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Meyer FM, Bramkamp M. Cell wall synthesizing complexes in Mycobacteriales. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 79:102478. [PMID: 38653035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Members of the order Mycobacteriales are distinguished by a characteristic diderm cell envelope, setting them apart from other Actinobacteria species. In addition to the conventional peptidoglycan cell wall, these organisms feature an extra polysaccharide polymer composed of arabinose and galactose, termed arabinogalactan. The nonreducing ends of arabinose are covalently linked to mycolic acids (MAs), forming the immobile inner leaflet of the highly hydrophobic MA membrane. The contiguous outer leaflet of the MA membrane comprises trehalose mycolates and various lipid species. Similar to all actinobacteria, Mycobacteriales exhibit apical growth, facilitated by a polar localized elongasome complex. A septal cell envelope synthesis machinery, the divisome, builds instead of the cell wall structures during cytokinesis. In recent years, a growing body of knowledge has emerged regarding the cell wall synthesizing complexes of Mycobacteriales., focusing particularly on three model species: Corynebacterium glutamicum, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M Meyer
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Nguyen TTM, Badhan AK, Reid ID, Ribeiro G, Gruninger R, Tsang A, Guan LL, McAllister T. Comparative analysis of functional diversity of rumen microbiome in bison and beef heifers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0132023. [PMID: 38054735 PMCID: PMC10734544 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01320-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Ruminants play a key role in the conversion of cellulolytic plant material into high-quality meat and milk protein for humans. The rumen microbiome is the driver of this conversion, yet there is little information on how gene expression within the microbiome impacts the efficiency of this conversion process. The current study investigates gene expression in the rumen microbiome of beef heifers and bison and how transplantation of ruminal contents from bison to heifers alters gene expression. Understanding interactions between the host and the rumen microbiome is the key to developing informed approaches to rumen programming that will enhance production efficiency in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Truc Minh Nguyen
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ajay Kumar Badhan
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian D. Reid
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresource, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Robert Gruninger
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Sundermeyer L, Folkerts JG, Lückel B, Mack C, Baumgart M, Bott M. Cellular localization of the hybrid pyruvate/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in the actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266823. [PMID: 37754766 PMCID: PMC10581250 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02668-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For many bacterial proteins, specific localizations within the cell have been demonstrated, but enzymes involved in central metabolism are usually considered to be homogenously distributed within the cytoplasm. Here, we provide an example for a spatially defined localization of a unique enzyme complex found in actinobacteria, the hybrid pyruvate/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (PDH-ODH). In non-actinobacterial cells, PDH and ODH form separate multienzyme complexes of megadalton size composed of three different subunits, E1, E2, and E3. The actinobacterial PDH-ODH complex is composed of four subunits, AceE (E1p), AceF (E2p), Lpd (E3), and OdhA (E1oE2o). Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that in Corynebacterium glutamicum, all four subunits are co-localized in distinct spots at the cell poles, and in larger cells, additional spots are present at mid-cell. These results further confirm the existence of the hybrid complex. The unphosporylated OdhI protein, which binds to OdhA and inhibits ODH activity, was co-localized with OdhA at the poles, whereas phosphorylated OdhI, which does not bind OdhA, was distributed in the entire cytoplasm. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, both metabolically linked to ODH, were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Based on the available structural data for individual PDH-ODH subunits, a novel supramolecular architecture of the hybrid complex differing from classical PDH and ODH complexes has to be postulated. Our results suggest that localization at the poles or at mid-cell is most likely caused by nucleoid exclusion and results in a spatially organized metabolism in actinobacteria, with consequences yet to be studied. IMPORTANCE Enzymes involved in the central metabolism of bacteria are usually considered to be distributed within the entire cytoplasm. Here, we provide an example for a spatially defined localization of a unique enzyme complex of actinobacteria, the hybrid pyruvate dehydrogenase/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (PDH-ODH) complex composed of four different subunits. Using fusions with mVenus or mCherry and fluorescence microscopy, we show that all four subunits are co-localized in distinct spots at the cell poles, and in larger cells, additional spots were observed at mid-cell. These results clearly support the presence of the hybrid PDH-ODH complex and suggest a similar localization in other actinobacteria. The observation of a defined spatial localization of an enzyme complex catalyzing two key reactions of central metabolism poses questions regarding possible consequences for the availability of substrates and products within the cell and other bacterial enzyme complexes showing similar behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sundermeyer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan-Gerrit Folkerts
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benita Lückel
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Mack
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Sundermeyer L, Bosco G, Gujar S, Brocker M, Baumgart M, Willbold D, Weiergräber OH, Bellinzoni M, Bott M. Characteristics of the GlnH and GlnX Signal Transduction Proteins Controlling PknG-Mediated Phosphorylation of OdhI and 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Activity in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0267722. [PMID: 36445153 PMCID: PMC9769921 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02677-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In Corynebacterium glutamicum the protein kinase PknG phosphorylates OdhI and thereby abolishes the inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity by unphosphorylated OdhI. Our previous studies suggested that PknG activity is controlled by the periplasmic binding protein GlnH and the transmembrane protein GlnX, because ΔglnH and ΔglnX mutants showed a growth defect on glutamine similar to that of a ΔpknG mutant. We have now confirmed the involvement of GlnH and GlnX in the control of OdhI phosphorylation by analyzing the OdhI phosphorylation status and glutamate secretion in ΔglnH and ΔglnX mutants and by characterizing ΔglnX suppressor mutants. We provide evidence for GlnH being a lipoprotein and show by isothermal titration calorimetry that it binds l-aspartate and l-glutamate with moderate to low affinity, but not l-glutamine, l-asparagine, or 2-oxoglutarate. Based on a structural comparison with GlnH of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, two residues critical for the binding affinity were identified and verified. The predicted GlnX topology with four transmembrane segments and two periplasmic domains was confirmed by PhoA and LacZ fusions. A structural model of GlnX suggested that, with the exception of a poorly ordered N-terminal region, the entire protein is composed of α-helices and small loops or linkers, and it revealed similarities to other bacterial transmembrane receptors. Our results suggest that the GlnH-GlnX-PknG-OdhI-OdhA signal transduction cascade serves to adapt the flux of 2-oxoglutarate between ammonium assimilation via glutamate dehydrogenase and energy generation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to the availability of the amino group donors l-glutamate and l-aspartate in the environment. IMPORTANCE Actinobacteria comprise a large number of species playing important roles in biotechnology and medicine, such as Corynebacterium glutamicum, the major industrial amino acid producer, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen causing tuberculosis. Many actinobacteria use a signal transduction process in which the phosphorylation status of OdhI (corynebacteria) or GarA (mycobacteria) regulates the carbon flux at the 2-oxoglutarate node. Inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase by unphosphorylated OdhI shifts the flux of 2-oxoglutarate from the TCA cycle toward glutamate formation and, thus, ammonium assimilation. Phosphorylation of OdhI/GarA is catalyzed by the protein kinase PknG, whose activity was proposed to be controlled by the periplasmic binding protein GlnH and the transmembrane protein GlnX. In this study, we combined genetic, biochemical, and structural modeling approaches to characterize GlnH and GlnX of C. glutamicum and confirm their roles in the GlnH-GlnX-PknG-OdhI-OdhA signal transduction cascade. These findings are relevant also to other Actinobacteria employing a similar control process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sundermeyer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Graziella Bosco
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Srushti Gujar
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Brocker
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Weiergräber
- IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Bellinzoni
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Clostridioides difficile Phosphoproteomics Shows an Expansion of Phosphorylated Proteins in Stationary Growth Phase. mSphere 2022; 7:e0091121. [PMID: 34986318 PMCID: PMC8730811 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00911-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification that can affect both housekeeping functions and virulence characteristics in bacterial pathogens. In the Gram-positive enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile, the extent and nature of phosphorylation events are poorly characterized, though a protein kinase mutant strain demonstrates pleiotropic phenotypes. Here, we used an immobilized metal affinity chromatography strategy to characterize serine, threonine, and tyrosine phosphorylation in C. difficile. We find limited protein phosphorylation in the exponential growth phase but a sharp increase in the number of phosphopeptides after the onset of the stationary growth phase. Our approach identifies expected targets and phosphorylation sites among the more than 1,500 phosphosites, including the protein kinase PrkC, the anti-sigma-F factor antagonist (SpoIIAA), the anti-sigma-B factor antagonist (RsbV), and HPr kinase/phosphorylase (HprK). Analysis of high-confidence phosphosites shows that phosphorylation on serine residues is most common, followed by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. This work forms the basis for a further investigation into the contributions of individual kinases to the overall phosphoproteome of C. difficile and the role of phosphorylation in C. difficile physiology and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of protein phosphorylation in the Gram-positive enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile. To date, only limited evidence on the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of this organism has been published; the current study is expected to form the basis for research on this posttranslational modification in C. difficile.
