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Vasilaki A, Mente E, Fountoulaki E, Henry M, Nikoloudaki C, Berillis P, Kousoulaki K, Nengas I. Fishmeal, plant protein, and fish oil substitution with single-cell ingredients in organic feeds for European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1199497. [PMID: 37256067 PMCID: PMC10225740 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1199497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell ingredients (SCI) are considered promising nutrient sources which are produced using environmentally friendly biotechnological processes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the replacement of fishmeal, plant protein sources, and fish oil with SCI in organic feeds for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Bacterial protein, yeast protein, and microalgae were used to replace fishmeal trimmings, soya bean meal, and fish oil from trimmings. Triplicate groups (30 fish per replicate) of European sea bass (14.4 ± 2.4 g) were fed the experimental diets for 71 days. The results showed that the incorporation of SCI at all levels of inclusion significantly enhanced nutrient digestibility. Additionally, growth performance parameters were not affected by SCI inclusion, exhibiting similar or improved values. Moreover, a tendency for improved anterior and posterior gut structure was observed and a significant increase of lysozyme activity at the two highest inclusion levels of SCI was determined. Overall, the results showed that the inclusion of SCI at 15% (bacterial: yeast: algae-9.4: 4.7: 1) is possible without compromising any of the parameters evaluated. According to these findings, a higher substitution of fishmeal trimmings, plant protein sources, and fish oil from trimmings with SCI in organic diets for European sea bass (D. labrax) can be further evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vasilaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
| | - E. Mente
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E. Fountoulaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
| | - M. Henry
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
| | - C. Nikoloudaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
| | - P. Berillis
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - K. Kousoulaki
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Fyllingsdalen, Norway
| | - I. Nengas
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
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Prevalence, Morpho-Histopathological Identification, Clinical Picture, and the Role of Lernanthropus kroyeri to Alleviate the Zinc Toxicity in Moron labrax. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010052. [PMID: 36678400 PMCID: PMC9912267 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present context is a pioneer attempt to verify the ability of copepod, Lernanthropus kroyeri (L. kroyeri), to uptake and accumulate heavy metals. We primarily assess the prevalence of the parasite in various seasons and its clinical signs, as well as post-mortem changes in sea bass (Moron labrax). The morphological features of the parasite using a light microscope, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of both L. kroyeri and M. labrax (gills, muscles) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, and the histopathological alterations were monitored. Fish (n = 200) were obtained from Ezbet Elborg and examined for the parasite, L. kroyeri. The results revealed that the total infection was recorded at 86%. The infested fish exhibited excessive mucous and ulceration at the site of attachment. The post-mortem lesion in the gills revealed a marbling appearance with destructed filaments. Various heavy metals (Zn, Co, Cu, and Cd) were detected in the tissues of L. kroyeri and M. labrax and, surprisingly, L. kroyeri had the ability to uptake and accumulate a high amount of Zn in its tissues. Infested fish accumulated a lower concentration of Zn in their tissue compared with the non-infested ones. Within the host tissue, the accumulation of Zn was higher in the gills compared with the muscles. The histopathological findings demonstrated scattered parasitic elements with the destruction of the gill lamellae. Taken together, we highlight the potential role of L. kroyeri to eliminate Zn and it can be utilized as a bio-indicator for metal monitoring studies for sustaining aquaculture.
