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Novak T, Hamedi M, Bergmeier LA, Fortune F, Hagi-Pavli E. Saliva and Serum Cytokine Profiles During Oral Ulceration in Behçet's Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 12:724900. [PMID: 35003055 PMCID: PMC8727526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, multi-systemic disorder of unknown aetiology typified by recurrent oral and genital mucocutaneous lesions, uveitis and vasculitis. Innate and adaptive immune system dysregulation has been implicated in pathogenesis with alterations in serum cytokine profiles. Few studies have investigated salivary cytokines in BD, despite more than 90% of BD patients first presenting with oral ulceration. The aim of this pilot study was twofold; firstly to investigate whether cytokine levels in matched serum and saliva samples show a differential profile in BD (with and without oral ulcers), recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and healthy controls (HCs), and secondly, to explore if any differential profiles in serum and/or saliva could provide a panel of cytokines with diagnostic and therapeutic potential for BD. Concentrations of 12 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TNF-β) were measured using the Human Th1/Th2 11-Plex FlowCytomix™ kit with IL-17A, in BD (N=20), RAS (N=6) and HCs (N=10). A differential range of cytokines was detected in serum and saliva with the majority of cytokine levels higher in saliva. The most prevalent salivary cytokines were IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α present in all samples in contrast to serum where the most prevalent cytokine detected was IL-8 (91.9%). The least abundant cytokine was IFN-γ in both saliva (43.2%) and serum (2.7%). After normalizing saliva for protein content, BD patients with oral ulcers (BD-MA) had significantly higher levels of salivary IL-1β (p=0.01), IL-8 (p=0.02), TNF-α (p=0.004) and IL-6 (p=0.01) than HCs. Notably, BD patients without oral ulcers (BD-MQ) also had significantly higher salivary IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α (p ≤ 0.05) than HCs. During relapsed (BD-RE) and quiet (BD-Q) systemic episodes, salivary IL-β and TNF-α were also significantly increased with IL-8 significantly higher only in BD-Q (p=0.02). BD oral ulcers signify a potential reactivation of systemic inflammation. Identifying cytokines released during asymptomatic episodes and oral ulceration might lead to targeted drug therapy to prevent recurrent oral ulcers and possible disease relapse. This is the first study to report salivary cytokine levels in BD. The detectable levels suggests cytokine profiling of BD saliva may provide an alternative, less invasive, sensitive procedure for frequent monitoring of disease activity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Novak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mojgan Hamedi
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts and The London School, of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Ann Bergmeier
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts and The London School, of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farida Fortune
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts and The London School, of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Hagi-Pavli
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts and The London School, of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Conti HR, Gaffen SL. Host responses to Candida albicans: Th17 cells and mucosal candidiasis. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:518-27. [PMID: 20381638 PMCID: PMC2892252 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans causes mucosal and disseminated candidiasis, which represent serious problems for the rapidly expanding immunocompromised population. Until recently, Th1-mediated immunity was thought to confer the primary protection, particularly for oral candidiasis. However, emerging data indicate that the newly-defined Th17 compartment appears to play the predominant role in mucosal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- University at Buffalo, SUNY, Dept. of Oral Biology, Buffalo NY
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh PA
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3
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Conti HR, Shen F, Nayyar N, Stocum E, Sun JN, Lindemann MJ, Ho AW, Hai JH, Yu JJ, Jung JW, Filler SG, Masso-Welch P, Edgerton M, Gaffen SL. Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis. J Exp Med 2009; 206:299-311. [PMID: 19204111 PMCID: PMC2646568 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal fungus Candida albicans causes oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC; thrush) in settings of immunodeficiency. Although disseminated, vaginal, and oral candidiasis are all caused by C. albicans species, host defense against C. albicans varies by anatomical location. T helper 1 (Th1) cells have long been implicated in defense against candidiasis, whereas the role of Th17 cells remains controversial. IL-17 mediates inflammatory pathology in a gastric model of mucosal candidiasis, but is host protective in disseminated disease. Here, we directly compared Th1 and Th17 function in a model of OPC. Th17-deficient (IL-23p19(-/-)) and IL-17R-deficient (IL-17RA(-/-)) mice experienced severe OPC, whereas Th1-deficient (IL-12p35(-/-)) mice showed low fungal burdens and no overt disease. Neutrophil recruitment was impaired in IL-23p19(-/-) and IL-17RA(-/-), but not IL-12(-/-), mice, and TCR-alphabeta cells were more important than TCR-gammadelta cells. Surprisingly, mice deficient in the Th17 cytokine IL-22 were only mildly susceptible to OPC, indicating that IL-17 rather than IL-22 is vital in defense against oral candidiasis. Gene profiling of oral mucosal tissue showed strong induction of Th17 signature genes, including CXC chemokines and beta defensin-3. Saliva from Th17-deficient, but not Th1-deficient, mice exhibited reduced candidacidal activity. Thus, the Th17 lineage, acting largely through IL-17, confers the dominant response to oral candidiasis through neutrophils and antimicrobial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Conti
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Fang Shen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Namrata Nayyar
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Eileen Stocum
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Jianing N. Sun
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Matthew J. Lindemann
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Allen W. Ho
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Justine Hoda Hai
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Jeffrey J. Yu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Ji Won Jung
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Scott G. Filler
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Patricia Masso-Welch
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biotechnology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14201
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Ekhlassi S, Scruggs LY, Garza T, Montufar-Solis D, Moretti AJ, Klein JR. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide induces tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 secretion, and CCL25 gene expression, in mouse primary gingival cell lines: interleukin-6-driven activation of CCL2. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:431-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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de Repentigny L, Lewandowski D, Jolicoeur P. Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:729-59, table of contents. [PMID: 15489345 PMCID: PMC523562 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.729-759.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases remain significant causes of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, despite the dramatic ability of antiretroviral therapy to reconstitute immunity. Notable advances have been achieved in understanding, at the molecular level, the relationships between the progression of HIV infection, the acquisition, maintenance, and clonality of oral candidal populations, and the emergence of antifungal resistance. However, the critical immunological defects which are responsible for the onset and maintenance of mucosal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection have not been elucidated. The devastating impact of HIV infection on mucosal Langerhans' cell and CD4(+) cell populations is most probably central to the pathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. However, these defects may be partly compensated by preserved host defense mechanisms (calprotectin, keratinocytes, CD8(+) T cells, and phagocytes) which, individually or together, may limit Candida albicans proliferation to the superficial mucosa. The availability of CD4C/HIV transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 in immune cells has provided the opportunity to devise a novel model of mucosal candidiasis that closely mimics the clinical and pathological features of candidal infection in human HIV infection. These transgenic mice allow, for the first time, a precise cause-and-effect analysis of the immunopathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV infection under controlled conditions in a small laboratory animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis de Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Natah SS, Konttinen YT, Enattah NS, Ashammakhi N, Sharkey KA, Häyrinen-Immonen R. Recurrent aphthous ulcers today: a review of the growing knowledge. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33:221-34. [PMID: 15287304 DOI: 10.1006/ijom.2002.