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Passot FM, Cantlay S, Flärdh K. Protein phosphatase SppA regulates apical growth and dephosphorylates cell polarity determinant DivIVA in Streptomyces coelicolor. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:411-428. [PMID: 34862689 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Actinobacteria, including mycobacteria and streptomycetes, exhibit a distinctive mode of polar growth, with cell wall synthesis occurring in zones at cell poles and directed by the essential cell polarity determinant DivIVA. Streptomyces coelicolor modulates polar growth via the Ser/Thr protein kinase AfsK, which phosphorylates DivIVA. Here, we show that the phosphoprotein phosphatase SppA has strong effects on polar growth and cell shape and that it reverses the AfsK-mediated phosphorylation of DivIVA. SppA affects hyphal branching and the rate of tip extension. The sppA mutant hyphae also exhibit a high frequency of spontaneous growth arrests, indicating problems with maintenance of tip extension. The phenotypic effects are partially suppressed in an afsK sppA double mutant, indicating that AfsK and SppA to some extent share target proteins. Strains with a nonphosphorylatable mutant DivIVA confirm that the effect of afsK on hyphal branching during normal growth is mediated by DivIVA phosphorylation. However, the phenotypic effects of sppA deletion are independent of DivIVA phosphorylation and must be mediated via other substrates. This study adds a PPP-family protein phosphatase to the proteins involved in the control of polar growth and cell shape determination in S. coelicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Klas Flärdh
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Hu Q, Yao L, Liao X, Zhang LS, Li HT, Li TT, Jiang QG, Tan MF, Li L, Draheim RR, Huang Q, Zhou R. Comparative Phenotypic, Proteomic, and Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Different Roles of Serine/Threonine Phosphatase and Kinase in the Growth, Cell Division, and Pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122442. [PMID: 34946045 PMCID: PMC8707513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases (STKs) and cognate phosphatases (STPs) comprise an important regulatory system in many bacterial pathogens. The complexity of this regulatory system has not been fully understood due to the presence of multiple STKs/STPs in many bacteria and their multiple substrates involved in many different physiological and pathogenetic processes. Streptococci are the best materials for the study due to a single copy of the gene encoding STK and its cognate STP. Although several studies have been done to investigate the roles of STK and STP in zoonotic Streptococcus suis, respectively, few studies were performed on the coordinated regulatory roles of this system. In this study, we carried out a systemic study on STK/STP in S. suis by using a comparative phenotypic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic analysis. Mouse infection assays revealed that STK played a much more important role in S. suis pathogenesis than STP. The ∆stk and ∆stp∆stk strains, but not ∆stp, showed severe growth retardation. Moreover, both ∆stp and ∆stk strains displayed defects in cell division, but they were abnormal in different ways. The comparative proteomics and phosphoproteomics revealed that deletion of stk or stp had a significant influence on protein expression. Interestingly, more virulence factors were found to be downregulated in ∆stk than ∆stp. In ∆stk strain, a substantial number of the proteins with a reduced phosphorylation level were involved in cell division, energy metabolism, and protein translation. However, only a few proteins showed increased phosphorylation in ∆stp, which also included some proteins related to cell division. Collectively, our results show that both STP and STK are critical regulatory proteins for S. suis and that STK seems to play more important roles in growth, cell division, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Xia Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Hao-Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Qing-Gen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Mei-Fang Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China;
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Roger R. Draheim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK;
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (R.Z.)
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Sheng Q, Wu XY, Xu X, Tan X, Li Z, Zhang B. Production of l-glutamate family amino acids in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Physiological mechanism, genetic modulation, and prospects. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:302-325. [PMID: 34632124 PMCID: PMC8484045 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
l-glutamate family amino acids (GFAAs), consisting of l-glutamate, l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-ornithine, l-proline, l-hydroxyproline, γ-aminobutyric acid, and 5-aminolevulinic acid, are widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and animal feed industries, accounting for billions of dollars of market activity. These GFAAs have many functions, including being protein constituents, maintaining the urea cycle, and providing precursors for the biosynthesis of pharmaceuticals. Currently, the production of GFAAs mainly depends on microbial fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum (including its related subspecies Corynebacterium crenatum), which is substantially engineered through multistep metabolic engineering strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and metabolic engineering strategies for GFAA accumulation in C. glutamicum and C. crenatum, which provides insights into the recent progress in l-glutamate-derived chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Rajpurohit YS, Sharma DK, Misra HS. Involvement of Serine / Threonine protein kinases in DNA damage response and cell division in bacteria. Res Microbiol 2021; 173:103883. [PMID: 34624492 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The roles of Serine/Threonine protein kinases (STPKs) in bacterial physiology, including bacterial responses to nutritional stresses and under pathogenesis have been well documented. STPKs roles in bacterial cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response have not been much emphasized, possibly because the LexA/RecA type SOS response became the synonym to DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation in bacteria. This review summarizes current knowledge of STPKs genetics, domain organization, and their roles in DNA damage response and cell division regulation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra S Rajpurohit
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India; Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE- Deemed University), Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Dhirendra Kumar Sharma
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India; Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE- Deemed University), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Hari S Misra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India; Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE- Deemed University), Mumbai, 400094, India
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Elimination of PknL and MSMEG_4242 in Mycobacterium smegmatis alters the character of the outer cell envelope and selects for mutations in Lsr2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:100060. [PMID: 34485766 PMCID: PMC8408660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of pknL and adjacent gene MSMEG_4242 in M. smegmatis produces rough & smooth colonies. All smooth colony mutants have inactivated lsr2 genes. Inactivated lsr2 leads to high expression of MSMEG_4727 and increased synthesis of LOS. Smooth mutants don’t form biofilms, have longer bacilli and increased sliding motility. Rough strains deleted for pknL and MSMEG_4242 form biofilms but have aberrant sliding motility. We propose a phosphorylation cascade of PknB phosphorylating PknL that then phosphorylates Lsr2.
