologic and genetic techniques, we determined that the protein encoded by uncharacterized gene C1_01140C, and not the currently annotated C. albicans Gac1p, is the major regulatory subunit involved in glycogen synthesis. C1_01140Cp contains a conserved GVNK motif observed across multiple starch/glycogen-binding proteins in various species, and alanine substitution of each residue in this motif significantly impaired glycogen accumulation in C. albicans. Fluorescent protein tagging and microscopy indicated that C1_01140Cp-GFPy colocalized with CaGlc7p-tdTomato and CaGsy1p-tdTomato accordingly. Co-immunoprecipitation assays further confirmed that C1_01140Cp associates with CaGlc7p and CaGsy1p during glycogen synthesis. Lastly, c1_01140cΔ/Δ exhibited colonization defects in a murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Collectively, our data indicate that uncharacterized C1_01140Cp is the functional ortholog of the PPP1R subunit ScGac1p in C. albicans.IMPORTANCEThe capacity to synthesize glycogen offers microbes metabolic flexibility, including the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase by the ScGlc7p-containing phosphatase is a critical rate-limiting step in glycogen synthesis. Subunits, including ScGac1p, target ScGlc7p to α-1,4-glucosyl primers for efficient ScGsy2p synthase activation. However, this process in C. albicans had not been delineated. Here, we show that the C. albicans genome encodes for two homologous phosphatase-binding subunits, annotated CaGac1p and uncharacterized C1_01140Cp, both containing a GVNK motif required for polysaccharide affinity. Surprisingly, loss of CaGac1p only moderately reduced glycogen accumulation, whereas loss of C1_01140Cp ablated it. Fluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation approaches revealed that C1_01140Cp associates with CaGlc7p and CaGsy1p during glycogen synthesis. Moreover, C1_01140Cp contributed to fungal fitness at the vaginal mucosa during murine vaginitis. Therefore, this work demonstrates that glycogen synthase regulation is conserved in C. albicans and C1_01140Cp is the functional ortholog of ScGac1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Miao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael D Kruppa
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Liu G, Feng Y, Zhang Q, Chai Y. Orthogonal Deprotection of Photolabile Protecting Groups and Its Application in Oligosaccharide Synthesis. Org Lett 2024; 26:5746-5751. [PMID: 38953872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We herein report for the first time the inter- and intramolecular orthogonal cleavage of two ortho-nitrobenzyl (NB) analogues. It is shown that the nitroveratryl (NV) group can be photolyzed with high priority when NV and ortho-nitrobenzyl carbonate (oNBC) are used together as the protecting groups of glycans. Notably, the photolytic products could be used directly in the subsequent glycosylation without further purification. With the above-mentioned orthogonal photolabile protecting group strategy in hand, a Mycobacterium tuberculosis tetrasaccharide and a derivative of glucosyl glycerol were rapidly prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yingle Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yonghai Chai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
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3
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Cereijo AE, Ferretti MV, Iglesias AA, Álvarez HM, Asencion Diez MD. Study of two glycosyltransferases related to polysaccharide biosynthesis in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Biol Chem 2024; 405:325-340. [PMID: 38487862 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Rhodococcus comprises organisms performing oleaginous behaviors under certain growth conditions and ratios of carbon and nitrogen availability. Rhodococci are outstanding producers of biofuel precursors, where lipid and glycogen metabolisms are closely related. Thus, a better understanding of rhodococcal carbon partitioning requires identifying catalytic steps redirecting sugar moieties to storage molecules. Here, we analyzed two GT4 glycosyl-transferases from Rhodococcus jostii (RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc) annotated as α-glucan-α-1,4-glucosyl transferases, putatively involved in glycogen synthesis. Both enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli cells, purified to homogeneity, and kinetically characterized. RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc presented the "canonical" glycogen synthase activity and were actives as maltose-1P synthases, although to a different extent. Then, RjoGlgAc is a homologous enzyme to the mycobacterial GlgM, with similar kinetic behavior and glucosyl-donor preference. RjoGlgAc was two orders of magnitude more efficient to glucosylate glucose-1P than glycogen, also using glucosamine-1P as a catalytically efficient aglycon. Instead, RjoGlgAb exhibited both activities with similar kinetic efficiency and preference for short-branched α-1,4-glucans. Curiously, RjoGlgAb presented a super-oligomeric conformation (higher than 15 subunits), representing a novel enzyme with a unique structure-to-function relationship. Kinetic results presented herein constitute a hint to infer on polysaccharides biosynthesis in rhodococci from an enzymological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Estefania Cereijo
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Ferretti
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto Alvaro Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Héctor Manuel Álvarez
- Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), 28226 Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET , Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Matías Damian Asencion Diez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
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4
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Beidler I, Steinke N, Schulze T, Sidhu C, Bartosik D, Zühlke MK, Martin LT, Krull J, Dutschei T, Ferrero-Bordera B, Rielicke J, Kale V, Sura T, Trautwein-Schult A, Kirstein IV, Wiltshire KH, Teeling H, Becher D, Bengtsson MM, Hehemann JH, Bornscheuer UT, Amann RI, Schweder T. Alpha-glucans from bacterial necromass indicate an intra-population loop within the marine carbon cycle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4048. [PMID: 38744821 PMCID: PMC11093988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton blooms provoke bacterioplankton blooms, from which bacterial biomass (necromass) is released via increased zooplankton grazing and viral lysis. While bacterial consumption of algal biomass during blooms is well-studied, little is known about the concurrent recycling of these substantial amounts of bacterial necromass. We demonstrate that bacterial biomass, such as bacterial alpha-glucan storage polysaccharides, generated from the consumption of algal organic matter, is reused and thus itself a major bacterial carbon source in vitro and during a diatom-dominated bloom. We highlight conserved enzymes and binding proteins of dominant bloom-responder clades that are presumably involved in the recycling of bacterial alpha-glucan by members of the bacterial community. We furthermore demonstrate that the corresponding protein machineries can be specifically induced by extracted alpha-glucan-rich bacterial polysaccharide extracts. This recycling of bacterial necromass likely constitutes a large-scale intra-population energy conservation mechanism that keeps substantial amounts of carbon in a dedicated part of the microbial loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Beidler
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicola Steinke
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tim Schulze
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chandni Sidhu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Bartosik
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Katherin Zühlke
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laura Torres Martin
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joris Krull
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Theresa Dutschei
- Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Borja Ferrero-Bordera
- Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Rielicke
- Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vaikhari Kale
- Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Sura
- Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anke Trautwein-Schult
- Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Inga V Kirstein
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, 27483, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Karen H Wiltshire
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, 27483, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Hanno Teeling
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mia Maria Bengtsson
- Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rudolf I Amann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweder
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, 27483, Helgoland, Germany.
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5
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Cifuente JO, Colleoni C, Kalscheuer R, Guerin ME. Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4863-4934. [PMID: 38606812 PMCID: PMC11046441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O. Cifuente
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University
of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF -Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural
Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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6
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Shang Z, Jiang Y, Yang F, Wu K, Zheng G, Lin Y, Wang C, Xin W, Zhao F. A homologous series of α-glucans from Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and their immunomodulatory activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129657. [PMID: 38253154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Seven macromolecular polysaccharides (HPP-2S-HPP-8S) were purified from the gonads of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. They were characterized as α-glucan homologues, sharing the same α-1,4-glucan backbone substituted at C-6 positions by glucose with HPP-1S that occurs as the major polysaccharide in H. pulcherrimus, while with higher degrees of branching, and additionally possessing minor amounts of mannose and ribose. The branching degree and amounts of non-glucose branches showed a generally increasing tendency across HPP-2S - HPP-8S. These polysaccharides exhibited significant macrophage-activating effects by augmenting the secretion of NO, TNF-α and IL-6, which probably involves the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Notably, the polysaccharides with a higher degree of branching exhibited markedly enhanced immunomodulatory capacity with a lowest effective concentration of 1.95 μg/mL. This work provides new cases of bioactive α-glucans and reveals their potential application as immunomodulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Shang
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fuhao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Ke Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Gaoliang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yexi Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Wenyu Xin
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Feng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Ocean Engineering Technology, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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7
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Sodani M, Misra CS, Nigam G, Fatima Z, Kulkarni S, Rath D. MSMEG_0311 is a conserved essential polar protein involved in mycobacterium cell wall metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129583. [PMID: 38242409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell wall synthesis and cell division are two closely linked pathways in a bacterial cell which distinctly influence the growth and survival of a bacterium. This requires an appreciable coordination between the two processes, more so, in case of mycobacteria with an intricate multi-layered cell wall structure. In this study, we investigated a conserved gene cluster using CRISPR-Cas12 based gene silencing technology to show that knockdown of most of the genes in this cluster leads to growth defects. Investigating conserved genes is important as they likely perform vital cellular functions and the functional insights on such genes can be extended to other mycobacterial species. We characterised one of the genes in the locus, MSMEG_0311. The repression of this gene not only imparts severe growth defect but also changes colony morphology. We demonstrate that the protein preferentially localises to the polar region and investigate its influence on the polar growth of the bacillus. A combination of permeability and drug susceptibility assay strongly suggests a cell wall associated function of this gene which is also corroborated by transcriptomic analysis of the knockdown where a number of cell wall associated genes, particularly iniA and sigF regulon get altered. Considering the gene is highly conserved across mycobacterial species and appears to be essential for growth, it may serve as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sodani
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chitra S Misra
- Applied Genomics Section, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurav Nigam
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Devashish Rath
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India; Applied Genomics Section, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India.
