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Komath SS. To each its own: Mechanisms of cross-talk between GPI biosynthesis and cAMP-PKA signaling in Candida albicans versus Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107444. [PMID: 38838772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can switch between yeast and hyphal morphologies depending on the environmental cues it receives. The switch to hyphal form is crucial for the establishment of invasive infections. The hyphal form is also characterized by the cell surface expression of hyphae-specific proteins, many of which are GPI-anchored and important determinants of its virulence. The coordination between hyphal morphogenesis and the expression of GPI-anchored proteins is made possible by an interesting cross-talk between GPI biosynthesis and the cAMP-PKA signaling cascade in the fungus; a parallel interaction is not found in its human host. On the other hand, in the nonpathogenic yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GPI biosynthesis is shut down when filamentation is activated and vice versa. This too is achieved by a cross-talk between GPI biosynthesis and cAMP-PKA signaling. How are diametrically opposite effects obtained from the cross-talk between two reasonably well-conserved pathways present ubiquitously across eukarya? This Review attempts to provide a model to explain these differences. In order to do so, it first provides an overview of the two pathways for the interested reader, highlighting the similarities and differences that are observed in C. albicans versus the well-studied S. cerevisiae model, before going on to explain how the different mechanisms of regulation are effected. While commonalities enable the development of generalized theories, it is hoped that a more nuanced approach, that takes into consideration species-specific differences, will enable organism-specific understanding of these processes and contribute to the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sudha Komath
- Professor, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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2
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Li J, Xuan R, Wu W, Zhang H, Zhao J, Zhang S. Geldanamycin ameliorates multiple organ dysfunction and microthrombosis in septic mice by inhibiting the formation of the neutrophil extracellular network by activating heat shock factor 1 HSF1. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:698-707. [PMID: 37308449 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are common critical illnesses in the intensive care unit with a high mortality rate. Geldanamycin (GA) has a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antiviral activity and has inhibitory effects on various viruses. However, whether GA affects sepsis due to infections remains unknown. In this study, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 in the urine, cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and myeloperoxidase in the lung tissues were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Pathological injury was measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining and neutrophils were measured by flow cytometry analysis; related expressions were analysed by qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assay. The results showed that GA significantly ameliorated cecum ligation and puncture (CLP)-triggered liver, kidney and lung injury in septic mice. In addition, we found that GA dose-dependently inhibited microthrombosis and alleviated coagulopathy in septic mice. Further molecular mechanism analysis suggests that GA may act through upregulation of heat shock factor 1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator. In conclusion, our study elucidated the protective effects of GA in a mouse model established using CLP, and the results reveal that GA may be a promising agent for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruijing Xuan
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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3
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Larcombe DE, Bohovych IM, Pradhan A, Ma Q, Hickey E, Leaves I, Cameron G, Avelar GM, de Assis LJ, Childers DS, Bain JM, Lagree K, Mitchell AP, Netea MG, Erwig LP, Gow NAR, Brown AJP. Glucose-enhanced oxidative stress resistance-A protective anticipatory response that enhances the fitness of Candida albicans during systemic infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011505. [PMID: 37428810 PMCID: PMC10358912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most microbes have developed responses that protect them against stresses relevant to their niches. Some that inhabit reasonably predictable environments have evolved anticipatory responses that protect against impending stresses that are likely to be encountered in their niches-termed "adaptive prediction". Unlike yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis and Yarrowia lipolytica and other pathogenic Candida species we examined, the major fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans, activates an oxidative stress response following exposure to physiological glucose levels before an oxidative stress is even encountered. Why? Using competition assays with isogenic barcoded strains, we show that "glucose-enhanced oxidative stress resistance" phenotype enhances the fitness of C. albicans during neutrophil attack and during systemic infection in mice. This anticipatory response is dependent on glucose signalling rather than glucose metabolism. Our analysis of C. albicans signalling mutants reveals that the phenotype is not dependent on the sugar receptor repressor pathway, but is modulated by the glucose repression pathway and down-regulated by the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A pathway. Changes in catalase or glutathione levels do not correlate with the phenotype, but resistance to hydrogen peroxide is dependent on glucose-enhanced trehalose accumulation. The data suggest that the evolution of this anticipatory response has involved the recruitment of conserved signalling pathways and downstream cellular responses, and that this phenotype protects C. albicans from innate immune killing, thereby promoting the fitness of C. albicans in host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Larcombe
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Iryna M. Bohovych
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Qinxi Ma
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Emer Hickey
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Leaves
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Cameron
- Rowett Institute, School of Medicine Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela M. Avelar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Leandro J. de Assis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Delma S. Childers
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Judith M. Bain
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Lagree
- Department of Microbiology, Biosciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Biosciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department for Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars P. Erwig
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Johnson-Johnson Innovation, EMEA Innovation Centre, One Chapel Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
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4
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Wang F, Wang Z, Tang J. The interactions of Candida albicans with gut bacteria: a new strategy to prevent and treat invasive intestinal candidiasis. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:30. [PMID: 37370138 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health, as it can affect host immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Invasive intestinal candidiasis is strongly associated with gut microbiota homeostasis. However, the nature of the interaction between Candida albicans and gut bacteria remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to determine the nature of interaction and the effects of gut bacteria on C. albicans so as to comprehend an approach to reducing intestinal invasive infection by C. albicans. METHODS This review examined 11 common gut bacteria's interactions with C. albicans, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Helicobacter pylori, Lactobacillus spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium difficile, and Streptococcus spp. RESULTS Most of the studied bacteria demonstrated both synergistic and antagonistic effects with C. albicans, and just a few bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and Lactobacillus spp. demonstrated only antagonism against C. albicans. CONCLUSIONS Based on the nature of interactions reported so far by the literature between gut bacteria and C. albicans, it is expected to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of invasive intestinal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zetian Wang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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5
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Parsania C, Chen R, Sethiya P, Miao Z, Dong L, Wong KH. FungiExpresZ: an intuitive package for fungal gene expression data analysis, visualization and discovery. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:7043800. [PMID: 36806894 PMCID: PMC10025439 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatics analysis and visualization of high-throughput gene expression data require extensive computer programming skills, posing a bottleneck for many wet-lab scientists. In this work, we present an intuitive user-friendly platform for gene expression data analysis and visualization called FungiExpresZ. FungiExpresZ aims to help wet-lab scientists with little to no knowledge of computer programming to become self-reliant in bioinformatics analysis and generating publication-ready figures. The platform contains many commonly used data analysis tools and an extensive collection of pre-processed public ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) datasets of many fungal species, including important human, plant and insect pathogens. Users may analyse their data alone or in combination with public RNA-seq data for an integrated analysis. The FungiExpresZ platform helps wet-lab scientists to overcome their limitations in genomics data analysis and can be applied to analyse data of any organism. FungiExpresZ is available as an online web-based tool (https://cparsania.shinyapps.io/FungiExpresZ/) and an offline R-Shiny package (https://github.com/cparsania/FungiExpresZ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Parsania
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR of China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR of China
| | - Pooja Sethiya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR of China
| | - Zhengqiang Miao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR of China
| | - Liguo Dong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR of China
| | - Koon Ho Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR of China
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6
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Mitochondria in Cryptococcus: an update of mitochondrial transcriptional regulation in Cryptococcus. Curr Genet 2023; 69:1-6. [PMID: 36729179 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulated Cryptococcus species are responsible for approximately 15% of AIDS-related mortality. Numerous intriguing investigations have demonstrated that mitochondria play a crucial role in the pathogen-host axis of microorganisms. Mitochondria are vital energy-generating organelles, but they also regulate a variety of cellular activities, such as fungal adaptability in the host and drug resistance. Mitochondria are also the source of reactive oxygen species, which serve as intracellular messengers but are harmful when produced in excess. Thus, precise and stringent regulation of mitochondrial activity, including oxidative phosphorylation and the ROS detoxification process, is essential to ensure that only the amount required to maintain basic biological activities and prevent ROS toxicity in the cell is maintained. However, the relationship between mitochondria and the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus remains poorly understood. In this review, we focus on transcription regulation and maintenance of mitochondrial function along the pathogen-host interaction axis, as well as prospective antifungal strategies that target mitochondria.