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Henry MA, Kokou F, Palenzuela O, Pyrenis G, Rigos G. Experimental infection model with the bivalvulid Enteromyxum leei (Myxidiidae) in the sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo (Sparidae), and evaluation of the antiparasitic efficacy of a functional diet. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 33021202 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An infection model for sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum) challenged with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei (Diamant, Lom et Dyková, 1994), resembling the natural infection conditions, was used to evaluate the antiparasitic efficacy of a functional diet. Fish of an average weight of 12.5 ± 1.2 g were delivered either a functional (included as feed supplement at 0.3% levels) or a control extruded diet. After four weeks of administration of the experimental diets, fish were challenged with the parasites (cohabitation with infected donors; donor: recipient ratio 1 : 1). The experiment was terminated four weeks after the start of the challenge. At the end of the experiment, growth and feeding (specific growth rate and feed efficiency), as well as immunological parameters (respiratory burst activity, antibacterial activities, hemoglobin concentration, anti-protease activity and ceruloplasmin activity) were measured along with cumulative mortality and total parasitic count in the gut. No significant difference was evident with regard to growth and feeding performance, mortality, gut parasitic load or immunological parameters as the parasitical challenge significantly affected both the performance of the control and functional diet fed fish. However, there was a less prominent impact on antibacterial, anti-protease and ceruloplasmin activity in fish fed with the functional diet. Overall, the present study validated the experimental cohabitation infection model and evaluated the efficacy of a functional ingredient as an antiparasitic agent, showing some potential effects on the fish immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane A Henry
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavissos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Fotini Kokou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavissos, Attiki, Greece.,Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - George Pyrenis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavissos, Attiki, Greece
| | - George Rigos
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavissos, Attiki, Greece
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4
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Henry MA, Gai F, Enes P, Peréz-Jiménez A, Gasco L. Effect of partial dietary replacement of fishmeal by yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae meal on the innate immune response and intestinal antioxidant enzymes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:308-313. [PMID: 30219384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of 25 and 50% dietary inclusion of yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (TM), larvae on the intestinal antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and immune system of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish were fed for 90 days with a control diet (TM0) or with 2 test diets (TM25 and TM50) where 35 and 67% of the fishmeal was replaced by TM larvae meal respectively. At the end of the growth trial, humoral immune parameters were assessed in the sera of the fish and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured in intestine homogenates. The present results show a strong increase of the activity of the antioxidant intestinal enzymes and reduction of lipid peroxidation. Increased trypsin inhibition and faster antibacterial activity of the serum were also detected. These evidences could be due to the physiological similarities between the exoskeleton of parasites and insects. The present findings reinforce the previous results which revealed a positive effect of the dietary TM on rainbow trout growth and further confirm its adequacy for fishmeal partial replacement in aquafeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Henry
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Pathology, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, 16777, Elliniko, Greece.
| | - F Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - P Enes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - A Peréz-Jiménez
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - L Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Turin, Italy
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Dong YW, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Wu P, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ. Dietary threonine deficiency depressed the disease resistance, immune and physical barriers in the gills of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under infection of Flavobacterium columnare. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:161-173. [PMID: 29100986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary threonine on the disease resistance, gill immune and physical barriers function of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 1080 juveniles were fed six iso-nitrogenous diets containing graded levels of threonine (3.99-21.66 g kg-1 diet) for 8 weeks, and then challenged with Flavobacterium columnare. Results showed that threonine deficiency (3.99 g kg-1 diet): (1) increased the gill rot morbidity after exposure to F. columnare; (2) attenuated the gill immune barrier function by decreasing antimicrobial substances production, up-regulating the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (except IL-12p40), and down-regulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines partly due to the modulation of NF-κB and TOR signaling. (3) disrupt the gill tight junction complexes by down-regulating TJs (claudin-3, -b, -c, 12, occludin, ZO-1 and ZO-2) and up-regulating TJs (claudin-7a, -7b) as well as related signaling molecule myosin light chain kinase mRNA levels (P < 0.05). (4) exacerbated the gill apoptosis by up-regulating cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease-3, 8, 9, c-Jun N-terminal kinases and mediating