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Kolbe K, Wittner M, Hartjen P, Hüfner AD, Degen O, Ackermann C, Cords L, Stellbrink HJ, Haag F, Schulze zur Wiesch J. Inversed Ratio of CD39/CD73 Expression on γδ T Cells in HIV Versus Healthy Controls Correlates With Immune Activation and Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867167. [PMID: 35529864 PMCID: PMC9074873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background γδ T cells are unconventional T cells that have been demonstrated to be crucial for the pathogenesis and potentially for the cure of HIV-1 infection. The ectonucleotidase CD39 is part of the purinergic pathway that regulates immune responses by degradation of pro-inflammatory ATP in concert with CD73. Few studies on the expression of the ectoenzymes CD73 and CD39 on human γδ T cells in HIV have been performed to date. Methods PBMC of n=86 HIV-1-infected patients were compared to PBMC of n=26 healthy individuals using 16-color flow cytometry determining the surface expression of CD39 and CD73 on Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells in association with differentiation (CD45RA, CD28, CD27), activation and exhaustion (TIGIT, PD-1, CD38, and HLA-DR), and assessing the intracellular production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, TGF-ß, TNF-α, Granzyme B, IL-10, IFN-γ) after in vitro stimulation with PMA/ionomycin. Results CD39 and CD73 expression on γδ T cells were inversed in HIV infection which correlated with HIV disease progression and immune activation. CD39, but not CD73 expression on γδ T cells of ART-treated patients returned to levels comparable with those of healthy individuals. Only a small subset (<1%) of γδ T cells co-expressed CD39 and CD73 in healthy or HIV-infected individuals. There were significantly more exhausted and terminally differentiated CD39+ Vδ1 T cells regardless of the disease status. Functionally, IL-10 was only detectable in CD39+ γδ T cells after in vitro stimulation in all groups studied. Viremic HIV-infected patients showed the highest levels of IL-10 production. The highest percentage of IL-10+ cells was found in the small CD39/CD73 co-expressing γδ T-cell population, both in healthy and HIV-infected individuals. Also, CD39+ Vδ2 T cells produced IL-10 more frequently than their CD39+ Vδ1 counterparts in all individuals regardless of the HIV status. Conclusions Our results point towards a potential immunomodulatory role of CD39+ and CD73+ γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of chronic HIV infection that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Melanie Wittner,
| | - Philip Hartjen
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja-Dorothee Hüfner
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Degen
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Cords
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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Rampoldi F, Prinz I. Three Layers of Intestinal γδ T Cells Talk Different Languages With the Microbiota. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849954. [PMID: 35422795 PMCID: PMC9004464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of our body are the main contact site where the immune system encounters non-self molecules from food-derived antigens, pathogens, and symbiotic bacteria. γδ T cells are one of the most abundant populations in the gut. Firstly, they include intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, which screen and maintain the intestinal barrier integrity in close contact with the epithelium. A second layer of intestinal γδ T cells is found among lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL)s. These γδ LPLs are able to produce IL-17 and likely have functional overlap with local Th17 cells and innate lymphoid cells. In addition, a third population of γδ T cells resides within the Peyer´s patches, where it is probably involved in antigen presentation and supports the mucosal humoral immunity. Current obstacles in understanding γδ T cells in the gut include the lack of information on cognate ligands of the γδ TCR and an incomplete understanding of their physiological role. In this review, we summarize and discuss what is known about different subpopulations of γδ T cells in the murine and human gut and we discuss their interactions with the gut microbiota in the context of homeostasis and pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rampoldi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first documented in late 2019, but within months, a worldwide pandemic was declared due to the easily transmissible nature of the virus. Research to date on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 has focused largely on conventional B and T lymphocytes. This review examines the emerging role of unconventional T cell subsets, including γδ T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in human SARS-CoV-2 infection.Some of these T cell subsets have been shown to play protective roles in anti-viral immunity by suppressing viral replication and opsonising virions of SARS-CoV. Here, we explore whether unconventional T cells play a protective role in SARS-CoV-2 infection as well. Unconventional T cells are already under investigation as cell-based immunotherapies for cancer. We discuss the potential use of these cells as therapeutic agents in the COVID-19 setting. Due to the rapidly evolving situation presented by COVID-19, there is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of this disease and the mechanisms underlying its immune response. Through this, we may be able to better help those with severe cases and lower the mortality rate by devising more effective vaccines and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Orumaa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Department of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Margaret R Dunne