Four serine/threonine kinases are present in all mycobacteria: PknA, PknB, PknG and PknL. PknA and PknB are essential for growth and replication, PknG regulates metabolism, but little is known about PknL. Inactivation of pknL and adjacent regulator MSMEG_4242 in rough colony M. smegmatis mc2155 produced both smooth and rough colonies. Upon restreaking rough colonies, smooth colonies appeared at a frequency of ~ 1/250. Smooth mutants did not form biofilms, showed increased sliding motility and anomalous lipids on thin-layer chromatography, identified by mass spectrometry as lipooligosaccharides and perhaps also glycopeptidolipids. RNA-seq and Sanger sequencing revealed that all smooth mutants had inactivated lsr2 genes due to mutations and different IS1096 insertions. When complemented with lsr2, the colonies became rough, anomalous lipids disappeared and sliding motility decreased. Smooth mutants showed increased expression of IS1096 transposase TnpA and MSMEG_4727, which encodes a protein similar to PKS5. When MSMEG_4727 was deleted, smooth pknL/MSMEG_4242/lsr2 mutants reverted to rough, formed good biofilms, their motility decreased slightly and their anomalous lipids disappeared. Rough delpknL/del4242 mutants formed poor biofilms and showed decreased, aberrant sliding motility and both phenotypes were complemented with the two deleted genes. Inactivation of lsr2 changes colony morphology from rough to smooth, augments sliding motility and increases expression of MSMEG_4727 and other enzymes synthesizing lipooligosaccharides, apparently preventing biofilm formation. Similar morphological phase changes occur in other mycobacteria, likely reflecting environmental adaptations. PknL and MSMEG_4242 regulate lipid components of the outer cell envelope and their absence selects for lsr2 inactivation. A regulatory, phosphorylation cascade model is proposed.
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Bacillus anthracis chain length, a virulence determinant, is regulated by membrane localized serine/threonine protein kinase PrkC. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00582-20. [PMID: 33753466 PMCID: PMC8117516 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00582-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming pathogen that displays a chaining phenotype. It has been reported that the chaining phenotype acts as a virulence factor in B. anthracis In this study, we identify a serine/threonine protein kinase of B. anthracis, PrkC, the only kinase localized at the bacteria-host interface, as a determinant of B. anthracis chain length. In vitro, prkC disruption strain (BAS ΔprkC) grew as shorter chains throughout the bacterial growth cycle. A comparative analysis between the parent strain and BAS ΔprkC indicated that the levels of proteins, BslO and Sap, associated with the regulation of the bacterial chain length, were upregulated in BAS ΔprkC BslO is a septal murein hydrolase that catalyzes daughter cell separation and Sap is an S-layer structural protein required for the septal localization of BslO. PrkC disruption also has a significant effect on bacterial growth, cell wall thickness, and septa formation. Upregulation of ftsZ in BAS ΔprkC was also observed. Altogether, our results indicate that PrkC is required for maintaining optimum growth, cell wall homeostasis and most importantly - for the maintenance of the chaining phenotype.IMPORTANCEChaining phenotype acts as a virulence factor in Bacillus anthracis This is the first study that identifies a 'signal transduction protein' with an ability to regulate the chaining phenotype in Bacillus anthracis We show that the disruption of the lone surface-localized serine/threonine protein kinase, PrkC, leads to the shortening of the bacterial chains. We report upregulation of the de-chaining proteins in the PrkC disruption strain. Apart from this, we also report for the first time that PrkC disruption results in an attenuated cell growth, a decrease in the cell wall thickness and aberrant cell septa formation during the logarithmic phase of growth - a growth phase where PrkC is expressed maximally.
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Are antibacterial effects of non-antibiotic drugs random or purposeful because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial and mammalian targets? Infection 2020; 49:569-589. [PMID: 33325009 PMCID: PMC7737717 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Advances in structural biology, genetics, bioinformatics, etc. resulted in the availability of an enormous pool of information enabling the analysis of the ancestry of pro- and eukaryotic genes and proteins. Methods This review summarizes findings of structural and/or functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic enzymes catalysing analogous biological reactions because of their highly conserved active centres so that non-antibiotics interacted with bacterial targets. Results Protease inhibitors such as staurosporine or camostat inhibited bacterial serine/threonine or serine/tyrosine protein kinases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and serine/threonine kinases, to which penicillin-binding-proteins are linked, so that these drugs synergized with β-lactams, reverted aminoglycoside-resistance and attenuated bacterial virulence. Calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine or verapamil blocked not only prokaryotic ion channels but interacted with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes thus disrupting membrane energetics and inducing membrane stress response resulting in inhibition of P-glycoprotein such as bacterial pumps thus improving anti-mycobacterial activities of rifampicin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, bedaquilin and imipenem-activity against Acinetobacter spp. Ciclosporine and tacrolimus attenuated bacterial virulence. ACE-inhibitors like captopril interacted with metallo-β-lactamases thus reverting carbapenem-resistance; prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited as well resulting in growth impairment. In general, non-antibiotics exerted weak antibacterial activities on their own but synergized with antibiotics, and/or reverted resistance and/or attenuated virulence. Conclusions Data summarized in this review support the theory that prokaryotic proteins represent targets for non-antibiotics because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial- and mammalian targets resulting in highly conserved active centres of both, pro- and eukaryotic proteins with which the non-antibiotics interact and exert antibacterial actions.
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Tan S, Shi F, Liu H, Yu X, Wei S, Fan Z, Li Y. Dynamic Control of 4-Hydroxyisoleucine Biosynthesis by Modified l-Isoleucine Biosensor in Recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2378-2389. [PMID: 32813974 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL), a promising drug for treating diabetes, can be synthesized from the self-produced l-isoleucine (Ile) by expressing the Ile dioxygenase gene ido in Corynebacterium glutamicum. However, the requirement of three substrates, Ile, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), and O2, makes such de novo biosynthesis difficult to be fulfilled effectively under static engineering conditions. In this study, dynamic control of 4-HIL biosynthesis by the Ile biosensor Lrp-PbrnFE was researched. The native PbrnFE promoter of natural Ile biosensor was still weak even under Ile induction. Through tetA dual genetic selection, several modified stronger PbrnFEN promoters were obtained from the synthetic library of the Ile biosensor. Dynamic regulation of ido expression by modified Ile biosensors increased the 4-HIL titer from 24.7 mM to 28.9-74.4 mM. The best strain ST04 produced even a little more 4-HIL than the static strain SN02 overexpressing ido by the strong PtacM promoter (69.7 mM). Further dynamic modulation of α-KG supply in ST04 by expressing different PbrnFEN-controlled odhI decreased the 4-HIL production but increased the l-glutamate or Ile accumulation. However, synergistic modulation of α-KG supply and O2 supply in ST04 by different combinations of PbrnFEN-odhI and PbrnFEN-vgb improved the 4-HIL production significantly, and the highest titer (135.3 mM) was obtained in ST17 strain regulating all the three genes by PbrnFE7. This titer was higher than those of all the static metabolic engineered C. glutamicum strains ever constructed. Therefore, dynamic regulation by modified Ile biosensor is a predominant strategy for enhancing 4-HIL de novo biosynthesis in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shuyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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14
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Lee JH, Jeong H, Kim Y, Lee HS. Corynebacterium glutamicum whiA plays roles in cell division, cell envelope formation, and general cell physiology. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 113:629-641. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Reproduction in the bacterial kingdom predominantly occurs through binary fission-a process in which one parental cell is divided into two similarly sized daughter cells. How cell division, in conjunction with cell elongation and chromosome segregation, is orchestrated by a multitude of proteins has been an active area of research spanning the past few decades. Together, the monumental endeavors of multiple laboratories have identified several cell division and cell shape regulators as well as their underlying regulatory mechanisms in rod-shaped Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, which serve as model organisms for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Yet our understanding of bacterial cell division and morphology regulation is far from complete, especially in noncanonical and non-rod-shaped organisms. In this review, we focus on two proteins that are highly conserved in Gram-positive organisms, DivIVA and its homolog GpsB, and attempt to summarize the recent advances in this area of research and discuss their various roles in cell division, cell growth, and chromosome segregation in addition to their interactome and posttranslational regulation.