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8
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Bax HHM, Gaenssle AL, van der Maarel MJEC, Jurak E. The Synergistic Effect of GH13 and GH57 GBEs of Petrotoga mobilis Results in α-Glucan Molecules with a Higher Branch Density. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4603. [PMID: 38232006 PMCID: PMC10708623 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a biopolymer consisting of glycosyl units, with a linear backbone connected by α-1,4-linkages and branches attached via α-1,6-linkages. In microorganisms, glycogen synthesis involves multiple enzymes, with glycogen branching enzymes (GBEs) being vital for creating α-1,6-linkages. GBEs exist in two families: glycoside hydrolase (GH) 13 and GH57. Some organisms possess either a single GH13 or GH57 GBE, while others, such as Petrotoga mobilis, have both types of GBEs. In this study, the simultaneous use of a GH13 and GH57 GBE each from Petrotoga mobilis for α-glucan modification was investigated using a linear maltodextrin substrate with a degree of polymerization of 18 (DP18). The products from modifications by one or both GBEs in various combinations were analyzed and demonstrated a synergistic effect when both enzymes were combined, leading to a higher branch density in the glycogen structure. In this cooperative process, PmGBE13 was responsible for creating longer branches, whereas PmGBE57 hydrolyzed these branches, resulting in shorter lengths. The combined action of the two enzymes significantly increased the number of branched chains compared to when they acted individually. The results of this study therefore give insight into the role of PmGBE13 and PmGBE57 in glycogen synthesis, and show the potential use of both enzymes in a two-step modification to create an α-glucan structure with short branches at a high branch density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edita Jurak
- Bioproduct Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.H.M.B.); (A.L.G.); (M.J.E.C.v.d.M.)
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9
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Saikat ASM. Computational approaches for molecular characterization and structure-based functional elucidation of a hypothetical protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Genomics Inform 2023; 21:e25. [PMID: 37415455 PMCID: PMC10326535 DOI: 10.5808/gi.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of infections and hosts has resulted in several metabolic mechanisms adopted by intracellular pathogens to combat the defense responses and the lack of fuel during infection. Human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the world's first cause of mortality tied to a single disease. This study aims to characterize and anticipate potential antigen characteristics for promising vaccine candidates for the hypothetical protein of MTB through computational strategies. The protein is associated with the catalyzation of dithiol oxidation and/or disulfide reduction because of the protein's anticipated disulfide oxidoreductase properties. This investigation analyzed the protein's physicochemical characteristics, protein-protein interactions, subcellular locations, anticipated active sites, secondary and tertiary structures, allergenicity, antigenicity, and toxicity properties. The protein has significant active amino acid residues with no allergenicity, elevated antigenicity, and no toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
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10
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Miao J, Regan J, Cai C, Palmer GE, Williams DL, Kruppa MD, Peters BM. Glycogen Metabolism in Candida albicans Impacts Fitness and Virulence during Vulvovaginal and Invasive Candidiasis. mBio 2023; 14:e0004623. [PMID: 36840583 PMCID: PMC10127583 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00046-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymorphic fungus Candida albicans remains a leading cause of both invasive and superficial mycoses, including vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Metabolic plasticity, including carbohydrate catabolism, confers fitness advantages at anatomical site-specific host niches. C. albicans possesses the capacity to accumulate and store carbohydrates as glycogen and can consume intracellular glycogen stores when nutrients become limited. In the vaginal environment, estrogen promotes epithelial glycogen accumulation and C. albicans colonization. However, whether these factors are mechanistically linked is unexplored. Here, we characterized the glycogen metabolism pathways in C. albicans and investigated whether these impact the long-term survival of C. albicans, both in vitro and in vivo during murine VVC, or virulence during systemic infection. SC5314 and 6 clinical isolates demonstrated impaired growth when glycogen was used as the sole carbon source, suggesting that environmental glycogen acquisition is limited. The genetic deletion and complementation of key genes involved in glycogen metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that GSY1 and GLC3, as well as GPH1 and GDB1, are essential for glycogen synthesis and catabolism in C. albicans, respectively. Potential compensatory roles for a glucoamylase encoded by SGA1 were also explored. Competitive survival assays revealed that gsy1Δ/Δ, gph1Δ/Δ, and gph1Δ/Δ sga1Δ/Δ mutants exhibited long-term survival defects in vitro under starvation conditions and in vivo during vaginal colonization. A complete inability to catabolize glycogen (gph1Δ/Δ sga1Δ/Δ) also rendered C. albicans significantly less virulent during disseminated infections. This is the first study fully validating the glycogen metabolism pathways in C. albicans, and the results further suggest that intracellular glycogen catabolism positively impacts the long-term fitness of C. albicans in nutrient deficient environments and is important for full virulence. IMPORTANCE Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose and is used across the tree of life as an efficient and compact form of energy storage. Whereas glycogen metabolism pathways have been studied in model yeasts, they have not been extensively explored in pathogenic fungi. Using a combination of microbiologic, molecular genetic, and biochemical approaches, we reveal orthologous functions of glycogen metabolism genes in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We also provide evidence that extracellular glycogen poorly supports growth across the Candida species and clinical isolates. Competitive fitness assays reveal that the loss of glycogen synthesis or catabolism significantly impacts survival during both in vitro starvation and the colonization of the mouse vagina. Moreover, a global glycogen catabolism mutant is rendered less virulent during murine invasive candidiasis. Therefore, this work demonstrates that glycogen metabolism in C. albicans contributes to survival and virulence in the mammalian host and may be a novel antifungal target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Miao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica Regan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chun Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Glen E. Palmer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael D. Kruppa
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brian M. Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Cheng J, Wang Y, Song J, Liu Y, Ji W, He L, Wei H, Hu C, Jiang Y, Xing Y, Huang X, Ding H, He Q. Characterization, immunostimulatory and antitumor activities of a β-galactoglucofurannan from cultivated Sanghuangporus vaninii under forest. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1058131. [PMID: 36618684 PMCID: PMC9812957 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1058131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A biomacromolecule, named as β-galactoglucofurannan (SVPS2), was isolated from the cultivated parts of Sanghuangporus vaninii under the forest. Its primary and advanced structure was analyzed by a series of techniques including GC-MS, methylation, NMR, MALS as well as AFM. The results indicated that SVPS2 was a kind of 1, 5-linked β-Glucofurannan consisting of β-glucose, β-galactose and α-fucose with 23.4 KDa. It exhibited a single-stranded chain with an average height of 0.72 nm in saline solution. The immunostimulation test indicated SVPS2 could facilitate the initiation of the immune reaction and promote the secretion of cytokines in vitro. Moreover, SVPS2 could mediate the apoptosis of HT-29 cells by blocking them in S phase. Western blot assay revealed an upregulation of Bax, Cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3 by SVPS2, accompanied by a downregulation of Bcl-2. These results collectively demonstrate that antitumor mechanism of SVPS2 may be associated with enhancing immune response and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro. Therefore, SVPS2 might be utilized as a promising therapeutic agent against colon cancer and functional food with immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiling Song
- Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Ji
- Huzhou Liangxi Forest Park Management Office, Huzhou, China
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Liang He ✉
| | - Hailong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,Hailong Wei ✉
| | - Chuanjiu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xubo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Center of Forecasting and Analysis, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghai He
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Thanvi R, Jayasinghe TD, Kapil S, Obadawo BS, Ronning DR, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis of C7/C8-cyclitols and C7N-aminocyclitols from maltose and X-ray crystal structure of Streptomyces coelicolor GlgEI V279S in a complex with an amylostatin GXG–like derivative. Front Chem 2022; 10:950433. [PMID: 36157042 PMCID: PMC9501709 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.950433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
C7/C8-cyclitols and C7N-aminocyclitols find applications in the pharmaceutical sector as α-glucosidase inhibitors and in the agricultural sector as fungicides and insecticides. In this study, we identified C7/C8-cyclitols and C7N-aminocyclitols as potential inhibitors of Streptomyces coelicolor (Sco) GlgEI-V279S based on the docking scores. The protein and the ligand (targets 11, 12, and 13) were prepared, the states were generated at pH 7.0 ± 2.0, and the ligands were docked into the active sites of the receptor via Glide™. The synthetic route to these targets was similar to our previously reported route used to obtain 4-⍺-glucoside of valienamine (AGV), except the protecting group for target 12 was a p-bromobenzyl (PBB) ether to preserve the alkene upon deprotection. While compounds 11–13 did not inhibit Sco GlgEI-V279S at the concentrations evaluated, an X-ray crystal structure of the Sco GlgE1-V279S/13 complex was solved to a resolution of 2.73 Å. This structure allowed assessment differences and commonality with our previously reported inhibitors and was useful for identifying enzyme–compound interactions that may be important for future inhibitor development. The Asp 394 nucleophile formed a bidentate hydrogen bond interaction with the exocyclic oxygen atoms (C(3)-OH and C(7)-OH) similar to the observed interactions with the Sco GlgEI-V279S in a complex with AGV (PDB:7MGY). In addition, the data suggest replacing the cyclohexyl group with more isosteric and hydrogen bond–donating groups to increase binding interactions in the + 1 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Thanvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Thilina D. Jayasinghe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sunayana Kapil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | | | - Donald R. Ronning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Donald R. Ronning, ; Steven J. Sucheck,
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Donald R. Ronning, ; Steven J. Sucheck,
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13
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Krishna PS, Woodcock SD, Pfeilmeier S, Bornemann S, Zipfel C, Malone JG. Pseudomonas syringae addresses distinct environmental challenges during plant infection through the coordinated deployment of polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2206-2221. [PMID: 34905021 PMCID: PMC8982409 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prior to infection, phytopathogenic bacteria face a challenging environment on the plant surface, where they are exposed to nutrient starvation and abiotic stresses. Pathways enabling surface adhesion, stress tolerance, and epiphytic survival are important for successful plant pathogenesis. Understanding the roles and regulation of these pathways is therefore crucial to fully understand bacterial plant infections. The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) encodes multiple polysaccharides that are implicated in biofilm formation, stress survival, and virulence in other microbes. To examine how these polysaccharides impact Pst epiphytic survival and pathogenesis, we analysed mutants in multiple polysaccharide loci to determine their intersecting contributions to epiphytic survival and infection. In parallel, we used qRT-PCR to analyse the regulation of each pathway. Pst polysaccharides are tightly coordinated by multiple environmental signals. Nutrient availability, temperature, and surface association strongly affect the expression of different polysaccharides under the control of the signalling protein genes ladS and cbrB and the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP. Furthermore, functionally redundant, combinatorial phenotypes were observed for several polysaccharides. Exopolysaccharides play a role in mediating leaf adhesion, while α-glucan and alginate together confer desiccation tolerance. Our results suggest that polysaccharides play important roles in overcoming environmental challenges to Pst during plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilla Sankara Krishna