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7
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Brown AJP. Fungal resilience and host-pathogen interactions: Future perspectives and opportunities. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12946. [PMID: 35962618 PMCID: PMC10078341 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We are constantly exposed to the threat of fungal infection. The outcome-clearance, commensalism or infection-depends largely on the ability of our innate immune defences to clear infecting fungal cells versus the success of the fungus in mounting compensatory adaptive responses. As each seeks to gain advantage during these skirmishes, the interactions between host and fungal pathogen are complex and dynamic. Nevertheless, simply compromising the physiological robustness of fungal pathogens reduces their ability to evade antifungal immunity, their virulence, and their tolerance against antifungal therapy. In this article I argue that this physiological robustness is based on a 'Resilience Network' which mechanistically links and controls fungal growth, metabolism, stress resistance and drug tolerance. The elasticity of this network probably underlies the phenotypic variability of fungal isolates and the heterogeneity of individual cells within clonal populations. Consequently, I suggest that the definition of the fungal Resilience Network represents an important goal for the future which offers the clear potential to reveal drug targets that compromise drug tolerance and synergise with current antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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8
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Regulation of Hsp80 involved in the acquisition of induced thermotolerance, and NCA-2 involved in calcium stress tolerance by the calcineurin-CRZ-1 signaling pathway in Neurospora crassa. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Gao X, Fu Y, Sun S, Gu T, Li Y, Sun T, Li H, Du W, Suo C, Li C, Gao Y, Meng Y, Ni Y, Yang S, Lan T, Sai S, Li J, Yu K, Wang P, Ding C. Cryptococcal Hsf3 controls intramitochondrial ROS homeostasis by regulating the respiratory process. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5407. [PMID: 36109512 PMCID: PMC9477856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control prevents accumulation of intramitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS), thereby protecting cells against DNA damage, genome instability, and programmed cell death. However, underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, particularly in fungal species. Here, we show that Cryptococcus neoformans heat shock factor 3 (CnHsf3) exhibits an atypical function in regulating mtROS independent of the unfolded protein response. CnHsf3 acts in nuclei and mitochondria, and nuclear- and mitochondrial-targeting signals are required for its organelle-specific functions. It represses the expression of genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle while promoting expression of genes involved in electron transfer chain. In addition, CnHsf3 responds to multiple intramitochondrial stresses; this response is mediated by oxidation of the cysteine residue on its DNA binding domain, which enhances DNA binding. Our results reveal a function of HSF proteins in regulating mtROS homeostasis that is independent of the unfolded protein response. Mitochondrial quality control prevents accumulation of intramitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), thus protecting cells against DNA damage. Here, Gao et al. show that an atypical heat shock factor responds to intramitochondrial stresses and regulates mtROS homeostasis in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.
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10
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Gao X, Wang Q, Feng Q, Zhang B, He C, Luo H, An B. Heat Shock Transcription Factor CgHSF1 Is Required for Melanin Biosynthesis, Appressorium Formation, and Pathogenicity in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020175. [PMID: 35205929 PMCID: PMC8876323 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are a family of transcription regulators. Although HSFs’ functions in controlling the transcription of the molecular chaperone heat shock proteins and resistance to stresses are well established, their effects on the pathogenicity of plant pathogenic fungi remain unknown. In this study, we analyze the role of CgHSF1 in the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and investigate the underlying mechanism. Failure to generate the Cghsf1 knock-out mutant suggested that the gene is essential for the viability of the fungus. Then, genetic depletion of the Cghsf1 was achieved by inserting the repressive promoter of nitrite reductase gene (PniiA) before its coding sequence. The mutant showed significantly decrease in the pathogenicity repression of appressorium formation, and severe defects in melanin biosynthesis. Moreover, four melanin synthetic genes were identified as direct targets of CgHSF1. Taken together, this work highlights the role of CgHSF1 in fungal pathogenicity via the transcriptional activation of melanin biosynthesis. Our study extends the understanding of fungal HSF1 proteins, especially their involvement in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesheng Gao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (Q.W.); (Q.F.); (B.Z.); (C.H.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (Q.W.); (Q.F.); (B.Z.); (C.H.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qingdeng Feng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (Q.W.); (Q.F.); (B.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Bei Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (Q.W.); (Q.F.); (B.Z.); (C.H.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (Q.W.); (Q.F.); (B.Z.); (C.H.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (Q.W.); (Q.F.); (B.Z.); (C.H.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (Q.W.); (Q.F.); (B.Z.); (C.H.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (B.A.)
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11
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Bourgine B, Guihur A. Heat Shock Signaling in Land Plants: From Plasma Membrane Sensing to the Transcription of Small Heat Shock Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710801. [PMID: 34434209 PMCID: PMC8381196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress events are major factors limiting crop productivity. During summer days, land plants must anticipate in a timely manner upcoming mild and severe temperature. They respond by accumulating protective heat-shock proteins (HSPs), conferring acquired thermotolerance. All organisms synthetize HSPs; many of which are members of the conserved chaperones families. This review describes recent advances in plant temperature sensing, signaling, and response. We highlight the pathway from heat perception by the plasma membrane through calcium channels, such as cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, to the activation of the heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs). An unclear cellular signal activates HSFs, which act as essential regulators. In particular, the HSFA subfamily can bind heat shock elements in HSP promoters and could mediate the dissociation of bound histones, leading to HSPs transcription. Although plants can modulate their transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome to protect the cellular machinery, HSP chaperones prevent, use, and revert the formation of misfolded proteins, thereby avoiding heat-induced cell death. Remarkably, the HSP20 family is mostly tightly repressed at low temperature, suggesting that a costly mechanism can become detrimental under unnecessary conditions. Here, the role of HSP20s in response to HS and their possible deleterious expression at non-HS temperatures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Guihur
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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d'Enfert C, Kaune AK, Alaban LR, Chakraborty S, Cole N, Delavy M, Kosmala D, Marsaux B, Fróis-Martins R, Morelli M, Rosati D, Valentine M, Xie Z, Emritloll Y, Warn PA, Bequet F, Bougnoux ME, Bornes S, Gresnigt MS, Hube B, Jacobsen ID, Legrand M, Leibundgut-Landmann S, Manichanh C, Munro CA, Netea MG, Queiroz K, Roget K, Thomas V, Thoral C, Van den Abbeele P, Walker AW, Brown AJP. The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa060. [PMID: 33232448 PMCID: PMC8100220 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial barriers and immune defences. Their perturbation can lead to fungal outgrowth and the development of mucosal infections such as oropharyngeal or vulvovaginal candidiasis, and patients with compromised immunity are susceptible to life-threatening systemic infections. The importance of the interplay between fungus, host and microbiota in driving the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity is widely appreciated. However, the complexity of these interactions, and the significant impact of fungal, host and microbiota variability upon disease severity and outcome, are less well understood. Therefore, we summarise the features of the fungus that promote infection, and how genetic variation between clinical isolates influences pathogenicity. We discuss antifungal immunity, how this differs between mucosae, and how individual variation influences a person's susceptibility to infection. Also, we describe factors that influence the composition of gut, oral and vaginal microbiotas, and how these affect fungal colonisation and antifungal immunity. We argue that a detailed understanding of these variables, which underlie fungal-host-microbiota interactions, will present opportunities for directed antifungal therapies that benefit vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe d'Enfert
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ann-Kristin Kaune
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Leovigildo-Rey Alaban
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sayoni Chakraborty
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Cole
- Gut Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Margot Delavy
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daria Kosmala
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Marsaux
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 94, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Moran Morelli
- Mimetas, Biopartner Building 2, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Valentine
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zixuan Xie
- Gut Microbiome Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoan Emritloll
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Peter A Warn
- Magic Bullet Consulting, Biddlecombe House, Ugbrook, Chudleigh Devon, TQ130AD, UK
| | - Frédéric Bequet
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Bornes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF0545, 20 Côte de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mélanie Legrand
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Chaysavanh Manichanh
- Gut Microbiome Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol A Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karla Queiroz
- Mimetas, Biopartner Building 2, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karine Roget
- NEXBIOME Therapeutics, 22 allée Alan Turing, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Thomas
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Thoral
- NEXBIOME Therapeutics, 22 allée Alan Turing, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alan W Walker
- Gut Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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13
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Fabri JHTM, Rocha MC, Fernandes CM, Persinoti GF, Ries LNA, da Cunha AF, Goldman GH, Del Poeta M, Malavazi I. The Heat Shock Transcription Factor HsfA Is Essential for Thermotolerance and Regulates Cell Wall Integrity in Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656548. [PMID: 33897671 PMCID: PMC8062887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of human-induced climate change have long been predicted. However, the imminent emergence and spread of new diseases, including fungal infections through the rise of thermotolerant strains, is still neglected, despite being a potential consequence of global warming. Thermotolerance is a remarkable virulence attribute of the mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Under high-temperature stress, opportunistic fungal pathogens deploy an adaptive mechanism known as heat shock (HS) response controlled by heat shock transcription factors (HSFs). In eukaryotes, HSFs regulate the expression of several heat shock proteins (HSPs), such as the chaperone Hsp90, which is part of the cellular program for heat adaptation and a direct target of HSFs. We recently observed that the perturbation in cell wall integrity (CWI) causes concomitant susceptibility to elevated temperatures in A. fumigatus, although the mechanisms underpinning the HS response and CWI cross talking are not elucidated. Here, we aim at further deciphering the interplay between HS and CWI. Our results show that cell wall ultrastructure is severely modified when A. fumigatus is exposed to HS. We identify the transcription factor HsfA as essential for A. fumigatus viability, thermotolerance, and CWI. Indeed, HS and cell wall stress trigger the coordinated expression of both hsfA and hsp90. Furthermore, the CWI signaling pathway components PkcA and MpkA were shown to be important for HsfA and Hsp90 expression in the A. fumigatus biofilms. Lastly, RNA-sequencing confirmed that hsfA regulates the expression of genes related to the HS response, cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling, and lipid homeostasis. Our studies collectively demonstrate the connection between the HS and the CWI pathway, with HsfA playing a crucial role in this cross-pathway regulation, reinforcing the importance of the cell wall in A. fumigatus thermophily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Campos Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Caroline Mota Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Gabriela Felix Persinoti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorrenováveis (LNBR), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Ferreira da Cunha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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14
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Exploring Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) for Targeting Drug Resistance in Candida albicans and other Pathogenic Fungi. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have predominantly increased worldwide that leads to morbidity and mortality in severe cases. Invasive candidiasis and other pathogenic fungal infections are a major problem in immunocompromised individuals and post-operative patients. Increasing resistance to existing antifungal drugs calls for the identification of novel antifungal drug targets for chemotherapeutic interventions. This demand for identification and characterization of novel drug targets leads to the development of effective antifungal therapy against drug resistant fungi. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are important for various biological processes like protein folding, posttranslational modifications, transcription, translation, and protein aggregation. HSPs are involved in maintaining homeostasis of the cell. A subgroup of HSPs is small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), which functions as cellular chaperones. They are having a significant role in the many cellular functions like development, cytoskeletal organization, apoptosis, membrane lipid polymorphism, differentiation, autophagy, in infection recognition and are major players in various stresses like osmotic stress, pH stress, etc. Studies have shown that fungal cells express increased levels of sHSPs upon antifungal drug induced stress responses. Here we review the important role of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) in fungal diseases and their potential as antifungal targets.
