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Leroux M, Benavides U, Hellel-Bourtal I, Silvarrey C, Milhau N, Marchal T, Bourgeois S, Lawton P, Briançon S, Petavy AF, Lahmar S, Esteves A, Almouazen E, Azzouz-Maache S. Development of an oral nanovaccine for dogs against Echinococcus granulosus. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:185-195. [PMID: 37769880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are the main source of animal and human cystic echinococcosis caused by the Cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. Dog vaccination seems to be a good strategy to control this parasitic disease. Here we present the development of a polymeric nanoparticle-based oral vaccine for dogs against Echinococcus granulosus delivered in enteric-coated capsules. To achieve our target, we encapsulated two recombinant antigens into biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in the presence of Monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant to ensure efficient delivery and activation of a protective mucosal immune response. The formulated delivery system showed a nanoparticle size less than 200 nm with more than 80 % antigen encapsulation efficiency and conserved integrity and immunogenicity. The nanoparticle surface was coated with chitosan to enhance adhesion to the gut mucosa and a subsequent antigen delivery. Chitosan-coated nanoparticles showed a higher cell internalization in murine macrophages and dendritic cells as well as a higher penetration into Caco-2 cells in vitro. Antigen-loaded nanoparticles were freeze-dried and enteric-coated capsules were filled with the obtained powder. The obtained results show a promising nanoparticles delivery system for oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Leroux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Uruguaysito Benavides
- Academic Unit of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Imène Hellel-Bourtal
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cecilia Silvarrey
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nadège Milhau
- UPSP ICE, VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Thierry Marchal
- UPSP ICE, VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Sandrine Bourgeois
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Lawton
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Stephanie Briançon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Petavy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Samia Lahmar
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Adriana Esteves
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eyad Almouazen
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon I, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, F-69008 Lyon, France.
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Pourseif MM, Moghaddam G, Saeedi N, Barzegari A, Dehghani J, Omidi Y. Current status and future prospective of vaccine development against Echinococcus granulosus. Biologicals 2018; 51:1-11. [PMID: 29100669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important zoonotic parasite diseases in human, livestock, and wildlife worldwide. Development of effective vaccines against CE appears to be the most promising strategy to control this infectious disease. Use of potential livestock and canine vaccines against the larval and adult stage of E. granulosus life cycle may be the key to the production of powerful vaccines. Some progress has been accomplished in the development of vaccines against hydatidosis using empirical approaches, while such immunotherapies often fail to induce adequate immune responses. Therefore, it is of great interest to identify antigens (Ags) with high immunogenicity and develop effective vaccines and adjuvant constructs against CE. To this end, various tools can be applied, including immune-based genomics and proteomics, immunoinformatics, systems vaccinology and mathematical/computational modeling. In this review, we aimed to provide comprehensive insights upon the current status of vaccination trials against E. granulosus, and also articulate some perspectives on the production of novel anti-CE vaccines. Use of novel prospective technologies is also discussed to highlight the importance of development and advancement of the next generation vaccines against E. granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mostafa Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamali Moghaddam
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazli Saeedi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaber Dehghani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Oral Application of Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Spores to Dogs Results in a Humoral Response against Specific Echinococcus granulosus Paramyosin and Tropomyosin Antigens. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00495-17. [PMID: 29229735 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00495-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is known as an endospore- and biofilm-forming bacterium with probiotic properties. We have recently developed a method for displaying heterologous proteins on the surface of B. subtilis biofilms by introducing the coding sequences of the protein of interest into the bacterial genome to generate a fusion protein linked to the C terminus of the biofilm matrix protein TasA. Although B. subtilis is a regular component of the gut microflora, we constructed a series of recombinant B. subtilis strains that were tested for their ability to be used to immunize dogs following oral application of the spores. Specifically, we tested recombinant spores of B. subtilis carrying either the fluorescent protein mCherry or else selected antigenic peptides (tropomyosin and paramyosin) from Echinococcus granulosus, a zoonotic intestinal tapeworm of dogs and other carnivores. The application of the recombinant B. subtilis spores led to the colonization of the gut with recombinant B. subtilis but did not cause any adverse effect on the health of the animals. As measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting, the dogs were able to develop a humoral immune response against mCherry as well as against E. granulosus antigenic peptides. Interestingly, the sera of dogs obtained after immunization with recombinant spores of E. granulosus peptides were able to recognize E. granulosus protoscoleces, which represent the infective form of the head of the tapeworms. These results represent an essential step toward the establishment of B. subtilis as an enteric vaccine agent.