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stuart Daniel Woodcock
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jacob George Malone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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14
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Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical Reporters for Bacterial Glycans: Development and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3336-3413. [PMID: 34905344 PMCID: PMC8958928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess an extraordinary repertoire of cell envelope glycans that have critical physiological functions. Pathogenic bacteria have glycans that are essential for growth and virulence but are absent from humans, making them high-priority targets for antibiotic, vaccine, and diagnostic development. The advent of metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters and small-molecule fluorescent reporters has enabled the investigation and targeting of specific bacterial glycans in their native environments. These tools have opened the door to imaging glycan dynamics, assaying and inhibiting glycan biosynthesis, profiling glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins, and targeting pathogens with diagnostic and therapeutic payload. These capabilities have been wielded in diverse commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial species─including within live host organisms. Here, we review the development and applications of chemical reporters for bacterial glycans, including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, glycoproteins, teichoic acids, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mycobacterial glycans, including trehalose glycolipids and arabinan-containing glycoconjugates. We cover in detail how bacteria-targeting chemical reporters are designed, synthesized, and evaluated, how they operate from a mechanistic standpoint, and how this information informs their judicious and innovative application. We also provide a perspective on the current state and future directions of the field, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary teams to create novel tools and extend existing tools to support fundamental and translational research on bacterial glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Banahene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Herbert W. Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
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15
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Joshi H, Kandari D, Bhatnagar R. Insights into the molecular determinants involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence and their therapeutic implications. Virulence 2021; 12:2721-2749. [PMID: 34637683 PMCID: PMC8565819 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1990660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of persistent infections and the reactivation of persistent bacteria to active bacilli are the two hurdles in effective tuberculosis treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an etiologic tuberculosis agent, adapts to numerous antibiotics and resists the host immune system causing a disease of public health concern. Extensive research has been employed to combat this disease due to its sheer ability to persist in the host system, undetected, waiting for the opportunity to declare itself. Persisters are a bacterial subpopulation that possesses transient tolerance to high doses of antibiotics. There are certain inherent mechanisms that facilitate the persister cell formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some of those had been characterized in the past namely, stringent response, transcriptional regulators, energy production pathways, lipid metabolism, cell wall remodeling enzymes, phosphate metabolism, and proteasome protein degradation. This article reviews the recent advancements made in various in vitro persistence models that assist to unravel the mechanisms involved in the persister cell formation and to hunt for the possible preventive or treatment measures. To tackle the persister population the immunodominant proteins that express specifically at the latent phase of infection can be used for diagnosis to distinguish between the active and latent tuberculosis, as well as to select potential drug or vaccine candidates. In addition, we discuss the genes engaged in the persistence to get more insights into resuscitation and persister cell formation. The in-depth understanding of persistent cells of mycobacteria can certainly unravel novel ways to target the pathogen and tackle its persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Joshi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Kandari
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Amity University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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16
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Ferretti MV, Hussien RA, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA, Figueroa CM, Asencion Diez MD. The ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Melainabacteria: a comparative study between photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacterial sources. Biochimie 2021; 192:30-37. [PMID: 34560201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the cyanobacterial phylum only included oxygenic photosynthesizer members. The discovery of Melainabacteria as a group of supposed non-photosynthetic cyanobacteria asked to revisit such scenario. From metagenomic data, we were able to identify sequences encoding putative ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (ADP-GlcPPase) from free-living and intestinal Melainabacteria. The respective genes were de novo synthesized and over-expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant proteins from both Melainabacteria species were active as ADP-GlcPPases, exhibiting Vmax values of 2.3 (free-living) and 7.1 U/mg (intestinal). The enzymes showed similar S0.5 values (∼0.3 mM) for ATP, while the one from the intestinal source exhibited a 6-fold higher affinity toward glucose-1P. Both recombinant ADP-GlcPPases were sensitive to glucose-6P activation (A0.5 ∼0.3 mM) and Pi and ADP inhibition (I0.5 between 0.2 and 3 mM). Interestingly, the enzymes from Melainabacteria were insensitive to 3-phosphoglycerate, which is the principal activator of ADP-GlcPPases from photosynthetic cyanobacteria. As far as we know, this is the first biochemical characterization of an active enzyme from Melainabacteria. This work contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of allosteric regulation in the ADP-GlcPPase family, which is critical for synthesizing the main reserve polysaccharide in prokaryotes (glycogen) and plants (starch). In addition, our results offer further information to discussions regarding the phylogenetic position of Melainabacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Ferretti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rania A Hussien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Chemistry, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Asencion Diez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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17
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Jackson M, Stevens CM, Zhang L, Zgurskaya HI, Niederweis M. Transporters Involved in the Biogenesis and Functionalization of the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5124-5157. [PMID: 33170669 PMCID: PMC8107195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biology of mycobacteria is dominated by a complex cell envelope of unique composition and structure and of exceptionally low permeability. This cell envelope is the basis of many of the pathogenic features of mycobacteria and the site of susceptibility and resistance to many antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. This review is focused on the transporters that assemble and functionalize this complex structure. It highlights both the progress and the limits of our understanding of how (lipo)polysaccharides, (glyco)lipids, and other bacterial secretion products are translocated across the different layers of the cell envelope to their final extra-cytoplasmic location. It further describes some of the unique strategies evolved by mycobacteria to import nutrients and other products through this highly impermeable barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Casey M. Stevens
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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18
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Woodcock SD, Syson K, Little RH, Ward D, Sifouna D, Brown JKM, Bornemann S, Malone JG. Trehalose and α-glucan mediate distinct abiotic stress responses in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009524. [PMID: 33872310 PMCID: PMC8084333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An important prelude to bacterial infection is the ability of a pathogen to survive independently of the host and to withstand environmental stress. The compatible solute trehalose has previously been connected with diverse abiotic stress tolerances, particularly osmotic shock. In this study, we combine molecular biology and biochemistry to dissect the trehalose metabolic network in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and define its role in abiotic stress protection. We show that trehalose metabolism in PAO1 is integrated with the biosynthesis of branched α-glucan (glycogen), with mutants in either biosynthetic pathway significantly compromised for survival on abiotic surfaces. While both trehalose and α-glucan are important for abiotic stress tolerance, we show they counter distinct stresses. Trehalose is important for the PAO1 osmotic stress response, with trehalose synthesis mutants displaying severely compromised growth in elevated salt conditions. However, trehalose does not contribute directly to the PAO1 desiccation response. Rather, desiccation tolerance is mediated directly by GlgE-derived α-glucan, with deletion of the glgE synthase gene compromising PAO1 survival in low humidity but having little effect on osmotic sensitivity. Desiccation tolerance is independent of trehalose concentration, marking a clear distinction between the roles of these two molecules in mediating responses to abiotic stress. Author summary To survive outside their host, pathogenic bacteria must withstand various environmental stresses. The sugar molecule trehalose is associated with a range of abiotic stress tolerances, particularly osmotic shock. In this study, we analyse the trehalose metabolic network in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and define its role in abiotic stress protection. We show that trehalose metabolism in PAO1 is intimately connected to the biosynthesis of branched α-glucan, or glycogen. Disruption of either trehalose or glycogen biosynthesis significantly reduces the ability of PAO1 to survive on steel work surfaces. While both trehalose and glycogen are important for stress tolerance, they counter very different stresses. Trehalose is important for the osmotic stress response, and survival in conditions of elevated salt. On the other hand, glycogen is responsible for desiccation tolerance and survival in low humidity environments. Trehalose does not apparently contribute to desiccation tolerance, marking a clear distinction between the roles of trehalose and glycogen in mediating abiotic stress responses in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Woodcock
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Syson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. Little
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Danny Ward
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Sifouna
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - James K. M. Brown
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob G. Malone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Bacterial Biopolymer: Its Role in Pathogenesis to Effective Biomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081242. [PMID: 33921239 PMCID: PMC8069653 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are considered as the major cell factories, which can effectively convert nitrogen and carbon sources to a wide variety of extracellular and intracellular biopolymers like polyamides, polysaccharides, polyphosphates, polyesters, proteinaceous compounds, and extracellular DNA. Bacterial biopolymers find applications in pathogenicity, and their diverse materialistic and chemical properties make them suitable to be used in medicinal industries. When these biopolymer compounds are obtained from pathogenic bacteria, they serve as important virulence factors, but when they are produced by non-pathogenic bacteria, they act as food components or biomaterials. There have been interdisciplinary studies going on to focus on the molecular mechanism of synthesis of bacterial biopolymers and identification of new targets for antimicrobial drugs, utilizing synthetic biology for designing and production of innovative biomaterials. This review sheds light on the mechanism of synthesis of bacterial biopolymers and its necessary modifications to be used as cell based micro-factories for the production of tailor-made biomaterials for high-end applications and their role in pathogenesis.