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15
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Hossain S, Lash E, Veri AO, Cowen LE. Functional connections between cell cycle and proteostasis in the regulation of Candida albicans morphogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108781. [PMID: 33626353 PMCID: PMC7971348 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological plasticity is a key virulence trait for many fungal pathogens. For the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, transitions among yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal forms are critical for virulence, because the morphotypes play distinct roles in the infection process. C. albicans morphogenesis is induced in response to many host-relevant conditions and is regulated by complex signaling pathways and cellular processes. Perturbation of either cell-cycle progression or protein homeostasis induces C. albicans filamentation, demonstrating that these processes play a key role in morphogenetic control. Regulators such as cyclin-dependent kinases, checkpoint proteins, the proteasome, the heat shock protein Hsp90, and the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 all influence morphogenesis, often through interconnected effects on the cell cycle and proteostasis. This review highlights the major cell-cycle and proteostasis regulators that modulate morphogenesis and discusses how these two processes intersect to regulate this key virulence trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Hossain
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Emma Lash
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Amanda O Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
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16
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Rocha MC, Minari K, Fabri JHTM, Kerkaert JD, Gava LM, da Cunha AF, Cramer RA, Borges JC, Malavazi I. Aspergillus fumigatus Hsp90 interacts with the main components of the cell wall integrity pathway and cooperates in heat shock and cell wall stress adaptation. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13273. [PMID: 33010083 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of Aspergillus fumigatus infection occurs via dormant conidia deposition into the airways. Therefore, conidial germination and subsequent hyphal extension and growth occur in a sustained heat shock (HS) environment promoted by the host. The cell wall integrity pathway (CWIP) and the essential eukaryotic chaperone Hsp90 are critical for fungi to survive HS. Although A. fumigatus is a thermophilic fungus, the mechanisms underpinning the HS response are not thoroughly described and important to define its role in pathogenesis, virulence and antifungal drug responses. Here, we investigate the contribution of the CWIP in A. fumigatus thermotolerance. We observed that the CWIP components PkcA, MpkA and RlmA are Hsp90 clients and that a PkcAG579R mutation abolishes this interaction. PkcAG579R also abolishes MpkA activation in the short-term response to HS. Biochemical and biophysical analyses indicated that Hsp90 is a dimeric functional ATPase, which has a higher affinity for ADP than ATP and prevents MpkA aggregation in vitro. Our data suggest that the CWIP is constitutively required for A. fumigatus to cope with the temperature increase found in the mammalian lung environment, emphasising the importance of this pathway in supporting thermotolerance and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Campos Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Karine Minari
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Joshua D Kerkaert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Lisandra Marques Gava
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ferreira da Cunha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Júlio César Borges
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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17
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LeBlanc EV, Polvi EJ, Veri AO, Privé GG, Cowen LE. Structure-guided approaches to targeting stress responses in human fungal pathogens. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14458-14472. [PMID: 32796038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.013731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi inhabit extraordinarily diverse ecological niches, including the human body. Invasive fungal infections have a devastating impact on human health worldwide, killing ∼1.5 million individuals annually. The majority of these deaths are attributable to species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus Treating fungal infections is challenging, in part due to the emergence of resistance to our limited arsenal of antifungal agents, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic options. Whereas conventional antifungal strategies target proteins or cellular components essential for fungal growth, an attractive alternative strategy involves targeting proteins that regulate fungal virulence or antifungal drug resistance, such as regulators of fungal stress responses. Stress response networks enable fungi to adapt, grow, and cause disease in humans and include regulators that are highly conserved across eukaryotes as well as those that are fungal-specific. This review highlights recent developments in elucidating crystal structures of fungal stress response regulators and emphasizes how this knowledge can guide the design of fungal-selective inhibitors. We focus on the progress that has been made with highly conserved regulators, including the molecular chaperone Hsp90, the protein phosphatase calcineurin, and the small GTPase Ras1, as well as with divergent stress response regulators, including the cell wall kinase Yck2 and trehalose synthases. Exploring structures of these important fungal stress regulators will accelerate the design of selective antifungals that can be deployed to combat life-threatening fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle V LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Polvi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda O Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Triandafillou CG, Katanski CD, Dinner AR, Drummond DA. Transient intracellular acidification regulates the core transcriptional heat shock response. eLife 2020; 9:e54880. [PMID: 32762843 PMCID: PMC7449696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock induces a conserved transcriptional program regulated by heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) in eukaryotic cells. Activation of this heat shock response is triggered by heat-induced misfolding of newly synthesized polypeptides, and so has been thought to depend on ongoing protein synthesis. Here, using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we report the discovery that Hsf1 can be robustly activated when protein synthesis is inhibited, so long as cells undergo cytosolic acidification. Heat shock has long been known to cause transient intracellular acidification which, for reasons which have remained unclear, is associated with increased stress resistance in eukaryotes. We demonstrate that acidification is required for heat shock response induction in translationally inhibited cells, and specifically affects Hsf1 activation. Physiological heat-triggered acidification also increases population fitness and promotes cell cycle reentry following heat shock. Our results uncover a previously unknown adaptive dimension of the well-studied eukaryotic heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher D Katanski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - D Allan Drummond
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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19
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Costa ACBP, Back-Brito GN, Mayer FL, Hube B, Wilson D. Candida albicans Mrv8, is involved in epithelial damage and biofilm formation. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5862582. [PMID: 32584995 PMCID: PMC7343537 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen that can cause superficial and deep-seated infections in susceptible individuals. Despite its medical importance, the vast majority of C. albicans genes remain of unknown function. Here, we report a role for the lineage-specific gene, MRV8, in host pathogen interactions, mycelial microcolony maturation and biofilm formation. In silico analysis indicated that MRV8 encodes a four-pass transmembrane protein unique to the closely related pathogens C. albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Deletion of MRV8 did not affect C. albicans adherence to, or initial invasion into human oral epithelia, but inhibited mycelial development and strongly reduced epithelial damage. mrv8Δ/Δ cells exhibited a media-dependent defect in biofilm formation and mutant biofilm metabolic activity was enhanced by cyclosporin A. mrv8Δ/Δ biofilms were more tolerant to treatment with caspofungin, but not to fluconazole or amphotericin B. Co-stimulation with calcium chloride and calcofluor white rescued biofilm growth in the presence of caspofungin, and this rescue-effect was Mrv8-dependent. Together, our data demonstrate an important role for a lineage-specific gene (MRV8) in C. albicans biofilm formation, drug tolerance and host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Borges Pereira Costa
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology (ICT); São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Graziella Nuernberg Back-Brito
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology (ICT); São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - François L Mayer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Rd, Exeter EX4 4QD, Exeter, United Kingdom
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20
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Mba IE, Nweze EI. Mechanism of Candida pathogenesis: revisiting the vital drivers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1797-1819. [PMID: 32372128 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida is the most implicated fungal pathogen in the clinical setting. Several factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of Candida spp. Multiple transcriptional circuits, morphological and phenotypic switching, biofilm formation, tissue damaging extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, metabolic flexibility, genome plasticity, adaptation to environmental pH fluctuation, robust nutrient acquisition system, adherence and invasions (mediated by adhesins and invasins), heat shock proteins (HSPs), cytolytic proteins, escape from phagocytosis, evasion from host immune system, synergistic coaggregation with resident microbiota, resistance to antifungal agents, and the ability to efficiently respond to multiple stresses are some of the major pathogenic determinants of Candida species. The existence of multiple connections, in addition to the interactions and associations among all of these factors, are distinctive features that play important roles in the establishment of Candida infections. This review describes all the underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida pathogenesis by evaluating pathogenic determinants of Candida species. It reinforces the already available pool of data on the pathogenesis of Candida species by providing a clear and simplified understanding of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of Candida species. The Candida pathogenesis network, an illustration linking all the major determinants of Candida pathogenesis, is also presented. Taken together, they will further improve our current understanding of how these factors modulate virulence and consequent infection(s). Development of new antifungal drugs and better therapeutic approaches to candidiasis can be achieved in the near future with continuing progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of Candida pathogenesis.