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Department of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Lalor SJ, McLoughlin RM. Memory γδ T Cells-Newly Appreciated Protagonists in Infection and Immunity. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:690-702. [PMID: 27567182 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential for diversity in their T cell receptor, γδ T cells are primarily considered to be innate immune cells. Recently, memory-like γδ T cell responses have been identified in murine models of infection and autoimmunity. Similar memory responses have also been described in human and non-human primate γδ T cells. It has thus become clear that subpopulations of γδ T cells can develop long-lasting memory akin to conventional αβ T cells, with protective and pathogenic consequences. Hence, a re-evaluation of their true capabilities and role in infection and immunity is required. This review discusses recent reports of memory-type responses attributed to γδ T cells and assesses this underappreciated facet of these enigmatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Lalor
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Cimini E, Agrati C, D’Offizi G, Vlassi C, Casetti R, Sacchi A, Lionetti R, Bordoni V, Tumino N, Scognamiglio P, Martini F. Primary and Chronic HIV Infection Differently Modulates Mucosal Vδ1 and Vδ2 T-Cells Differentiation Profile and Effector Functions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129771. [PMID: 26086523 PMCID: PMC4472518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated immune system has been identified as a major battlefield during the early phases of HIV infection. γδ T-cells, deeply affected in number and function after HIV infection, are able to act as a first line of defence against invading pathogens by producing antiviral soluble factors and by killing infected cells. Despite the relevant role in mucosal immunity, few data are available on gut-associated γδ T-cells during HIV infection. Aim of this work was to evaluate how primary (P-HIV) and chronic (C-HIV) HIV infection affects differentiation profile and functionality of circulating and gut-associated Vδ1 and Vδ2 T-cells. In particular, circulating and mucosal cells were isolated from respectively whole blood and residual gut samples from HIV-infected subjects with primary and chronic infection and from healthy donors (HD). Differentiation profile and functionality were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry. P-HIV and C-HIV were characterized by an increase in the frequency of effector Vδ1-T cells both in circulating and mucosal compartments. Moreover, during P-HIV mucosal Vδ1 T-cells expressed high levels of CD107a, suggesting a good effector cytotoxic capability of these cells in the early phase of infection that was lost in C-HIV. P-HIV induced an increase in circulating effector Vδ2 T-cells in comparison to C-HIV and HD. Notably, P-HIV as well as HD were characterized by the ability of mucosal Vδ2 T-cells to spontaneously produce IFN-γ that was lost in C-HIV. Altogether, our data showed for the first time a functional capability of mucosal Vδ1 and Vδ2 T-cells during P-HIV that was lost in C-HIV, suggesting exhaustion mechanisms induced by persistent stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Gianpiero D’Offizi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Chrysoula Vlassi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lionetti
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Scognamiglio
- Epidemiology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Martini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
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Persistent changes in circulating and intestinal γδ T cell subsets, invariant natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in children and adults with coeliac disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76008. [PMID: 24124528 PMCID: PMC3790827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The only current therapy is a lifelong gluten free diet. While much work has focused on the gliadin-specific adaptive immune response in coeliac disease, little is understood about the involvement of the innate immune system. Here we used multi-colour flow cytometry to determine the number and frequency of γδ T cells (Vδ1, Vδ2 and Vδ3 subsets), natural killer cells, CD56+ T cells, invariant NKT cells, and mucosal associated invariant T cells, in blood and duodenum from adults and children with coeliac disease and healthy matched controls. All circulating innate lymphocyte populations were significantly decreased in adult, but not paediatric coeliac donors, when compared with healthy controls. Within the normal small intestine, we noted that Vδ3 cells were the most abundant γδ T cell type in the adult epithelium and lamina propria, and in the paediatric lamina propria. In contrast, patients with coeliac disease showed skewing toward a predominant Vδ1 profile, observed for both adult and paediatric coeliac disease cohorts, particularly within the gut epithelium. This was concurrent with decreases in all other gut lymphocyte subsets, suggesting a specific involvement of Vδ1 cells in coeliac disease pathogenesis. Further analysis showed that γδ T cells isolated from the coeliac gut display an activated, effector memory phenotype, and retain the ability to rapidly respond to in vitro stimulation. A profound loss of CD56 expression in all lymphocyte populations was noted in the coeliac gut. These findings demonstrate a sustained aberrant innate lymphocyte profile in coeliac disease patients of all ages, persisting even after elimination of gluten from the diet. This may lead to impaired immunity, and could potentially account for the increased incidence of autoimmune co-morbidity.
