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Fan W, Liu Y, Xu X, Dong X, Wang H. Effects of HCO 3- and CO 2 conversion rates on carbon assimilation strategies in marine microalgae: Implication by stable carbon isotope analysis of fatty acids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 209:108530. [PMID: 38520966 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Marine microalgae are an essential component of marine plankton and critical primary producers, playing a vital role in marine ecosystems. The seawater carbonate system is a dynamic equilibrium system, and changes in any component can alter the carbonate balance. In CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), carbonic anhydrase (CA) regulates CO2 concentration by catalyzing the interconversion between CO2 and HCO3-. Therefore, limiting the activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (exCA) alters the rate at which carbonate equilibrium is reached and further affects the carbon assimilation process in microalgae. In this study, two different microalgae, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis oceanica, were selected to investigate the effects of changes in the carbonate system on photosynthetic carbon assimilation in microalgae by inhibiting exCA activity with acetazolamide (AZ). Inhibition of exCA activity reduces specific growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency of microalgae. The total alkalinity, HCO3- concentration, and CO2 concentration of the cultures increased with the decrease of pH, but the changes of the ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activities of the two microalgae were different. In addition, the two microalgae possessed different lipid and carbohydrate synthesis strategies, but both restricted triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. Meanwhile, the microalgal cells had to utilize more 13CO2 when HCO3- and CO2 conversion rates were limited and restricted. This led to the continuous accumulation of 13C in fatty acids and the elevation of δ13CFAs. In conclusion, our study provides a new perspective on the role of microalgae in correlating carbonate changes with photosynthetic carbon assimilation strategies under mechanistic constraints on inorganic carbon utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xu Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
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2
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Zhou L, Xiang X, Ji D, Chen Q, Ma T, Wang J, Liu C. A Carbonic Anhydrase, ZmCA4, Contributes to Photosynthetic Efficiency and Modulates CO2 Signaling Gene Expression by Interacting with Aquaporin ZmPIP2;6 in Maize. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:243-258. [PMID: 37955399 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the reversible CO2 hydration reaction that produces bicarbonate for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). This is the initial step for transmitting the CO2 signal in C4 photosynthesis. However, it remains unknown whether the maize (Zea mays L.) CA gene, ZmCA4, plays a role in the maize photosynthesis process. In our study, we found that ZmCA4 was relatively highly expressed in leaves and localized in the chloroplast and the plasma membrane of mesophyll protoplasts. Knock-out of ZmCA4 reduced CA activity, while overexpression of ZmCA4 increased rubisco activity, as well as the quantum yield and relative electron transport rate in photosystem II. Overexpression of ZmCA4 enhanced maize yield-related traits. Moreover, ZmCA4 interacted with aquaporin ZmPIP2;6 in bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. The double-knock-out mutant for ZmPIP2;6 and ZmCA4 genes showed reductions in its growth, CA and PEPC activities, assimilation rate and photosystem activity. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the expression of other ZmCAs, ZmPIPs, as well as CO2 signaling pathway homologous genes, and photosynthetic-related genes was all altered in the double-knock-out mutant compared with the wild type. Altogether, our study's findings point to a critical role of ZmCA4 in determining photosynthetic capacity and modulating CO2 signaling regulation via its interaction with ZmPIP2;6, thus providing insight into the potential genetic value of ZmCA4 for maize yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhou
- Maize Research Institute, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xiang
- Maize Research Institute, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongpu Ji
- Maize Research Institute, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiulan Chen
- Maize Research Institute, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Maize Research Institute, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiuguang Wang
- Maize Research Institute, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaoxian Liu
- Maize Research Institute, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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Supuran CT. A simple yet multifaceted 90 years old, evergreen enzyme: Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibition and activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129411. [PMID: 37507055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) research over the last three decades are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors/ activators by the tail approach and their applications in the management of obesity, hypoxic tumors, neurological conditions, and as antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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4
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Kupriyanova EV, Pronina NA, Los DA. Adapting from Low to High: An Update to CO 2-Concentrating Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37050194 PMCID: PMC10096703 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of inorganic carbon (Ci) by microalgae and cyanobacteria under ambient atmospheric CO2 levels was first documented in the 80s of the 20th Century. Hence, a third variety of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), acting in aquatic photoautotrophs with the C3 photosynthetic pathway, was revealed in addition to the then-known schemes of CCM, functioning in CAM and C4 higher plants. Despite the low affinity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of microalgae and cyanobacteria for the CO2 substrate and low CO2/O2 specificity, CCM allows them to perform efficient CO2 fixation in the reductive pentose phosphate (RPP) cycle. CCM is based on the coordinated operation of strategically located carbonic anhydrases and CO2/HCO3- uptake systems. This cooperation enables the intracellular accumulation of HCO3-, which is then employed to generate a high concentration of CO2 molecules in the vicinity of Rubisco's active centers compensating up for the shortcomings of enzyme features. CCM functions as an add-on to the RPP cycle while also acting as an important regulatory link in the interaction of dark and light reactions of photosynthesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of CCM molecular and cellular organization in microalgae and cyanobacteria, as well as the fundamental principles of its functioning and regulation.