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21
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Alves R, Barata-Antunes C, Casal M, Brown AJP, Van Dijck P, Paiva S. Adapting to survive: How Candida overcomes host-imposed constraints during human colonization. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008478. [PMID: 32437438 PMCID: PMC7241708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful human colonizers such as Candida pathogens have evolved distinct strategies to survive and proliferate within the human host. These include sophisticated mechanisms to evade immune surveillance and adapt to constantly changing host microenvironments where nutrient limitation, pH fluctuations, oxygen deprivation, changes in temperature, or exposure to oxidative, nitrosative, and cationic stresses may occur. Here, we review the current knowledge and recent findings highlighting the remarkable ability of medically important Candida species to overcome a broad range of host-imposed constraints and how this directly affects their physiology and pathogenicity. We also consider the impact of these adaptation mechanisms on immune recognition, biofilm formation, and antifungal drug resistance, as these pathogens often exploit specific host constraints to establish a successful infection. Recent studies of adaptive responses to physiological niches have improved our understanding of the mechanisms established by fungal pathogens to evade the immune system and colonize the host, which may facilitate the design of innovative diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches for Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alves
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Barata-Antunes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Casal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Paiva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- * E-mail: mailto:
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22
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The Proteasome Governs Fungal Morphogenesis via Functional Connections with Hsp90 and cAMP-Protein Kinase A Signaling. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00290-20. [PMID: 32317319 PMCID: PMC7175089 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00290-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is critical for proliferation and viability of all organisms. For Candida albicans, protein homeostasis also modulates the transition between yeast and filamentous forms, which is critical for virulence. A key regulator of morphogenesis is the molecular chaperone Hsp90, which mediates proteostasis under physiological and stress conditions. Hsp90 regulates morphogenesis by repressing cyclic AMP-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) signaling, such that inhibition of Hsp90 causes filamentation in the absence of an inducing cue. We explored the effect of perturbation of another facet of protein homeostasis and discovered that morphogenesis is also regulated by the proteasome, a large 33-subunit protein complex consisting of a 20S catalytic core and two 19S regulatory particles, which controls degradation of intracellular proteins. We identified a conserved role of the proteasome in morphogenesis as pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome induced filamentation of C. albicans and the related species Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis For C. albicans, genetic depletion of any of 29 subunits of the 19S or 20S particle induced filamentation. Filaments induced by inhibition of either the proteasome or Hsp90 have shared structural characteristics, such as aberrant nuclear content, and shared genetic dependencies, such as intact cAMP-PKA signaling. Consistent with a functional connection between these facets of protein homeostasis that modulate morphogenesis, we observed that proteasome inhibition results in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins that overwhelm Hsp90 function, relieving Hsp90-mediated repression of morphogenesis. Together, our findings provide a mechanism whereby interconnected facets of proteostasis regulate C. albicans morphogenesis.IMPORTANCE Fungi cause life-threatening infections and pose a serious threat to human health as there are very few effective antifungal drugs. Candida albicans is a major human fungal pathogen and cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. A key trait that enables C. albicans virulence is its ability to transition between yeast and filamentous forms. Understanding the mechanisms regulating this virulence trait can facilitate the development of much-needed, novel therapeutic strategies. A key regulator of morphogenesis is the molecular chaperone Hsp90, which is crucial for proteostasis. Here, we expanded our understanding of how proteostasis regulates fungal morphogenesis and identified the proteasome as a repressor of filamentation in C. albicans and related species. Our work suggests that proteasome inhibition overwhelms Hsp90 function, thereby inducing morphogenesis. This work provides a foundation for understanding the role of the proteasome in fungal virulence and offers potential for targeting the proteasome to disarm fungal pathogens.
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23
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Brown AJP, Larcombe DE, Pradhan A. Thoughts on the evolution of Core Environmental Responses in yeasts. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:475-481. [PMID: 32389310 PMCID: PMC7232023 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The model yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, display Core Environmental Responses (CERs) that include the induction of a core set of stress genes in response to diverse environmental stresses. CERs underlie the phenomenon of stress cross-protection, whereby exposure to one type of stress can provide protection against subsequent exposure to a second type of stress. CERs have probably arisen through the accumulation, over evolutionary time, of protective anticipatory responses (“adaptive prediction”). CERs have been observed in other evolutionarily divergent fungi but, interestingly, not in the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. We argue that this is because we have not looked in the right place. In response to specific host inputs, C. albicans does activate anticipatory responses that protect it against impending attack from the immune system. Therefore, we suggest that C. albicans has evolved a CER that reflects the environmental challenges it faces in host niches. We review Core Environmental Responses (CERs) in domesticated and pathogenic yeasts. CERs probably evolved through the accumulation of protective anticipatory responses. Evolutionarily diverse yeasts display CERs, but the pathogen, Candida albicans, does not. C. albicans has evolved an alternative CER that protects against immune clearance. This has implications for the investigation of CERs in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J P Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Daniel E Larcombe
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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24
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Regulatory mechanisms controlling morphology and pathogenesis in Candida albicans. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:27-34. [PMID: 31129557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen, can cause a wide variety of both mucosal and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a strong association between virulence and the ability of C. albicans to undergo a reversible morphological transition from yeast to filamentous cells in response to host environmental cues. Most previous studies on mechanisms important for controlling the C. albicans morphological transition have focused on signaling pathways and sequence-specific transcription factors. However, in recent years a variety of novel mechanisms have been reported, including those involving global transcriptional regulation and translational control. A large-scale functional genomics screen has also revealed new roles in filamentation for certain key biosynthesis pathways. This review article will highlight several of these exciting recent discoveries and discuss how they are relevant to the development of novel antifungal strategies. Ultimately, components of mechanisms that control C. albicans morphogenesis and pathogenicity could potentially serve as viable antifungal targets.