apoptosis related factors mRNA levels (P < 0.05); (5) exacerbated oxidative injury with increased reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents (P < 0.05), decreased the antioxidant related enzymes activities and corresponding mRNA levels (except glutathione peroxidase-1b and glutathione-S-transferase-omega 2) as well as glutathione contents (P < 0.05) partly ascribe to the abridgement of NF-E2-related factor 2 signaling [Nrf2/Keap1a (not Keap1b)] in fish gill. Overall, threonine deficiency depressed the disease resistance, and impaired immune and physical barriers in fish gill. Finally, based on the gill rot morbidity and biochemical indices (immune indices LA activity and antioxidant indices MDA content), threonine requirements for juvenile grass carp (9.53-53.43 g) were estimated to be 15.32 g kg-1 diet (4.73 g 100 g-1 protein), 15.52 g kg-1 diet (4.79 g 100 g-1 protein), 15.46 g kg-1 diet (4.77 g 100 g-1 protein), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Dong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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6
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Kumar S, Raman RP, Prasad KP, Srivastava PP, Kumar S, Rajendran KV. Modulation of innate immune responses and induction of oxidative stress biomarkers in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus following an experimental infection with dactylogyrid monogeneans. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:334-343. [PMID: 28232278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of innate immune activity and oxidative stress response of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus through experimental infection with (Thaparocleidus sp.) dactylogyrid monogenean was studied. A standard cohabitation method was used to infect healthy experimental fish. After 14 days, dactylogyrid (gill monogenean) infested fish were sampled and categorised into three different infected groups namely (T1) low (<10 mean dactylogyrid per gill arch per fish), (T2) moderate (10-49 mean dactylogyrid per gill arch per fish) and (T3) high (>50 mean dactylogyrid per gill arch per fish) along with a control group T0 (un-infested fish). Serum and tissues (gills and liver) were collected from experimental fish and analyzed for markers of innate immune and oxidative stress, respectively. The results showed that respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase level, serum lysozyme, α-2 macroglobulin and total serum immunoglobulin level were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in fish with different degrees of parasite infestation compared to the control (un-infested group). Similarly, cellular oxidative biomarkers superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and Na+-K+-ATPase activities of gills and liver were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in dactylogyrid infested fish in comparison to the control. However, significantly decreased level of albumin, albumin to globulin ratio, total serum antiprotease and ceruloplasmin were observed in fish infested with low degree of dactylogyrids, while no significant differences in these parameters were observed between moderately infested and the control groups. The results suggested that varying degree of gill monogenean dactylogyrid infestation not only modulated the innate immune response of P. hypophthalmus by lowering albumin, total serum antiprotease and ceruloplasmin and inducing respiratory burst activity, phagocytic activity, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, α-2 macroglobulin and total immunoglobulins, but also the oxidative stress biomarkers. The baseline data obtained in the present study will be valuable in understanding the host-parasite relationship and the dynamics of innate, oxidative stress responses and susceptibility of P. hypophthalmus to different degrees of parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Kumar
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India.
| | - R P Raman
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - K Pani Prasad
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - P P Srivastava
- Fish Nutrition & Physiology Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Sanath Kumar
- Fisheries Resources & Post-Harvest Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - K V Rajendran
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
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7
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Henry MA, Nikoloudaki C, Tsigenopoulos C, Rigos G. Strong effect of long-term Sparicotyle chrysophrii infection on the cellular and innate immune responses of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:185-193. [PMID: 25825219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One thousand healthy recipient gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, cohabited with 250 donor fish parasitized by Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Van Beneden and Hesse, 1963) (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea), a common parasite of the gills of this fish species. Controls consisted of 1000 healthy fish kept in a separate tank. After 10 weeks, fish were weighed and parasite load, hemoglobin concentration and immunological parameters were assessed. Rather than the absence of parasite, hemoglobin concentration was a better marker of the health status of the fish, because S.chrysophrii had detached from the strongly anemic gills of some animals leaving fish with affected immune system but without parasites. The parasite infection seemed to trigger a cellular response of the fish immune system but to inhibit its humoral components. Thus, parasitized fish may control the parasite infection through the action of reactive oxygen species but they may become more sensitive to potential secondary bacterial or parasitical infections. This phenomenon was demonstrated not only through significant differences between recipient and control fish but also through strong correlations between those parameters and parasite load, fish weight and/or hemoglobin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Henry
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Pathology, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, Helliniko 16777, Greece.