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Supuran CT. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors from Marine Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:721. [PMID: 36422000 PMCID: PMC9696426 DOI: 10.3390/md20110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are widespread metalloenzymes in organisms in all life kingdoms, being involved in pH regulation, metabolic processes and many other physiological and pathological conditions. CA inhibitors and activators thus possess applications as pharmacological agents in the management of a range of diseases. Marine natural products have allowed the identification of some highly interesting CA inhibitors, among which are sulfonamides, phenols, polyamines, coumarins and several other miscellaneous inhibitors, which are reviewed here. Psammaplin C and some bromophenols were the most investigated classes of such marine-based inhibitors and have been used as lead molecules for developing interesting types of potent and, in some cases, isoform-selective inhibitors, with applications as antitumor agents by inhibiting human CA XII and P-glycoprotein activities. Some phenols have shown interesting bacterial and fungal β-CA inhibitory effects. Marine natural products thus constitute a gold mine for identifying novel CA inhibitors, some of which may lead to the development of novel types of pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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Kandoi D, Ruhil K, Govindjee G, Tripathy BC. Overexpression of cytoplasmic C 4 Flaveria bidentis carbonic anhydrase in C 3 Arabidopsis thaliana increases amino acids, photosynthetic potential, and biomass. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1518-1532. [PMID: 35467074 PMCID: PMC9342616 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An important method to improve photosynthesis in C3 crops, such as rice and wheat, is to transfer efficient C4 characters to them. Here, cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CA: βCA3) of the C4 Flaveria bidentis (Fb) was overexpressed under the control of 35 S promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana, a C3 plant, to enhance its photosynthetic efficiency. Overexpression of CA resulted in a better supply of the substrate HCO3- for the endogenous phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the cytosol of the overexpressers, and increased its activity for generating malate that feeds into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This provided additional carbon skeleton for increased synthesis of amino acids aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and glutamine. Increased amino acids contributed to higher protein content in the transgenics. Furthermore, expression of FbβCA3 in Arabidopsis led to a better growth due to expression of several genes leading to higher chlorophyll content, electron transport, and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the transformants. Enhanced CO2 assimilation resulted in increased sugar and starch content, and plant dry weight. In addition, transgenic plants had lower stomatal conductance, reduced transpiration rate, and higher water-use efficiency. These results, taken together, show that expression of C4 CA in the cytosol of a C3 plant can indeed improve its photosynthetic capacity with enhanced water-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kandoi
- School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Kamal Ruhil
- School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Plant BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
- Department of BiotechnologySharda UniversityGreater NoidaUPIndia
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Chatterjee J, Coe RA, Acebron K, Thakur V, Yennamalli RM, Danila F, Lin HC, Balahadia CP, Bagunu E, Padhma PPOS, Bala S, Yin X, Rizal G, Dionora J, Furbank RT, von Caemmerer S, Quick WP. A low CO2-responsive mutant of Setaria viridis reveals that reduced carbonic anhydrase limits C4 photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3122-3136. [PMID: 33528493 PMCID: PMC8023212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In C4 species, β-carbonic anhydrase (CA), localized to the cytosol of the mesophyll cells, accelerates the interconversion of CO2 to HCO3-, the substrate used by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in the first step of C4 photosynthesis. Here we describe the identification and characterization of low CO2-responsive mutant 1 (lcr1) isolated from an N-nitroso-N-methylurea- (NMU) treated Setaria viridis mutant population. Forward genetic investigation revealed that the mutated gene Sevir.5G247800 of lcr1 possessed a single nucleotide transition from cytosine to thymine in a β-CA gene causing an amino acid change from leucine to phenylalanine. This resulted in severe reduction in growth and photosynthesis in the mutant. Both the CO2 compensation point and carbon isotope discrimination values of the mutant were significantly increased. Growth of the mutants was stunted when grown under ambient pCO2 but recovered at elevated pCO2. Further bioinformatics analyses revealed that the mutation has led to functional changes in one of the conserved residues of the protein, situated near the catalytic site. CA transcript accumulation in the mutant was 80% lower, CA protein accumulation 30% lower, and CA activity ~98% lower compared with the wild type. Changes in the abundance of other primary C4 pathway enzymes were observed; accumulation of PEPC protein was significantly increased and accumulation of malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme decreased. The reduction of CA protein activity and abundance in lcr1 restricts the supply of bicarbonate to PEPC, limiting C4 photosynthesis and growth. This study establishes Sevir.5G247800 as the major CA allele in Setaria for C4 photosynthesis and provides important insights into the function of CA in C4 photosynthesis that would be required to generate a rice plant with a functional C4 biochemical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Chatterjee
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Robert A Coe
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, GPO Box 1500, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kelvin Acebron
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Vivek Thakur
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Department of Systems & Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Ragothaman M Yennamalli
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu-613401, India
| | - Florence Danila
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, GPO Box 1500, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lin
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | | | - Efren Bagunu
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Preiya P O S Padhma
- Department of Systems & Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Soumi Bala
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, GPO Box 1500, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaojia Yin
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Govinda Rizal
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Jacqueline Dionora
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Robert T Furbank
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, GPO Box 1500, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, GPO Box 1500, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - William Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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8