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Hinchliffe JD, Parassini Madappura A, Syed Mohamed SMD, Roy I. Biomedical Applications of Bacteria-Derived Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1081. [PMID: 33805506 PMCID: PMC8036740 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics have found widespread use in the fields of cosmetic, engineering, and medical sciences due to their wide-ranging mechanical and physical properties, as well as suitability in biomedical applications. However, in the light of the environmental cost of further upscaling current methods of synthesizing many plastics, work has recently focused on the manufacture of these polymers using biological methods (often bacterial fermentation), which brings with them the advantages of both low temperature synthesis and a reduced reliance on potentially toxic and non-eco-friendly compounds. This can be seen as a boon in the biomaterials industry, where there is a need for highly bespoke, biocompatible, processable polymers with unique biological properties, for the regeneration and replacement of a large number of tissue types, following disease. However, barriers still remain to the mass-production of some of these polymers, necessitating new research. This review attempts a critical analysis of the contemporary literature concerning the use of a number of bacteria-derived polymers in the context of biomedical applications, including the biosynthetic pathways and organisms involved, as well as the challenges surrounding their mass production. This review will also consider the unique properties of these bacteria-derived polymers, contributing to bioactivity, including antibacterial properties, oxygen permittivity, and properties pertaining to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Finally, the review will select notable examples in literature to indicate future directions, should the aforementioned barriers be addressed, as well as improvements to current bacterial fermentation methods that could help to address these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (J.D.H.); (A.P.M.); (S.M.D.S.M.)
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21
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Sebastian J, Nair RR, Swaminath S, Ajitkumar P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cells Surviving in the Continued Presence of Bactericidal Concentrations of Rifampicin in vitro Develop Negatively Charged Thickened Capsular Outer Layer That Restricts Permeability to the Antibiotic. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:554795. [PMID: 33391194 PMCID: PMC7773709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.554795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of the cells in the bacterial populations exposed to lethal concentrations of antibiotics for prolonged duration succumbs to the antibiotics' sterilizing activity. The remaining cells survive by diverse mechanisms that include reduced permeability of the antibiotics. However, in the cells surviving in the continued presence of lethal concentrations of antibiotics, it is not known whether any cell surface alterations occur that in turn may reduce permeability of the antibiotics. Here we report the presence of a highly negatively charged, hydrophilic, thickened capsular outer layer (TCOL) on a small proportion of the rifampicin surviving population (RSP) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cells upon prolonged continuous exposure to bactericidal concentrations of rifampicin in vitro. The TCOL reduced the intracellular entry of 5-carboxyfluorescein-rifampicin (5-FAM-rifampicin), a fluorochrome-conjugated rifampicin permeability probe of negligible bacteriocidal activity but comparable properties. Gentle mechanical removal of the TCOL enabled significant increase in the 5-FAM-rifampicin permeability. Zeta potential measurements of the cells' surface charge and hexadecane assay for cell surface hydrophobicity showed that the TCOL imparted high negative charge and polar nature to the cells' surface. Flow cytometry using the MLP and RSP cells, stained with calcofluor white, which specifically binds glucose/mannose units in β (1 → 4) or β (1 → 3) linkages, revealed the presence of lower content of polysaccharides containing such residues in the TCOL. GC-MS analyses of the TCOL and the normal capsular outer layer (NCOL) of MLP cells showed elevated levels of α-D-glucopyranoside, mannose, arabinose, galactose, and their derivatives in the TCOL, indicating the presence of high content of polysaccharides with these residues. We hypothesize that the significantly high thickness and the elevated negative charge of the TCOL might have functioned as a physical barrier restricting the permeability of the relatively non-polar rifampicin. This might have reduced intracellular rifampicin concentration enabling the cells' survival in the continued presence of high doses of rifampicin. In the context of our earlier report on the de novo emergence of rifampicin-resistant genetic mutants of Mtb from the population surviving under lethal doses of the antibiotic, the present findings attain clinical significance if a subpopulation of the tubercle bacilli in tuberculosis patients possesses TCOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jees Sebastian
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rashmi Ravindran Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sharmada Swaminath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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22
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Syson K, Batey SFD, Schindler S, Kalscheuer R, Bornemann S. A temperature-sensitive Mycobacterium smegmatis glgE mutation leads to a loss of GlgE enzyme activity and thermostability and the accumulation of α-maltose-1-phosphate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129783. [PMID: 33166604 PMCID: PMC7805345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background The bacterial GlgE pathway is the third known route to glycogen and is the only one present in mycobacteria. It contributes to the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The involvement of GlgE in glycogen biosynthesis was discovered twenty years ago when the phenotype of a temperature-sensitive Mycobacterium smegmatis mutation was rescued by the glgE gene. The evidence at the time suggested glgE coded for a glucanase responsible for the hydrolysis of glycogen, in stark contrast with recent evidence showing GlgE to be a polymerase responsible for its biosynthesis. Methods We reconstructed and examined the temperature-sensitive mutant and characterised the mutated GlgE enzyme. Results The mutant strain accumulated the substrate for GlgE, α-maltose-1-phosphate, at the non-permissive temperature. The glycogen assay used in the original study was shown to give a false positive result with α-maltose-1-phosphate. The accumulation of α-maltose-1-phosphate was due to the lowering of the kcat of GlgE as well as a loss of stability 42 °C. The reported rescue of the phenotype by GarA could potentially involve an interaction with GlgE, but none was detected. Conclusions We have been able to reconcile apparently contradictory observations and shed light on the basis for the phenotype of the temperature-sensitive mutation. General significance This study highlights how the lowering of flux through the GlgE pathway can slow the growth mycobacteria. A single amino acid substitution in GlgE leads to loss of activity and stability. Temperature-sensitivity leads to the accumulation of GlgE's substrate in vivo. Reduced bacterial growth can be attributed to the accumulation of this substrate. It was shown how a glycogen assay can give a false positive with this substrate. This reconciles apparently contradictory observations published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Syson
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Sibyl F D Batey
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Steffen Schindler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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23
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Kalera K, Stothard AI, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. The role of chemoenzymatic synthesis in advancing trehalose analogues as tools for combatting bacterial pathogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11528-11547. [PMID: 32914793 PMCID: PMC7919099 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04955g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose, a disaccharide of glucose, is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to virulence in major bacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Clostridioides difficile, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Accordingly, bacterial trehalose metabolic pathways that are not present in humans have gained traction as targets for antibiotic and diagnostic development. Toward this goal, trehalose can be modified through a combination of rational design and synthesis to produce functionalized trehalose analogues, which can be deployed to probe or inhibit bacterial trehalose metabolism. However, the unique α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond and C2 symmetry of trehalose make analogue synthesis via traditional chemical methods very challenging. We and others have turned to the creation of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods, which in principle allow the use of nature's trehalose-synthesizing enzymes to stereo- and regioselectively couple simple, unprotected substrates to efficiently and conveniently generate trehalose analogues. Here, we provide a contextual account of our team's development of a trehalose analogue synthesis method that employs a highly substrate-tolerant, thermostable trehalose synthase enzyme, TreT from Thermoproteus tenax. Then, in three vignettes, we highlight how chemoenzymatic synthesis has accelerated the development of trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors that target trehalose-utilizing bacterial pathogens. We describe the role of TreT catalysis and related methods in the development of (i) tools for in vitro and in vivo imaging of mycobacteria, (ii) anti-biofilm compounds that sensitize drug-tolerant mycobacteria to clinical anti-tubercular compounds, and (iii) degradation-resistant trehalose analogues that block trehalose metabolism in C. difficile and potentially other trehalose-utilizing bacteria. We conclude by recapping progress and discussing priorities for future research in this area, including improving the scope and scale of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods to support translational research and expanding the functionality and applicability of trehalose analogues to study and target diverse bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kalera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Alicyn I Stothard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
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24
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Wang M, Liu Q, Kang X, Zhu Z, Yang H, Xi X, Zhang X, Du Y, Guo M, Tang D, Wang L. Glycogen Metabolism Impairment via Single Gene Mutation in the glgBXCAP Operon Alters the Survival Rate of Escherichia coli Under Various Environmental Stresses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588099. [PMID: 33101261 PMCID: PMC7546213 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide that is widely present in all life domains. It has been identified in many bacterial species and functions as an important energy storage compound. In addition, it plays important roles in bacterial transmission, pathogenicity, and environmental viability. There are five essential enzymes (coding genes) directly involved in bacterial glycogen metabolism, which forms a single operon glgBXCAP with a suboperonic promoter in glgC gene in Escherichia coli. Currently, there is no comparative study of how the disruptions of the five glycogen metabolism genes influence bacterial phenotypes, such as growth rate, biofilm formation, and environmental survival, etc. In this study, we systematically and comparatively studied five E. coli single-gene mutants (ΔglgC, ΔglgA, ΔglgB, ΔglgP, ΔglgX) in terms of glycogen metabolism and explored their phenotype changes with a focus on environmental stress endurance, such as nutrient deprivation, low temperature, desiccation, and oxidation, etc. Biofilm formation in wild-type and mutant strains was also compared. E. coli wild-type stores the highest glycogen content after around 20-h culture while disruption of degradation genes (glgP, glgX) leads to continuous accumulation of glycogen. However, glycogen primary structure was abnormally changed in ΔglgP and ΔglgX. Meanwhile, increased accumulation of glycogen facilitates the growth of E. coli mutants but reduces glucose consumption in liquid culture and vice versa. Glycogen metabolism disruption also significantly and consistently increases biofilm formation in all the mutants. As for environmental stress endurance, glycogen over-accumulating mutants have enhanced starvation viability and reduced desiccation viability while all mutants showed decreased survival rate at low temperature. No consistent results were found for oxidative stress resistance in terms of glycogen metabolism disruptions, though ΔglgA shows highest resistance toward oxidation with unknown mechanisms. In sum, single gene disruptions in glgBXCAP operon significantly influence bacterial growth and glucose consumption during culture. Accumulation and structure of intracellular glycogen were also significantly altered. In addition, we observed significant changes in E. coli environmental viabilities due to the deletions of certain genes in the operon. Further investigations shall be focused on the molecular mechanisms behind these phenotype changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Kang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zuobin Zhu