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Vogt CM, Schraner EM, Aguilar C, Eichwald C. Heterologous expression of antigenic peptides in Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:137. [PMID: 27514610 PMCID: PMC4982213 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous strategies have been developed for the display of heterologous proteins in the surface of live bacterial carriers, which can be used as vaccines, immune-modulators, cancer therapy or bioremediation. Bacterial biofilms have emerged as an interesting approach for the expression of proteins of interest. Bacillus subtilis is a well-described, endospore-forming organism that is able to form biofilms and also used as a probiotic, thus making it a suitable candidate for the display of heterologous proteins within the biofilm. Here, we describe the use of TasA, an important structural component of the biofilms formed by B. subtilis, as a genetic tool for the display of heterologous proteins. RESULTS We first engineered the fusion protein TasA-mCherry and showed that was widely deployed within the B. subtilis biofilms. A significant enhancement of the expression of TasA-mCherry within the biofilm was obtained when depleting both tasA and sinR genes. We subsequently engineered fusion proteins of TasA to antigenic peptides of the E. granulosus parasite, paramyosin and tropomyosin. Our results show that the antigens were well expressed within the biofilm as denoted by macrostructure complementation and by the detection of the fusion protein in both immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. In addition, we show that the recombinant endospores of B. subtilis preserve their biophysical and morphological properties. CONCLUSIONS In this work we provide strong evidence pointing that TasA is a suitable candidate for the display of heterologous peptides, such as antigens, cytokines, enzymes or antibodies, in the B. subtilis biofilms. Finally, our data portray that the recombinant endospores preserve their morphological and biophysical properties and could be an excellent tool to facilitate the transport and the administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric M. Vogt
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Aguilar
- rqmicro Ltd, ETH, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Eichwald
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Gauci C, Heath D, Chow C, Lightowlers MW. Hydatid disease: vaccinology and development of the EG95 recombinant vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 4:103-12. [PMID: 15757477 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hydatid disease is a zoonotic parasitic disease that is distributed widely around the world and causes substantial human morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Reduction of human hydatid disease using anthelmintics, together with changes in human lifestyle and animal management practices, have been unsuccessful in some developing countries where the disease still persists. Substantial progress has been made towards developing a practical, recombinant vaccine in sheep, to interrupt the lifecycle of Echinococcus granulosus and to prevent subsequent transmission from dogs to humans. This review focuses on the scientific advances in the development of a recombinant vaccine for hydatid disease and the remaining challenges facing the widespread use of the vaccine for control of hydatid disease in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Gauci
- The University of Melbourne, Veterinary Clinical Centre, Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Li Y, Zhang F, Althunayan MH, Hu XA, Xin Y, Jia H, Guo Y, Ma X, Wen H, Ding J. Construction and identification of the recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgA31-Eg95 of Echinococcus granulosus.. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:204-208. [PMID: 24348791 PMCID: PMC3861358 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To clone the Eg95 and EgA31 antigen genes into the prokaryotic expression plasmid pET30a-EgA31-Eg95, we expressed the recombinant protein EgA31-Eg95 and confirmed with western blot analysis. The total RNA was extracted from the protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) adult worms. The complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the EgA31 antigen was amplified via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgA31 was used as a carrier and was connected with the Eg95 vector. The recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgA31-Eg95 was constructed and the fusion protein EgA31-Eg95 was detected using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The positive clone was the empty recombinant vector. The recombinant protein pET30a-EgA31-Eg95 was ~46 kDa, and the expressed product accounted for approximately 20% of the total soluble proteins. We successfully constructed the recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgA31-Eg95 and expressed the recombinant protein EgA31-Eg95. The results may be the foundation of research on its immunogenicity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Fengbo Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Mohammed H Althunayan
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-An Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Jia
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yuyuan Guo
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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7