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent aphthous ulcers represent a very common but poorly understood mucosal disorder. They occur in men and women of all ages, races and geographic regions. It is estimated that at least 1 in 5 individuals has at least once been afflicted with aphthous ulcers. The condition is classified as minor, major, and herpetiform on the basis of ulcer size and number. Attacks may be precipitated by local trauma, stress, food intake, drugs, hormonal changes and vitamin and trace element deficiencies. Local and systemic conditions, and genetic, immunological and microbial factors all may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU). However, to date, no principal cause has been discovered. Since the aetiology is unknown, diagnosis is entirely based on history and clinical criteria and no laboratory procedures exist to confirm the diagnosis. Although RAU may be a marker of an underlying systemic illness such as coeliac disease, or may present as one of the features of Behcet's disease, in most cases no additional body systems are affected, and patients remain otherwise fit and well. Different aetiologies and mechanisms might be operative in the aetiopathogenesis of aphthous ulceration, but pain, recurrence, self-limitation of the condition, and destruction of the epithelium seem to be the ultimate outcomes. There is no curative therapy to prevent the recurrence of ulcers, and all available treatment modalities can only reduce the frequency or severity of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Natah
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Calgary, AB, Canada;
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7
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Gurney KB, Yang OO, Wilson SB, Uittenbogaart CH. TCR gamma delta+ and CD161+ thymocytes express HIV-1 in the SCID-hu mouse, potentially contributing to immune dysfunction in HIV infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5338-46. [PMID: 12391255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The vast diversity of the T cell repertoire renders the adaptive immune response capable of recognizing a broad spectrum of potential antigenic peptides. However, certain T cell rearrangements are conserved for recognition of specific pathogens, as is the case for TCRgammadelta cells. In addition, an immunoregulatory class of T cells expressing the NK receptor protein 1A (CD161) responds to nonpeptide Ags presented on the MHC-like CD1d molecule. The effect of HIV-1 infection on these specialized T cells in the thymus was studied using the SCID-hu mouse model. We were able to identify CD161-expressing CD3(+) cells but not the CD1d-restricted invariant Valpha24/Vbeta11/CD161(+) NK T cells in the thymus. A subset of TCRgammadelta cells and CD161-expressing thymocytes express CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 during development in the thymus and are susceptible to HIV-1 infection. TCRgammadelta thymocytes were productively infectable by both X4 and R5 virus, and thymic HIV-1 infection induced depletion of CD4(+) TCRgammadelta cells. Similarly, CD4(+)CD161(+) thymocytes were depleted by thymic HIV-1 infection, leading to enrichment of CD4(-)CD161(+) thymocytes. Furthermore, compared with the general CD4-negative thymocyte population, CD4(-)CD161(+) NK T thymocytes exhibited as much as a 27-fold lower frequency of virus-expressing cells. We conclude that HIV-1 infection and/or disruption of cells important in both innate and acquired immunity may contribute to the overall immune dysfunction seen in HIV-1 disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- HIV Infections/genetics
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, HIV/biosynthesis
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Gurney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 90095, USA
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8
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Wang J, Murakami T, Hakamata Y, Ajiki T, Jinbu Y, Akasaka Y, Ohtsuki M, Nakagawa H, Kobayashi E. Gene gun-mediated oral mucosal transfer of interleukin 12 cDNA coupled with an irradiated melanoma vaccine in a hamster model: successful treatment of oral melanoma and distant skin lesion. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8:705-12. [PMID: 11687893 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2001] [Accepted: 06/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma involving the oral cavity has a highly metastatic potential. Curative surgery is required to resect extensive oral tissues and often results in dysfunction as well as a severe cosmetic deformity in patients with the disease. An alternative technology for the local and sustained delivery of cytokines for cancer immunotherapy has been shown to induce tumor regression, suppression of metastasis, and development of systemic antitumor immunity. However, local immunization of the oral cavity has not previously been studied. In this study, we examined the efficacy of particle-mediated oral gene transfer on luciferase and green fluorescent protein production. The results showed that these proteins were more significantly expressed in oral mucosa than the skin, stomach, liver, and muscle. Using an established oral melanoma model in hamsters, particle-mediated oral gene gun therapy with interleukin (IL) 12 cDNA was then conducted. The results indicated that direct bombardment of mouse IL-12 cDNA suppressed tumor formation and improved the survival rate. The skin tumor model created by inoculation of melanoma cells was also significantly inhibited by the oral bombardment of IL-12 cDNA coupled with an irradiated melanoma vaccine administrated to the oral mucosa, compared to treatment with a percutaneous vaccine. IL-12 gene gun therapy, combined with an oral mucosal vaccine, induced interferon-gamma mRNA expression in the host spleen for a long time. These results suggest that immunization of oral mucosa may induce systemic antitumor immunity more efficiently than immunization of the skin and that oral mucosa may be one of the most suitable tissues for cancer gene therapy by means of particle-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Division of Organ Replacement Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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9