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16
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Kraxner KJ, Polen T, Baumgart M, Bott M. The conserved actinobacterial transcriptional regulator FtsR controls expression of ftsZ and further target genes and influences growth and cell division in Corynebacterium glutamicum. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:179. [PMID: 31382874 PMCID: PMC6683498 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Key mechanisms of cell division and its regulation are well understood in model bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In contrast, current knowledge on the regulation of cell division in Actinobacteria is rather limited. FtsZ is one of the key players in this process, but nothing is known about its transcriptional regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum, a model organism of the Corynebacteriales. Results In this study, we used DNA affinity chromatography to search for transcriptional regulators of ftsZ in C. glutamicum and identified the Cg1631 protein as candidate, which was named FtsR. Both deletion and overexpression of ftsR caused growth defects and an altered cell morphology. Plasmid-based expression of native ftsR or of homologs of the pathogenic relatives Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the ΔftsR mutant could at least partially reverse the mutant phenotype. Absence of ftsR caused decreased expression of ftsZ, in line with an activator function of FtsR. In vivo crosslinking followed by affinity purification of FtsR and next generation sequencing of the enriched DNA fragments confirmed the ftsZ promoter as in vivo binding site of FtsR and revealed additional potential target genes and a DNA-binding motif. Analysis of strains expressing ftsZ under control of the gluconate-inducible gntK promoter revealed that the phenotype of the ΔftsR mutant is not solely caused by reduced ftsZ expression, but involves further targets. Conclusions In this study, we identified and characterized FtsR as the first transcriptional regulator of FtsZ described for C. glutamicum. Both the absence and the overproduction of FtsR had severe effects on growth and cell morphology, underlining the importance of this regulatory protein. FtsR and its DNA-binding site in the promoter region of ftsZ are highly conserved in Actinobacteria, which suggests that this regulatory mechanism is also relevant for the control of cell division in related Actinobacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1553-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Julia Kraxner
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute for Bio- und Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tino Polen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute for Bio- und Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute for Bio- und Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute for Bio- und Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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17
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Bellinzoni M, Wehenkel AM, Durán R, Alzari PM. Novel mechanistic insights into physiological signaling pathways mediated by mycobacterial Ser/Thr protein kinases. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:222-229. [PMID: 31254628 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is known to be one of the keystones of signal sensing and transduction in all living organisms. Once thought to be essentially confined to the eukaryotic kingdoms, reversible phosphorylation on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues, has now been shown to play a major role in many prokaryotes, where the number of Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs) equals or even exceeds that of two component systems. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most studied organisms for the role of STPK-mediated signaling in bacteria. Driven by the interest and tractability of these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets, extensive studies revealed the remarkable conservation of protein kinases and their cognate phosphatases across evolution, and their involvement in bacterial physiology and virulence. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of mycobacterial STPKs structures and kinase activation mechanisms, and we then focus on PknB and PknG, two well-characterized STPKs that are essential for the intracellular survival of the bacillus. We summarize the mechanistic evidence that links PknB to the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis in cell division and morphogenesis, and the major findings that establishes PknG as a master regulator of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Two decades after the discovery of STPKs in M. tuberculosis, the emerging landscape of O-phosphosignaling is starting to unveil how eukaryotic-like kinases can be engaged in unique, non-eukaryotic-like, signaling mechanisms in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bellinzoni
- Unit of Structural Microbiology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Anne Marie Wehenkel
- Unit of Structural Microbiology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Rosario Durán
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Pedro M Alzari
- Unit of Structural Microbiology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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18
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Bellinzoni M, Wehenkel AM, Durán R, Alzari PM. Novel mechanistic insights into physiological signaling pathways mediated by mycobacterial Ser/Thr protein kinases. Genes Immun 2019; 20:383-393. [DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Janczarek M, Vinardell JM, Lipa P, Karaś M. Hanks-Type Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Bacteria: Roles in Signaling and Adaptation to Various Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102872. [PMID: 30248937 PMCID: PMC6213207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation is a key mechanism that regulates many cellular processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, signal transduction includes two-component signaling systems, which involve a membrane sensor histidine kinase and a cognate DNA-binding response regulator. Several recent studies indicate that alternative regulatory pathways controlled by Hanks-type serine/threonine kinases (STKs) and serine/threonine phosphatases (STPs) also play an essential role in regulation of many different processes in bacteria, such as growth and cell division, cell wall biosynthesis, sporulation, biofilm formation, stress response, metabolic and developmental processes, as well as interactions (either pathogenic or symbiotic) with higher host organisms. Since these enzymes are not DNA-binding proteins, they exert the regulatory role via post-translational modifications of their protein targets. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of STKs and STPs, and discuss how these enzymes mediate gene expression in prokaryotes. Many studies indicate that regulatory systems based on Hanks-type STKs and STPs play an essential role in the regulation of various cellular processes, by reversibly phosphorylating many protein targets, among them several regulatory proteins of other signaling cascades. These data show high complexity of bacterial regulatory network, in which the crosstalk between STK/STP signaling enzymes, components of TCSs, and the translational machinery occurs. In this regulation, the STK/STP systems have been proved to play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - José-María Vinardell
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Paulina Lipa
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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20
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Bunik VI, Brand MD. Generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by side reactions of mitochondrial 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes in isolation and in cells. Biol Chem 2018; 399:407-420. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mitochondrial 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes oxidize 2-oxoglutarate, pyruvate, branched-chain 2-oxoacids and 2-oxoadipate to the corresponding acyl-CoAs and reduce NAD+ to NADH. The isolated enzyme complexes generate superoxide anion radical or hydrogen peroxide in defined reactions by leaking electrons to oxygen. Studies using isolated mitochondria in media mimicking cytosol suggest that the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes contribute little to the production of superoxide or hydrogen peroxide relative to other mitochondrial sites at physiological steady states. However, the contributions may increase under pathological conditions, in accordance with the high maximum capacities of superoxide or hydrogen peroxide-generating reactions of the complexes, established in isolated mitochondria. We assess available data on the use of modulations of enzyme activity to infer superoxide or hydrogen peroxide production from particular 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes in cells, and limitations of such methods to discriminate specific superoxide or hydrogen peroxide sources in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I. Bunik
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119992 Moscow , Russia
| | - Martin D. Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging , 8001 Redwood Blvd. , Novato, CA 94945 , USA
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21
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Li Z, Liu JZ. Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Putrescine Production in Metabolically Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1987. [PMID: 29089930 PMCID: PMC5650995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Putrescine is widely used in industrial production of bioplastics, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and surfactants. Although engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum has been successfully used to produce high levels of putrescine, the overall cellular physiological and metabolic changes caused by overproduction of putrescine remains unclear. To reveal the transcriptional changes that occur in response to putrescine production in an engineered C. glutamicum strain, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was carried out. Overproduction of putrescine resulted in transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in glycolysis; the TCA cycle, pyruvate degradation, biosynthesis of some amino acids, oxidative phosphorylation; vitamin biosynthesis (thiamine and vitamin 6), metabolism of purine, pyrimidine and sulfur, and ATP-, NAD-, and NADPH-consuming enzymes. The transcriptional levels of genes involved in ornithine biosynthesis and NADPH-forming related enzymes were significantly upregulated in the putrescine producing C. glutamicum strain PUT-ALE. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provided some genetic modification strategies to further improve putrescine production. Repressing ATP- and NADPH-consuming enzyme coding gene expression via CRISPRi enhanced putrescine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Microbial Production of Amino Acid-Related Compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 159:255-269. [PMID: 27872963 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is the workhorse of the production of proteinogenic amino acids used in food and feed biotechnology. After more than 50 years of safe amino acid production, C. glutamicum has recently also been engineered for the production of amino acid-derived compounds, which find various applications, e.g., as synthons for the chemical industry in several markets including the polymer market. The amino acid-derived compounds such as non-proteinogenic ω-amino acids, α,ω-diamines, and cyclic or hydroxylated amino acids have similar carbon backbones and functional groups as their amino acid precursors. Decarboxylation of amino acids may yield ω-amino acids such as β-alanine, γ-aminobutyrate, and δ-aminovalerate as well as α,ω-diamines such as putrescine and cadaverine. Since transamination is the final step in several amino acid biosynthesis pathways, 2-keto acids as immediate amino acid precursors are also amenable to production using recombinant C. glutamicum strains. Approaches for metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum for production of amino acid-derived compounds will be described, and where applicable, production from alternative carbon sources or use of genome streamline will be referred to. The excellent large-scale fermentation experience with C. glutamicum offers the possibility that these amino acid-derived speciality products may enter large-volume markets.