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Ren S, Jiang S, Yan X, Chen R, Cui H. Challenges and Opportunities: Porous Supports in Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Alsharif W, Saad MM, Hirt H. Desert Microbes for Boosting Sustainable Agriculture in Extreme Environments. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1666. [PMID: 32793155 PMCID: PMC7387410 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A large portion of the earth's surface consists of arid, semi-arid and hyper-arid lands. Life in these regions is profoundly challenged by harsh environmental conditions of water limitation, high levels of solar radiation and temperature fluctuations, along with soil salinity and nutrient deficiency, which have serious consequences on plant growth and survival. In recent years, plants that grow in such extreme environments and their naturally associated beneficial microbes have attracted increased interest. The rhizosphere, rhizosheath, endosphere, and phyllosphere of desert plants display a perfect niche for isolating novel microbes. They are well adapted to extreme environments and offer an unexploited reservoir for bio-fertilizers and bio-control agents against a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses that endanger diverse agricultural ecosystems. Their properties can be used to improve soil fertility, increase plant tolerance to various environmental stresses and crop productivity as well as benefit human health and provide enough food for a growing human population in an environment-friendly manner. Several initiatives were launched to discover the possibility of using beneficial microbes. In this review, we will be describing the efforts to explore the bacterial diversity associated with desert plants in the arid, semi-arid, and hyper-arid regions, highlighting the latest discoveries and applications of plant growth promoting bacteria from the most studied deserts around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiam Alsharif
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged M. Saad
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
C4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times independently from ancestral C3 photosynthesis in a broad range of flowering land plant families and in both monocots and dicots. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis entails the recruitment of enzyme activities that are not involved in photosynthetic carbon fixation in C3 plants to photosynthesis. This requires a different regulation of gene expression as well as a different regulation of enzyme activities in comparison to the C3 context. Further, C4 photosynthesis relies on a distinct leaf anatomy that differs from that of C3, requiring a differential regulation of leaf development in C4. We summarize recent progress in the understanding of C4-specific features in evolution and metabolic regulation in the context of C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urte Schlüter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; ,
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; ,
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11
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Momayyezi M, McKown AD, Bell SCS, Guy RD. Emerging roles for carbonic anhydrase in mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:831-844. [PMID: 31816145 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an abundant protein in most photosynthesizing organisms and higher plants. This review paper considers the physiological importance of the more abundant CA isoforms in photosynthesis, through their effects on CO2 diffusion and other processes in photosynthetic organisms. In plants, CA has multiple isoforms in three different families (α, β and γ) and is mainly known to catalyze the CO2↔HCO3- equilibrium. This reversible conversion has a clear role in photosynthesis, primarily through sustaining the CO2 concentration at the site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). Despite showing the same major reaction mechanism, the three main CA families are evolutionarily distinct. For different CA isoforms, cellular localization and total gene expression as a function of developmental stage are predicted to determine the role of each family in relation to the net assimilation rate. Reaction-diffusion modeling and observational evidence support a role for CA activity in reducing resistance to CO2 diffusion inside mesophyll cells by facilitating CO2 transfer in both gas and liquid phases. In addition, physical and/or biochemical interactions between CAs and other membrane-bound compartments, for example aquaporins, are suggested to trigger a CO2 -sensing response by stomatal movement. In response to environmental stresses, changes in the expression level of CAs and/or stimulated deactivation of CAs may correspond with lower photosynthetic capacity. We suggest that further studies should focus on the dynamics of the relationship between the activity of CAs (with different subcellular localization, abundance and gene expression) and limitations due to CO2 diffusivity through the mesophyll and supply of CO2 to photosynthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shannon C S Bell
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Wegary D, Teklewold A, Prasanna BM, Ertiro BT, Alachiotis N, Negera D, Awas G, Abakemal D, Ogugo V, Gowda M, Semagn K. Molecular diversity and selective sweeps in maize inbred lines adapted to African highlands. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13490. [PMID: 31530852 PMCID: PMC6748982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known on maize germplasm adapted to the African highland agro-ecologies. In this study, we analyzed high-density genotyping by sequencing (GBS) data of 298 African highland adapted maize inbred lines to (i) assess the extent of genetic purity, genetic relatedness, and population structure, and (ii) identify genomic regions that have undergone selection (selective sweeps) in response to adaptation to highland environments. Nearly 91% of the pairs of inbred lines differed by 30-36% of the scored alleles, but only 32% of the pairs of the inbred lines had relative kinship coefficient <0.050, which suggests the presence of substantial redundancy in allelic composition that may be due to repeated use of fewer genetic backgrounds (source germplasm) during line development. Results from different genetic relatedness and population structure analyses revealed three different groups, which generally agrees with pedigree information and breeding history, but less so by heterotic groups and endosperm modification. We identified 944 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers that fell within 22 selective sweeps that harbored 265 protein-coding candidate genes of which some of the candidate genes had known functions. Details of the candidate genes with known functions and differences in nucleotide diversity among groups predicted based on multivariate methods have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagne Wegary
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) - Ethiopia Office, ILRI Campus, CMC Road, Gurd Sholla, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adefris Teklewold
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) - Ethiopia Office, ILRI Campus, CMC Road, Gurd Sholla, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Berhanu T Ertiro