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25
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Veri AO, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Regulation of the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 in fungi: implications for temperature-dependent virulence traits. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:4975774. [PMID: 29788061 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of fungal pathogens on human health is devastating. For fungi and other pathogens, a key determinant of virulence is the capacity to thrive at host temperatures, with elevated temperature in the form of fever as a ubiquitous host response to defend against infection. A prominent feature of cells experiencing heat stress is the increased expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) that play pivotal roles in the refolding of misfolded proteins in order to restore cellular homeostasis. Transcriptional activation of this heat shock response is orchestrated by the essential heat shock transcription factor, Hsf1. Although the influence of Hsf1 on cellular stress responses has been studied for decades, many aspects of its regulation and function remain largely enigmatic. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of how Hsf1 is regulated and activated in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and highlight exciting recent discoveries related to its diverse functions under both basal and stress conditions. Given that thermal adaption is a fundamental requirement for growth and virulence in fungal pathogens, we also compare and contrast Hsf1 activation and function in other fungal species with an emphasis on its role as a critical regulator of virulence traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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26
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Emerging Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Candida albicans. YEASTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN HEALTH 2019; 58:135-153. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Jacobsen MD, Beynon RJ, Gethings LA, Claydon AJ, Langridge JI, Vissers JPC, Brown AJP, Hammond DE. Specificity of the osmotic stress response in Candida albicans highlighted by quantitative proteomics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14492. [PMID: 30262823 PMCID: PMC6160413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress adaptation is critical for the survival of microbes in dynamic environments, and in particular, for fungal pathogens to survive in and colonise host niches. Proteomic analyses have the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of these adaptive responses by providing insight into post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the outputs, as well as testing presumptions about the regulation of protein levels based on transcript profiling. Here, we used label-free, quantitative mass spectrometry to re-examine the response of the major fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans, to osmotic stress. Of the 1,262 proteins that were identified, 84 were down-regulated in response to 1M NaCl, reflecting the decrease in ribosome biogenesis and translation that often accompanies stress. The 64 up-regulated proteins included central metabolic enzymes required for glycerol synthesis, a key osmolyte for this yeast, as well as proteins with functions during stress. These data reinforce the view that adaptation to salt stress involves a transient reduction in ribosome biogenesis and translation together with the accumulation of the osmolyte, glycerol. The specificity of the response to salt stress is highlighted by the small proportion of quantified C. albicans proteins (5%) whose relative elevated abundances were statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette D Jacobsen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Gethings
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J Claydon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697ZB, United Kingdom
| | - James I Langridge
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes P C Vissers
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
| | - Dean E Hammond
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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28
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Zhou G, Ying SH, Hu Y, Fang X, Feng MG, Wang J. Roles of Three HSF Domain-Containing Proteins in Mediating Heat-Shock Protein Genes and Sustaining Asexual Cycle, Stress Tolerance, and Virulence in Beauveria bassiana. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1677. [PMID: 30090094 PMCID: PMC6068467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) with a HSF domain are regulators of fungal heat-shock protein (HSP) genes and many others vectoring heat-shock elements, to which the domain binds in response to heat shock and other stress cues. The fungal insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana harbors three HSF domain-containing orthologous to Hsf1, Sfl1, and Skn7 in many fungi. Here, we show that the three proteins are interrelated at transcription level, play overlapping or opposite roles in activating different families of 28 HSP genes and mediate differential expression of some genes required for asexual developmental and intracellular Na+ homeostasis. Expression levels of skn7 and sfl1 largely increased in Δhsf1, which is evidently lethal in some other fungi. Hsf1 was distinct from Sfl1 and Skn7 in activating most HSP genes under normal and heat-shocked conditions. Sfl1 and Skn7 played overlapping roles in activating more than half of the HSP genes under heat shock. Each protein also activated a few HSP genes not targeted by two others under certain conditions. Deletion of sfl1 resulted in most severe growth defects on rich medium and several minimal media at optimal 25°C while such growth defects were less severe in Δhsf1 and minor in Δskn7. Conidiation level was lowered by 76% in Δskn7, 62% in Δsfl1, and 39% in Δhsf1. These deletion mutants also showed differential changes in cell wall integrity, antioxidant activity, virulence and cellular tolerance to osmotic salt, heat shock, and UV-B irradiation. These results provide a global insight into vital roles of Hsf1, Sfl1, and Skn7 in B. bassiana adaptation to environment and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Nair R, Khandelwal NK, Shariq M, Redhu AK, Gaur NA, Shaikh S, Prasad R. Identification of genome-wide binding sites of heat shock factor 1, Hsf1, under basal conditions in the human pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. AMB Express 2018; 8:116. [PMID: 30014253 PMCID: PMC6047955 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The master regulator of thermal stress response, Hsf1, is also an essential determinant for viability and virulence in Candida albicans. Our recent studies highlighted that apart from ubiquitous roles of Hsf1 at higher temperatures, it also has myriad non-heat shock responsive roles essential under iron deprivation and drug defense. Here, we further explored its implications in the normal cellular functioning, by profiling its genome-wide occupancy using chromatin immuno-precipitation coupled to high-density tiling arrays under basal and iron deprived conditions. Hsf1 recruitment profiles revealed that it binds to promoters of 660 genes of varied functions, under both the conditions, however, elicited variability in intensity of binding. For instance, Hsf1 binding was observed on several genes of oxidative and osmotic stress response, cell wall integrity, iron homeostasis, mitochondrial, hyphal and multidrug transporters. Additionally, the present study divulged a novel motif under basal conditions comprising, -GTGn3GTGn3GTG- where, Hsf1 displays strong occupancy at significant number of sites on several promoters distinct from the heat induced motif. Hence, by binding to and regulating major chaperones, stress responsive genes and drug resistance regulators, Hsf1 is imperative in regulating various cellular machineries. The current study provides a framework for understanding novel aspects of how Hsf1 coordinates diverse cellular functions.
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30
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Host-Pathogen Interactions Mediated by MDR Transporters in Fungi: As Pleiotropic as it Gets! Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070332. [PMID: 30004464 PMCID: PMC6071111 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species are an increasing problem worldwide, associated with very high mortality rates. The successful prevalence of these human pathogens is due to their ability to thrive in stressful host niche colonization sites, to tolerate host immune system-induced stress, and to resist antifungal drugs. This review focuses on the key role played by multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), and the major facilitator superfamilies (MFS), in mediating fungal resistance to pathogenesis-related stresses. These clearly include the extrusion of antifungal drugs, with C. albicans CDR1 and MDR1 genes, and corresponding homologs in other fungal pathogens, playing a key role in this phenomenon. More recently, however, clues on the transcriptional regulation and physiological roles of MDR transporters, including the transport of lipids, ions, and small metabolites, have emerged, linking these transporters to important pathogenesis features, such as resistance to host niche environments, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and virulence. The wider view of the activity of MDR transporters provided in this review highlights their relevance beyond drug resistance and the need to develop therapeutic strategies that successfully face the challenges posed by the pleiotropic nature of these transporters.
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31
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Bartelli TF, Bruno DCF, Briones MRS. Evidence for Mitochondrial Genome Methylation in the Yeast Candida albicans: A Potential Novel Epigenetic Mechanism Affecting Adaptation and Pathogenicity? Front Genet 2018; 9:166. [PMID: 29896215 PMCID: PMC5986885 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal yeast Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen. In order to successfully colonize or infect the human body, the fungus must adapt to the host’s environmental conditions, such as low oxygen tension (hypoxia), temperature (37°C), and the different carbon sources available. Previous studies demonstrated the adaptive importance of C. albicans genetic variability for its pathogenicity, although the contributions of epigenetic and the influence of environmental factors are not fully understood. Mitochondria play important roles in fungal energetic metabolism, regulation of nuclear epigenetic mechanisms and pathogenicity. However, the specific impact of inter-strain mitochondrial genome variability and mitochondrial epigenetics in pathogenicity is unclear. Here, we draw attention to this relevant organelle and its potential role in C. albicans pathogenicity and provide preliminary evidence, for the first time, for methylation of the yeast mitochondrial genome. Our results indicate that environmental conditions, such as continuous exposure for 12 weeks to hypoxia and 37°C, decrease the mitochondrial genome methylation in strains SC5314 and L757. However, the methylation decrease is quantitatively different in specific genome positions when strains SC5314 and L757 are compared. We hypothesize that this phenomenon can be promising for future research to understand how physical factors of the host affect the C. albicans mitochondrial genome and its possible impact on adaptation and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais F Bartelli
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics and Biocomplexity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle C F Bruno
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics and Biocomplexity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R S Briones