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Wu FL, Liu Y, Jiang HW, Luan YZ, Zhang HN, He X, Xu ZW, Hou JL, Ji LY, Xie Z, Czajkowsky DM, Yan W, Deng JY, Bi LJ, Zhang XE, Tao SC. The Ser/Thr Protein Kinase Protein-Protein Interaction Map of M. tuberculosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1491-1506. [PMID: 28572091 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.065771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, the leading cause of death among all infectious diseases. There are 11 eukaryotic-like serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) in Mtb, which are thought to play pivotal roles in cell growth, signal transduction and pathogenesis. However, their underlying mechanisms of action remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, using a Mtb proteome microarray, we have globally identified the binding proteins in Mtb for all of the STPKs, and constructed the first STPK protein interaction (KPI) map that includes 492 binding proteins and 1,027 interactions. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the interacting proteins reflect diverse functions, including roles in two-component system, transcription, protein degradation, and cell wall integrity. Functional investigations confirmed that PknG regulates cell wall integrity through key components of peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis, e.g. MurC. The global STPK-KPIs network constructed here is expected to serve as a rich resource for understanding the key signaling pathways in Mtb, thus facilitating drug development and effective control of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Lin Wu
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,§State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yin Liu
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,§State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - He-Wei Jiang
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,§State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi-Zhao Luan
- ¶State Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou 500040, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,§State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang He
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,§State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,‖School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Xu
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,§State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing-Li Hou
- **Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li-Yun Ji
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- ¶State Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou 500040, China
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- ‖School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Yan
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiao-Yu Deng
- ‡‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li-Jun Bi
- §§National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA and Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,¶¶School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China.,‖‖Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of TB Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- §§National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA and Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; .,§State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,‖School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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PknG senses amino acid availability to control metabolism and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006399. [PMID: 28545104 PMCID: PMC5448819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing and response to changes in nutrient availability are essential for the lifestyle of environmental and pathogenic bacteria. Serine/threonine protein kinase G (PknG) is required for virulence of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its putative substrate GarA regulates the tricarboxylic acid cycle in M. tuberculosis and other Actinobacteria by protein-protein binding. We sought to understand the stimuli that lead to phosphorylation of GarA, and the roles of this regulatory system in pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. We discovered that M. tuberculosis lacking garA was severely attenuated in mice and macrophages and furthermore that GarA lacking phosphorylation sites failed to restore the growth of garA deficient M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Additionally we examined the impact of genetic disruption of pknG or garA upon protein phosphorylation, nutrient utilization and the intracellular metabolome. We found that phosphorylation of GarA requires PknG and depends on nutrient availability, with glutamate and aspartate being the main stimuli. Disruption of pknG or garA caused opposing effects on metabolism: a defect in glutamate catabolism or depletion of intracellular glutamate, respectively. Strikingly, disruption of the phosphorylation sites of GarA was sufficient to recapitulate defects caused by pknG deletion. The results suggest that GarA is a cellular target of PknG and the metabolomics data demonstrate that the function of this signaling system is in metabolic regulation. This function in amino acid homeostasis is conserved amongst the Actinobacteria and provides an example of the close relationship between metabolism and virulence.
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Lee DS, Kim Y, Lee HS. The whcD gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum plays roles in cell division and envelope formation. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:131-143. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si, Chungbuk 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si 339-700, Republic of Korea
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Hardt P, Engels I, Rausch M, Gajdiss M, Ulm H, Sass P, Ohlsen K, Sahl HG, Bierbaum G, Schneider T, Grein F. The cell wall precursor lipid II acts as a molecular signal for the Ser/Thr kinase PknB of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 307:1-10. [PMID: 27989665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of the bacterial cell wall requires synchronization of a multitude of biosynthetic machineries and regulatory networks. The eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinase PknB has been implicated in coordinating cross-wall formation, autolysis and cell division in Staphylococcus aureus. However, the signal molecule sensed by this kinase remained elusive so far. Here, we provide compelling biochemical evidence that PknB interacts with the ultimate cell wall precursor lipid II, triggering kinase activity. Moreover, we observed crosstalk of PknB with the two component system WalKR and identified the early cell division protein FtsZ as another PknB phosphorylation substrate in S. aureus. In agreement with the implied role in regulation of cell envelope metabolism, we found PknB to preferentially localize to the septum of S. aureus and the PASTA domains to be crucial for recruitment to this site. The data provide a model for the contribution of PknB to control cell wall metabolism and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hardt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ina Engels
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marvin Rausch
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mike Gajdiss
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannah Ulm
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Sass
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department for Microbial Bioactive Compounds, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Fabian Grein
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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Lubitz D, Wendisch VF. Ciprofloxacin triggered glutamate production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:235. [PMID: 27717325 PMCID: PMC5055667 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corynebacterium glutamicum is a well-studied bacterium which naturally overproduces glutamate when induced by an elicitor. Glutamate production is accompanied by decreased 2-oxoglutatate dehydrogenase activity. Elicitors of glutamate production by C. glutamicum analyzed to molecular detail target the cell envelope. RESULTS Ciprofloxacin, an inhibitor of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, was shown to inhibit growth of C. glutamicum wild type with concomitant excretion of glutamate. Enzyme assays showed that 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity was decreased due to ciprofloxacin addition. Transcriptome analysis revealed that this inhibitor of DNA gyrase increased RNA levels of genes involved in DNA synthesis, repair and modification. Glutamate production triggered by ciprofloxacin led to glutamate titers of up to 37 ± 1 mM and a substrate specific glutamate yield of 0.13 g/g. Even in the absence of the putative glutamate exporter gene yggB, ciprofloxacin effectively triggered glutamate production. When C. glutamicum wild type was cultivated under nitrogen-limiting conditions, 2-oxoglutarate rather than glutamate was produced as consequence of exposure to ciprofloxacin. Recombinant C. glutamicum strains overproducing lysine, arginine, ornithine, and putrescine, respectively, secreted glutamate instead of the desired amino acid when exposed to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Ciprofloxacin induced DNA synthesis and repair genes, reduced 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity and elicited glutamate production by C. glutamicum. Production of 2-oxoglutarate could be triggered by ciprofloxacin under nitrogen-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Lubitz