| | - C Nikoloudaki
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Pathology, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, Helliniko 16777, Greece
| | - C Tsigenopoulos
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Pathology, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, Helliniko 16777, Greece
| | - G Rigos
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Pathology, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, Helliniko 16777, Greece
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8
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Maldonado-Aguayo W, Gallardo-Escárate C. Increasing transcriptome response of serpins during the ontogenetic stages in the salmon louse Caligus rogercresseyi (Copepoda: Caligidae). Mar Genomics 2014; 15:55-64. [PMID: 24798872 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors, or serpins, target serine proteases, and are important regulators of intra- and extracellular proteolysis. For parasite survival, parasite-derived protease inhibitors have been suggested to play essential roles in evading the host's immune system and protecting against exogenous host proteases. The aim of this work was to identify serpins via high throughput transcriptome sequencing and elucidate their potential functions during the lifecycle of the salmon louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Eleven putative, partial serpin sequences in the C. rogercresseyi transcriptome were identified and denoted as Cr-serpins 1 to 11. Comparative analysis of the deduced serpin-like amino acid sequences revealed a highly conserved reactive center loop region. Interestingly, P1 residues suggest putative functions involved with the trypsin/subtilisin, elastase, or subtilisin inhibitors, which evidenced increasing gene expression profiles from the copepodid to adult stage in C. rogercresseyi. Concerning this, Cr-serpin 10 was mainly expressed in the copepodid stage, while Cr-serpins 3, 4, 5, and 11 were mostly expressed in chalimus and adult stages. These results suggest that serpins could be involved in evading the immune response of the host fish. The identification of these serpins furthers the understanding of the immune system in this important ectoparasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Maldonado-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Sustainable Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P.O. BOX 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Gallardo-Escárate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Sustainable Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P.O. BOX 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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9
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Henry M, Fountoulaki E. Optimal dietary protein/lipid ratio for improved immune status of a newly cultivated Mediterranean fish species, the shi drum Umbrina cirrosa, L. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 37:215-219. [PMID: 24560682 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shi drum is a new fish species recently cultivated in Greek fish farms. Its feeding requirements and health status must be determined in order to optimize its culture conditions. The present study looked at the effects of different dietary protein levels (47 or 52%) in combination with 3 lipid levels (10, 15 or 20%) on the immune system of juvenile shi drums. Most immune parameters assessed were affected by the dietary treatment. The ceruloplasmin activity, the whole blood respiratory burst activity, the serum myeloperoxidase activity, the antibacterial activity of serum lysozyme and the serum antiprotease activity all varied with the dietary protein/lipid ratio. In view of these results, the lowest dietary lipid level tested (10%) was optimal for the immune system of shi drum but a clear determination of the optimal dietary protein levels was not obtained as 47% reduced stress but also increased the ceruloplasmin response of the fish. A dietary lipid level of 10% lipids was recommended for optimal immune status of the fish. Dietary protein level of 47% seemed to give better immune responses but further study is needed to refine protein requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Henry
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Aghios Kosmas, 16777 Helliniko, Greece.
| | - Eleni Fountoulaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Aghios Kosmas, 16777 Helliniko, Greece.
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10
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Fast MD. Fish immune responses to parasitic copepod (namely sea lice) infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:300-312. [PMID: 24001580 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic copepods, in particular sea lice, have considerable impacts upon global freshwater and marine fisheries, with major economic consequences recognized primarily in aquaculture. Sea lice have been a contentious issue with regards to interactions between farmed and wild populations of fish, in particular salmonids, and their potential for detrimental effects at a population level. The following discussion will pertain to aquatic parasitic copepod species for which we have significant information on the host-parasite interaction and host response to infection (Orders Cyclopoida, Poecilostomatoida and Siphonostomatoida). This review evaluates prior research in terms of contributions to understanding parasite stage specific responses by the host, and in many cases draws upon model organisms like Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Atlantic salmon to convey important concepts in fish responses to parasitic copepod infection. The article discusses TH1 and TH2-like host responses in light of parasite immunomodulation of the host, current methods of immunological stimulation and where the current and future work in this field is heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College - University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
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11