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Junker Y, Bode H, Wahnschaffe U, Kroesen A, Loddenkemper C, Duchmann R, Zeitz M, Ullrich R. Comparative analysis of mononuclear cells isolated from mucosal lymphoid follicles of the human ileum and colon. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:232-7. [PMID: 19250280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of human mucosal lymphoid follicles are rare and have been limited to children's Peyer's patches, which are visible at endoscopy. We investigated lymphoid follicles in ileum biopsies of 87 patients and surgical colon specimens from 66 cancer patients, and examined phenotype and function of isolated follicular immune cells. Two (0-10) and 12 (0-117) follicles per patient were found in ileum and colon samples respectively (P < 0.001). The number of lymphoid follicles mononuclear cells (LFMC) that could be isolated per patient was higher from colon compared with ileum specimens [725 000 (0-23 Mio) versus 100 000 (0-1.3 Mio), P < 0.001]. T cells were predominant in both LFMC and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC), but B cells were more and plasma cells less frequent in LFMC. T cells from mucosal follicles were more frequently CD4-positive and CD62L-positive, but less frequently CD8-positive, CD103-positive and CD69-positive than lamina propria T cells. LFMC from ileum compared with colon showed no differences in mononuclear cell composition. Anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation induced similar proliferation of LFMC and LPMC from ileum and colon, as well as secretion of high levels of interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-2, but lower levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10. LFMC from colon secreted more IL-2 than those from ileum. Our study shows that mucosal lymphoid follicles can be identified clearly in adult human colon and yield viable immune cells sufficient for phenotypical and functional analysis. The cellular composition of LFMC from ileum and colon is similar, and both secrete predominantly T helper type 1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Junker
- Department of Gastroenterology/Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Bhagat G, Naiyer AJ, Shah JG, Harper J, Jabri B, Wang TC, Green PH, Manavalan JS. Small intestinal CD8+TCRgammadelta+NKG2A+ intraepithelial lymphocytes have attributes of regulatory cells in patients with celiac disease. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:281-93. [PMID: 18064301 PMCID: PMC2117760 DOI: 10.1172/jci30989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) bearing the gammadelta TCR are more abundant in the small intestinal mucosa of patients with celiac disease (CD) compared with healthy individuals. However, their role in disease pathogenesis is not well understood. Here, we investigated the functional attributes of TCRgammadelta+ IELs isolated from intestinal biopsies of patients with either active celiac disease (ACD) or those on a gluten-free diet (GFD). We found that compared with individuals with ACD, individuals on GFD have a higher frequency of CD8+TCRgammadelta+ IELs that express the inhibitory NK receptor NKG2A and intracellular TGF-beta1. TCR triggering as well as cross-linking of NKG2A increased both TGF-beta1 intracellular expression and secretion in vitro. Coculture of sorted TCRgammadelta+NKG2A+ IELs, IL-15-stimulated TCRalphabeta+ IELs, and HLA-E+ enterocytes resulted in a decreased percentage of cytotoxic CD8+TCRalphabeta+ IELs expressing intracellular IFN-gamma and granzyme-B and surface NKG2D. This inhibition was partially abrogated by blocking either TGF-beta alone or both NKG2A and HLA-E. Thus, our data indicate that suppression was at least partially mediated by TGF-beta secretion as a result of engagement of NKG2A with its ligand, HLA-E, on enterocytes and/or TCRalphabeta+ IELs. These findings demonstrate that human small intestinal CD8+TCRgammadelta+ IELs may have regulatory potential in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and
Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Afzal J. Naiyer
- Department of Pathology and
Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jayesh G. Shah
- Department of Pathology and
Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason Harper
- Department of Pathology and
Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Pathology and
Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Department of Pathology and
Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter H.R. Green
- Department of Pathology and
Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John S. Manavalan
- Department of Pathology and
Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Hoffman-Goetz L, Quadrilatero J, Boudreau J, Guan J. Adrenalectomy in mice does not prevent loss of intestinal lymphocytes after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 96:2073-81. [PMID: 15133013 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01262.