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Turapov O, Loraine J, Jenkins CH, Barthe P, McFeely D, Forti F, Ghisotti D, Hesek D, Lee M, Bottrill AR, Vollmer W, Mobashery S, Cohen-Gonsaud M, Mukamolova GV. The external PASTA domain of the essential serine/threonine protein kinase PknB regulates mycobacterial growth. Open Biol 2016; 5:150025. [PMID: 26136255 PMCID: PMC4632501 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PknB is an essential serine/threonine protein kinase required for mycobacterial cell division and cell-wall biosynthesis. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of the external PknB_PASTA domain in mycobacteria results in delayed regrowth, accumulation of elongated bacteria and increased sensitivity to β-lactam antibiotics. These changes are accompanied by altered production of certain enzymes involved in cell-wall biosynthesis as revealed by proteomics studies. The growth inhibition caused by overexpression of the PknB_PASTA domain is completely abolished by enhanced concentration of magnesium ions, but not muropeptides. Finally, we show that the addition of recombinant PASTA domain could prevent regrowth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and therefore offers an alternative opportunity to control replication of this pathogen. These results suggest that the PknB_PASTA domain is involved in regulation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and maintenance of cell-wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obolbek Turapov
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jessica Loraine
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Christopher H Jenkins
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Philippe Barthe
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, 29, rue de Navacelles, Montpellier 34090, France INSERM U1054, Université Montpellier I et II, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel McFeely
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Ghisotti
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 423 Nieuwland Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 423 Nieuwland Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Andrew R Bottrill
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 423 Nieuwland Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, 29, rue de Navacelles, Montpellier 34090, France INSERM U1054, Université Montpellier I et II, Montpellier, France
| | - Galina V Mukamolova
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Distribution of PASTA domains in penicillin-binding proteins and serine/threonine kinases of Actinobacteria. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:660-85. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Characterization of Aspartate Kinase from Corynebacterium pekinense and the Critical Site of Arg169. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28270-84. [PMID: 26633359 PMCID: PMC4691045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartate kinase (AK) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aspartate-derived amino acids. Recombinant AK was efficiently purified and systematically characterized through analysis under optimal conditions combined with steady-state kinetics study. Homogeneous AK was predicted as a decamer with a molecular weight of ~48 kDa and a half-life of 4.5 h. The enzymatic activity was enhanced by ethanol and Ni2+. Moreover, steady-state kinetic study confirmed that AK is an allosteric enzyme, and its activity was inhibited by allosteric inhibitors, such as Lys, Met, and Thr. Theoretical results indicated the binding mode of AK and showed that Arg169 is an important residue in substrate binding, catalytic domain, and inhibitor binding. The values of the kinetic parameter Vmax of R169 mutants, namely, R169Y, R169P, R169D, and R169H AK, with l-aspartate as the substrate, were 4.71-, 2.25-, 2.57-, and 2.13-fold higher, respectively, than that of the wild-type AK. Furthermore, experimental and theoretical data showed that Arg169 formed a hydrogen bond with Glu92, which functions as the entrance gate. This study provides a basis to develop new enzymes and elucidate the corresponding amino acid production.
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31
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Manuse S, Fleurie A, Zucchini L, Lesterlin C, Grangeasse C. Role of eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases in bacterial cell division and morphogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:41-56. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chen M, Chen X, Wan F, Zhang B, Chen J, Xiong Y. Effect of Tween 40 and DtsR1 on L-arginine overproduction in Corynebacterium crenatum. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:119. [PMID: 26264811 PMCID: PMC4534012 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background l-Glutamate is an important precursor in the l-arginine (l-Arg) biosynthetic pathway. Various methods, including polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (Tween 40) addition and dtsR1 disruption, have been widely used to induce l-glutamate overproduction in Corynebacterium glutamicum. In this study, a novel strategy for l-Arg overproduction through Tween 40 trigger and ΔdtsR1 mutant were proposed in Corynebacterium crenatum. Results Corynebacterium crenatum mutant (CCM01) was selected as a host strain, whose argR was lethal via mutagenesis screening, the proB gene was knocked out, and argB was replaced by argB M4 (E19R, H26E, D311R, and D312R) to release l-Arg feedback resistance. After Tween 40 trigger in the logarithmic period, l-Arg production increased from 15.22 to 17.73 g/L in CCM01 strain. When NCgl1221 and dtsR1 disruption (CCM03), l-Arg production drastically increased to 27.45 g/L and then further to 29.97 g/L after Tween 40 trigger. Moreover, the specific activity of α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (ODHC) decreased, whereas the regeneration of NADP+/NADPH significantly increased after dtsR1 disruption and Tween 40 trigger. Results of real-time PCR showed that the transcriptional levels of odhA, sucB, and lpdA (encoding three subunits of the ODHC complex) were downregulated after Tween 40 trigger or dtsR1 disruption. By contrast, zwf transcription (encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) showed no significant difference among CCM01, CCM02 (ΔNCgl1221), and CCM03 (ΔNCgl1221ΔdtsR1) strains without Tween 40 trigger but evidently increased by 5.50 folds after Tween 40 trigger. Conclusion A novel strategy for l-Arg overproduction by dtsR1 disruption and Tween 40 trigger in C. crenatum was reported. Tween 40 addition exhibited a bifunctional mechanism for l-Arg overproduction, including reduced ODHC activity and enhanced NADPH pools accumulation by downregulated dtsR1 expression and upregulated zwf expression, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minliang Chen
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuelan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jincong Chen
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China.
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Nguyen AQD, Schneider J, Reddy GK, Wendisch VF. Fermentative production of the diamine putrescine: system metabolic engineering of corynebacterium glutamicum. Metabolites 2015; 5:211-31. [PMID: 25919117 PMCID: PMC4495370 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum shows great potential for the production of the glutamate-derived diamine putrescine, a monomeric compound of polyamides. A genome-scale stoichiometric model of a C. glutamicum strain with reduced ornithine transcarbamoylase activity, derepressed arginine biosynthesis, and an anabolic plasmid-addiction system for heterologous expression of E. coli ornithine decarboxylase gene speC was investigated by flux balance analysis with respect to its putrescine production potential. Based on these simulations, enhancing glycolysis and anaplerosis by plasmid-borne overexpression of the genes for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase as well as reducing 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity were chosen as targets for metabolic engineering. Changing the translational start codon of the chromosomal gene for 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase subunit E1o to the less preferred TTG and changing threonine 15 of OdhI to alanine reduced 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity about five fold and improved putrescine titers by 28%. Additional engineering steps improved further putrescine production with the largest contributions from preventing the formation of the by-product N-acetylputrescine by deletion of spermi(di)ne N-acetyltransferase gene snaA and from overexpression of the gene for a feedback-resistant N-acetylglutamate kinase variant. The resulting C. glutamicum strain NA6 obtained by systems metabolic engineering accumulated two fold more putrescine than the base strain, i.e., 58.1 ± 0.2 mM, and showed a specific productivity of 0.045 g·g-1·h-1 and a yield on glucose of 0.26 g·g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Q D Nguyen
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jens Schneider
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Gajendar Komati Reddy
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Baer CE, Iavarone AT, Alber T, Sassetti CM. Biochemical and spatial coincidence in the provisional Ser/Thr protein kinase interaction network of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2015; 289:20422-33. [PMID: 24928517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-positive bacteria coordinate cellular processes by signaling through Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs), but the architecture of these phosphosignaling cascades is unknown. To investigate the network structure of a prokaryotic STPK system, we comprehensively explored the pattern of signal transduction in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ser/Thr kinome. Autophosphorylation is the dominant mode of STPK activation, but the 11 M. tuberculosis STPKs also show a specific pattern of efficient cross-phosphorylation in vitro. The biochemical specificity intrinsic to each kinase domain was used to map the provisional signaling network, revealing a three-layer architecture that includes master regulators, signal transducers, and terminal substrates. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the STPKs are specifically localized in the cell. Master STPKs are concentrated at the same subcellular sites as their substrates, providing additional support for the biochemically defined network. Together, these studies imply a branched functional architecture of the M. tuberculosis Ser/Thr kinome that could enable horizontal signal spreading. This systems-level approach provides a biochemical and spatial framework for understanding Ser/Thr phospho-signaling in M. tuberculosis, which differs fundamentally from previously defined linear histidine kinase cascades.