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Xi
- Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mengzhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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25
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Wang L, Berni F, Enotarpi J, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel G, Codée JDC. Reagent controlled stereoselective synthesis of teichoic acid α-(1,2)-glucans. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2038-2050. [PMID: 32141465 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective construction of 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages is key in the assembly of biologically relevant glycans, but remains a synthetic challenge. Reagent-controlled glycosylation methodologies, in which external nucleophiles are employed to modulate the reactivity of the glycosylation system, have become powerful means for the construction of 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages. Here we establish that nucleophilic additives can support the construction of α-1,2-glucans, and apply our findings in the construction of a d-alanine kojibiose functionalized glycerol phosphate teichoic acid fragment. This latter molecule can be found in the cell wall of the opportunistic Gram-positive bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis and represents a structural element that can possibly be used in the development of therapeutic vaccines and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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26
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Abstract
Bacteria are prime cell factories that can efficiently convert carbon and nitrogen sources into a large diversity of intracellular and extracellular biopolymers, such as polysaccharides, polyamides, polyesters, polyphosphates, extracellular DNA and proteinaceous components. Bacterial polymers have important roles in pathogenicity, and their varied chemical and material properties make them suitable for medical and industrial applications. The same biopolymers when produced by pathogenic bacteria function as major virulence factors, whereas when they are produced by non-pathogenic bacteria, they become food ingredients or biomaterials. Interdisciplinary research has shed light on the molecular mechanisms of bacterial polymer synthesis, identified new targets for antibacterial drugs and informed synthetic biology approaches to design and manufacture innovative materials. This Review summarizes the role of bacterial polymers in pathogenesis, their synthesis and their material properties as well as approaches to design cell factories for production of tailor-made bio-based materials suitable for high-value applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fata Moradali
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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27
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Tateishi Y, Minato Y, Baughn AD, Ohnishi H, Nishiyama A, Ozeki Y, Matsumoto S. Genome-wide identification of essential genes in Mycobacterium intracellulare by transposon sequencing - Implication for metabolic remodeling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5449. [PMID: 32214196 PMCID: PMC7096427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of the human nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease is rapidly increasing. However, knowledge of gene essentiality under optimal growth conditions and conditions relevant to the natural ecology of NTM, such as hypoxia, is lacking. In this study, we utilized transposon sequencing to comprehensively identify genes essential for growth in Mycobacterium intracellulare. Of 5126 genes of M. intracellulare ATCC13950, 506 genes were identified as essential genes, of which 280 and 158 genes were shared with essential genes of M. tuberculosis and M. marinum, respectively. The shared genes included target genes of existing antituberculous drugs including SQ109, which targets the trehalose monomycolate transporter MmpL3. From 175 genes showing decreased fitness as conditionally essential under hypoxia, preferential carbohydrate metabolism including gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle and succinate production was suggested under hypoxia. Virulence-associated genes including proteasome system and mycothiol redox system were also identified as conditionally essential under hypoxia, which was further supported by the higher effective suppression of bacterial growth under hypoxia compared to aerobic conditions in the presence of these inhibitors. This study has comprehensively identified functions essential for growth of M. intracellulare under conditions relevant to the host environment. These findings provide critical functional genomic information for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tateishi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Minato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 689 23rd Avenue S.E. Microbiology Research Facility, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, USA
| | - Anthony D Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 689 23rd Avenue S.E. Microbiology Research Facility, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, USA
| | - Hiroaki Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Nishiyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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28
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Rausch P, Rühlemann M, Hermes BM, Doms S, Dagan T, Dierking K, Domin H, Fraune S, von Frieling J, Hentschel U, Heinsen FA, Höppner M, Jahn MT, Jaspers C, Kissoyan KAB, Langfeldt D, Rehman A, Reusch TBH, Roeder T, Schmitz RA, Schulenburg H, Soluch R, Sommer F, Stukenbrock E, Weiland-Bräuer N, Rosenstiel P, Franke A, Bosch T, Baines JF. Comparative analysis of amplicon and metagenomic sequencing methods reveals key features in the evolution of animal metaorganisms. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31521200 PMCID: PMC6744666 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between hosts and their associated microbiome is now recognized as a fundamental basis of the ecology, evolution, and development of both players. These interdependencies inspired a new view of multicellular organisms as "metaorganisms." The goal of the Collaborative Research Center "Origin and Function of Metaorganisms" is to understand why and how microbial communities form long-term associations with hosts from diverse taxonomic groups, ranging from sponges to humans in addition to plants. METHODS In order to optimize the choice of analysis procedures, which may differ according to the host organism and question at hand, we systematically compared the two main technical approaches for profiling microbial communities, 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic shotgun sequencing across our panel of ten host taxa. This includes two commonly used 16S rRNA gene regions and two amplification procedures, thus totaling five different microbial profiles per host sample. CONCLUSION While 16S rRNA gene-based analyses are subject to much skepticism, we demonstrate that many aspects of bacterial community characterization are consistent across methods. The resulting insight facilitates the selection of appropriate methods across a wide range of host taxa. Overall, we recommend single- over multi-step amplification procedures, and although exceptions and trade-offs exist, the V3 V4 over the V1 V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Finally, by contrasting taxonomic and functional profiles and performing phylogenetic analysis, we provide important and novel insight into broad evolutionary patterns among metaorganisms, whereby the transition of animals from an aquatic to a terrestrial habitat marks a major event in the evolution of host-associated microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rausch
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Malte Rühlemann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Britt M. Hermes
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shauni Doms
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tal Dagan
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Dierking
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hanna Domin
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jakob von Frieling
- Molecular Physiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Hentschel
- Marine Ecology, Research Unit Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Marc Höppner
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin T. Jahn
- Marine Ecology, Research Unit Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cornelia Jaspers
- Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kohar Annie B. Kissoyan
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ateequr Rehman
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten B. H. Reusch
- Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Molecular Physiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruth A. Schmitz
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hinrich Schulenburg
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ryszard Soluch
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Environmental Genomics, Botanical Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John F. Baines
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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29
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis capsule: a cell structure with key implications in pathogenesis. Biochem J 2019; 476:1995-2016. [PMID: 31320388 PMCID: PMC6698057 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial capsules have evolved to be at the forefront of the cell envelope, making them an essential element of bacterial biology. Efforts to understand the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) capsule began more than 60 years ago, but the relatively recent development of mycobacterial genetics combined with improved chemical and immunological tools have revealed a more refined view of capsule molecular composition. A glycogen-like α-glucan is the major constituent of the capsule, with lower amounts of arabinomannan and mannan, proteins and lipids. The major Mtb capsular components mediate interactions with phagocytes that favor bacterial survival. Vaccination approaches targeting the mycobacterial capsule have proven successful in controlling bacterial replication. Although the Mtb capsule is composed of polysaccharides of relatively low complexity, the concept of antigenic variability associated with this structure has been suggested by some studies. Understanding how Mtb shapes its envelope during its life cycle is key to developing anti-infective strategies targeting this structure at the host-pathogen interface.
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30
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Characterization of the GH13 and GH57 glycogen branching enzymes from Petrotoga mobilis SJ95 and potential role in glycogen biosynthesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219844. [PMID: 31306450 PMCID: PMC6629080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly branched α-glucan polymer widely used as energy and carbon reserve by many microorganisms. The branches are introduced by glycogen branching enzymes (EC 2.4.1.18), that are classified into glycoside hydrolase families 13 (GH13) and 57 (GH57). Most microorganisms have typically only a single glycogen branching enzyme (gbe) gene. Only a few microorganisms carry both GH13 and GH57 gbe genes, such as Petrotoga mobilis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we report the basic characteristics of the GH13 and GH57 GBE of P. mobilis, both heterologously expressed in E. coli. The GH13 GBE has a considerably higher branching activity towards the linear α-glucan amylose, and produces a highly branched α-glucan with a high molecular weight which is very similar to glycogen. The GH57 GBE, on the contrary, makes a much smaller branched α-glucan. While the GH13 GBE acts as a classical glycogen branching enzyme involved in glycogen synthesis, the role of GH57 GBE remains unclear.