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Shi Z, Wang Y, Li Z, Li Z, Bo Y, Ma R, Zhao W. Cloning, expression, and protective immunity in mice of a gene encoding the diagnostic antigen P-29 of Echinococcus granulosus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:79-85. [PMID: 19129953 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmn009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Taeniid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of Echinococcosis, an important zoonosis with worldwide distribution. In this study, a diagnostic antigen P-29 was cloned from E. granulosus and expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis showed that EgP-29 contains 717-bp open reading frame and encodes a protein of 238 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 27.1 kDa. The recombinant EgP-29 (rEgP-29) could be recognized with antimice sera in Western blotting. The specific antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice vaccinated with rEgP-29 and challenged intraperitoneally with E. granulosus protoscoleces revealed significant protective immunity of 96.6% (P<0.05), compared with the control group. Thus, rEgP-29 protein is a promising candidate for an effective vaccine to prevent secondary echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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8
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Zhang W, McManus DP. Vaccination of dogs against Echinococcus granulosus: a means to control hydatid disease? Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:419-24. [PMID: 18678528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydatid disease continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elimination is difficult with current control options, but reducing egg production by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) in canines might help to reduce transmission in areas where the parasite is endemic. Recently obtained data using recombinant protein-based and live attenuated Salmonella vaccines are preliminary but encouraging and auger well for the future development of an effective dog vaccine against Eg, although much additional work is required before this becomes a reality. New approaches to control and for the prevention of hydatidosis have been described recently, and important additional gains should be expected if the efficacy of the dog vaccines is confirmed and leads to their incorporation into future control options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Zhang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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Petavy AF, Hormaeche C, Lahmar S, Ouhelli H, Chabalgoity A, Marchal T, Azzouz S, Schreiber F, Alvite G, Sarciron ME, Maskell D, Esteves A, Bosquet G. An oral recombinant vaccine in dogs against Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of human hydatid disease: a pilot study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e125. [PMID: 18235847 PMCID: PMC2217674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are the main source of human cystic echinococcosis. An oral vaccine would be an important contribution to control programs in endemic countries. We conducted two parallel experimental trials in Morocco and Tunisia of a new oral vaccine candidate against Echinococcus granulosus in 28 dogs. The vaccine was prepared using two recombinant proteins from adult worms, a tropomyosin (EgTrp) and a fibrillar protein similar to paramyosin (EgA31), cloned and expressed in a live attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. In each country, five dogs were vaccinated with the associated EgA31 and EgTrp; three dogs received only the vector Salmonella; and six dogs were used as different controls. The vaccinated dogs received two oral doses of the vaccine 21 d apart, and were challenged 20 d later with 75,000 living protoscoleces. The controls were challenged under the same conditions. All dogs were sacrificed 26–29 d postchallenge, before the appearance of eggs, for safety reasons. We studied the histological responses to both the vaccine and control at the level of the duodenum, the natural localization of the cestode. Here we show a significant decrease of parasite burden in vaccinated dogs (70% to 80%) and a slower development rate in all remaining worms. The Salmonella vaccine EgA31-EgTrp demonstrated a high efficacy against E. granulosus promoting its potential role in reducing transmission to humans and animals. In many countries in the world, livestock and humans are affected with hydatid disease, which is caused by the development, in the viscera, of the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. They become infected by ingesting the eggs of this parasite, which are passed in the feces of the dog—the host of the adult worm. Domestic dogs are key in the transmission to livestock and humans. This disease remains a major economic and public health problem in affected countries. Because dogs are quickly reinfected, control programs in these locations include monthly anthelmintic deworming. These control measures, however, are burdensome for the owner, so they often fail. In contrast, vaccination can take place in control programs at different stages of the parasite life cycle. For example, currently an effective recombinant vaccine for sheep has been developed that should work indirectly to reduce infection in dogs, which tend to eat sheep offal. However, we propose that a recombinant oral vaccine given to the small number of dogs keeping the herd would decrease the number of Echinococcus granulosus adult worms and, consequently, the number of infective eggs. This measure would help reduce the contamination risk factors for humans and livestock, and would be cost-effective for the owners of the dogs.