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Modi K, Misra HS. Dr-FtsA, an actin homologue in Deinococcus radiodurans differentially affects Dr-FtsZ and Ec-FtsZ functions in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115918. [PMID: 25551229 PMCID: PMC4281207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Deinococcus radiodurans genome encodes homologues of divisome proteins including FtsZ and FtsA. FtsZ of this bacterium (Dr-FtsZ) has been recently characterized. In this paper, we study FtsA of D. radiodurans (Dr-FtsA) and its involvement in regulation of FtsZ function. Recombinant Dr-FtsA showed neither ATPase nor GTPase activity and its polymerization was ATP dependent. Interestingly, we observed that Dr-FtsA, when compared with E. coli FtsA (Ec-FtsA), has lower affinity for both Dr-FtsZ and Ec-FtsZ. Also, Dr-FtsA showed differential effects on GTPase activity and sedimentation characteristics of Dr-FtsZ and Ec-FtsZ. For instance, Dr-FtsA stimulated GTPase activity of Dr-FtsZ while GTPase activity of Ec-FtsZ was reduced in the presence of Dr-FtsA. Stimulation of GTPase activity of Dr-FtsZ by Dr-FtsA resulted in depolymerization of Dr-FtsZ. Dr-FtsA effects on GTPase activity and polymerization/depolymerisation characteristics of Dr-FtsZ did not change significantly in the presence of ATP. Recombinant E. coli expressing Dr-FtsA showed cell division inhibition in spite of in trans expression of Dr-FtsZ in these cells. These results suggested that Dr-FtsA, although it lacks ATPase activity, is still functional and differentially affects Dr-FtsZ and Ec-FtsZ function in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruti Modi
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Hari S. Misra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
- * E-mail:
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Characterization of a Corynebacterium glutamicum dnaB mutant that shows temperature-sensitive growth and mini-cell formation. Arch Microbiol 2014; 196:871-9. [PMID: 25141796 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is known to perform a unique form of cell division called post-fission snapping division. In order to investigate the mechanism of cell division of this bacterium, we isolated temperature-sensitive mutants from C. glutamicum wild-type strain ATCC 31831, and found that one of them, M45, produced high frequencies of mini-cells with no nucleoids. Cell pairs composed of an elongated cell, with one nucleoid, connected to a mini-cell, with no nucleoids, were occasionally observed. The temperature sensitivity and mini-cell formation of M45 was complemented by a 2-kb DraI-EcoRI fragment derived from the ATCC 31831 chromosomal DNA, which carried a dnaB homolog encoding a replicative DNA helicase. DNA sequence analysis revealed that M45 carried a missense mutation in the dnaB gene, which caused a substitution of Thr364 to Ile. Microscopic observation after 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining revealed that the DNA content of single cells was decreased by culturing at the restrictive temperature, suggesting that the mutation affects chromosomal replication. These results suggest that the C. glutamicum dnaB mutant performs an asymmetric cell division even after DNA replication is inhibited, which results in the production of mini-cells.
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Parandhaman DK, Sharma P, Bisht D, Narayanan S. Proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of the serine/threonine protein kinase E mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Life Sci 2014; 109:116-26. [PMID: 24972353 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) have prominent roles in the survival mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Previous studies from our laboratory underscored the role of PknE, an STPK in virulence, adaptation and the suppression of host cell apoptosis. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to study the proteome and phosphoproteome profiles of wild type M. tuberculosis and its isogenic pknE deletion mutant (ΔpknE) during growth in Middlebrook 7H9 and nitric oxide stress. MAIN METHODS Wild-type M. tuberculosis and its isogenic pknE deletion mutant strain were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 as well as subjected to nitric oxide stress using sodium nitroprusside. Whole cell lysates were prepared and analyzed by 2D-gel electrophoresis. Phosphoproteomes were analyzed using phospho serine and phospho threonine antibodies after subjecting the 2D-gels to western blotting. Proteins of interest were identified using mass spectrometry. KEY FINDINGS Our analysis provides insights into the targets that impose pro-apoptotic as well as altered cellular phenotypes on ΔpknE, revealing novel substrates and functions for PknE. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, our proteome and phosphoproteome data decipher the function of PknE in cell division, virulence, dormancy, suppression of sigma factor B and its regulated genes, suppression of two-component systems and in the metabolic activity of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Parandhaman
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai,India; Department of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067,India
| | - Prashant Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra,India
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra,India
| | - Sujatha Narayanan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai,India.
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Phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase A by protein kinase J leads to the altered growth and differential rate of intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:10065-76. [PMID: 24934223 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PknJ (Rv2088) is a serine/threonine protein kinase of mycobacteria which is present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), but its gene is absent in Mycobacterium smegmatis (MS); a fast grower and nonpathogenic species of mycobacteria. The heterologous expression of MTB-specific PknJ in MS altered the growth of recombinant mycobacteria highlighting one of the characteristics of this protein. This nature of the protein was further confirmed when Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) containing antisense copy of pknJ resulted in the increased growth of BCG. The real-time RNA quantification analysis pointed out toward increased expression of this protein during infection of THP-1 macrophage cells which further emphasized that the protein is essential for the intracellular survival of mycobacteria. The differential in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) data followed by mass spectroscopy suggested that PknJ is involved in regulation of pyruvate kinase A (Rv1617). Since pyruvate kinase (PK) A is one of the key enzymes which controls glycolytic cycle in mycobacteria, we looked for its interaction with PknJ during extracellular and intracellular growth of mycobacteria. In order to identify the specific residue(s) involved in post-translational modification, the phospho-null mutants of PK were generated, and their substrate specificities in response to PknJ were assessed through kinase assay. The findings thus underlined that the PK activity is predominantly dependent on the threonine residue at the 94(th) position and further suggested that this site may be plausible in intracellular survival of mycobacteria upon phosphorylation with PknJ.