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics and Biocomplexity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Health Informatics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Veri AO, Miao Z, Shapiro RS, Tebbji F, O’Meara TR, Kim SH, Colazo J, Tan K, Vyas VK, Whiteway M, Robbins N, Wong KH, Cowen LE. Tuning Hsf1 levels drives distinct fungal morphogenetic programs with depletion impairing Hsp90 function and overexpression expanding the target space. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007270. [PMID: 29590106 PMCID: PMC5873724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to respond to temperature fluctuations is critical for microorganisms to survive within mammalian hosts, and temperature modulates virulence traits of diverse pathogens. One key temperature-dependent virulence trait of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is its ability to transition from yeast to filamentous growth, which is induced by environmental cues at host physiological temperature. A key regulator of temperature-dependent morphogenesis is the molecular chaperone Hsp90, which has complex functional relationships with the transcription factor Hsf1. Although Hsf1 controls global transcriptional remodeling in response to heat shock, its impact on morphogenesis remains unknown. Here, we establish an intriguing paradigm whereby overexpression or depletion of C. albicans HSF1 induces morphogenesis in the absence of external cues. HSF1 depletion compromises Hsp90 function, thereby driving filamentation. HSF1 overexpression does not impact Hsp90 function, but rather induces a dose-dependent expansion of Hsf1 direct targets that drives overexpression of positive regulators of filamentation, including Brg1 and Ume6, thereby bypassing the requirement for elevated temperature during morphogenesis. This work provides new insight into Hsf1-mediated environmentally contingent transcriptional control, implicates Hsf1 in regulation of a key virulence trait, and highlights fascinating biology whereby either overexpression or depletion of a single cellular regulator induces a profound developmental transition. For human pathogens, the capacity to respond to elevated temperature is required for survival, with elevated temperature in the form of fever as a conserved host response to defend against infection. One of the leading fungal pathogens of humans in Candida albicans, which is capable of growing in both a yeast and filamentous state. The ability to transition between these forms is a key virulence trait, and one that is highly temperature-dependent. A pivotal regulator of filamentous growth is the temperature-responsive molecular chaperone Hsp90, which has complex relationships with the transcription factor Hsf1. Although Hsf1 regulates changes in gene expression in response to heat shock, its impact on morphogenesis remains unknown. Here, we uncover an intriguing phenomenon whereby overexpression or depletion of C. albicans HSF1 induces morphogenesis. We observe that HSF1 depletion compromises Hsp90 function, thereby driving filamentation. In contrast, HSF1 overexpression induces a dose-dependent expansion of its transcriptional targets that drives overexpression of positive regulators of filamentous growth. This work illuminates novel mechanisms through which tuning the levels of an environmentally contingent transcription factor drives a key developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O. Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengqiang Miao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Rebecca S. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiza Tebbji
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Teresa R. O’Meara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sang Hu Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Colazo
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kaeling Tan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Valmik K. Vyas
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koon Ho Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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33
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Basso V, d'Enfert C, Znaidi S, Bachellier-Bassi S. From Genes to Networks: The Regulatory Circuitry Controlling Candida albicans Morphogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 422:61-99. [PMID: 30368597 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast of most healthy individuals, but also one of the most prevalent human fungal pathogens. During adaptation to the mammalian host, C. albicans encounters different niches where it is exposed to several types of stress, including oxidative, nitrosative (e.g., immune system), osmotic (e.g., kidney and oral cavity) stresses and pH variation (e.g., gastrointestinal (GI) tract and vagina). C. albicans has developed the capacity to respond to the environmental changes by modifying its morphology, which comprises the yeast-to-hypha transition, white-opaque switching, and chlamydospore formation. The yeast-to-hypha transition has been very well characterized and was shown to be modulated by several external stimuli that mimic the host environment. For instance, temperature above 37 ℃, serum, alkaline pH, and CO2 concentration are all reported to enhance filamentation. The transition is characterized by the activation of an intricate regulatory network of signaling pathways, involving many transcription factors. The regulatory pathways that control either the stress response or morphogenesis are required for full virulence and promote survival of C. albicans in the host. Many of these transcriptional circuitries have been characterized, highlighting the complexity and the interconnections between the different pathways. Here, we present the major signaling pathways and the main transcription factors involved in the yeast-to-hypha transition. Furthermore, we describe the role of heat shock transcription factors in the morphogenetic transition, providing an edifying example of the complex cross talk between pathways involved in morphogenesis and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Basso
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, INRA, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, INRA, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sadri Znaidi
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, INRA, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France. .,Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, 13 Place Pasteur, 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
| | - Sophie Bachellier-Bassi
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, INRA, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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34
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Gong Y, Li T, Yu C, Sun S. Candida albicans Heat Shock Proteins and Hsps-Associated Signaling Pathways as Potential Antifungal Targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:520. [PMID: 29312897 PMCID: PMC5742142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of invasive fungal infections has increased notably. Candida albicans (C. albicans), a common opportunistic fungal pathogen that dwells on human mucosal surfaces, can cause fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised and high-risk surgical patients. In addition, the wide use of antifungal agents has likely contributed to resistance of C. albicans to traditional antifungal drugs, increasing the difficulty of treatment. Thus, it is urgent to identify novel antifungal drugs to cope with C. albicans infections. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) exist in most organisms and are expressed in response to thermal stress. In C. albicans, Hsps control basic physiological activities or virulence via interaction with a variety of diverse regulators of cellular signaling pathways. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that Hsps confer drug resistance to C. albicans. Many studies have shown that disrupting the normal functions of C. albicans Hsps inhibits fungal growth or reverses the tolerance of C. albicans to traditional antifungal drugs. Here, we review known functions of the diverse Hsp family, Hsp-associated intracellular signaling pathways and potential antifungal targets based on these pathways in C. albicans. We hope this review will aid in revealing potential new roles of C. albicans Hsps in addition to canonical heat stress adaptions and provide more insight into identifying potential novel antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cuixiang Yu
- Respiration Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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35
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Rajaei-Sharifabadi H, Ellestad L, Porter T, Donoghue A, Bottje WG, Dridi S. Noni ( Morinda citrifolia) Modulates the Hypothalamic Expression of Stress- and Metabolic-Related Genes in Broilers Exposed to Acute Heat Stress. Front Genet 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 29259622 PMCID: PMC5723331 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) adversely affects growth performance and inflicts heavy economic losses to the poultry industry. There is, therefore, a critical need to identify new alternative strategies to alleviate the negative effects induced by HS. The tropic medicinal plant, Morinda citrifolia (Noni), is being used in livestock nutrition, however the literature is limited and conflicting for its impact on growth performance. The present study aimed to determine the effect of Noni on feeding and drinking behavior as well as on the hypothalamic expression of stress- and metabolic-related genes in broiler chickens exposed to acute HS. A total of 480 1 day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 12 controlled environmental chambers. Birds were subjected to two environmental conditions (TN, 25°C vs. HS, 35°C for 2 h) and fed two diets (control vs. 0.2% Noni) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Feed intake and core body temperature (BT) were recorded during HS period. Blood was collected and hypothalamic tissues were harvested for target gene and protein analyses. Acute HS-broilers exhibited higher BT (~1°C), spent less time eating with a significant decrease in feed intake, and spent more time drinking along with higher drinking frequency compared to those maintained under TN conditions. Although Noni supplementation did not improve feed intake, it significantly delayed (~30 min) and reduced the BT-induced by HS. At molecular levels and under HS conditions, Noni supplementation down regulated the hypothalamic expression of HSP90 and its related transcription factors HSF1, 2, and 4, increased orexin mRNA levels, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα1/2Thr172 and mTORSer2481. Together, these data indicated that Noni supplementation might modulate HS response in broilers through central orexin-AMPK-mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ellestad
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, AR, United States
| | - Tom Porter
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, AR, United States
| | - Annie Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Walter G Bottje
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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36
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Khandelwal NK, Chauhan N, Sarkar P, Esquivel BD, Coccetti P, Singh A, Coste AT, Gupta M, Sanglard D, White TC, Chauvel M, d'Enfert C, Chattopadhyay A, Gaur NA, Mondal AK, Prasad R. Azole resistance in a Candida albicans mutant lacking the ABC transporter CDR6/ROA1 depends on TOR signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:412-432. [PMID: 29158264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.807032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters help export various substrates across the cell membrane and significantly contribute to drug resistance. However, a recent study reported an unusual case in which the loss of an ABC transporter in Candida albicans, orf19.4531 (previously named ROA1), increases resistance against antifungal azoles, which was attributed to an altered membrane potential in the mutant strain. To obtain further mechanistic insights into this phenomenon, here we confirmed that the plasma membrane-localized transporter (renamed CDR6/ROA1 for consistency with C. albicans nomenclature) could efflux xenobiotics such as berberine, rhodamine 123, and paraquat. Moreover, a CDR6/ROA1 null mutant, NKKY101, displayed increased susceptibility to these xenobiotics. Interestingly, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) results indicated that NKKY101 mutant cells exhibited increased plasma membrane rigidity, resulting in reduced azole accumulation and contributing to azole resistance. Transcriptional profiling revealed that ribosome biogenesis genes were significantly up-regulated in the NKKY101 mutant. As ribosome biogenesis is a well-known downstream phenomenon of target of rapamycin (TOR1) signaling, we suspected a link between ribosome biogenesis and TOR1 signaling in NKKY101. Therefore, we grew NKKY101 cells on rapamycin and observed TOR1 hyperactivation, which leads to Hsp90-dependent calcineurin stabilization and thereby increased azole resistance. This in vitro finding was supported by in vivo data from a mouse model of systemic infection in which NKKY101 cells led to higher fungal load after fluconazole challenge than wild-type cells. Taken together, our study uncovers a mechanism of azole resistance in C. albicans, involving increased membrane rigidity and TOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Khandelwal