- Bako National Maize Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nikolaos Alachiotis
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Demewez Negera
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) - Ethiopia Office, ILRI Campus, CMC Road, Gurd Sholla, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Awas
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) - Ethiopia Office, ILRI Campus, CMC Road, Gurd Sholla, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Demissew Abakemal
- Ambo Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 37, West Shoa, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Veronica Ogugo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kassa Semagn
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), M'bé Research Station, 01 B.P. 2551, Bouaké 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Kolbe AR, Studer AJ, Cornejo OE, Cousins AB. Insights from transcriptome profiling on the non-photosynthetic and stomatal signaling response of maize carbonic anhydrase mutants to low CO 2. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:138. [PMID: 30767781 PMCID: PMC6377783 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the hydration of CO2 in the first biochemical step of C4 photosynthesis, and has been considered a potentially rate-limiting step when CO2 availability within a leaf is low. Previous work in Zea mays (maize) with a double knockout of the two highest-expressed β-CA genes, CA1 and CA2, reduced total leaf CA activity to less than 3% of wild-type. Surprisingly, this did not limit photosynthesis in maize at ambient or higher CO2concentrations. However, the ca1ca2 mutants exhibited reduced rates of photosynthesis at sub-ambient CO2, and accumulated less biomass when grown under sub-ambient CO2 (9.2 Pa). To further clarify the importance of CA for C4 photosynthesis, we assessed gene expression changes in wild-type, ca1 and ca1ca2 mutants in response to changes in pCO2 from 920 to 9.2 Pa. RESULTS Leaf samples from each genotype were collected for RNA-seq analysis at high CO2 and at two time points after the low CO2 transition, in order to identify early and longer-term responses to CO2 deprivation. Despite the existence of multiple isoforms of CA, no other CA genes were upregulated in CA mutants. Although photosynthetic genes were downregulated in response to low CO2, differential expression was not observed between genotypes. However, multiple indicators of carbon starvation were present in the mutants, including amino acid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and sugar signaling. In particular, multiple genes previously implicated in low carbon stress such as asparagine synthetase, amino acid transporters, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, as well as many transcription factors, were strongly upregulated. Furthermore, genes in the CO2 stomatal signaling pathway were differentially expressed in the CA mutants under low CO2. CONCLUSIONS Using a transcriptomic approach, we showed that carbonic anhydrase mutants do not compensate for the lack of CA activity by upregulating other CA or photosynthetic genes, but rather experienced extreme carbon stress when grown under low CO2. Our results also support a role for CA in the CO2 stomatal signaling pathway. This study provides insight into the importance of CA for C4 photosynthesis and its role in stomatal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Kolbe
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Anthony J. Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Omar E. Cornejo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Asaph B. Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
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14
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Poschenrieder C, Fernández JA, Rubio L, Pérez L, Terés J, Barceló J. Transport and Use of Bicarbonate in Plants: Current Knowledge and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1352. [PMID: 29751549 PMCID: PMC5983714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicarbonate plays a fundamental role in the cell pH status in all organisms. In autotrophs, HCO₃− may further contribute to carbon concentration mechanisms (CCM). This is especially relevant in the CO₂-poor habitats of cyanobacteria, aquatic microalgae, and macrophytes. Photosynthesis of terrestrial plants can also benefit from CCM as evidenced by the evolution of C₄ and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). The presence of HCO₃− in all organisms leads to more questions regarding the mechanisms of uptake and membrane transport in these different biological systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the transport and metabolic processes related to HCO₃− in microalgae, macroalgae, seagrasses, and terrestrial plants. HCO₃− transport in cyanobacteria and human cells is much better documented and is included for comparison. We further comment on the metabolic roles of HCO₃− in plants by focusing on the diversity and functions of carbonic anhydrases and PEP carboxylases as well as on the signaling role of CO₂/HCO₃− in stomatal guard cells. Plant responses to excess soil HCO₃− is briefly addressed. In conclusion, there are still considerable gaps in our knowledge of HCO₃− uptake and transport in plants that hamper the development of breeding strategies for both more efficient CCM and better HCO₃− tolerance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Fernández
- Department Biologia. Vegetal, Campus Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Rubio
- Department Biologia. Vegetal, Campus Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Laura Pérez
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joana Terés
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Barceló
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Kolbe AR, Cousins AB. Mesophyll conductance in Zea mays responds transiently to CO 2 availability: implications for transpiration efficiency in C 4 crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1463-1474. [PMID: 29220090 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm ) describes the movement of CO2 from the intercellular air spaces below the stomata to the site of initial carboxylation in the mesophyll. In contrast with C3 -gm , little is currently known about the intraspecific variation in C4 -gm or its responsiveness to environmental stimuli. To address these questions, gm was measured on five maize (Zea mays) lines in response to CO2 , employing three different estimates of gm . Each of the methods indicated a significant response of gm to CO2 . Estimates of gm were similar between methods at ambient and higher CO2 , but diverged significantly at low partial pressures of CO2 . These differences are probably driven by incomplete chemical and isotopic equilibrium between CO2 and bicarbonate under these conditions. Carbonic anhydrase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in vitro activity varied significantly despite similar values of gm and leaf anatomical traits. These results provide strong support for a CO2 response of gm in Z. mays, and indicate that gm in maize is probably driven by anatomical constraints rather than by biochemical limitations. The CO2 response of gm indicates a potential role for facilitated diffusion in C4 -gm . These results also suggest that water-use efficiency could be enhanced in C4 species by targeting gm .