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Raasch K, Bocola M, Labahn J, Leitner A, Eggeling L, Bott M. Interaction of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase OdhA with its inhibitor OdhI in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Mutants and a model. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:99-105. [PMID: 24905147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyze key reactions in central metabolism. In Corynebacterium glutamicum and related bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis both activities reside in a novel protein supercomplex with the fusion protein OdhA catalyzing the conversion of oxoglutarate to succinyl-coenzyme A. This activity is inhibited by the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of the small autoinhibitory protein OdhI. Here we used a biological screen which enabled us to isolate suppressor mutants that are influenced in OdhA-OdhI interaction. Five mutants carrying an OdhI mutation were isolated and one with an OdhA mutation. The OdhA mutein OdhA-C704E and three additional C704 variants were constructed. They exhibited unaltered or even slightly enhanced OdhA activity but showed reduced inhibition and interaction with OdhI. The FHA domain of OdhI was crystallized and its structure found in full agreement with previously determined NMR structures. Based on further structural studies, OdhA-OdhI crosslinking experiments, and modeling we discuss the experimental data generated on OdhA-OdhI interaction, with the latter protein representing a rare example of an FHA domain also recognizing a non-phosphorylated interaction partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Raasch
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Labahn
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Center for Structural Systems Biology, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lothar Eggeling
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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Donovan C, Bramkamp M. Cell division in Corynebacterineae. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:132. [PMID: 24782835 PMCID: PMC3989709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells must coordinate a number of events during the cell cycle. Spatio-temporal regulation of bacterial cytokinesis is indispensable for the production of viable, genetically identical offspring. In many rod-shaped bacteria, precise midcell assembly of the division machinery relies on inhibitory systems such as Min and Noc. In rod-shaped Actinobacteria, for example Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the divisome assembles in the proximity of the midcell region, however more spatial flexibility is observed compared to Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Actinobacteria represent a group of bacteria that spatially regulate cytokinesis in the absence of recognizable Min and Noc homologs. The key cell division steps in E. coli and B. subtilis have been subject to intensive study and are well-understood. In comparison, only a minimal set of positive and negative regulators of cytokinesis are known in Actinobacteria. Nonetheless, the timing of cytokinesis and the placement of the division septum is coordinated with growth as well as initiation of chromosome replication and segregation. We summarize here the current knowledge on cytokinesis and division site selection in the Actinobacteria suborder Corynebacterineae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Donovan
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Okai N, Takahashi C, Hatada K, Ogino C, Kondo A. Disruption of pknG enhances production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum expressing glutamate decarboxylase. AMB Express 2014; 4:20. [PMID: 24949255 PMCID: PMC4052669 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a building block of the biodegradable plastic polyamide 4, is synthesized from glucose by Corynebacterium glutamicum that expresses Escherichia coli glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) B encoded by gadB. This strain was engineered to produce GABA more efficiently from biomass-derived sugars. To enhance GABA production further by increasing the intracellular concentration of its precursor glutamate, we focused on engineering pknG (encoding serine/threonine protein kinase G), which controls the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (Odh) in the tricarboxylic acid cycle branch point leading to glutamate synthesis. We succeeded in expressing GadB in a C. glutamicum strain harboring a deletion of pknG. C. glutamicum strains GAD and GAD ∆pknG were cultured in GP2 medium containing 100 g L−1 glucose and 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. Strain GAD∆pknG produced 31.1 ± 0.41 g L−1 (0.259 g L−1 h−1) of GABA in 120 hours, representing a 2.29-fold higher level compared with GAD. The production yield of GABA from glucose by GAD∆pknG reached 0.893 mol mol−1.
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Weiling H, Xiaowen Y, Chunmei L, Jianping X. Function and evolution of ubiquitous bacterial signaling adapter phosphopeptide recognition domain FHA. Cell Signal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Bott M, Eikmanns BJ. TCA Cycle and Glyoxylate Shunt of Corynebacterium glutamicum. CORYNEBACTERIUM GLUTAMICUM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29857-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Kumari R, Saxena R, Tiwari S, Tripathi DK, Srivastava KK. Rv3080c regulates the rate of inhibition of mycobacteria by isoniazid through FabD. Mol Cell Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23180244 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial FASII multi-enzyme complex has been identified to be a target of Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), with substrates, including the malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase (FabD) and the β-ketoacyl-ACP synthases KasA and KasB. These proteins are phosphorylated by various kinases in vitro. The present study links the correlation of FASII pathway with serine threonine protein kinase of MTB. In the preliminary finding, we have shown that mycobacterial protein Rv3080c (PknK) phosphorylates FabD and the knockdown of PknK protein in mycobacteria down regulates FabD expression. This event leads to the differential inhibition of mycobacteria in the presence of isoniazid (INH), as the inhibition of growth of mycobacteria in the presence of INH is enhanced in PknK deficient mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
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Abstract
The tubulin-like FtsZ protein initiates assembly of the bacterial and plastid division machineries. In bacteria, phosphorylation of FtsZ impairs GTPase activity, polymerization and interactions with other division proteins. Using a proteomics approach, we have shown that AtFtsZ2 is phosphorylated in vivo in Arabidopsis and that PGK1 (phosphoglycerate kinase 1) interacts with AtFtsZ2 in planta, suggesting a possible role in FtsZ phosphorylation.
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47
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Araújo WL, Trofimova L, Mkrtchyan G, Steinhauser D, Krall L, Graf A, Fernie AR, Bunik VI. On the role of the mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in amino acid metabolism. Amino Acids 2012; 44:683-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Witthoff S, Eggeling L, Bott M, Polen T. Corynebacterium glutamicum harbours a molybdenum cofactor-dependent formate dehydrogenase which alleviates growth inhibition in the presence of formate. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:2428-2439. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.059196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Witthoff
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lothar Eggeling
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tino Polen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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The Ser/Thr protein kinase AfsK regulates polar growth and hyphal branching in the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2371-9. [PMID: 22869733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207409109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In cells that exhibit apical growth, mechanisms that regulate cell polarity are crucial for determination of cellular shape and for the adaptation of growth to intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Broadly conserved pathways control cell polarity in eukaryotes, but less is known about polarly growing prokaryotes. An evolutionarily ancient form of apical growth is found in the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces, and is directed by a polarisome-like complex involving the essential protein DivIVA. We report here that this bacterial polarization machinery is regulated by a eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr protein kinase, AfsK, which localizes to hyphal tips and phosphorylates DivIVA. During normal growth, AfsK regulates hyphal branching by modulating branch-site selection and some aspect of the underlying polarisome-splitting mechanism that controls branching of Streptomyces hyphae. Further, AfsK is activated by signals generated by the arrest of cell wall synthesis and directly communicates this to the polarisome by hyperphosphorylating DivIVA. Induction of high levels of DivIVA phosphorylation by using a constitutively active mutant AfsK causes disassembly of apical polarisomes, followed by establishment of multiple hyphal branches elsewhere in the cell, revealing a profound impact of this kinase on growth polarity. The function of AfsK is reminiscent of the phoshorylation of polarity proteins and polarisome components by Ser/Thr protein kinases in eukaryotes.
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50
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Bott M, Brocker M. Two-component signal transduction in Corynebacterium glutamicum and other corynebacteria: on the way towards stimuli and targets. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1131-50. [PMID: 22539022 PMCID: PMC3353115 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In bacteria, adaptation to changing environmental conditions is often mediated by two-component signal transduction systems. In the prototypical case, a specific stimulus is sensed by a membrane-bound histidine kinase and triggers autophosphorylation of a histidine residue. Subsequently, the phosphoryl group is transferred to an aspartate residue of the cognate response regulator, which then becomes active and mediates a specific response, usually by activating and/or repressing a set of target genes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on two-component signal transduction in Corynebacterium glutamicum. This Gram-positive soil bacterium is used for the large-scale biotechnological production of amino acids and can also be applied for the synthesis of a wide variety of other products, such as organic acids, biofuels, or proteins. Therefore, C. glutamicum has become an important model organism in industrial biotechnology and in systems biology. The type strain ATCC 13032 possesses 13 two-component systems and the role of five has been elucidated in recent years. They are involved in citrate utilization (CitAB), osmoregulation and cell wall homeostasis (MtrAB), adaptation to phosphate starvation (PhoSR), adaptation to copper stress (CopSR), and heme homeostasis (HrrSA). As C. glutamicum does not only face changing conditions in its natural environment, but also during cultivation in industrial bioreactors of up to 500 m(3) volume, adaptability can also be crucial for good performance in biotechnological production processes. Detailed knowledge on two-component signal transduction and regulatory networks therefore will contribute to both the application and the systemic understanding of C. glutamicum and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bott
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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