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Ebhardt HA, Ponchon P, Theodosiadis K, Fuerer C, Courtet-Compondu MC, O'Regan J, Affolter M, Joubran Y. Reduction of multiple reaction monitoring protein target list using correlation analysis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7216-7229. [PMID: 35879160 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High mass resolution mass spectrometry provides hundreds to thousands of protein identifications per sample, and quantification is typically performed using label-free quantification. However, the gold standard of quantitative proteomics is multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers and stable isotope reference peptides. This raises the question how to reduce a large data set to a small one without losing essential information. Here we present the reduction of such a data set using correlation analysis of bovine dairy ingredients and derived products. We were able to explain the variance in the proteomics data set using only 9 proteins across all major dairy protein classes: caseins, whey, and milk fat globule membrane proteins. We term this method Trinity-MRM. The reproducibility of the protein extraction and Trinity-MRM methods was shown to be below 5% in independent experiments (multi-day single-user and single-day multi-user) using double cream. Further application of this reductionist approach might include screening of large sample cohorts for biologically interesting samples before analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry or other omics methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger A Ebhardt
- Nestlé Development Centre Nutrition, Askeaton, County Limerick, Ireland, V94 E7P9
| | - Pierre Ponchon
- Nestlé Development Centre Nutrition, Askeaton, County Limerick, Ireland, V94 E7P9
| | | | - Christophe Fuerer
- Société des Produits Nestlé, Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonathan O'Regan
- Nestlé Development Centre Nutrition, Askeaton, County Limerick, Ireland, V94 E7P9
| | - Michael Affolter
- Société des Produits Nestlé, Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Yousef Joubran
- Nestlé Development Centre Nutrition, Askeaton, County Limerick, Ireland, V94 E7P9.
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Affinity Selection in Germinal Centers: Cautionary Tales and New Opportunities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051040. [PMID: 33924933 PMCID: PMC8145379 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current quantitative knowledge of the kinetics of antibody-mediated immunity is partly based on idealized experiments throughout the last decades. However, new experimental techniques often render contradictory quantitative outcomes that shake previously uncontroversial assumptions. This has been the case in the field of T-cell receptors, where recent techniques for measuring the 2-dimensional rate constants of T-cell receptor–ligand interactions exposed results contradictory to those obtained with techniques measuring 3-dimensional interactions. Recently, we have developed a mathematical framework to rationalize those discrepancies, focusing on the proper fine-grained description of the underlying kinetic steps involved in the immune synapse. In this perspective article, we apply this approach to unveil potential blind spots in the case of B-cell receptors (BCR) and to rethink the interactions between B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) during the germinal center (GC) reaction. Also, we elaborate on the concept of “catch bonds” and on the recent observations that B-cell synapses retract and pull antigen generating a “retracting force”, and propose some testable predictions that can lead to future research.
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Lacasta A, Mody KT, De Goeyse I, Yu C, Zhang J, Nyagwange J, Mwalimu S, Awino E, Saya R, Njoroge T, Muriuki R, Ndiwa N, Poole EJ, Zhang B, Cavallaro A, Mahony TJ, Steinaa L, Mitter N, Nene V. Synergistic Effect of Two Nanotechnologies Enhances the Protective Capacity of the Theileria parva Sporozoite p67C Antigen in Cattle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:686-699. [PMID: 33419770 PMCID: PMC7851744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF), caused by Theileria parva, is the most important tick-borne disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. Practical disadvantages associated with the currently used live-parasite vaccine could be overcome by subunit vaccines. An 80-aa polypeptide derived from the C-terminal portion of p67, a sporozoite surface Ag and target of neutralizing Abs, was the focus of the efforts on subunit vaccines against ECF and subjected to several vaccine trials with very promising results. However, the vaccination regimen was far from optimized, involving three inoculations of 450 μg of soluble p67C (s-p67C) Ag formulated in the Seppic adjuvant Montanide ISA 206 VG. Hence, an improved formulation of this polypeptide Ag is needed. In this study, we report on two nanotechnologies that enhance the bovine immune responses to p67C. Individually, HBcAg-p67C (chimeric hepatitis B core Ag virus-like particles displaying p67C) and silica vesicle (SV)-p67C (s-p67C adsorbed to SV-140-C18, octadecyl-modified SVs) adjuvanted with ISA 206 VG primed strong Ab and T cell responses to p67C in cattle, respectively. Coimmunization of cattle (Bos taurus) with HBcAg-p67C and SV-p67C resulted in stimulation of both high Ab titers and CD4 T cell response to p67C, leading to the highest subunit vaccine efficacy we have achieved to date with the p67C immunogen. These results offer the much-needed research depth on the innovative platforms for developing effective novel protein-based bovine vaccines to further the advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lacasta