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive exercise is associated with an increase in circulating glucocorticoids (GCs), lymphocyte apoptosis, and a reduction in intestinal lymphocyte number. The present study examined the role of GCs on the numerical changes seen in intestinal lymphocytes after exercise. Female C57BL/6 mice were bilaterally adrenalectomized (ADX; n = 18) or given sham surgery (Sham; n = 18) and assigned to one of three exercise conditions: treadmill running (28 m/min, 90 min, 2 degrees slope) and killed immediately or after 24 h recovery, or not exercised and killed immediately after 90-min exposure to the treadmill environment. Lymphocytes were isolated from the intestines with CD45(+) cells collected by positive selection using magnetic bead separation columns, and lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD45(+), CD3alphabeta(+), CD3gammadelta(+), CD8beta(+), CD8alpha(+), CD4(+), and NK(+) phenotypic markers. ADX mice had significantly more intestinal CD45(+) leukocytes (P < 0.05) and CD3alphabeta(+) (P < 0.05), CD3gammadelta(+) (P < 0.01), CD8alpha(+) (P < 0.001), and NK(+) (P < 0.05) intestinal lymphocytes than Sham mice. There was a significant effect of exercise condition on total intestinal CD45(+) leukocytes (P < 0.01) and CD3alphabeta(+) (P < 0.05), CD8alpha(+) (P < 0.001), and CD4(+) (P < 0.05) intestinal lymphocytes, with fewer cells at 24 h postexercise compared with the other treatment conditions. There were no surgical x exercise interaction effects on the CD3 and CD8 phenotype numbers. Plasma corticosterone was virtually nil in ADX mice regardless of exercise condition but was significantly elevated in Sham mice immediately postexercise (P < 0.001). The data indicate that ADX does not prevent the loss of lymphocytes from the intestinal mucosa 24 h after strenuous exercise and GCs are not directly causal in the leukopenia of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hoffman-Goetz
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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10
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Allergic Diseases in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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FEEHALLY J, ALLEN A. Abnormalities of IgA1 production in IgA nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2002.tb00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Guilliano MJ, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Lebman DA. The microenvironment of human Peyer's patches inhibits the increase in CD38 expression associated with the germinal center reaction. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2179-85. [PMID: 11160270 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of B cells in the human tonsils identified CD38 expression as a hallmark of germinal center (GC) B cells. However, the signals responsible for the in vivo induction of CD38 have not been determined. The primary site for generation of memory and plasma cells in the gastrointestinal tract is the GCs of Peyer's patches (PP). PP and intestinal mucosa, but not tonsils or oral mucosa, express mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). The ligand for MAdCAM-1, integrin alpha(4)beta(7), is expressed on naive B cells and memory B cells that traffic to the gastrointestinal tract. In this study we determine that, unlike tonsil, human PP GC B cells do not express significant levels of CD38. PP B cells can be induced to express CD38 upon culture with CD40 ligand, anti-B cell receptor, and IFN-gamma. However, coculture of tonsil naive B cells with an Ab directed against integrin beta(7) inhibits IFN-gamma-induced CD38 hyperexpression. The absence of CD38 on PP GCs suggests that there are tissue-specific pathways of B cell development that differ between tonsil and PP. The differential expression pattern of MAdCAM-1, together with the observation that ligation of beta(7) can inhibit the induction of CD38 expression, suggests that ligation of alpha(4)beta(7) in vivo may contribute to a PP-specific GC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Guilliano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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14
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Brandtzaeg P, Farstad IN, Haraldsen G. Regional specialization in the mucosal immune system: primed cells do not always home along the same track. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:267-77. [PMID: 10354552 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
According to the current paradigm of lymphocyte trafficking, primed B and T cells extravasate in the intestinal lamina propria chiefly by means of the mucosal homing receptor alpha4beta7, which interacts with the vascular addressin MAdCAM-1. However, as discussed here, this mechanism cannot explain the preferential homing of B cells with a high level of J-chain expression to mucosal effector sites outside the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, The National Hospital, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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Moghaddami M, Cummins A, Mayrhofer G. Lymphocyte-filled villi: comparison with other lymphoid aggregations in the mucosa of the human small intestine. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:1414-25. [PMID: 9834269 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Solitary lymphoid structures that may be sites of primary extrathymic T-cell differentiation have been described recently in murine (cryptopatches) and rat (lymphocyte-filled villi) small intestine. This study tests the hypothesis that similar structures occur in human small intestine. METHODS Normal small intestine was obtained during surgery. Fixed tissue was examined histologically, and frozen sections were examined by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique using a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS A new isolated lymphoid structure, with epithelium resembling follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer's patches, is described as a lymphocyte-filled villus. These structures contain major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive dendritic cells, a majority of memory T cells, a variable B-cell component, and no evidence of immature lymphocytes that express either c-kit or CD1a. Two previously described lymphoid aggregations (isolated lymphoid follicles and submucosal lymphoid aggregations) are components of a single structure. The complete structure contains a B-cell follicle, T cells with mainly memory (CD45RO-positive) phenotype, high endothelial venules, and no detectable population of immature lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS A new solitary lymphoid structure is described in the human small intestine. Neither these structures nor isolated lymphoid follicles appear to be similar to solitary primary lymphoid structures in rodent intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moghaddami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Davis IC, Owen RL. The immunopathology of M cells. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 18:421-48. [PMID: 9144863 DOI: 10.1007/bf00824051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I C Davis
