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Norzaee S, Yunesian M, Ghorbanian A, Farzadkia M, Rezaei Kalantary R, Kermani M, Nourbakhsh SMK, Eghbali A. Examining the relationship between land use and childhood leukemia and lymphoma in Tehran. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12417. [PMID: 38816573 PMCID: PMC11139882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to explore the association between proximity to various land use types and childhood leukemia and lymphoma. This research involved 428 cases of childhood leukemia and lymphoma (2016-2021), along with a control group of 428 children aged 1-15 in Tehran. We analyzed the risk of childhood cancer associated with land use by employing logistic regression adjusted for confounding factors such as parental smoking and family history. The odds ratio (OR) for children with leukemia and lymphoma residing within 100 m of the nearest highway was 1.87 (95% CI = 1.00-3.49) and 1.71 (95% CI = 1.00-2.93), respectively, in comparison to those living at a distance of 1000 m or more from a highway. The OR for leukemia with exposure to petrol stations within 100 m was 2.15 (95% CI = 1.00-4.63), and for lymphoma it was 1.09 (95% CI = 0.47-2.50). A significant association was observed near power lines (OR = 3.05; 95% CI = 0.97-9.55) within < 100 m for leukemia. However, no significant association was observed between power lines and the incidence of childhood lymphoma. There was no association between bus stations, major road class 2, and the incidence of childhood leukemia and lymphoma. In conclusion, our results suggest a possible association between the incidence of childhood leukemia and proximity to different urban land uses (i.e., highways and petrol stations). This study is the first step in understanding how urban land use affects childhood leukemia and lymphoma in Tehran. However, comprehensive studies considering individual-level data and specific pollutants are essential for a more nuanced understanding of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Norzaee
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute of Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arsalan Ghorbanian
- Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad-Kazem Nourbakhsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Section, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Eghbali
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xiong X, Zhang S, Liao X, Du J, Zheng W, Hu S, Wei Q, Yang L. An umbrella review of the evidence associating occupational carcinogens and cancer risk at 19 anatomical sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123531. [PMID: 38341059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to carcinogens of increasing cancer risk have been extensively suggested. A robust assessment of these evidence is needed to guide public policy and health care. We aimed to classify the strength of evidence for associations of 13 occupational carcinogens (OCs) and risk of cancers. We searched PubMed and Web of Science up to November 2022 to identify potentially relevant studies. We graded the evidence into convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, or not significant according to a standardized classification based on: random-effects p value, number of cancer cases, 95% confidence interval of largest study, heterogeneity between studies, 95% prediction interval, small study effect, excess significance bias and sensitivity analyses with credibility ceilings. The quality of meta-analysis was evaluated by AMSTAR 2. Forty-eight articles yielded 79 meta-analyses were included in current umbrella review. Evidence of associations were convincing (class I) or highly suggeastive (class II) for asbestos exposure and increasing risk of lung cancer among smokers (RR = 8.79, 95%CI: 5.81-13.25 for cohort studies and OR = 8.68, 95%CI: 5.68-13.24 for case-control studies), asbestos exposure and increasing risk of mesothelioma (RR = 4.61, 95%CI: 2.57-8.26), and formaldehyde exposure and increasing risk of sinonasal cancer (RR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.38-2.05). Fifteen associations were supported by suggestive evidence (class III). In summary, the current umbrella review found strong associations between: asbestos exposure and increasing risk of lung cancer among smokers; asbestos exposure and increasing risk of mesothelioma; and formaldehyde exposure and higher risk of sinonasal cancer. Other associations might be genuine, but substantial uncertainty remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Xiong
- Department of Urology, Center of Biomedical Big Data and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Center of Biomedical Big Data and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyang Liao
- Department of Urology, Center of Biomedical Big Data and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiajia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weitao Zheng
- Department of Urology, Center of Biomedical Big Data and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Urology, Center of Biomedical Big Data and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Center of Biomedical Big Data and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Center of Biomedical Big Data and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Danforth CG, Portier C, Ensor KB, Hopkins L, Evans B, Quist AJL, McGraw KE, Craft E. Development and demonstration of a data visualization platform of short-term guidelines for ambient air levels of benzene during disaster response in Houston, Texas. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 20:533-546. [PMID: 37462252 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial disasters have caused hazardous air pollution and public health impacts. Response officials have developed limited exposure guidelines to direct them during the event; often, guidelines are outdated and may not represent relevant elevated-exposure periods. The 2019 Intercontinental Terminals Company (ITC) fire in Houston, Texas led to large-scale releases of benzene and presented a public health threat. This incident highlights the need for effective response and nimble, rapid public health communication. We developed a data-driven visualization tool to store, display, and interpret ambient benzene concentrations to assist health officials during environmental emergencies. Guidance values to interpret risk from acute exposure to benzene were updated using recent literature that also considers exposure periodicity. The visualization platform can process data from different sampling instruments and air monitors automatically, and displays information publicly in real time, along with the associated risk information and action recommendations. The protocol was validated by applying it retrospectively to the ITC event. The new guidance values are 6-30 times lower than those derived by the Texas regulatory agency. Fixed-site monitoring data, assessed using the protocol and revised thresholds, indicated that eight shelter-in-place and 17 air-quality alerts may have been considered. At least one of these shelter-in-place alerts corresponded to prolonged, elevated benzene concentrations (~1000 ppb). This new tool addresses essential gaps in the timely communication of air pollution measurements, provides context to understand potential health risks from exposure to benzene, and provides a clear protocol for local officials in responding to industrial air releases of benzene. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:533-546. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathy B Ensor
- George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Bryan Evans
- Kinder Institute for Urban Research, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arbor J L Quist
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katlyn E McGraw
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
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Fedan JS, Thompson JA, Sager TM, Roberts JR, Joseph P, Krajnak K, Kan H, Sriram K, Weatherly LM, Anderson SE. Toxicological Effects of Inhaled Crude Oil Vapor. Curr Environ Health Rep 2024; 11:18-29. [PMID: 38267698 PMCID: PMC10907427 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-024-00429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to assess the toxicological consequences of crude oil vapor (COV) exposure in the workplace through evaluation of the most current epidemiologic and laboratory-based studies in the literature. RECENT FINDINGS Crude oil is a naturally occuring mixture of hydrocarbon deposits, inorganic and organic chemical compounds. Workers engaged in upstream processes of oil extraction are exposed to a number of risks and hazards, including getting crude oil on their skin or inhaling crude oil vapor. There have been several reports of workers who died as a result of inhalation of high levels of COV released upon opening thief hatches atop oil storage tanks. Although many investigations into the toxicity of specific hydrocarbons following inhalation during downstream oil processing have been conducted, there is a paucity of information on the potential toxicity of COV exposure itself. This review assesses current knowledge of the toxicological consequences of exposures to COV in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Janet A Thompson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Tina M Sager
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Pius Joseph
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Kristine Krajnak
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Hong Kan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Krishnan Sriram
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Lisa M Weatherly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Xu K, Huang J, Pu Y, Liang G, Yin L, Zhang J, Sun R, Pu Y. Characterization of lymphocyte subsets and intestinal short-chain fatty acids in benzene-induced immunosuppressive mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:60907-60919. [PMID: 37041361 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26793-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to benzene causes immunosuppression, but the mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, mice were subcutaneously injected with different concentrations (0, 6, 30 and 150 mg/kg) of benzene for four weeks. The lymphocytes of bone marrow (BM), spleen and peripheral blood (PB) and the level of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mouse intestine were measured. The results showed that benzene exposure led to a reduction in CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in mouse BM, spleen and PB, and CD4+ lymphocytes were increased in mouse spleen but decreased in mouse BM and PB after 150 mg/kg benzene exposure. In addition, Pro-B lymphocytes were reduced in mouse BM in the 6 mg/kg group. Besides, the levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF-α and IFN-γ in mouse serum were reduced after benzene exposure. Furthermore, the levels of acetic, propionic, butyric and hexanoic acid were reduced in mouse intestine, and the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway was activated in mouse BM cells after benzene exposure. Our results demonstrate that benzene induced immunosuppression in mice, and the B lymphocytes in BM are more sensible to benzene-induced toxicity. The reduction in mouse intestinal SCFAs as well as the activation of AKT-mTOR signaling may be related to the occurrence of benzene immunosuppression. Our study provides new insight for further mechanistic research on benzene-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yunqiu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Cordiano R, Papa V, Cicero N, Spatari G, Allegra A, Gangemi S. Effects of Benzene: Hematological and Hypersensitivity Manifestations in Resident Living in Oil Refinery Areas. TOXICS 2022; 10:678. [PMID: 36355969 PMCID: PMC9697938 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Literature is teeming with publications on industrial pollution. Over the decades, the main industrial pollutants and their effects on human health have been widely