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Kolbe
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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16
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Chen T, Wu H, Wu J, Fan X, Li X, Lin Y. Absence of OsβCA1 causes a CO 2 deficit and affects leaf photosynthesis and the stomatal response to CO 2 in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:344-357. [PMID: 28142196 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants always adjust the opening of stomatal pores to adapt to the environment, for example CO2 concentration ([CO2 ]), humidity and temperature. Low [CO2 ] will trigger the opening of stomatal pores to absorb extra CO2 . However, little is known about how CO2 supply affects the carbon fixation and opening of stomatal pores in rice. Here, a chloroplast-located gene coding for β-carbonic anhydrase (βCA) was found to be involved in carbon assimilation and the CO2 -mediated stomatal pore response in rice. OsβCA1 was constitutively expressed in all tissues and its transcripts were induced by high [CO2 ] in leaves. Both T-DNA mutant and RNA interference lines showed phenotypes of lower biomass and CA activities. Knockout of OsβCA1 obviously decreased photosynthetic capacity, as demonstrated by the increased CO2 compensation point and decreased light saturation point in the mutant, while knockout increased the opening ratio of stomatal pores and the rate of water loss. Moreover, the mutant showed a delayed response to low [CO2 ], and stomatal pores could not be closed to the same degree as those of wild type even though the stomatal pores could rapidly respond to high [CO2 ]. Genome-wide gene expression analysis via RNA sequencing demonstrated that the transcript abundance of genes related to Rubisco, photosystem compounds and the opening of stomatal pores was globally upregulated in the mutant. Taken together, the inadequate CO2 supply caused by the absence of OsβCA1 reduces photosynthetic efficiency, triggers the opening of stomatal pores and finally decreases their sensitivity to CO2 fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiemin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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17
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Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M. The multifunctional face of plant carbonic anhydrase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 112:362-368. [PMID: 28152407 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although most studies on the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) have indicated its significant role in plants to facilitate the diffusion of CO2 to the site of inorganic carbon fixation, it is becoming increasingly likely that carbonic anhydrase isoforms also have diverse unexplored functions in plant cells. This review lays emphasis on additional roles of CA associated with many physiological, biochemical and structural changes in plant metabolism. The presented findings have revealed essential functions of CA isoforms in plant adjustment to both abiotic and biotic agents and developmental stimuli. However, sometimes it is difficult to separate the non-photosynthetic from the photosynthetic-related role of CAs during post-stress impaired metabolism, and the preventive CA outcome might be due to the effect of these enzymes on improvement of photosynthetic capacity. Finally, taking into account the experimental evidence, the direct and indirect functional roles of CAs in mitigating negative effects of environmental conditions are presented.
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18
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Li Y, Dong XM, Jin F, Shen Z, Chao Q, Wang BC. Histone Acetylation Modifications Affect Tissue-Dependent Expression of Poplar Homologs of C 4 Photosynthetic Enzyme Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:950. [PMID: 28642769 PMCID: PMC5462996 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Histone modifications play important roles in regulating the expression of C4 photosynthetic genes. Given that all enzymes required for the C4 photosynthesis pathway are present in C3 plants, it has been hypothesized that this expression regulatory mechanism has been conserved. However, the relationship between histone modification and the expression of homologs of C4 photosynthetic enzyme genes has not been well determined in C3 plants. In the present study, we cloned nine hybrid poplar (Populus simonii × Populus nigra) homologs of maize (Zea mays) C4 photosynthetic enzyme genes, carbonic anhydrase (CA), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and investigated the correlation between the expression levels of these genes and the levels of promoter histone acetylation modifications in four vegetative tissues. We found that poplar homologs of C4 homologous genes had tissue-dependent expression patterns that were mostly well-correlated with the level of histone acetylation modification (H3K9ac and H4K5ac) determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A further confirmed the role of histone acetylation in the regulation of the nine target genes. Collectively, these results suggest that both H3K9ac and H4K5ac positively regulate the tissue-dependent expression pattern of the PsnCAs, PsnPPDKs, PsnPCKs, and PsnPEPCs genes and that this regulatory mechanism seems to be conserved among the C3 and C4 species. Our findings provide new insight that will aid efforts to modify the expression pattern of these homologs of C4 genes to engineer C4 plants from C3 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Dong
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhuo Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qing Chao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Bai-Chen Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bai-Chen Wang,
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19
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Schlüter U, Denton AK, Bräutigam A. Understanding metabolite transport and metabolism in C4 plants through RNA-seq. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:83-90. [PMID: 27082280 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RNA-seq, the measurement of steady-state RNA levels by next generation sequencing, has enabled quantitative transcriptome analyses of complex traits in many species without requiring the parallel sequencing of their genomes. The complex trait of C4 photosynthesis, which increases photosynthetic efficiency via a biochemical pump that concentrates CO2 around RubisCO, has evolved convergently multiple times. Due to these interesting properties, C4 photosynthesis has been analyzed in a series of comparative RNA-seq projects. These projects compared both species with and without the C4 trait and different tissues or organs within a C4 plant. The RNA-seq studies were evaluated by comparing to earlier single gene studies. The studies confirmed the marked changes expected for C4 signature genes, but also revealed numerous new players in C4 metabolism showing that the C4 cycle is more complex than previously thought, and suggesting modes of integration into the underlying C3 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urte Schlüter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alisandra K Denton
- Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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20
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Ludwig M. Evolution of carbonic anhydrase in C4 plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:16-22. [PMID: 27016649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, the intracellular location with most carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity has changed. In Flaveria, the loss of the sequence encoding a chloroplast transit peptide from an ancestral C3 CA ortholog confined the C4 isoform to the mesophyll cell cytosol. Recent studies indicate that sequence elements and histone modifications controlling the expression of C4-associated CAs were likely present in the C3 ancestral chromatin, enabling the evolution of the C4 pathway. Almost complete abolishment of maize CA activity yields no obvious phenotype at ambient CO2 levels. This contrasts with results for Flaveria CA mutants, and has opened discussion on the role of CA in the C4 carbon concentrating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry [310], University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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21