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31
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Wang L, Liu Q, Tan X, Wang Z, Wang M, Wise MJ, Li C, Ma C, Li E, Deng B, Du Y, Tang D, Gilbert RG. Molecular Structure of Glycogen in Escherichia coli. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2821-2829. [PMID: 31244022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen, a randomly branched glucose polymer, provides energy storage in organisms. It forms small β particles which in animals bind to form composite α particles, which give better glucose release. Simulations imply β particle size is controlled only by activities and sizes of glycogen biosynthetic enzymes and sizes of polymer chains. Thus, storing more glucose requires forming more β particles, which are expected to sometimes form α particles. No α particles have been reported in bacteria, but the extraction techniques might have caused degradation. Using milder glycogen extraction techniques on Escherichia coli, transmission electron microscopy and size-exclusion chromatography showed α particles, consistent with this hypothesis for α-particle formation. Molecular density and size distributions show similarities with animal glycogen, despite very different metabolic processes. These general polymer constraints are such that any organism which needs to store and then release glucose will have similar α and β particle structures: a type of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Xinle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Michael J Wise
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, and Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Chengcheng Li
- School of Bioengineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430030 , China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , Jiangsu Province , China
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32
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Kermani AA, Roy R, Gopalasingam C, Kocurek KI, Patel TR, Alderwick LJ, Besra GS, Fütterer K. Crystal structure of the TreS:Pep2 complex, initiating α-glucan synthesis in the GlgE pathway of mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7348-7359. [PMID: 30877199 PMCID: PMC6509496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence implicates the mycobacterial capsule, the outermost layer of the mycobacterial cell envelope, in modulation of the host immune response and virulence of mycobacteria. Mycobacteria synthesize the dominant capsule component, α(1→4)-linked glucan, via three interconnected and potentially redundant metabolic pathways. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Mycobacterium smegmatis TreS:Pep2 complex, containing trehalose synthase (TreS) and maltokinase (Pep2), which converts trehalose to maltose 1-phosphate as part of the TreS:Pep2–GlgE pathway. The structure, at 3.6 Å resolution, revealed that a diamond-shaped TreS tetramer forms the core of the complex and that pairs of Pep2 monomers bind to opposite apices of the tetramer in a 4 + 4 configuration. However, for the M. smegmatis orthologues, results from isothermal titration calorimetry and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments indicated that the prevalent stoichiometry in solution is 4 TreS + 2 Pep2 protomers. The observed discrepancy between the crystallized complex and the behavior in the solution state may be explained by the relatively weak affinity of Pep2 for TreS (Kd 3.5 μm at mildly acidic pH) and crystal packing favoring the 4 + 4 complex. Proximity of the ATP-binding site in Pep2 to the complex interface provides a rational basis for rate enhancement of Pep2 upon binding to TreS, but the complex structure appears to rule out substrate channeling between the active sites of TreS and Pep2. Our findings provide a structural model for the trehalose synthase:maltokinase complex in M. smegmatis that offers critical insights into capsule assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Kermani
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Roy
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Chai Gopalasingam
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Klaudia I Kocurek
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Trushar R Patel
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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33
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Ample glycosylation in membrane and cell envelope proteins may explain the phenotypic diversity and virulence in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2927. [PMID: 30814666 PMCID: PMC6393673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple regulatory mechanisms including post-translational modifications (PTMs) confer complexity to the simpler genomes and proteomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). PTMs such as glycosylation play a significant role in Mtb adaptive processes. The glycoproteomic patterns of clinical isolates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) representing the lineages 3, 4, 5 and 7 were characterized by mass spectrometry. A total of 2944 glycosylation events were discovered in 1325 proteins. This data set represents the highest number of glycosylated proteins identified in Mtb to date. O-glycosylation constituted 83% of the events identified, while 17% of the sites were N-glycosylated. This is the first report on N-linked protein glycosylation in Mtb and in Gram-positive bacteria. Collectively, the bulk of Mtb glycoproteins are involved in cell envelope biosynthesis, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, two-component systems, and pathogen-host interaction that are either surface exposed or located in the cell wall. Quantitative glycoproteomic analysis revealed that 101 sites on 67 proteins involved in Mtb fitness and survival were differentially glycosylated between the four lineages, among which 64% were cell envelope and membrane proteins. The differential glycosylation pattern may contribute to phenotypic variabilities across Mtb lineages. The study identified several clinically important membrane-associated glycolipoproteins that are relevant for diagnostics as well as for drug and vaccine discovery.
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34
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Wang L, Liu Q, Wu X, Huang Y, Wise MJ, Liu Z, Wang W, Hu J, Wang C. Bioinformatics Analysis of Metabolism Pathways of Archaeal Energy Reserves. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1034. [PMID: 30705313 PMCID: PMC6355812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy storage compounds play crucial roles in prokaryotic physiology. Five chemical compounds have been identified in prokaryotes as energy reserves: polyphosphate (polyP), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), glycogen, wax ester (WE) and triacylglycerol (TAG). Currently, no systematic study of archaeal energy storage metabolism exists. In this study, we collected 427 archaeal reference sequences from UniProt database. A thorough pathway screening of energy reserves led to an overview of distribution patterns of energy metabolism in archaea. We also explored how energy metabolism might have impact on archaeal extremophilic phenotypes. Based on the systematic analyses of archaeal proteomes, we confirmed that metabolism pathways of polyP, PHAs and glycogen are present in archaea, but TAG and WE are completely absent. It was also confirmed that PHAs are tightly related to halophilic archaea with larger proteome size and higher GC contents, while polyP is mainly present in methanogens. In sum, this study systematically investigates energy storage metabolism in archaea and provides a clear correlation between energy metabolism and the ability to survive in extreme environments. With more genomic editing tools developed for archaea and molecular mechanisms unravelled for energy storage metabolisms (ESMs), there will be a better understanding of the unique lifestyle of archaea in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael J Wise
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Zhanzhong Liu
- Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Junfeng Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Computer Science, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunying Wang
- Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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35
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Comparative genomic analysis of Lactobacillus mucosae LM1 identifies potential niche-specific genes and pathways for gastrointestinal adaptation. Genomics 2019; 111:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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36
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Das S, Hameed S, Fatima Z. Potential Drug Targets in Mycobacterial Cell Wall: Non-Lipid Perspective. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2018; 17:147-153. [PMID: 29875004 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180605113609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), still remains a deadly disease worldwide. With prolonged usage of anti-TB drugs, the current therapeutic regimes are becoming ineffective, particularly due to emergence of drug resistance in MTB. Under such compelling circumstances, it is pertinent to look for new drug targets. The cell wall envelope of MTB is composed of unique lipids that are frequently targeted for anti-TB therapy. This is evident from the fact that most of the commonly used front line drugs (Isoniazid and Ethambutol) act on lipid machinery of MTB. Thus, despite the fact that much of the attention is towards understanding the MTB lipid biology, in search for identification of new drug targets, our knowledge of bacterial cell wall non-lipid components remains rudimentary and underappreciated. Better understanding of such components of mycobacterial cell structure will help in the identification of new drug targets that can be utilized on the persistent mycobacterium. This review at a common platform summarizes some of the non-lipid cell wall components in MTB that have potential to be exploited as future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrayanee Das
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
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37
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Yano H, Iwamoto T, Nishiuchi Y, Nakajima C, Starkova DA, Mokrousov I, Narvskaya O, Yoshida S, Arikawa K, Nakanishi N, Osaki K, Nakagawa I, Ato M, Suzuki Y, Maruyama F. Population Structure and Local Adaptation of MAC Lung Disease Agent Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2403-2417. [PMID: 28957464 PMCID: PMC5622343 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is one of the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial species responsible for chronic lung disease in humans. Despite increasing worldwide incidence, little is known about the genetic mechanisms behind the population evolution of MAH. To elucidate the local adaptation mechanisms of MAH, we assessed genetic population structure, the mutual homologous recombination, and gene content for 36 global MAH isolates, including 12 Japanese isolates sequenced in the present study. We identified five major MAH lineages and found that extensive mutual homologous recombination occurs among them. Two lineages (MahEastAsia1 and MahEastAsia2) were predominant in the Japanese isolates. We identified alleles unique to these two East Asian lineages in the loci responsible for trehalose biosynthesis (treS and mak) and in one mammalian cell entry operon, which presumably originated from as yet undiscovered mycobacterial lineages. Several genes and alleles unique to East Asian strains were located in the fragments introduced via recombination between East Asian lineages, suggesting implication of recombination in local adaptation. These patterns of MAH genomes are consistent with the signature of distribution conjugative transfer, a mode of sexual reproduction reported for other mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomotada Iwamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiuchi
- Toneyama Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Igor Mokrousov
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Narvskaya
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Shiomi Yoshida
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken Osaki
- TOMY Digital Biology Co. Ltd, Taito-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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38
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De P, McNeil M, Xia M, Boot CM, Hesser DC, Denef K, Rithner C, Sours T, Dobos KM, Hoft D, Chatterjee D. Structural determinants in a glucose-containing lipopolysaccharide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis critical for inducing a subset of protective T cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9706-9717. [PMID: 29716995 PMCID: PMC6016469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria synthesize intracellular, 6-O-methylglucose–containing lipopolysaccharides (mGLPs) proposed to modulate bacterial fatty acid metabolism. Recently, it has been shown that Mycobacterium tuberculosis mGLP specifically induces a specific subset of protective γ9δ2 T cells. Mild base treatment, which removes all the base-labile groups, reduces the specific activity of mGLP required for induction of these T cells, suggesting that acylation of the saccharide moieties is required for γ9δ2 T-cell activation. On the basis of this premise, we used analytical LC/MS and NMR methods to identify and locate the acyl functions on the mGLP saccharides. We found that mGLP is heterogeneous with respect to acyl functions and contains acetyl, isobutyryl, succinyl, and octanoyl groups and that all acylations in mGLP, except for succinyl and octanoyl residues, reside on the glucosyl residues immediately following the terminal 3-O-methylglucose. Our analyses also indicated that the octanoyl residue resides at position 2 of an internal glucose toward the reducing end. LC/MS analysis of the residual product obtained by digesting the mGLP with pancreatic α-amylase revealed that the product is an oligosaccharide terminated by α-(1→4)–linked 6-O-methyl-d-glucosyl residues. This oligosaccharide retained none of the acyl groups, except for the octanoyl group, and was unable to induce protective γ9δ2 T cells. This observation confirmed that mGLP induces γ9δ2 T cells and indicated that the acylated glucosyl residues at the nonreducing terminus of mGLP are required for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithwiraj De