framed. Among the various compounds involved, benzene plays a leading role in the onset of specific diseases. Two systems are mainly affected by the adverse health effects of benzene exposure, both acute and chronic: the respiratory and hematopoietic systems. The most suitable population targets for a proper damage assessment on these systems are oil refinery workers and residents near refining plants. Our work fits into this area of interest with the aim of reviewing the most relevant cases published in the literature related to the impairment of the aforementioned systems following benzene exposure. We perform an initial debate between the two clinical branches that see a high epidemiological expression in this slice of the population examined: residents near petroleum refinery areas worldwide. In addition, the discussion expands on highlighting the main immunological implications of benzene exposure, finding a common pathophysiological denominator in inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, thus helping to set the basis for an increasingly detailed characterization aimed at identifying common molecular patterns between the two clinical fields discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Cordiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Papa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Spatari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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D'Souza LC, Dwivedi S, Raihan F, Yathisha UG, Raghu SV, Mamatha BS, Sharma A. Hsp70 overexpression in Drosophila hemocytes attenuates benzene-induced immune and developmental toxicity via regulating ROS/JNK signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1723-1739. [PMID: 35301792 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, a ubiquitous environmental chemical, is known to cause immune dysfunction and developmental defects. This study aims to investigate the relation between benzene-induced immune dysfunction and developmental toxicity in a genetically tractable animal model, Drosophila melanogaster. Further, the study explored the protective role of Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) against benzene-induced immunotoxicity and subsequent developmental impact. Drosophila larvae exposed to benzene (1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 mM) were examined for total hemocyte (immune cells) count, phagocytic activity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and their developmental delay and reduction were analyzed. Benzene exposure for 48 h reduced the total hemocytes count and phagocytic activity, along with an increase in the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation in the larval hemocytes. Subsequently, JNK-dependent activation of the apoptosis (Caspase-3 dependent) was also observed. During their development, benzene exposure to Drosophila larvae led to 3 days of delay in development, and ~40% reduced adult emergence. Hsp70-overexpression in hemocytes was found to mitigate benzene-induced oxidative stress and abrogated the JNK-mediated apoptosis in hemocytes, thus restoring total hemocyte count and improving phagocytotic activity. Further, hsp70-overexpression in hemocytes also lessened the benzene-induced developmental delay (rescue of 2.5 days) and improved adult emergence (~20%) emergence, revealing a possible control of immune cells on the organism's development and survival. Overall, this study established that hsp70-overexpression in the Drosophila hemocytes confers protection against benzene-induced immune injury via regulating the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, which helps in the organism's survival and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Clinton D'Souza
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | - Shiwangi Dwivedi
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | - Faiza Raihan
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | - Undiganalu Gangadharappa Yathisha
- Division of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | | | - Bangera Sheshappa Mamatha
- Division of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
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Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Baur R, Lukomska E, Roberts JR, Fedan JS, Anderson SE. Biological effects of inhaled crude oil. VI. Immunotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116100. [PMID: 35671832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crude oil is an unrefined petroleum product that is a mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic material. Studies on the individual components of crude oil and crude oil exposure itself suggest it has immunomodulatory potential. As investigations of the immunotoxicity of crude oil focus mainly on ingestion and dermal exposure, the effects of whole-body inhalation of 300 ppm crude oil vapor [COV; acute inhalation exposure: (6 h × 1 d); or a 28 d sub-chronic exposure (6 h/d × 4 d/wk. × 4 wks)] was investigated 1, 28, and 90 d post-exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute exposure increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cellularity, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and absolute and percent CDllb+ cells only at 1 d post-exposure; additionally, NK cell activity was suppressed. Sub-chronic exposure resulted in a decreased frequency of CD4+ T-cells at 1 d post-exposure and an increased number and frequency of B-cells at 28 d post-exposure in the lung-associated lymph nodes. A significant increase in the number and frequency of B-cells was observed in the spleen at 1 d post-exposure; however, NK cell activity was suppressed at this time point. No effect on cellularity was identified in the BALF. No change in the IgM response to sheep red blood cells was observed. The findings indicate that crude oil inhalation exposure resulted in alterations in cellularity of phenotypic subsets that may impair immune function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Weatherly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America.