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von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT. Strategies for improving C4 photosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:125-34. [PMID: 27127850 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent activities to improve photosynthetic performance in crop plants has focused mainly on C3 photosynthesis where there are clear identified targets such as improving Rubisco kinetics, installation of a CO2 concentrating mechanism and alleviating limitations in chloroplast electron transport. Here we address strategies to improve photosynthetic performance in C4 plants, which utilize a CO2 concentrating mechanism, having evolved a complex blend of anatomy and biochemistry to achieve this. While the limitations to photosynthetic flux are not as well studied in C4 plants, work in transgenic Flaveria bidentis, a transformable model C4 dicot, and recent transcriptional analysis of leaves from diverse C4 plants, provides several gene candidates for improvement of carbon metabolism (such as pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and Rubisco) and for access of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the mesophyll cells (such as carbonic anhydrase and CO2 porins). Chloroplast electron transport in C4 plants is shared between the two cell types, providing opportunities not only to alleviate limitations to flux through intersystem electron transport by targeting nuclear encoded proteins in the cytochrome (Cyt) b6/f complex, but in better sharing the harvesting of light energy between mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts. Gene candidates for improvement of C4 photosynthesis could be utilized either through transgenic approaches or via mining natural allelic variation in sequenced populations of crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Caemmerer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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22
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Barbour MM, Evans JR, Simonin KA, von Caemmerer S. Online CO2 and H2 O oxygen isotope fractionation allows estimation of mesophyll conductance in C4 plants, and reveals that mesophyll conductance decreases as leaves age in both C4 and C3 plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:875-89. [PMID: 26778088 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance significantly, and variably, limits photosynthesis but we currently have no reliable method of measurement for C4 plants. An online oxygen isotope technique was developed to allow quantification of mesophyll conductance in C4 plants and to provide an alternative estimate in C3 plants. The technique is compared to an established carbon isotope method in three C3 species. Mesophyll conductance of C4 species was similar to that in the C3 species measured, and declined in both C4 and C3 species as leaves aged from fully expanded to senescing. In cotton leaves, simultaneous measurement of carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination allowed the partitioning of total conductance to the chloroplasts into cell wall and plasma membrane versus chloroplast membrane components, if CO2 was assumed to be isotopically equilibrated with cytosolic water, and the partitioning remained stable with leaf age. The oxygen isotope technique allowed estimation of mesophyll conductance in C4 plants and, when combined with well-established carbon isotope techniques, may provide additional information on mesophyll conductance in C3 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Barbour
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Private Bag 4011, Narellan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Kevin A Simonin
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 0200, Australia
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23
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Ming R, VanBuren R, Wai CM, Tang H, Schatz MC, Bowers JE, Lyons E, Wang ML, Chen J, Biggers E, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang L, Miao W, Zhang J, Ye Z, Miao C, Lin Z, Wang H, Zhou H, Yim WC, Priest HD, Zheng C, Woodhouse M, Edger PP, Guyot R, Guo HB, Guo H, Zheng G, Singh R, Sharma A, Min X, Zheng Y, Lee H, Gurtowski J, Sedlazeck FJ, Harkess A, McKain MR, Liao Z, Fang J, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Hu W, Qin Y, Wang K, Chen LY, Shirley N, Lin YR, Liu LY, Hernandez AG, Wright CL, Bulone V, Tuskan GA, Heath K, Zee F, Moore PH, Sunkar R, Leebens-Mack JH, Mockler T, Bennetzen JL, Freeling M, Sankoff D, Paterson AH, Zhu X, Yang X, Smith JAC, Cushman JC, Paull RE, Yu Q. The pineapple genome and the evolution of CAM photosynthesis. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1435-42. [PMID: 26523774 PMCID: PMC4867222 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is the most economically valuable crop possessing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway with high water-use efficiency, and the second most important tropical fruit. We sequenced the genomes of pineapple varieties F153 and MD2 and a wild pineapple relative, Ananas bracteatus accession CB5. The pineapple genome has one fewer ancient whole-genome duplication event than sequenced grass genomes and a conserved karyotype with seven chromosomes from before the ρ duplication event. The pineapple lineage has transitioned from C3 photosynthesis to CAM, with CAM-related genes exhibiting a diel expression pattern in photosynthetic tissues. CAM pathway genes were enriched with cis-regulatory elements associated with the regulation of circadian clock genes, providing the first cis-regulatory link between CAM and circadian clock regulation. Pineapple CAM photosynthesis evolved by the reconfiguration of pathways in C3 plants, through the regulatory neofunctionalization of preexisting genes and not through the acquisition of neofunctionalized genes via whole-genome or tandem gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert VanBuren
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ching Man Wai
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Haibao Tang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- iPlant Collaborative/University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - John E. Bowers
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eric Lyons
- iPlant Collaborative/University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Ming-Li Wang
- Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, Kunia, HI 96759, USA
| | - Jung Chen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Eric Biggers
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724, USA
| | - Jisen Zhang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Lixian Huang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Lingmao Zhang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Wenjing Miao
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhangyao Ye
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Chenyong Miao
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhicong Lin
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hongye Zhou
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Won C. Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS330, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0330, USA
| | | | - Chunfang Zheng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Margaret Woodhouse
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Patrick P. Edger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Romain Guyot
- IRD, UMR DIADE, EVODYN, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hao-Bo Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Guangyong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ratnesh Singh
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX 75252, USA