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Natah SS, Häyrinen-Immonen R, Hietanen J, Patinen P, Malmström M, Savilahti E, Konttinen YT. Increased density of lymphocytes bearing γ/δ T-cell receptors in recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU). Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0901-5027(00)80057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Sol MA, Tkaczuk J, Voigt JJ, Durand M, Sixou M, Maurette A, Thomsen M. Characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations in periapical lesions by flow cytometry. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 13:253-8. [PMID: 10093541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1998.tb00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the bacterial root-canal infection leads to periapical bone destruction (cysts or granulomas) are not yet well understood. Previous works have shown elements of an active immune response in the lesions. In the present study, flow cytometry was used to improve the characterization of immune cells. Semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of plasma cells, macrophages and B and T cells. The simultaneous use of several antibodies in flow cytometry allowed a more precise phenotype of the lymphocytes. The cysts displayed an abundance of B lymphocytes at the same time as a relative scarcity of CD8+ cells. CD4+ lymphocytes were the dominant lymphocyte population in most cases. A small number of gamma delta T lymphocytes and natural killer cells was found. These preliminary results show that flow cytometry may be used to characterize immune cells from inflamed tissue and opens the possibility for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 466, Toulouse, France
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11
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Romagnoli P, Pimpinelli N, Mori M, Reichart PA, Eversole LR, Ficarra G. Immunocompetent cells in oral candidiasis of HIV-infected patients: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopical study. Oral Dis 1997; 3:99-105. [PMID: 9467350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1997.tb00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis, a common cause of discomfort and social impairment among HIV-infected individuals. STUDY DESIGN, MATERIALS AND METHODS The oral mucosal immune system cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in biopsies from five erythematous and four pseudomembranous candidiasis cases and were compared with those from seven HIV-positive and 10 HIV-negative controls without candidiasis. RESULTS The superficial lamina propria and basal epithelial layer was populated by CD1a+ Langerhans cells with infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes. Within the submucosa are CD36+ dendritic macrophages and lymphocytes, although CD4+ subsets were absent from the infiltrate. The expression of human leukocyte antigen system, DR locus (HLA-DR) and leukocyte specific adhesion molecules was low in erythematous, yet more marked in pseudomembranous candidiasis. In the pseudomembranous form, CD14+ leukocytes were found in the basal epithelial layer. Langerhans cells were significantly more numerous and were richer in dendrites and Birbeck granules in erythematous than in pseudomembranous candidiasis. CONCLUSIONS Candidiasis is associated with alterations in the number and differentiation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells, being more severe in the pseudomembranous than erythematous form. We propose that these alterations play a role in the pathogenesis and evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Romagnoli
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Italy
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12
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Walton LJ, Thornhill MH, Farthing PM. T cell antigen receptor expression by intra-epithelial lymphocytes in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 1996; 25:534-7. [PMID: 8986964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb01727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of T lymphocytes expressing the alpha beta or gamma delta heterodimer of the T cell receptor (TCR) was examined in normal oral mucosa (NOM) and reticular oral lichen planus (OLP) using a panel of antibodies specific for CD3, the alpha beta TCR and the gamma delta TCR. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes were counted and epithelial surface length was measured by image analysis. T cells in the lamina propria were not quantified. Total intra-epithelial lymphocytes were increased in OLP compared with NOM (P = 0.0004). The proportions of cells expressing the gamma delta TCR in NOM and OLP were 10% and 9.3%, respectively, suggesting there is no selective recruitment from the circulation of either alpha beta or gamma delta TCR-bearing cells into normal oral epithelium or that affected by OLP. The role, if any, of gamma delta T cells in the pathogenesis of OLP remains to be determined.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- Cell Movement