| | - Hillary L Shane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Rachel Baur
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
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9
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McLoone P, Dyussupov O, Nurtlessov Z, Kenessariyev U, Kenessary D. The effect of exposure to crude oil on the immune system. Health implications for people living near oil exploration activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:762-787. [PMID: 31709802 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1689232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
People who reside near oil exploration activities may be exposed to toxins from gas flares or oil spills. The impact of such exposures on the human immune system has not been fully investigated. In this review, research investigating the effects of crude oil on the immune system is evaluated. The aim was to obtain a greater understanding of the possible immunological impact of living near oil exploration activities. In animals, the effect of exposure to crude oil on the immune system depends on the species, dose, exposure route, and type of oil. Important observations included; hematological changes resulting in anemia and alterations in white blood cell numbers, lymph node and splenic atrophy, genotoxicity in immune cells, modulation of cytokine gene expression and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. In humans, there are reports that exposure to crude oil can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer and cause immunomodulation.Abbreviations: A1AT: alpha-1 antitrypsin; ACH50: hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway; AHR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CYP: cytochrome P450; DNFB: 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene; G-CSF: granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; 8-IP: 8-isoprostane; ISG15: interferon stimulated gene; LPO: lipid peroxidation; LTB4: leukotriene B4; M-CSF: macrophage-colony stimulating factor; MMC: melanomacrophage center; MPV: mean platelet volume; NK: natural killer; OSPM: oil sail particulate matter; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PCV: packed cell volume; RBC: red blood cell; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RR: relative risk; TH: T helper; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; UV: ultraviolet; VNNV: Viral Nervous Necrosis Virus; WBC: white blood cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline McLoone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Olzhas Dyussupov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhaxybek Nurtlessov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ussen Kenessariyev
- Department of General Hygiene and Ecology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara Kenessary
- Department of General Hygiene and Ecology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Rana I, Dahlberg S, Steinmaus C, Zhang L. Benzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e633-e643. [PMID: 34450064 PMCID: PMC9109598 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hodgkin lymphoma comprises a heterogeneous group of cancers with unresolved aetiology, although risk factors include environmental exposures to toxic chemicals. Although the ubiquitous pollutant benzene is an established leukemogen, its potential to cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma has been widely debated. We aimed to examine the potential link between benzene exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in humans by evaluating a wide array of cohort and case-control studies using electronic systematic review. METHODS We did a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of all qualified human epidemiological studies that assessed the relationship between benzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We queried the PubMed and Embase databases for relevant articles published before June 5, 2019, and applied the SysRev platform for study selection. All peer-reviewed human cohort and case-control studies that reported non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk estimates specifically for benzene exposure were eligible for inclusion. Studies that calculated relative risks (RRs) for industries or job types without identifying those specifically exposed to benzene, that combined non-Hodgkin lymphoma with other cancer types, or that reported many different solvent exposures together were excluded. From each study, two investigators independently extracted information on the study design, location, years, sample size, participation rates, age, sex, sources of cases and controls, diagnosis, histological verification, exposure assessment, results, adjustment, and statistical analysis, and subsequently assessed study quality. We calculated the meta-analysis relative risk (meta-RR) and CIs using the fixed effect and random effect models, as well as assessing publication bias. FINDINGS Our search yielded 2481 articles. After screening and removal of duplicates, 20 case-control studies and eight cohort studies were included in our meta-analysis, which included a total of 9587 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We reported an increased meta-relative risk (meta-RR) of 33% in highly exposed groups, when data were available (meta-RR 1·33 [95% CI 1·13-1·57], n=28). The meta-RR rose to 1·51 (1·22-1·87, n=18) in the studies that provided results specifically for highly exposed individuals. In particular, we reported a doubling of this risk for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, a major non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtype (1·67 [1·01-2·77]). We also detected increased risks for follicular lymphoma (1·47 [0·95-2·27]) and hairy cell leukaemia (1·77 [0·99-3·16]), though they were not statistically significant. Funnel plot, Egger's test (p=0·77) and Begg's test (p=0·98) did not show evidence of publication bias. We evaluated the major aspects of causal inference and found evidence to support all the Hill considerations for assigning causation. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest a causal link between benzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, especially for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. FUNDING National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iemaan Rana
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Dahlberg
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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11
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Gui X, Yang Z, Li MD. Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Gut Microbiota: State of Knowledge. Front Physiol 2021; 12:673341. [PMID: 34220536 PMCID: PMC8245763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.673341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a representative source of toxic chemical exposures to humans, and the adverse consequences of cigarette smoking are mediated by its effect on both neuronal and immune-inflammatory systems. Cigarette smoking also is a major risk factor for intestinal disorders, such as Crohn's disease and peptic ulcer. On the other hand, cigarette smoking is protective against developing ulcerative colitis. The effects of cigarette smoking on intestinal disorders include changes in intestinal irrigation and microbiome, increases in permeability of the mucosa, and impaired mucosal immune responses. However, the underlying mechanism linking cigarette smoking with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis is largely unknown. In this communication, we first review the current knowledge about the mechanistic interaction between cigarette smoke and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, which include the likely actions of nicotine, aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds and toxic gases, and then reveal the potential mechanisms of the lung-gut cross talk and skin-gut cross talk in regulating the balance of intestinal microbiota and the interrelation of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and systemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Gui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming D. Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Guo H, Ahn S, Zhang L. Benzene-associated immunosuppression and chronic inflammation in humans: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med 2020; 78:oemed-2020-106517. [PMID: 32938756 PMCID: PMC7960562 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence has accumulated that the immune system is intimately intertwined with cancer development. Two key characteristics of carcinogens in which the immune system plays a central role are chronic inflammation and immunosuppression. In this systematic review, we investigated the association of chronic inflammatory and immunosuppressive outcomes with benzene, a widely used industrial chemical. Benzene has been confirmed to cause acute myeloid leukaemia and suspected to cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma, two cancers of the blood-forming system that affect immune cells. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed and Embase for all relevant studies using a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and selected key words. The detailed review protocol, including search strategy, was registered with PROSPERO, the international prospective register of systematic reviews (#CRD42019138611). RESULTS Based on all human studies selected in the final review, we report new evidence of a benzene-induced immunosuppressive effect on the adaptive immune system and activation of the innate immune system to cause inflammation. In particular, benzene significantly lowers the number of white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes such as CD4+ T-cells, B-cells and natural killer cells, and increases proinflammatory biomarkers at low levels of exposure. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of benzene's immunotoxicity in humans. Based on results obtained from this review, we propose two potential immunotoxic mechanisms of how benzene induces leukaemia/lymphoma: (1) cancer invasion caused by proinflammatory cytokine production, and (2) cancer promotion via impaired immunosurveillance. Further studies will be required to confirm the connection between benzene exposure and its effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Guo
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Stacy Ahn
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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13
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Kwok RK, Miller AK, Gam KB, Curry MD, Ramsey SK, Blair A, Engel LS, Sandler DP. Developing Large-Scale Research in Response to an Oil Spill Disaster: a Case Study. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:174-187. [PMID: 31376082 PMCID: PMC6699641 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research conducted in the wake of a disaster can provide information to help mitigate health consequences, support future recovery efforts, and improve resilience. However, a number of barriers have prevented time-sensitive research responses following previous disasters. Furthermore, large-scale disasters present their own special challenges due to the number of people exposed to disaster conditions, the number of groups engaged in disaster response, and the logistical challenges of rapidly planning and implementing a large study. In this case study, we illustrate the challenges in planning and conducting a large-scale post-disaster research study by drawing on our experience in establishing the Gulf Long-term Follow-up (GuLF) Study following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster. We describe considerations in identifying at-risk populations and appropriate comparison groups, garnering support for the study from different stakeholders, obtaining timely scientific and ethics review, measuring and characterizing complex exposures, and addressing evolving community health concerns and unmet medical needs. We also describe the NIH Disaster Research Response (DR2) Program, which provides a suite of resources, including data collection tools, research protocols, institutional review board guidance, and training materials to enable the development and implementation of time-critical studies following disasters and public health emergencies. In describing our experiences related to the GuLF Study and the ongoing efforts through the NIH DR2 Program, we aim to help improve the timeliness, quality, and value of future disaster-related data collection and research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
| | | | - Kaitlyn B Gam
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew D Curry
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven K Ramsey
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Tualeka AR, Jalaludin J, Salesman F, Wahyu A, Tukiran T, Setiawan S, Wibrata DA, Hasyim HN. Risk Analysis Characterization of Benzene and Demographic Factors toward Immunoglobulin A. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:2381-2385. [PMID: 30607197 PMCID: PMC6311471 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on risk assessment at industrial sites has experienced growth during the end of this year. But in Indonesia, there is still limited research on risk assessment, especially regarding the importance of measuring non-carcinogenic risk assessment in the workplace. Benzene exposure is believed to reduce levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in workers. AIM The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between risk quotient (RQ) of non-carcinogenic risk assessment of benzene and demographic factors on IgA levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS The subjects of the study were shoe craftsmen who were at risk of benzene exposure. The study design was cross-sectional with a total population of 20 workers. Measurement of IgA levels by Immunoturbidimetric Assay with a normal standard of 2-3 mg/ml. Calculation of non-carcinogenic (RQ) risk characteristics with a comparison between risk agent non-carcinogenic intake with RfD or RfC benzene. RESULTS The majority of the study subjects aged over 45 years and had a working period of ≥ 25 years. There were 2 location points that had a threshold value exceeding the benzene standard (> 0.05 ppm), and 40% of the subjects had decreased IgA levels. Age and working periods had a significant relationship to IgA levels (p = 0.027; p = 0.047), while benzene and RQ levels did not have a significant relationship with IgA levels (p = 0.179; p = 0.436). CONCLUSION Increasing age and working period can reduce IgA levels in the body. Further research is needed on risk assessment, especially on the safe limits of benzene concentration in the workplace to find out how long benzene exposure forms a non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risk in workers' bodies exposed to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rohim Tualeka
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Frans Salesman
- Citra Husada Mandiri Kupang, Institute of Health Sciences, Manafe Street No. 17, Kayu Putih Village, Oebobo Subdistrict, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Atjo Wahyu
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Tukiran Tukiran
- Department of Chemical, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sabar Setiawan
- Faculty of Public Health, University of West Nusa Tenggara, Mataram City, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Ananto Wibrata
- Department of Nursing, Health Polytechnics of Ministry Health, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Herlina Novita Hasyim
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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15
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Jørgensen KM, Færgestad Mosleth E, Hovde Liland K, Hopf NB, Holdhus R, Stavrum AK, Gjertsen BT, Kirkeleit J. Global Gene Expression Response in Peripheral Blood Cells of Petroleum Workers Exposed to Sub-Ppm Benzene Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112385. [PMID: 30373255 PMCID: PMC6266895 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Altered gene expression in pathways relevant to leukaemogenesis, as well as reduced levels of circulating lymphocytes, have been reported in workers that were exposed to benzene concentrations below 1 ppm. In this study, we analysed whole blood global gene expression patterns in a worker cohort with altered levels of T cells and immunoglobulins IgM and IgA at three time points; pre-shift, post-shift (after three days), and post-recovery (12 hours later). Eight benzene exposed tank workers performing maintenance work in crude oil cargo tanks with a mean benzene exposure of 0.3 ppm (range 0.1–0.5 ppm) and five referents considered to be unexposed were examined by gene expression arrays. By using our data as independent validation, we reanalysed selected genes that were reported to be altered from previous studies of workers being exposed to sub-ppm benzene levels Four out of six genes previously proposed as marker genes in chronically exposed workers separated benzene exposed workers from unexposed referents (CLEC5, ACSL1, PRG2, IFNB1). Even better separation of benzene exposed workers and referents was observed for short-term exposure for genes in the Jak-STAT pathway, particularly elevated expression of IL6 and reduced expression of IL19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Kristian Hovde Liland
- Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1430 Ås, Norway.