| | - Anupma Sharma
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX 75252, USA
| | - Xiangjia Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| | - Yun Zheng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hayan Lee
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724, USA
| | - James Gurtowski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724, USA
| | | | - Alex Harkess
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Zhenyang Liao
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jingping Fang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Juan Liu
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Weichang Hu
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Kai Wang
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Neil Shirley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Yann-Rong Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Liu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Alvaro G. Hernandez
- W.M. Keck Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chris L. Wright
- W.M. Keck Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Katy Heath
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Francis Zee
- USDA-ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Paul H. Moore
- Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, Kunia, HI 96759, USA
| | - Ramanjulu Sunkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 246 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | - Todd Mockler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Michael Freeling
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Sankoff
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Andrew H. Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xinguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - J. Andrew C. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - John C. Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS330, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0330, USA
| | - Robert E. Paull
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Qingyi Yu
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX 75252, USA
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24
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Offermann S, Friso G, Doroshenk KA, Sun Q, Sharpe RM, Okita TW, Wimmer D, Edwards GE, van Wijk KJ. Developmental and Subcellular Organization of Single-Cell C₄ Photosynthesis in Bienertia sinuspersici Determined by Large-Scale Proteomics and cDNA Assembly from 454 DNA Sequencing. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2090-108. [PMID: 25772754 DOI: 10.1021/pr5011907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kranz C4 species strictly depend on separation of primary and secondary carbon fixation reactions in different cell types. In contrast, the single-cell C4 (SCC4) species Bienertia sinuspersici utilizes intracellular compartmentation including two physiologically and biochemically different chloroplast types; however, information on identity, localization, and induction of proteins required for this SCC4 system is currently very limited. In this study, we determined the distribution of photosynthesis-related proteins and the induction of the C4 system during development by label-free proteomics of subcellular fractions and leaves of different developmental stages. This was enabled by inferring a protein sequence database from 454 sequencing of Bienertia cDNAs. Large-scale proteome rearrangements were observed as C4 photosynthesis developed during leaf maturation. The proteomes of the two chloroplasts are different with differential accumulation of linear and cyclic electron transport components, primary and secondary carbon fixation reactions, and a triose-phosphate shuttle that is shared between the two chloroplast types. This differential protein distribution pattern suggests the presence of a mRNA or protein-sorting mechanism for nuclear-encoded, chloroplast-targeted proteins in SCC4 species. The combined information was used to provide a comprehensive model for NAD-ME type carbon fixation in SCC4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Offermann
- †Institute of Botany, Leibniz University, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Giulia Friso
- ‡Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 332 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kelly A Doroshenk
- §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 299 Clark Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Qi Sun
- ∥Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, 618 Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard M Sharpe
- ⊥School of Biological Science, Washington State University, 303 Heald Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Thomas W Okita
- §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 299 Clark Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Diana Wimmer
- †Institute of Botany, Leibniz University, Herrenhaeuser Strasse 2, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- ⊥School of Biological Science, Washington State University, 303 Heald Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- ‡Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 332 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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25
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Studer AJ, Gandin A, Kolbe AR, Wang L, Cousins AB, Brutnell TP. A Limited Role for Carbonic Anhydrase in C4 Photosynthesis as Revealed by a ca1ca2 Double Mutant in Maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:608-617. [PMID: 24706552 PMCID: PMC4044840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.237602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the first biochemical step of the carbon-concentrating mechanism of C4 plants, and in C4 monocots it has been suggested that CA activity is near limiting for photosynthesis. Here, we test this hypothesis through the characterization of transposon-induced mutant alleles of Ca1 and Ca2 in maize (Zea mays). These two isoforms account for more than 85% of the CA transcript pool. A significant change in isotopic discrimination is observed in mutant plants, which have as little as 3% of wild-type CA activity, but surprisingly, photosynthesis is not reduced under current or elevated CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). However, growth and rates of photosynthesis under subambient pCO2 are significantly impaired in the mutants. These findings suggest that, while CA is not limiting for C4 photosynthesis in maize at current pCO2, it likely maintains high rates of photosynthesis when CO2 availability is reduced. Current atmospheric CO2 levels now exceed 400 ppm (approximately 40.53 Pa) and contrast with the low-pCO2 conditions under which C4 plants expanded their range approximately 10 million years ago, when the global atmospheric CO2 was below 300 ppm (approximately 30.4 Pa). Thus, as CO2 levels continue to rise, selective pressures for high levels of CA may be limited to arid climates where stomatal closure reduces CO2 availability to the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Studer
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (A.J.S., A.R.K., L.W., T.P.B.); andSchool of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (A.G., A.B.C.)
| | - Anthony Gandin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (A.J.S., A.R.K., L.W., T.P.B.); andSchool of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (A.G., A.B.C.)
| | - Allison R Kolbe
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (A.J.S., A.R.K., L.W., T.P.B.); andSchool of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (A.G., A.B.C.)
| | - Lin Wang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (A.J.S., A.R.K., L.W., T.P.B.); andSchool of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (A.G., A.B.C.)
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (A.J.S., A.R.K., L.W., T.P.B.); andSchool of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (A.G., A.B.C.)
| | - Thomas P Brutnell
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (A.J.S., A.R.K., L.W., T.P.B.); andSchool of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (A.G., A.B.C.)