- From the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.,the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India, and
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Brooke D Esquivel
- the School of Biological Sciences, Cell Biology, and Biophysics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Paola Coccetti
- the Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- From the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.,the Department of Biochemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow 226024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alix T Coste
- the Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Meghna Gupta
- From the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.,the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- the Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Theodore C White
- the School of Biological Sciences, Cell Biology, and Biophysics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Murielle Chauvel
- the Département Génomes et Génétique, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, INRA, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- the Département Génomes et Génétique, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, INRA, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Naseem A Gaur
- the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India, and
| | - Alok Kumar Mondal
- From the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- From the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India, .,the Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley Gurgaon-122413, India
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37
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Xie JL, Bohovych I, Wong EOY, Lambert JP, Gingras AC, Khalimonchuk O, Cowen LE, Leach MD. Ydj1 governs fungal morphogenesis and stress response, and facilitates mitochondrial protein import via Mas1 and Mas2. MICROBIAL CELL 2017; 4:342-361. [PMID: 29082232 PMCID: PMC5657825 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.10.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria underpin metabolism, bioenergetics, signalling, development and cell death in eukaryotes. Most of the ~1,000 yeast mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesised as precursors in the cytosol, with mitochondrial import facilitated by molecular chaperones. Here, we focus on the Hsp40 chaperone Ydj1 in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, finding that it is localised to both the cytosol and outer mitochondrial membrane, and is required for cellular stress responses and for filamentation, a key virulence trait. Mapping the Ydj1 protein interaction network highlighted connections with co-chaperones and regulators of filamentation. Furthermore, the mitochondrial processing peptidases Mas1 and Mas2 were highly enriched for interaction with Ydj1. Additional analysis demonstrated that loss of MAS1, MAS2 or YDJ1 perturbs mitochondrial morphology and function. Deletion of YDJ1 impairs import of Su9, a protein that is cleaved to a mature form by Mas1 and Mas2. Thus, we highlight a novel role for Ydj1 in cellular morphogenesis, stress responses, and mitochondrial import in the fungal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin L Xie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Erin O Y Wong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michelle D Leach
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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38
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Kastora SL, Herrero‐de‐Dios C, Avelar GM, Munro CA, Brown AJP. Sfp1 and Rtg3 reciprocally modulate carbon source-conditional stress adaptation in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:620-636. [PMID: 28574606 PMCID: PMC5575477 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of the clinically important yeast, Candida albicans, is dependent on robust responses to host-imposed stresses. These stress responses have generally been dissected in vitro at 30°C on artificial growth media that do not mimic host niches. Yet host inputs, such as changes in carbon source or temperature, are known to affect C. albicans stress adaptation. Therefore, we performed screens to identify novel regulators that promote stress resistance during growth on a physiologically relevant carboxylic acid and at elevated temperatures. These screens revealed that, under these 'non-standard' growth conditions, numerous uncharacterised regulators are required for stress resistance in addition to the classical Hog1, Cap1 and Cta4 stress pathways. In particular, two transcription factors (Sfp1 and Rtg3) promote stress resistance in a reciprocal, carbon source-conditional manner. SFP1 is induced in stressed glucose-grown cells, whereas RTG3 is upregulated in stressed lactate-grown cells. Rtg3 and Sfp1 regulate the expression of key stress genes such as CTA4, CAP1 and HOG1 in a carbon source-dependent manner. These mechanisms underlie the stress sensitivity of C. albicans sfp1 cells during growth on glucose, and rtg3 cells on lactate. The data suggest that C. albicans exploits environmentally contingent regulatory mechanisms to retain stress resistance during host colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula L. Kastora
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
| | - Carmen Herrero‐de‐Dios
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
| | - Gabriela M. Avelar
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
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39
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Brown AJP, Cowen LE, di Pietro A, Quinn J. Stress Adaptation. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0048-2016. [PMID: 28721857 PMCID: PMC5701650 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0048-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal species display an extraordinarily diverse range of lifestyles. Nevertheless, the survival of each species depends on its ability to sense and respond to changes in its natural environment. Environmental changes such as fluctuations in temperature, water balance or pH, or exposure to chemical insults such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species exert stresses that perturb cellular homeostasis and cause molecular damage to the fungal cell. Consequently, fungi have evolved mechanisms to repair this damage, detoxify chemical insults, and restore cellular homeostasis. Most stresses are fundamental in nature, and consequently, there has been significant evolutionary conservation in the nature of the resultant responses across the fungal kingdom and beyond. For example, heat shock generally induces the synthesis of chaperones that promote protein refolding, antioxidants are generally synthesized in response to an oxidative stress, and osmolyte levels are generally increased following a hyperosmotic shock. In this article we summarize the current understanding of these and other stress responses as well as the signaling pathways that regulate them in the fungi. Model yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae are compared with filamentous fungi, as well as with pathogens of plants and humans. We also discuss current challenges associated with defining the dynamics of stress responses and with the elaboration of fungal stress adaptation under conditions that reflect natural environments in which fungal cells may be exposed to different types of stresses, either sequentially or simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Antonio di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Gregor Mendel C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Janet Quinn
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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40
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O'Meara TR, Robbins N, Cowen LE. The Hsp90 Chaperone Network Modulates Candida Virulence Traits. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:809-819. [PMID: 28549824 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a conserved molecular chaperone that facilitates the folding and function of client proteins. Hsp90 function is dynamically regulated by interactions with co-chaperones and by post-translational modifications. In the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, Hsp90 enables drug resistance and virulence by stabilizing diverse signal transducers. Here, we review studies that have unveiled regulators of Hsp90 function, as well as downstream effectors that govern the key virulence traits of morphogenesis and drug resistance. We highlight recent work mapping the Hsp90 genetic network in C. albicans under diverse environmental conditions, and how these interactions provide insight into circuitry important for drug resistance, morphogenesis, and virulence. Ultimately, elucidating the Hsp90 chaperone network will aid in the development of therapeutics to treat fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R O'Meara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.
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41
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Nair R, Shariq M, Dhamgaye S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Shaikh S, Prasad R. Non-heat shock responsive roles of HSF1 in Candida albicans are essential under iron deprivation and drug defense. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:345-354. [PMID: 27889440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that the conditional mutant of the heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) in Candida albicans displays enhanced susceptibility not only towards a plant alkaloid, berberine, but also to diverse antifungal drugs. The present study attempts to identify additional phenotypes highlighting the non-heat shock responsive roles of HSF1 that could be correlated with the enhanced drug susceptibility. We uncover an intricate relationship between cellular iron and HSF1 mediated drug susceptibility of C. albicans. Interestingly, at 30°C, the conditional deletion of HSF1 while presented no growth defect, exhibited low intracellular iron. Notably, exogenous supplementation of iron reversed growth defects of HSF1 mutant when grown at 37°C. We provide evidence that the HSF1 mutant presents interesting phenotypes at basal conditions and are implicated in enhanced drug susceptibilities, dysfunctional mitochondria, decreased resistance towards oxidative stress and compromised cell wall integrity, all of which could be fully reversed upon iron supplementation. The HSF1 mutant also displayed defective filamentation at basal conditions under various solid hypha inducing media. Further, chelation of iron of HSF1 mutant cells led to severe growth defects and apparently triggers an iron starvation signal in the cell thus, demonstrating that HSF1 is essential for C. albicans cells to tolerate the iron deprivation stress. Together, apart from the well-established roles of HSF1 in reciprocation of thermal stress, this study extends its role under basal conditions and provides molecular insights into the role of HSF1 in iron deprivation and drug defense of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Nair
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT & Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India; School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Shariq
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Shamim Shaikh
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT & Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Gurgaon, India.