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), Universities of Lausanne and Geneva, CH-1066 Lausanne-Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Rita Holdhus
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, P.O. Box 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anne-Kristin Stavrum
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, P.O. Box 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, Precision Oncology Research Group, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jorunn Kirkeleit
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Huang W, Hayward RC. Orthogonal Ambipolar Semiconductors with Inherently Multi-Dimensional Responses for the Discriminative Sensing of Chemical Vapors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33353-33359. [PMID: 30226738 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous examples of field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors and chemical sensors with good sensitivity and selectivity have now been developed. However, effectively discriminating between analytes has required either the use of receptors that selectively bind specific analytes or the fabrication of an array of sensors with varying but nonspecific responses. Both approaches exhibit significant limitations. In the first case, it can be difficult to design sufficiently specific receptors for many compounds, whereas the number of receptors required scales with the number of analytes to be detected, making it impractical to recognize many different compounds. In the second case, existing approaches to FET sensor arrays are generally material-inefficient and provide modest sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that orthogonal ambipolar semiconductors consisting of semiconducting p-type polymers and n-type small-molecule nanowires with perpendicular in-plane orientations provide a platform with high sensitivity and inherently multi-dimensional response. This allows for discrimination between even closely related derivatives such as aromatic isomers and n-alkyl alcohols varying in length by a single carbon atom resolution using only a single sensor element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Huang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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17
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El-Wakf AM, Abdrabouh AE, Elgarieb AM. Effectiveness of steamed and cooked broccoli to attenuate bone marrow injury and suppressed haemopoiesis in male rats exposed to petrol vapours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2018.1502956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azza M. El-Wakf
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abeer E. Abdrabouh
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Azza M. Elgarieb
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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18
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Karaulov AV, Mikhaylova IV, Smolyagin AI, Boev VM, Kalogeraki A, Tsatsakis AM, Engin AB. The immunotoxicological pattern of subchronic and chronic benzene exposure in rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 275:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Engel LS, Kwok RK, Miller AK, Blair A, Curry MD, McGrath JA, Sandler DP, Baker S, Cohn RD, Gaunt EE, Hodges A, Johndrow D, Ramsey SK, Stenzel M, Stewart P. The Gulf Long-Term Follow-Up Study (GuLF STUDY): Biospecimen collection at enrollment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:218-229. [PMID: 28418274 PMCID: PMC5522735 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1283274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) explosion in the Gulf of Mexico led to the largest ever marine oil spill by volume. The GuLF STUDY is investigating possible adverse human health effects associated with oil spill activities. One objective of the study was to utilize biological specimens from study participants to examine spill-related adverse health effects. This study describes the methods for collecting, processing, shipping, and storing specimens during the enrollment phase of the study. GuLF STUDY participants living in Gulf States (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and eastern Texas) were eligible to complete a home visit at enrollment, one to three years after the DWH explosion. During this visit, blood, urine, toenail and hair clippings, and house dust samples were collected. Specimens were shipped overnight to a central processing laboratory in containers with cold and ambient temperature compartments. Most blood and urine specimens were then aliquoted and stored in liquid nitrogen vapor or at -80°C, with some samples stored at -20°C. A total of 11,193 participants completed a home visit, and over 99% provided at least one biospecimen. Most participants provided blood (93%), urine (99%), and toenail clippings (89%), and 40% provided hair. Nearly all participants (95%) provided house-dust samples. Most samples were received by the laboratory one (58%) or two (25%) days after collection. These biospecimens enable investigation of a range of biomarkers of spill-related adverse health effects, and possibly some biomarkers of spill-related exposures. The biospecimen collection, handling, and storage protocols were designed to maximize current and future scientific value within logistical and budgetary constraints and might serve as a template for future studies conducted in similar time-critical and geographically dispersed settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard K. Kwok
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aubrey K. Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John A. McGrath
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Susan Baker
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard D. Cohn
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward E. Gaunt
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Audra Hodges
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Johndrow
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Mark Stenzel
- Exposure Assessment Applications LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