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26
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Vullo D, Flemetakis E, Scozzafava A, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Anion inhibition studies of two α-carbonic anhydrases from Lotus japonicus, LjCAA1 and LjCAA2. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:67-72. [PMID: 24769135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The model organism for the investigation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes Lotus japonicus encodes two carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-class, LjCAA1 and LjCAA2. Here we report the kinetic characterization and inhibition of these two CAs with inorganic and complex anions and other molecules interacting with zinc proteins, such as sulfamide, sulfamic acid, and phenylboronic/arsonic acids. LjCAA1 showed a high catalytic activity for the CO2 hydration reaction, with a k(cat) of 7.4∗10(5) s(-1) and a k(cat)/K(m) of 9.6∗10(7) M(-1) s(-1) and was inhibited in the low micromolar range by N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate, sulfamide, sulfamic acid, phenylboronic/arsonic acid (K(I)s of 4-62 μM). LjCAA2 showed a moderate catalytic activity for the physiologic reaction, with a k(cat) of 4.0∗10(5) s(-1) and a k(cat)/K(m) of 4.9∗10(7) M(-1) s(-1). The same anions mentioned above for the inhibition of LjCAA1 showed the best activity against LjCAA2 (K(I)s of 7-29 μM). Nitrate and nitrite, anions involved in nitrogen fixation, showed lower affinity for the two enzymes, with inhibition constants in the range of 3.7-7.0 mM. Halides and sulfate also behaved in a distinct manner towards the two enzymes investigated here. As LjCAA1/2 participate in the pH regulation processes and CO2 metabolism within the nitrogen-fixing nodules of the plant, our studies may shed some light regarding these complex biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine - CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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27
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Ludwig M. Evolution of the C4 photosynthetic pathway: events at the cellular and molecular levels. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 117:147-61. [PMID: 23708978 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The biochemistry and leaf anatomy of plants using C4 photosynthesis promote the concentration of atmospheric CO2 in leaf tissue that leads to improvements in growth and yield of C4 plants over C3 species in hot, dry, high light, and/or saline environments. C4 plants like maize and sugarcane are significant food, fodder, and bioenergy crops. The C4 photosynthetic pathway is an excellent example of convergent evolution, having evolved in multiple independent lineages of land plants from ancestors employing C3 photosynthesis. In addition to C3 and C4 species, some plant lineages contain closely related C3-C4 intermediate species that demonstrate leaf anatomical, biochemical, and physiological characteristics between those of C3 plants and species using C4 photosynthesis. These groups of plants have been extremely useful in dissecting the modifications to leaf anatomy and molecular biology, which led to the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. It is now clear that great variation exists in C4 leaf anatomy, and diverse molecular mechanisms underlie C4 biochemistry and physiology. However, all these different paths have led to the same destination-the expression of a C4 CO2 concentrating mechanism. Further identification of C4 leaf anatomical traits and molecular biological components, and understanding how they are controlled and assembled will not only allow for additional insights into evolutionary convergence, but also contribute to sustainable food and bioenergy production strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia,
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28
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Dathan NA, Alterio V, Troiano E, Vullo D, Ludwig M, De Simone G, Supuran CT, Monti SM. Biochemical characterization of the chloroplastic β-carbonic anhydrase from Flaveria bidentis (L.) "Kuntze". J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:500-4. [PMID: 23895630 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.813942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C3 and C4 plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2. They are sub-divided in three classes: α, β and γ, being distributed between both photosynthetic subtypes. The C4 dicotyledon species Flaveria bidentis (L.) "Kuntze" contains a small gene family encoding three distinct β-CAs, named FbiCA1, FbiCA2 and FbiCA3. We have expressed and purified recombinant FbiCA1, which is localized in the chloroplast where it is thought to play a role in lipid biosynthesis and antioxidant activity, and biochemically characterized it by spectroscopic and inhibition experiments. FbiCA1 is a compact octameric protein that is moderately inhibited by carboxylate molecules. Surprisingly, pyruvate, but not lactate, did not inhibit FbiCA1 at concentrations up to 10 mM, suggesting that its capacity to tolerate high pyruvate concentration reflects the high concentration of pyruvate in the chloroplasts of bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells involved in C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Dathan
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16 , 80134 Naples , Italy
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30
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Xu J, Zhang X, Ye N, Zheng Z, Mou S, Dong M, Xu D, Miao J. Activities of principal photosynthetic enzymes in green macroalga Ulva linza: functional implication of C₄ pathway in CO₂ assimilation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:571-80. [PMID: 23737004 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The green-tide-forming macroalga Ulva linza was profiled by transcriptome sequencing to ascertain whether the alga carries both C3 and C4 photosynthesis genes. The key enzymes involved in C4 metabolism including pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) were found. When measured under normal and different stress conditions, expression of rbcL was higher under normal conditions and lower under the adverse conditions, whereas that of PPDK was higher under some adverse conditions, namely desiccation, high salinity, and low salinity. Both ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) and PPDK were found to play a role in carbon fixation, with significantly higher PPDK activity across the stress conditions. These results suggest that elevated PPDK activity alters carbon metabolism in U. linza leading to partial operation of the C4 carbon metabolism, a pathway that, under stress conditions, probably contributes to the hardy character of U. linza and thus to its wide distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substance, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
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31
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Kinetic and anion inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase (FbiCA 1) from the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1626-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Genome sequence of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) provides insights into grass evolution and biofuel potential. Nat Biotechnol 2012; 30:549-54. [PMID: 22580950 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), a member of the Poaceae grass family, is an important food and fodder crop in arid regions and has potential for use as a C(4) biofuel. It is a model system for other biofuel grasses, including switchgrass and pearl millet. We produced a draft genome (∼423 Mb) anchored onto nine chromosomes and annotated 38,801 genes. Key chromosome reshuffling events were detected through collinearity identification between foxtail millet, rice and sorghum including two reshuffling events fusing rice chromosomes 7 and 9, 3 and 10 to foxtail millet chromosomes 2 and 9, respectively, that occurred after the divergence of foxtail millet and rice, and a single reshuffling event fusing rice chromosome 5 and 12 to foxtail millet chromosome 3 that occurred after the divergence of millet and sorghum. Rearrangements in the C(4) photosynthesis pathway were also identified.
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