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Brazenor AK, Hutson KS. Effect of temperature and salinity on egg hatching and description of the life cycle of Lernanthropus latis (Copepoda: Lernanthropidae) infecting barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:437-47. [PMID: 23707229 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The parasite Lernanthropus latis (Copepoda: Lernanthropidae) is a major threat to the sustained mariculture of barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Perciformes: Latidae). We investigated the effect of water temperature and salinity on egg hatching success of L. latis and describe the life cycle for the first time. Wild and sea-caged L. calcarifer examined in tropical north Australia exhibited similar parasite prevalence (range: 80-100%) and mean parasite intensity (range: 3-6), whereas land-based maricultured fish were not infected. Hatching success and time to first and last hatch was determined for a range of water temperature (22, 30, 32 and 34°C) and salinity (0, 11, 22, 35 and 40‰) combinations representing current and predicted climate conditions. There was a significant interaction between water temperature and salinity on the hatching success of L. latis nauplii. Eggs hatched in all temperature treatments, with the greatest hatching success at 30°C and 32°C (98 and 92% success, respectively) in 35‰. Hatching did not occur at 0‰ and was severely reduced at 11‰ (1.6% success). Hatching began within 6h at all water temperatures with >95% of eggs hatched within 30h at 30, 32 and 34°C and within 60h at 22°C. Adult parasites differed from the original description by the presence of the parabasal flagellum, small setae on the legs and caudal rami and minor incongruences regarding morphological measurements. The life cycle of L. latis includes three free living stages and five parasitic stages. Although L. latis exhibits broad environmental tolerance, freshwater can be used as an effective management strategy to break the life cycle in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Brazenor
- Centre for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture and the School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
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Acidophilic granulocytes in the gills of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata: evidence for their responses to a natural infection by a copepod ectoparasite. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:465-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cotou E, Henry M, Zeri C, Rigos G, Torreblanca A, Catsiki VA. Short-term exposure of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax to copper-based antifouling treated nets: copper bioavailability and biomarkers responses. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:1091-1097. [PMID: 22698372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied if the levels of copper released from antifouling treated nets used in finfish mariculture could affect the immune defense mechanism and/or induce oxidative stress in Dicentrarchus labrax, after short term exposure in laboratory experiments. Dissolved copper concentration released from the treated nets, copper bioavailability and a set of biomarkers responses were measured. Biomarkers included hemoglobin concentration, activities of lysozyme, total complement, respiratory burst, glutathione S-transferase and acetycholinesterase and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Results indicated elevated copper concentration in seawater (184 μg L(-1)) but low concentration in muscle (1.5 μg g(-1)) and liver (117 μg g(-1)). Copper bioavailability was independent of copper complexes with dissolved organic carbon. However, formation of copper complexes with other matrices could neither be excluded nor justified. The released copper from the treated nets did not induce oxidative stress but affected the immediate immune defense mechanism of the exposed fish making them more easily vulnerable to diseases. Consequently, copper-based antifouling treated nets could be a risk factor for D. labrax health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimia Cotou
- Institute of Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Aghios Kosmas, 16777 Ellinikon, Athens, Greece.
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Henry MA, Nikolopoulou D, Alexis MN. In vitro effect of peas, Pisum pisum, and chickpeas, Cicer arietinum, on the immune system of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:407-12. [PMID: 22752638 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The future for a sustainable aquaculture relies on the formulation of feed including alternatives to fish meal and fish oil that do not impair fish growth and that improve fish health status. Grain legumes such as field peas and chickpeas offer good sources of proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, vitamins, and minerals. The effect of peas and chickpeas on the immune system of seabream was assessed in vitro in order to detect any potential immunosuppressing problem. Peas was determined to be a better fishmeal alternative than chickpeas as they induced higher respiratory burst measured by the nitro blue tetrazolium assay and primed the Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated intracellular respiratory burst whereas chickpeas neither directly stimulated respiratory burst nor primed it. However, when the intra- and extracellular respiratory burst activities were taken into account, high concentrations of peas inhibited the zymosan- and PMA-triggered chemiluminescence. This apparent reduction of the production of reactive oxygen species may reflect in fact the antioxidant activity of legumes. This, together with the absence of effect on the phagocytosis activity, suggested that peas are not immunosuppressing gilthead seabream. Further in vivo studies preferably comporting a bacterial challenge will have to ascertain the absence of immunosuppressing effect of these legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Henry
- Institute of Aquaculture, Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Pathology, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Agios Kosmas, Helliniko, Athens, Greece.
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Aerobic training stimulates growth and promotes disease resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 160:278-90. [PMID: 21726657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Improving fish robustness is of utmost relevance to reducing fish losses in farming. Although not previously examined, we hypothesized that aerobic training, as shown for human studies, could strengthen disease resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Thus, we exercised salmon pre-smolts for 6 weeks at two different aerobic training regimes; a continuous intensity training (CT; 0.8bls(-1)) and an interval training (IT; 0.8bl s(-1) 16h and 1.0bl s(-1) 8h) and compared them with untrained controls (C; 0.05bl s(-1)). The effects of endurance training on disease resistance were evaluated using an IPN virus challenge test, while the cardiac immune modulatory effects were characterized by qPCR and microarray gene expression analyses. In addition, swimming performance and growth parameters were investigated. Survival after the IPN challenge was higher for IT (74%) fish than for either CT (64%) or C (61%) fish. While both CT and IT groups showed lower cardiac transcription levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 prior to the IPN challenge test, IT fish showed the strongest regulation of genes involved in immune responses and other processes known to affect disease resistance. Both CT and IT regimes resulted in better growth compared with control fish, with CT fish developing a better swimming efficiency during training. Overall, interval aerobic training improved growth and increased robustness of Atlantic salmon, manifested by better disease resistance, which we found was associated with a modulation of relevant gene classes on the cardiac transcriptome.
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