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Bolden AL, Kwiatkowski CF, Colborn T. New Look at BTEX: Are Ambient Levels a Problem? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5261-76. [PMID: 25873211 DOI: 10.1021/es505316f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are retrieved during fossil fuel extraction and used as solvents in consumer and industrial products, as gasoline additives, and as intermediates in the synthesis of organic compounds for many consumer products. Emissions from the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuels are the largest contributors to atmospheric BTEX concentrations. However, levels indoors (where people spend greater than 83% of their time) can be many times greater than outdoors. In this review we identified epidemiological studies assessing the noncancer health impacts of ambient level BTEX exposure (i.e., nonoccupational) and discussed how the health conditions may be hormonally mediated. Health effects significantly associated with ambient level exposure included sperm abnormalities, reduced fetal growth, cardiovascular disease, respiratory dysfunction, asthma, sensitization to common antigens, and more. Several hormones including estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, insulin, and serotonin may be involved in these health outcomes. This analysis suggests that all four chemicals may have endocrine disrupting properties at exposure levels below reference concentrations (i.e., safe levels) issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These data should be considered when evaluating the use of BTEX in consumer and industrial products and indicates a need to change how chemicals present at low concentrations are assessed and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Bolden
- †The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX), Paonia, Colorado 81428, United States
| | - Carol F Kwiatkowski
- †The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX), Paonia, Colorado 81428, United States
- ‡Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Theo Colborn
- †The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX), Paonia, Colorado 81428, United States
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21
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Bahadar H, Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. Current understandings and perspectives on non-cancer health effects of benzene: a global concern. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:83-94. [PMID: 24589379 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Benzene, as a volatile organic compound, is known as one of the main air pollutants in the environment. The aim of this review is to summarize all available evidences on non-cancerous health effects of benzene providing an overview of possible association of exposure to benzene with human chronic diseases, specially, in those regions of the world where benzene concentration is being poorly monitored. METHODOLOGY A bibliographic search of scientific databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scirus was conducted with key words of "benzene toxic health effects", "environmental volatile organic compounds", "diabetes mellitus and environmental pollutants", "breast cancer and environmental pollution", "prevalence of lung cancer", and "diabetes prevalence". More than 300 peer reviewed papers were examined. Experimental and epidemiologic studies reporting health effects of benzene and volatile organic compounds were included in the study. RESULTS Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that benzene exposure can lead to numerous non-cancerous health effects associated with functional aberration of vital systems in the body like reproductive, immune, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and respiratory. CONCLUSION Chronic diseases have become a health burden of global dimension with special emphasis in regions with poor monitoring over contents of benzene in petrochemicals. Benzene is a well known carcinogen of blood and its components, but the concern of benzene exposure is more than carcinogenicity of blood components and should be evaluated in both epidemiologic and experimental studies. Aspect of interactions and mechanism of toxicity in relation to human general health problems especially endocrine disturbances with particular reference to diabetes, breast and lung cancers should be followed up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haji Bahadar
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Sara Mostafalou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Niki de Saint Phalle's lifelong dialogue between art and diseases: psychological trauma of sexual abuse, transient selective IgA deficiency, occupational exposure to toxic plastic material, chronic lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2012. [PMID: 23182162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The French artist Niki de Saint Phalle (1930-2002) is one of the most famous female painter and sculptor of the 20th century. Her eventful live was full of emotional and physical burdens such as abuse by the father as a adolescent, early separation from family, nervous collapse, turbulent relationship with the artist Jean Tinguely, and last not least serious diseases. The psychological trauma of sexual abuse together with a "nervous breakdown" years later was the start of a life as an artist and is also a key to her art of the early years. She was affected from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and was treated over 20 years with prednisolone and antimalarials leading to a good functional outcome and limited erosions of the wrist joint. Additionally, she had lifelong pulmonary disorders finally leading to death, which she attributed to polyester, the material used for her sculptures. An analysis of medical documents collected by her and provided by treating physicians gives another surprising explanation: selective IgA deficiency with multiple recurrent respiratory infections, asthma, milk intolerance, autoimmune thyroiditis, and RA compatible with hypogammaglobulinemia. Very unique in case of Niki de Saint Phalle is that IgA deficiency was transient. Nevertheless, it may be possible that the occupational exposure with art materials (polystyrene, polyester) has contributed in part or temporarily to her health problems. Altogether, her enormous artistic productivity represents an outstanding example of creative coping with RA and other lifelong health problems.