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0019, USA
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17
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Farstad IN, Halstensen TS, Lien B, Kilshaw PJ, Lazarovits AI, Brandtzaeg P, Lazarovitz AI. Distribution of beta 7 integrins in human intestinal mucosa and organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Immunol Suppl 1996; 89:227-37. [PMID: 8943719 PMCID: PMC1456483 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two alternative integrins involved in mucosal homing (alpha 4 beta 7) or epithelial retention (alpha E beta 7) of lymphocytes were examined in the human gut. The distribution of the beta 7 subunit [monoclonal antibody (mAb) M301] was bimodal in that it was strongly expressed by alpha E beta 7 + cells but weakly by alpha 4 beta 7 + cells. More than 90% of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), including the minor subsets of CD4+, T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma/delta +, and CD3- cells, expressed alpha E beta 7 as did most lamina propria CD8+ (88%) and a fraction (36%) of CD4+ lymphocytes. Conversely, B-lineage cells (CD19+) and macrophages (CD68+) were negative. In gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT: Peyer's patches and appendix) only a few (< 5%) cells were positive for alpha E beta 7 (confined to CD8+ lymphocytes and CD11c+ putative dendritic cells). A relatively small fraction of IEL (30-50%) expressed alpha 4 beta 7 (mAb Act-1), while most (70%) lamina propria T and B lymphocytes, blasts, plasma cells and macrophages were positive. In GALT, T lymphocytes expressed similar levels of alpha 4 beta 7 as in the lamina propria whereas relatively few B lymphocytes (< 50%) were positive. Isolated lamina propria CD8+, CD4+, CD19+, and CD38+ cells contained mRNA for alpha 4 and the former three subsets as well as appendix CD8+ cells also for beta 7 while only lamina propria CD8+ cells had mRNA for alpha E. Together, the results suggested that alpha E beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 7 are differentially regulated in inductive sites and effector sites of the human gut. Because lymphoid cells at both sites expressed mainly alpha 4 beta 7, this integrin may be a homing receptor on memory and effector cells bound for lamina propria as well as on naive lymphocytes extravasating in GALT. Conversely, because alpha E beta 7 was mainly expressed by CD8+ cells in epithelium and lamina propria, it was probably induced after extravasation, in agreement with the observation that IEL and a fraction of lamina propria T lymphocytes (mainly CD8+ cells) generally expressed higher levels of beta 7 than most CD4+ and B cells. Also a subset of putative dendritic cells located near the follicle-associated epithelium of GALT expressed alpha E beta 7, perhaps reflecting epithelial interaction during primary immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Farstad
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), University of Oslo, National Hospital, Norway
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18
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Köhne G, Schneider T, Zeitz M. Special features of the intestinal lymphocytic system. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 1996; 10:427-42. [PMID: 8905117 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3528(96)90051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal lymphocytic system can be divided in two functional compartments, the organized lymphoid tissue, for example, the Peyer's patches, and the lymphocytes located diffusely in the mucosa, the lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), and the intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Antigens enter the Peyer's patches as the afferent part of the GALT via specialized epithelial cells called M cells. After the initiation of the immune response by antigen processing and presentation to B and T cells in Peyer's patches, primed lymphocytes leave the mucosa via the thoracic duct. Finally they migrate back to the mucosa where they exert effector functions. Adhesion molecules, including integrins, especially alpha 4 beta 7 and alpha E beta 7 (HML-1) are involved in these homing and adhesion processes. LPL and LEL differ from peripheral blood lymphocytes in their expression of adhesion molecules and other surface and activation markers. Additionally, they exhibit functional features different from those of other lymphocyte compartments. In the mucosal immune system, plasma cells mainly secrete IgA, which is part of the specialized humoral defence in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Köhne
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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19
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Gebert A, Rothkötter HJ, Pabst R. M cells in Peyer's patches of the intestine. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1996; 167:91-159. [PMID: 8768493 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