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
| | - Michael McNeil
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
| | - Mei Xia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Claudia M Boot
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Danny C Hesser
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
| | - Karolien Denef
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Christopher Rithner
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Tyler Sours
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Karen M Dobos
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
| | - Daniel Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
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39
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Wang L, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Reagent Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Glucans. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4632-4638. [PMID: 29553729 PMCID: PMC5890317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a general glycosylation method that allows for the stereoselective construction of glycosidic linkages is a tremendous challenge. Because of the differences in steric and electronic properties of the building blocks used, the outcome of a glycosylation reaction can vary greatly when switching form one glycosyl donor-acceptor pair to another. We here report a strategy to install cis-glucosidic linkages in a fully stereoselective fashion that is under direct control of the reagents used to activate a single type of donor building block. The activating reagents are tuned to the intrinsic reactivity of the acceptor alcohol to match the reactivity of the glycosylating agent with the reactivity of the incoming nucleophile. A protecting group strategy is introduced that is based on the sole use of benzyl-ether type protecting groups to circumvent changes in reactivity as a result of the protecting groups. For the stereoselective construction of the α-glucosyl linkages to a secondary alcohol, a per-benzylated glusosyl imidate donor is activated with a combination of trimethylsilyltriflate and DMF, while activation of the same imidate donor with trimethylsilyl iodide in the presence of triphenylphosphine oxide allows for the stereoselective cis-glucosylation of primary alcohols. The effectiveness of the strategy is illustrated in the modular synthesis of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis nonasaccharide, composed of an α-(1-4)-oligoglucose backbone bearing different α-glucosyl branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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40
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Moreno-Mendieta S, Barrios-Payán J, Mata-Espinosa D, Sánchez S, Hernández-Pando R, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. Raw starch microparticles have immunostimulant activity in mice vaccinated with BCG and challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2017; 35:5123-5130. [PMID: 28818565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge for vaccine development or improvement is the lack of safe adjuvants or immunostimulants that induce protective immune responses and can be used for mucosal immunization, which is a highly desirable strategy for vaccination against infectious diseases acquired by oral or intranasal routes. One promising alternative is the use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric microparticles. Recently, we developed an immobilization and delivery system with starch microparticles (SMPs) and a starch-binding domain (SBDtag) suitable for the mucosal administration of antigens and the induction of antigen-specific immune responses. Here, we explore the immunostimulant and reinforcing potential of the system using BALB/c mice with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis (PPT). The heat shock protein alpha-crystallin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis immobilized on SMPs (µAcr-SBDtag) or SMPs alone were administered nasally as boosters to BCG-vaccinated mice without any extra adjuvant. The mice were challenged intratracheally with either moderately virulent or highly virulent M. tuberculosis strains. Our results showed that the administration of either the immobilized antigen or SMPs asa booster for the BCG vaccination induced a significant reduction of bacterial loads in the lungs of mice, even more than in mice that received the BCG vaccination alone. Since no difference was observed in pulmonary bacillary burdens between the two reinforced groups, the obtained effect was most likely primarily caused by the starch. As determined by histological study, the administration of boosters did not contribute to the progress of pneumonia, which diminishes the safety concerns related to the administration of SMPs intranasally. Taken together, our findings suggest that this system may be considered asa new carbohydrate-based adjuvant suitable for mucosal vaccines against tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, and more generally, they highlight the potential of particulate α-glucans as immune response modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
- CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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41
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Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is the most common type of epigenetic posttranslational modification in living cells used as a major regulation mechanism of biological processes. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes for 11 serine/threonine protein kinases that are responsible for sensing environmental signals to coordinate a cellular response to ensure the pathogen's infectivity, survival, and growth. To overcome killing mechanisms generated within the host during infection, M. tuberculosis enters a state of nonreplicating persistence that is characterized by arrested growth, limited metabolic activity, and phenotypic resistance to antimycobacterial drugs. In this article we focus our attention on the role of M. tuberculosis serine/threonine protein kinases in sensing the host environment to coordinate the bacilli's physiology, including growth, cell wall components, and central metabolism, to establish a persistent infection.
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42
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Anti-tubercular drug discovery: in silico implications and challenges. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:1-15. [PMID: 28341614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been reported as a major public health concern, especially in the developing countries. WHO report on tuberculosis 2016 shows a high mortality rate caused by TB leading to 1.8 million deaths worldwide (including deaths due to TB in HIV positive individuals), which is one of the top 10 causes of mortality in 2015. However, the main therapy used for the treatment of TB is still the Direct Observed Therapy Short-course (DOTS) that consists of four main first-line drugs. Due to the prolonged and unorganized use of these drugs, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has developed drug-resistance against them. To overcome this drug-resistance, efforts are continuously being made to develop new therapeutics. New drug-targets of Mtb are pursued by the researchers to develop their inhibitors. For this, new methodologies that comprise of the computational drug designing techniques are vigorously applied. A major limitation that is found with these techniques is the inability of the newly identified target-based inhibitors to inhibit the whole cell bacteria. A foremost factor for this limitation is the inability of these inhibitors to penetrate the bacterial cell wall. In this regard, various strategies to overcome this limitation have been discussed in detail in this review, along with new targets and new methodologies. A bunch of in silico tools available for the prediction of physicochemical properties that need to be explored to deal with the permeability issue of the Mtb inhibitors has also been discussed.
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Abstract
It has long been reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is capable of synthesizing the α-glucan glycogen. However, what makes this bacterium stand out is that it coats itself in a capsule that mainly consists of a glycogen-like α-glucan. This polymer helps the pathogen evade immune responses. In 2010, the biosynthesis of α-glucans has been shown to not only involve the classical enzymes of glycogen metabolism but also a distinct GlgE pathway. Since then, this pathway has attracted attention not least in terms of the quest for new inhibitors that could be developed into new treatments for tuberculosis. Some lines of recent inquiry have shed a lot of light on to how GlgE catalyses the polymerization of α-glucan, using α-maltose 1-phosphate (M1P) as a building block and how the pathways are regulated. Nevertheless, many unanswered questions remain regarding the synthesis and role of α-glucans in mycobacteria and the numerous other bacteria that possess the GlgE pathway.
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Loots DT, Swanepoel CC, Newton-Foot M, Gey van Pittius NC. A metabolomics investigation of the function of the ESX-1 gene cluster in mycobacteria. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:268-275. [PMID: 27744102 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ESX-1 gene cluster, encoding the Type-VII secretion (T7S) system and its virulence associated proteins, ESAT-6 and CFP-10, is thought to be responsible for the transport of extracellular proteins across the hydrophobic and highly impermeable, cell envelope of Mycobacterium, and is involved in virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Using a GCxGC-TOFMS metabolomics approach, a M. smegmatis ESX-1 knock-out strain (ΔESX-1ms) was compared to that of the M. smegmatis wild-type parent strain, and the metabolite markers due to the presence or absence of the ESX-1 gene cluster were identified. A general increase in specific metabolites in the ΔESX-1ms, confirmed the roles previously described for ESX-1 in mycolic acid biosynthesis and cell wall integrity. However, a number of other metabolite markers identified indicates ESX-1 has an additional role the in cell envelope structure, altering the levels of antioxidants and energy metabolism. Furthermore, the metabolome profiles correlated with the metabolomic variation observed when comparing a hyper- and hypo-virulent Beijing strain of M. tuberculosis, suggesting that the pathways which modulate virulence in M. tuberculosis are also influenced by ESX-1, reaffirming the previously described association of ESX-1 with virulence and cell envelope biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Conrad C Swanepoel
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, 2531, South Africa
| | - Mae Newton-Foot
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas C Gey van Pittius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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van Wyk N, Drancourt M, Henrissat B, Kremer L. Current perspectives on the families of glycoside hydrolases ofMycobacterium tuberculosis: their importance and prospects for assigning function to unknowns. Glycobiology 2016; 27:112-122. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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A Subset of Protective γ9δ2 T Cells Is Activated by Novel Mycobacterial Glycolipid Components. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2449-62. [PMID: 27297390 PMCID: PMC4995917 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01322-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
γ9δ2 T cells provide a natural bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, rapidly and potently respond to pathogen infection in mucosal tissues, and are prominently induced by both tuberculosis (TB) infection and bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Mycobacterium-expanded γ9δ2 T cells represent only a subset of the phosphoantigen {isopentenyl pyrophosphate [IPP] and (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enylpyrophosphate [HMBPP]}-responsive γ9δ2 T cells, expressing an oligoclonal set of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences which more efficiently recognize and inhibit intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Based on this premise, we have been searching for M. tuberculosis antigens specifically capable of inducing a unique subset of mycobacterium-protective γ9δ2 T cells. Our screening strategy includes the identification of M. tuberculosis fractions that expand γ9δ2 T cells with biological functions capable of inhibiting intracellular mycobacterial replication. Chemical treatments of M. tuberculosis whole-cell lysates (MtbWL) ruled out protein, nucleic acid, and nonpolar lipids as the M. tuberculosis antigens inducing protective γ9δ2 T cells. Mild acid hydrolysis, which transforms complex carbohydrate to monomeric residues, abrogated the specific activity of M. tuberculosis whole-cell lysates, suggesting that a polysaccharide was required for biological activity. Extraction of MtbWL with chloroform-methanol-water (10:10:3) resulted in a polar lipid fraction with highly enriched specific activity; this activity was further enriched by silica gel chromatography. A combination of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of bioactive fractions indicated that 6-O-methylglucose-containing lipopolysaccharides (mGLP) are predominant components present in this active fraction. These results have important implications for the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of TB.