- Epithelium/immunology
- Epithelium/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lichen Planus, Oral/immunology
- Lichen Planus, Oral/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mouth Mucosa/immunology
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Walton
- Department of Oral Pathology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, England
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13
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Josefsen TD, Landsverk T. T cell subsets and Langerhans cells in the forestomach mucosa of adult sheep and sheep foetuses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 51:101-11. [PMID: 8797280 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As part of a study on leukocytes in the ruminant forestomach the occurrence and distribution of T cells and major histocompatibility complex Class II positive (MHC-II+) cells in the forestomach mucosa of sheep were investigated. Samples were taken from the reticulum, atrium ruminis, ventral rumen, dorsal rumen and omasum of five healthy adult ewes and seven nearly fullborne foetuses. Frozen sections were stained with an indirect immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibodies against sheep MHC-II, CD4 and CD8 molecules and the sheep gamma delta T cell receptor. Both MHC-II+ cells and T cells were distributed along the basal lamina of the epithelium, with either mainly intraepithelial (CD8+ and gamma delta +cells) or mainly subepithelial (MHC-II+ and CD4+ cells) location. The MHC-II+ cells showed dendritic morphology and were interpreted as Langerhans cells. In adults ewes CD4+T cells comprised the major T cell subset at all sample sites. The number of T cells declined from the atrium ruminis through the ventral rumen to the dorsal rumen, while the number of Langerhans cells showed no marked variation between different sample sites. In foetuses, Langerhans cells showed a relatively high prevalence, while T cells were sparse and showed a more random distribution in the rumen wall. No marked variation between sample sites were observed in the fetal forestomachs. It is concluded that Langerhans cells and T cells are normally present in the forestomach mucosa of sheep, and it is suggested that the Langerhans cells represent a constituent component, while the prevalence and distribution of T cells may be influenced by antigen leakage through the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Josefsen
- Department of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Tromsø, Norway
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14
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Bucht A, Söderström K, Esin S, Grunewald J, Hagelberg S, Magnusson I, Wigzell H, Grönberg A, Kiessling R. Analysis of gamma delta V region usage in normal and diseased human intestinal biopsies and peripheral blood by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 99:57-64. [PMID: 7813110 PMCID: PMC1534135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal population of gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR)-bearing cells was characterized with regard to V delta and V gamma subtype expression. For this purpose, we utilized V gene-specific PCR of mRNA prepared from intestinal biopsies. Predominant expression of the V delta 1 subtype was demonstrated in the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease and in the inflamed colon of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) as well as in colon biopsies taken from macroscopically normal areas of colon. Although intestinal gamma delta T cells preferentially expressed V delta 1, other V delta transcripts could be detected, of which V delta 2 and V delta 5 were commonly expressed. Analysis of biopsies from mesenteric lymph nodes demonstrated a V delta repertoire similar to the mucosa. In peripheral blood on the other hand, high expression of both V delta 2 and V delta 1 was found. The predominant expression of V delta 1 transcripts in the intestinal mucosa of IBD patients correlated well with protein cell surface expression as analysed by flow cytometry using V delta 1- and V delta 2-specific antibodies. Selective expansion of gamma delta T cells could not be demonstrated within the inflamed mucosa as shown by mRNA analysis and flow cytometry. Instead, IBD patients demonstrated a decreased proportion of TCR gamma delta-carrying T cells in the inflamed mucosa compared with macroscopically normal area of colon. On the other hand, a significantly increased percentage of T cells bearing the gamma delta TCR was found in peripheral blood of patients with Crohn's disease compared with healthy individuals, indicating that local mucosal inflammation may influence the circulating gamma delta T cell population.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Biopsy
- Blood/immunology
- Celiac Disease/immunology
- Child
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bucht
- Department of Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
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