M cells are specialized epithelial cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. A characteristic of M cells is that they transport antigens from the lumen to cells of the immune system, thereby initiating an immune response or tolerance. Soluble macromolecules, small particles, and also entire microorganisms are transported by M cells. The interactions of these substances with the M cell surface, their transcytosis, and the role of associated lymphoid cells are reviewed in detail. The ultrastructure and several immuno- and lectin-histochemical properties of M cells vary according to species and location along the intestine. We present updated reports on these variations, on identification markers, and on the origin and differentiation of M cells. The immunological significance of M cells and their functional relationship to lymphocytes and antigenpresenting cells are critically reviewed. The current knowledge on M cells in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues outside the gut is briefly outlined. Clinical implications for drug deliver, infection, and vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gebert
- Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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20
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Landau SB, Aziz WI, Woodcock-Mitchell J, Melamede R. V gamma (I) expression in human intestinal lymphocytes is restricted. Immunol Invest 1995; 24:947-55. [PMID: 8575839 DOI: 10.3109/08820139509060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The majority of human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (HIELS) express CD8+, and the T cell Receptor (TCR) alpha beta. A minority of HIELS utilize TCR gamma delta chains. V delta 1 is established as the TCR-delta expressed by most TCR gamma delta HIELS. Since V delta 1 is the dominant intestinal TCR and V gamma (I) family is preferentially used in forming a heterodimer, this study was conducted to characterize individual V gamma (I) utilization in HIELS. Intestinal lymphocytes were isolated from four samples of colonic epithelium obtained from patients undergoing colon resection or endoscopy. RNA was isolated and cDNA synthesized. PCR amplification was performed with consensus J gamma and V gamma primers in these regions. PCR products were cloned and sequenced. All samples had V gamma 4 transcripts, a majority V gamma 3 whereas V gamma 2 and V gamma 8 were less frequent. No V gamma 2 transcripts had any predicted TCR protein products. Similarly, very few potentially productive V gamma 3 transcripts were found. In contrast, almost all V gamma 4 transcripts were found to be in-frame and the only V gamma 8 transcript was in-frame. The CDR3 region of the gamma transcripts were small compared to published intestinal TCR delta recombinations. All CDR3 regions contained at least one charged amino acid. The limited number of functional transcripts adds evidence to the oligoclonality of intestinal TCRs expressing the TCR V gamma (I) family. The short CDR3 regions support the concept of limited antigen recognition by this lymphocyte population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Landau
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
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Holtmeier W, Chowers Y, Lumeng A, Morzycka-Wroblewska E, Kagnoff MF. The delta T cell receptor repertoire in human colon and peripheral blood is oligoclonal irrespective of V region usage. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:1108-17. [PMID: 7635946 PMCID: PMC185300 DOI: 10.1172/jci118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of gamma/delta T cell receptors (TCR) in the human intestinal mucosa are thought to use the TCRDV1 (V delta 1) variable region gene segment, whereas gamma/delta T cells in the circulation predominantly express the TCRDV2 (V delta 2) gene segment. delta T cell receptors that use the TCRDV2 variable region gene segment generally have been regarded as highly diverse, whereas those that use the TCRDV1 gene segment are oligoclonal, whether present in the intestinal tract or in peripheral blood. We report herein that oligoclonality is a general feature of the peripheral delta T cell receptor repertoire in healthy human adults, irrespective of the variable region used and regardless of whether gamma/delta T cells reside in the intestinal mucosa or in peripheral blood. In addition, the delta T cell receptor repertoire is shown to be highly compartmentalized between such sites as the colon and peripheral blood, relatively stable over at least a 10-16-mo period, and unique in each individual. Further, the spectrum of variable region genes used by delta T cell receptor transcripts in the human colon is greater than previously recognized. Thus, in addition to the TCRDV1 and TCRDV2 variable region gene segments, delta T cell receptors in normal intestinal mucosa can use TCRDV3 (V delta 3) and TCRAV (V alpha) gene segments which, in some individuals, comprise a significant component of the mucosal delta T cell receptor repertoire. Our studies indicate that the potential of delta T cell receptors for extensive diversity is not reflected in the mature human repertoire. Moreover, these findings suggest a model wherein the delta T cell receptor repertoire in the colon and peripheral blood is shaped by selection and clonal expansion of gamma/delta T cells that ultimately seed throughout the length of the colon mucosa and populate the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Holtmeier
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0623, USA
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