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Koliwer-Brandl H, Syson K, van de Weerd R, Chandra G, Appelmelk B, Alber M, Ioerger TR, Jacobs WR, Geurtsen J, Bornemann S, Kalscheuer R. Metabolic Network for the Biosynthesis of Intra- and Extracellular α-Glucans Required for Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005768. [PMID: 27513637 PMCID: PMC4981310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis synthesizes intra- and extracellular α-glucans that were believed to originate from separate pathways. The extracellular glucose polymer is the main constituent of the mycobacterial capsule that is thought to be involved in immune evasion and virulence. However, the role of the α-glucan capsule in pathogenesis has remained enigmatic due to an incomplete understanding of α-glucan biosynthetic pathways preventing the generation of capsule-deficient mutants. Three separate and potentially redundant pathways had been implicated in α-glucan biosynthesis in mycobacteria: the GlgC-GlgA, the Rv3032 and the TreS-Pep2-GlgE pathways. We now show that α-glucan in mycobacteria is exclusively assembled intracellularly utilizing the building block α-maltose-1-phosphate as the substrate for the maltosyltransferase GlgE, with subsequent branching of the polymer by the branching enzyme GlgB. Some α-glucan is exported to form the α-glucan capsule. There is an unexpected convergence of the TreS-Pep2 and GlgC-GlgA pathways that both generate α-maltose-1-phosphate. While the TreS-Pep2 route from trehalose was already known, we have now established that GlgA forms this phosphosugar from ADP-glucose and glucose 1-phosphate 1000-fold more efficiently than its hitherto described glycogen synthase activity. The two routes are connected by the common precursor ADP-glucose, allowing compensatory flux from one route to the other. Having elucidated this unexpected configuration of the metabolic pathways underlying α-glucan biosynthesis in mycobacteria, an M. tuberculosis double mutant devoid of α-glucan could be constructed, showing a direct link between the GlgE pathway, α-glucan biosynthesis and virulence in a mouse infection model. Capsule formation is critical for the virulence of many bacterial and fungal pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells are known to be surrounded by a capsule layer that is mainly composed of an α-glucan glucose polymer that resembles glycogen. Progress in understanding its role in the virulence of this important human pathogen has been held back by a lack of knowledge of its biosynthesis, preventing the generation of α-glucan-deficient mutants that could be tested in animal infection models. In this work, we unraveled an unexpected metabolic network configuration revealing the exclusive production of both intracellular and capsular α-glucans by the maltosyltransferase GlgE in mycobacteria. GlgE polymerizes an α-maltose 1-phosphate building block, which is generated by two alternative pathways that are connected by a common intermediate allowing rechanneling of flux from one route to the other. Elucidation of this unexpected configuration of the metabolic pathways underlying α-glucan biosynthesis allowed the rational construction of an M. tuberculosis mutant strain devoid of α-glucan, showing a direct link between the GlgE pathway, α-glucan biosynthesis and virulence in a mouse infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Koliwer-Brandl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Syson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert van de Weerd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Appelmelk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Alber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeroen Geurtsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Suzuki E, Suzuki R. Distribution of glucan-branching enzymes among prokaryotes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2643-60. [PMID: 27141939 PMCID: PMC11108348 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucan-branching enzyme plays an essential role in the formation of branched polysaccharides, glycogen, and amylopectin. Only one type of branching enzyme, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13), is found in eukaryotes, while two types of branching enzymes (GH13 and GH57) occur in prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea). Both of these types are the members of protein families containing the diverse specificities of amylolytic glycoside hydrolases. Although similarities are found in the catalytic mechanism between the two types of branching enzyme, they are highly distinct from each other in terms of amino acid sequence and tertiary structure. Branching enzymes are found in 29 out of 30 bacterial phyla and 1 out of 5 archaeal phyla, often along with glycogen synthase, suggesting the existence of α-glucan production and storage in a wide range of prokaryotes. Enormous variability is observed as to which type and how many copies of branching enzyme are present depending on the phylum and, in some cases, even among species of the same genus. Such a variation may have occurred through lateral transfer, duplication, and/or differential loss of genes coding for branching enzyme during the evolution of prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
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Ates LS, van der Woude AD, Bestebroer J, van Stempvoort G, Musters RJP, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Picavet DI, Weerd RVD, Maletta M, Kuijl CP, van der Wel NN, Bitter W. The ESX-5 System of Pathogenic Mycobacteria Is Involved In Capsule Integrity and Virulence through Its Substrate PPE10. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005696. [PMID: 27280885 PMCID: PMC4900558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria produce a capsule layer, which consists of glycan-like polysaccharides and a number of specific proteins. In this study, we show that, in slow-growing mycobacteria, the type VII secretion system ESX-5 plays a major role in the integrity and stability of the capsule. We have identified PPE10 as the ESX-5 substrate responsible for this effect. Mutants in esx-5 and ppe10 both have impaired capsule integrity as well as reduced surface hydrophobicity. Electron microscopy, immunoblot and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated reduced amounts of surface localized proteins and glycolipids, and morphological differences in the capsular layer. Since capsular proteins secreted by the ESX-1 system are important virulence factors, we tested the effect of the mutations that cause capsular defects on virulence mechanisms. Both esx-5 and ppe10 mutants of Mycobacterium marinum were shown to be impaired in ESX-1-dependent hemolysis. In agreement with this, the ppe10 and esx5 mutants showed reduced recruitment of ubiquitin in early macrophage infection and intermediate attenuation in zebrafish embryos. These results provide a pivotal role for the ESX-5 secretion system and its substrate PPE10, in the capsular integrity of pathogenic mycobacteria. These findings open up new roads for research on the mycobacterial capsule and its role in virulence and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Ates
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aniek D van der Woude
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jovanka Bestebroer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - René J P Musters
- Department of Physiology and Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy I Picavet
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Robert van de Weerd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Coenraad P Kuijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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50
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Rashid AM, Batey SFD, Syson K, Koliwer-Brandl H, Miah F, Barclay JE, Findlay KC, Nartowski KP, Khimyak YZ, Kalscheuer R, Bornemann S. Assembly of α-Glucan by GlgE and GlgB in Mycobacteria and Streptomycetes. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3270-84. [PMID: 27221142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycetes, such as mycobacteria and streptomycetes, synthesize α-glucan with α-1,4 linkages and α-1,6 branching to help evade immune responses and to store carbon. α-Glucan is thought to resemble glycogen except for having shorter constituent linear chains. However, the fine structure of α-glucan and how it can be defined by the maltosyl transferase GlgE and branching enzyme GlgB were not known. Using a combination of enzymolysis and mass spectrometry, we compared the properties of α-glucan isolated from actinomycetes with polymer synthesized in vitro by GlgE and GlgB. We now propose the following assembly mechanism. Polymer synthesis starts with GlgE and its donor substrate, α-maltose 1-phosphate, yielding a linear oligomer with a degree of polymerization (∼16) sufficient for GlgB to introduce a branch. Branching involves strictly intrachain transfer to generate a C chain (the only constituent chain to retain its reducing end), which now bears an A chain (a nonreducing end terminal branch that does not itself bear a branch). GlgE preferentially extends A chains allowing GlgB to act iteratively to generate new A chains emanating from B chains (nonterminal branches that themselves bear a branch). Although extension and branching occur primarily with A chains, the other chain types are sometimes extended and branched such that some B chains (and possibly C chains) bear more than one branch. This occurs less frequently in α-glucans than in classical glycogens. The very similar properties of cytosolic and capsular α-glucans from Mycobacterium tuberculosis imply GlgE and GlgB are sufficient to synthesize them both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul M Rashid
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sibyl F D Batey
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Syson
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Koliwer-Brandl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, and Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Farzana Miah
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - J Elaine Barclay
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kim C Findlay
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Karol P Nartowski
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, and Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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