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Li B, Niu Y, Liu S, Yu W, Chen J, Wu L, Liu W, Chen S, Yang L, Li Y. A change in CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ϵ, and CD3ζ gene expression in T-lymphocytes from benzene-exposed and benzene-poisoned workers. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:160-7. [PMID: 22214187 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.642022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is known to be highly toxic to a variety of cell types, including lymphocytes. A previous study showed that T-lymphocyte immune function disorder might be related to benzene exposure. To elucidate characteristics of TCR signal transduction in benzene-exposed workers, expression levels of CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ϵ, and CD3ζ genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed. Real-time RT-PCR using SYBR Green I was used to detect CD3 gene expression levels in PBMC from 20 benzene-exposed workers, seven workers with chronic mild benzene poisoning, five workers with chronic severe benzene poisoning and 14 healthy individuals (controls). The relative mRNA expression level was analyzed by the 2(-Δct) × 100% method. In benzene-exposed worker cells, significantly higher CD3δ, CD3ϵ, and CD3ζ, expression levels were observed as compared with values for cells from the healthy controls. In the workers with chronic severe benzene poisoning, lymphocyte CD3γ, CD3ϵ, and CD3ζ gene expression levels were significantly lower than in control cells. Lymphocytes from chronic mildly benzene- poisoned workers evinced two different gene expression patterns, i.e., CD3γ and CD3ϵ levels were similar to those in the benzene-exposed worker cells, but CD3δ and CD3ζ expression levels were significantly lower relative to those in cells from chronic severely-benzene-poisoned counterparts. It remained to be determined if these reductions in expression of these genes presage or are indicative of deficiencies in the activities of T-lymphocytes in these workers. For now, it is hoped that this study may contribute to a better understanding of the disorders in cellular immunity frequently found with benzene-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Uzma N, Kumar BS, Hazari MAH. Exposure to benzene induces oxidative stress, alters the immune response and expression of p53 in gasoline filling workers. Am J Ind Med 2010; 53:1264-70. [PMID: 20886531 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to benzene can lead to deleterious effects on many biological systems including blood and blood-forming organs. We investigated the adverse effects of benzene among workers occupationally exposed to benzene in India. METHODS Four hundred twenty-eight gasoline filling workers occupationally exposed to benzene and 78 unexposed individuals were recruited for this study. Benzene concentration was determined by gas chromatography, reactive oxygen species (ROS) by dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) method, malondialdehyde (MDA) by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) by RANSOD kit and glutathione (GSH) by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) reaction, respectively. CD4, CD8, IgG were carried out by using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS Calibur) and mRNA expression of p53 by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS A significant increase in the concentration of benzene and its byproducts in both blood and urine were found in the workers compared with the controls. The levels of ROS and MDA were significantly elevated, and GSH and total T-SOD were decreased in the workers compared with the controls. A statistically significant decrease in the immunoglobulin levels, CD4T cells, CD4/CD8 ratio was observed in workers (vs. controls), whereas no significant difference was observed in CD8T cells. p53 gene expression was markedly higher in workers than in controls. CONCLUSION Occupational exposure to benzene causes oxidative stress, immune suppression and increases the expression of tumor-suppressing gene p53 in gasoline filling workers. These bio-functional markers might be useful in screening and surveillance for occupational hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Uzma
- Department of Physiology, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500 058, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kirkeleit J, Riise T, Bråtveit M, Moen BE. Increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma in a historical cohort of upstream petroleum workers exposed to crude oil. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 19:13-23. [PMID: 17906934 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Benzene exposure has been shown to be related to acute myelogenous leukemia, while the association with multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma has been a much-debated issue. We performed a historical cohort study to investigate whether workers employed in Norway's upstream petroleum industry exposed to crude oil and other products containing benzene have an increased risk of developing various subtypes of hematologic neoplasms. Using the Norwegian Registry of Employers and Employees we included all 27,919 offshore workers registered from 1981 to 2003 and 366,114 referents from the general working population matched by gender, age, and community of residence. The cohort was linked to the Cancer Registry of Norway. Workers in the job category "upstream operator offshore", having the most extensive contact with crude oil, had an excess risk of hematologic neoplasms (blood and bone marrow) (rate ratio (RR) 1.90, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.19-3.02). This was ascribed to an increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (RR 2.89, 95% CI: 1.25-6.67) and multiple myeloma (RR 2.49, 95% CI: 1.21-5.13). There were no statistical differences between the groups in respect to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The results suggest that benzene exposure, which most probably caused the increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia, also resulted in an increased risk of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorunn Kirkeleit
- Section for Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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