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42
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Solís EJ, Pandey JP, Zheng X, Jin DX, Gupta PB, Airoldi EM, Pincus D, Denic V. Defining the Essential Function of Yeast Hsf1 Reveals a Compact Transcriptional Program for Maintaining Eukaryotic Proteostasis. Mol Cell 2016; 63:60-71. [PMID: 27320198 PMCID: PMC4938784 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite its eponymous association with the heat shock response, yeast heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) is essential even at low temperatures. Here we show that engineered nuclear export of Hsf1 results in cytotoxicity associated with massive protein aggregation. Genome-wide analysis revealed that Hsf1 nuclear export immediately decreased basal transcription and mRNA expression of 18 genes, which predominately encode chaperones. Strikingly, rescuing basal expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperones enabled robust cell growth in the complete absence of Hsf1. With the exception of chaperone gene induction, the vast majority of the heat shock response was Hsf1 independent. By comparative analysis of mammalian cell lines, we found that only heat shock-induced but not basal expression of chaperones is dependent on the mammalian Hsf1 homolog (HSF1). Our work reveals that yeast chaperone gene expression is an essential housekeeping mechanism and provides a roadmap for defining the function of HSF1 as a driver of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Solís
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Northwest Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Systems Biology PhD Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jai P Pandey
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xu Zheng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dexter X Jin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Piyush B Gupta
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Edoardo M Airoldi
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David Pincus
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Vladimir Denic
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Northwest Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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43
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Martinez-Rossi NM, Jacob TR, Sanches PR, Peres NTA, Lang EAS, Martins MP, Rossi A. Heat Shock Proteins in Dermatophytes: Current Advances and Perspectives. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:99-111. [PMID: 27226766 PMCID: PMC4864838 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666151116212437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are proteins whose transcription responds rapidly to temperature shifts. They constitute a family of molecular chaperones, involved in the proper folding and stabilisation of proteins under physiological and adverse conditions. HSPs also assist in the protection and recovery of cells exposed to a variety of stressful conditions, including heat. The role of HSPs extends beyond chaperoning proteins, as they also participate in diverse cellular functions, such as the assembly of macromolecular complexes, protein transport and sorting, dissociation of denatured protein aggregates, cell cycle control, and programmed cell death. They are also important antigens from a variety of pathogens, are able to stimulate innate immune cells, and are implicated in acquired immunity. In fungi, HSPs have been implicated in virulence, dimorphic transition, and drug resistance. Some HSPs are potential targets for therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of HSPs in dermatophytes, which are a group of keratinophilic fungi responsible for superficial mycoses in humans and animals. Computational analyses were performed to characterise the group of proteins in these dermatophytes, as well as to assess their conservation and to identify DNA-binding domains (5′-nGAAn-3′) in the promoter regions of the hsp genes. In addition, the quantification of the transcript levels of few genes in a pacC background helped in the development of an extended model for the regulation of the expression of the hsp genes, which supports the participation of the pH-responsive transcriptional regulator PacC in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago R Jacob
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Present address: Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brazil
| | - Elza A S Lang
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra P Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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44
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Leach MD, Farrer RA, Tan K, Miao Z, Walker LA, Cuomo CA, Wheeler RT, Brown AJP, Wong KH, Cowen LE. Hsf1 and Hsp90 orchestrate temperature-dependent global transcriptional remodelling and chromatin architecture in Candida albicans. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11704. [PMID: 27226156 PMCID: PMC4894976 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is a universal response to infection, and opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans have evolved complex circuitry to sense and respond to heat. Here we harness RNA-seq and ChIP-seq to discover that the heat shock transcription factor, Hsf1, binds distinct motifs in nucleosome-depleted promoter regions to regulate heat shock genes and genes involved in virulence in C. albicans. Consequently, heat shock increases C. albicans host cell adhesion, damage and virulence. Hsf1 activation depends upon the molecular chaperone Hsp90 under basal and heat shock conditions, but the effects are opposite and in part controlled at the level of Hsf1 expression and DNA binding. Finally, we demonstrate that Hsp90 regulates global transcription programs by modulating nucleosome levels at promoters of stress-responsive genes. Thus, we describe a mechanism by which C. albicans responds to temperature via Hsf1 and Hsp90 to orchestrate gene expression and chromatin architecture, thereby enabling thermal adaptation and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Leach
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Rhys A. Farrer
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Kaeling Tan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Zhengqiang Miao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Louise A. Walker
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Christina A. Cuomo
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Robert T. Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Koon Ho Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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45
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Lendenmann MH, Croll D, Palma-Guerrero J, Stewart EL, McDonald BA. QTL mapping of temperature sensitivity reveals candidate genes for thermal adaptation and growth morphology in the plant pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:384-94. [PMID: 26758189 PMCID: PMC4806695 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Different thermal environments impose strong, differential selection on populations, leading to local adaptation, but the genetic basis of thermal adaptation is poorly understood. We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici to study the genetic architecture of thermal adaptation and identify candidate genes. Four wild-type strains originating from the same thermal environment were crossed to generate two mapping populations with 263 (cross 1) and 261 (cross 2) progeny. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing was used to genotype 9745 (cross 1) and 7333 (cross 2) single-nucleotide polymorphism markers segregating within the mapping population. Temperature sensitivity was assessed using digital image analysis of colonies growing at two different temperatures. We identified four QTLs for temperature sensitivity, with unique QTLs found in each cross. One QTL had a logarithm of odds score >11 and contained only six candidate genes, including PBS2, encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase associated with low temperature tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This and other QTLs showed evidence for pleiotropy among growth rate, melanization and growth morphology, suggesting that many traits can be correlated with thermal adaptation in fungi. Higher temperatures were highly correlated with a shift to filamentous growth among the progeny in both crosses. We show that thermal adaptation has a complex genetic architecture, with natural populations of Z. tritici harboring significant genetic variation for this trait. We conclude that Z. tritici populations have the potential to adapt rapidly to climate change and expand into new climatic zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lendenmann
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Croll
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Palma-Guerrero
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E L Stewart
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B A McDonald
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Role of Heat-Shock Proteins in Cellular Function and in the Biology of Fungi. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:132635. [PMID: 26881084 PMCID: PMC4736001 DOI: 10.1155/2015/132635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress (biotic or abiotic) is an unfavourable condition for an organism including fungus. To overcome stress, organism expresses heat-shock proteins (Hsps) or chaperons to perform biological function. Hsps are involved in various routine biological processes such as transcription, translation and posttranslational modifications, protein folding, and aggregation and disaggregation of proteins. Thus, it is important to understand holistic role of Hsps in response to stress and other biological conditions in fungi. Hsp104, Hsp70, and Hsp40 are found predominant in replication and Hsp90 is found in transcriptional and posttranscriptional process. Hsp90 and Hsp70 in combination or alone play a major role in morphogenesis and dimorphism. Heat stress in fungi expresses Hsp60, Hsp90, Hsp104, Hsp30, and Hsp10 proteins, whereas expression of Hsp12 protein was observed in response to cold stress. Hsp30, Hsp70, and Hsp90 proteins showed expression in response to pH stress. Osmotic stress is controlled by small heat-shock proteins and Hsp60. Expression of Hsp104 is observed under high pressure conditions. Out of these heat-shock proteins, Hsp90 has been predicted as a potential antifungal target due to its role in morphogenesis. Thus, current review focuses on role of Hsps in fungi during morphogenesis and various stress conditions (temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure) and in antifungal drug tolerance.
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Boyce KJ, Andrianopoulos A. Fungal dimorphism: the switch from hyphae to yeast is a specialized morphogenetic adaptation allowing colonization of a host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:797-811. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Candida albicans mutant construction and characterization of selected virulence determinants. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 115:153-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Polvi EJ, Li X, O’Meara TR, Leach MD, Cowen LE. Opportunistic yeast pathogens: reservoirs, virulence mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2261-87. [PMID: 25700837 PMCID: PMC11113693 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening invasive fungal infections are becoming increasingly common, at least in part due to the prevalence of medical interventions resulting in immunosuppression. Opportunistic fungal pathogens of humans exploit hosts that are immunocompromised, whether by immunosuppression or genetic predisposition, with infections originating from either commensal or environmental sources. Fungal pathogens are armed with an arsenal of traits that promote pathogenesis, including the ability to survive host physiological conditions and to switch between different morphological states. Despite the profound impact of fungal pathogens on human health worldwide, diagnostic strategies remain crude and treatment options are limited, with resistance to antifungal drugs on the rise. This review will focus on the global burden of fungal infections, the reservoirs of these pathogens, the traits of opportunistic yeast that lead to pathogenesis, host genetic susceptibilities, and the challenges that must be overcome to combat antifungal drug resistance and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Polvi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Xinliu Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Teresa R. O’Meara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Michelle D. Leach
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
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Abstract
Only few Candida species, e.g., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida parapsilosis, are successful colonizers of a human host. Under certain circumstances these species can cause infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. The success of C. albicans, the most prevalent and best studied Candida species, as both commensal and human pathogen depends on its genetic, biochemical, and morphological flexibility which facilitates adaptation to a wide range of host niches. In addition, formation of biofilms provides additional protection from adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, in many host niches Candida cells coexist with members of the human microbiome. The resulting fungal-bacterial interactions have a major influence on the success of C. albicans as commensal and also influence disease development and outcome. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of important survival strategies of Candida spp., focusing on fundamental fitness and virulence traits of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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