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10
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Abstract
The canid intestinal immune system recognizes the cestode parasite Echinococcus following infection, but it is still unclear the extent to which protection against reinfection occurs. An increasing number of studies have shown that there are convex age-related abundance or prevalence rates in naturally infected populations of dogs with E. granulosus and foxes infected with E. multilocularis. Data from dogs naturally infected with E. granulosus give a better fit to a model that incorporates herd immunity compared to competing models of age-related changes in infection pressure. A theoretical framework suggests that such herd immunity will act as a stabilizing force for Echinococcus populations. Hence a decrease in infection pressure to dogs or foxes will not result in a corresponding decrease in infection pressure to intermediate hosts or to humans. In addition the age structure of the canid population could affect transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Torgerson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Winterthurestrasse 266a, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Carmena D, Benito A, Eraso E. Antigens for the immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection: An update. Acta Trop 2006; 98:74-86. [PMID: 16527225 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The taeniid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of the echinococcal disease, an important zoonosis with worldwide distribution. Accurate immunodiagnosis of the infection requires highly specific and sensitive antigens to be used in immunodiagnostic assays. The choice of an appropriate source of antigenic material is a crucial point in the improvement of the diagnostic features of tests, and must be based on the developmental stage of the parasite and the host. The most common antigenic sources used for the immunodiagnosis of echinococcal disease are hydatid cyst fluid, somatic extracts and excretory-secretory products from protoscoleces or adults of E. granulosus. Hydatid cyst fluid is the antigenic source of reference for immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis, which is mainly based on the detection of antigens B and 5. Somatic extracts have been widely used in the serodiagnosis for E. granulosus infection in dogs and ruminant intermediate hosts, although in the last few years the detection of excretory-secretory products of the worm in faeces (coproantigens) have become the most reliable method for the detection of the parasite in the definitive host. This review emphasizes recent advances in the identification and characterization of novel antigens with potential for the immunodiagnosis of echinococcal disease. Progress in recombinant technologies and synthetic peptides are also discussed. The paper highlights the need to search for new antigenic components with high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, a fact that remains a crucial task in the improvement of the immunodiagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carmena
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain.
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12
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Fraize M, Sarciron ME, Azzouz S, Issaadi N, Bosquet G, Petavy AF. Immunogenicity of two Echinococcus granulosus antigens EgA31 and EgTrp in mice. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:113-20. [PMID: 15824902 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigate in mice the immunogenicity of two antigens EgA31 and EgTrp which are expressed by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. These recombinant proteins were used alone or as a mixture (EgA31-EgTrp) to immunize BALB/c mice. By flow cytometry, we have shown that the ratio CD4+/CD8+ of splenocytes were significantly higher in the antigen-immunized groups. The specific antibody in the sera and cytokine producing splenocytes was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. EgA31, EgTrp or EgA31-EgTrp elicited high antibody titer of IgG and IgA. Among IgG isotypes, IgG1 was predominant for each antigen tested alone or combined. The production of IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-10 and IL-6 cytokines was significantly higher in mice immunized with recombinant proteins. Our results suggest that, in BALB/c mice, a mixed Th1/Th2, response to EgA31, EgTrp and EgA31-EgTrp is obtained. The use of both antigens separately or in combination as candidate vaccine proteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fraize
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology EA3741, Faculty of Pharmacy, Claude-Bernard University, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon cedex 08, France
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