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Karishma T Mody
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ine De Goeyse
- Enzootic, Vector-borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James Nyagwange
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwalimu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Saya
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Thomas Njoroge
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Robert Muriuki
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; and
| | - Elisabeth Jane Poole
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; and
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Antonino Cavallaro
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy J Mahony
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Burton RE, Kim S, Patel R, Hartman DS, Tracey DE, Fox BS. Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12317-12327. [PMID: 32665404 PMCID: PMC7443484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. However, the basis of this resistance is not well defined. We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. In contrast, bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies were cleaved rapidly into Fab and smaller fragments, pointing to specific regions where additional stability might be gained. Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Skaison Kim
- Avaxia Biologics/Circle33 LLC, Jackson, Wyoming, USA
| | - Rutvij Patel
- Avaxia Biologics/Circle33 LLC, Jackson, Wyoming, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara S Fox
- Avaxia Biologics/Circle33 LLC, Jackson, Wyoming, USA
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Pereyra R, Mansilla FC, Petersen MI, Suarez V, Capozzo AV. Evidence of reduced vertical transmission of Neospora caninum associated with higher IgG1 than IgG2 serum levels and presence of IFN-γ in non-aborting chronically infected cattle under natural condition. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 208:53-57. [PMID: 30712792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum infection of cattle can be vertically transmitted, resulting in abortion or birth of infected calves. Vertical transmission occurs both in acutely or chronically infected cattle. There is little information on the immune response needed to prevent endogenous transplacental transmission, particularly from chronically infected cattle to their offspring in a natural environment. In this study, N. caninum seropositive pregnant cattle from three different farms with high avidity antibodies and low IgM titers were selected and their newborn colostrum-deprived calves were tested for anti-N. caninum antibodies. Based on these results, dams were grouped according to their congenital transmission status. The analysis of the immune profile of the chronically-infected pregnant cattle revealed that higher ratio between IgG1 and IgG2 anti-N. caninum serum titers and higher levels of systemic IFN-γ were associated with diminished vertical transmission rates, compared to dams with the opposite profile. Our results evidenced an association between the immune profile and vertical transmission in non-aborting chronically infected dams, and confirm that vertical transmission, even when not leading to abortion, is related to a defined immune profile. This is important information to accomplish successful vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pereyra
- Área de Investigación en Sanidad Animal IIACS-CIAP- Estación experimental Agropecuaria EEA, INTA Cerrillos, Salta, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- Instituto de Virología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Ivan Petersen
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Argentina; Instituto de Virología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victor Suarez
- Área de Investigación en Sanidad Animal IIACS-CIAP- Estación experimental Agropecuaria EEA, INTA Cerrillos, Salta, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Argentina; Instituto de Virología. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tabor AE, Ali A, Rehman G, Rocha Garcia G, Zangirolamo AF, Malardo T, Jonsson NN. Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus-Host Interface: A Review of Resistant and Susceptible Host Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:506. [PMID: 29322033 PMCID: PMC5732177 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are able to transmit tick-borne infectious agents to vertebrate hosts which cause major constraints to public and livestock health. The costs associated with mortality, relapse, treatments, and decreased production yields are economically significant. Ticks adapted to a hematophagous existence after the vertebrate hemostatic system evolved into a multi-layered defense system against foreign invasion (pathogens and ectoparasites), blood loss, and immune responses. Subsequently, ticks evolved by developing an ability to suppress the vertebrate host immune system with a devastating impact particularly for exotic and crossbred cattle. Host genetics defines the immune responsiveness against ticks and tick-borne pathogens. To gain an insight into the naturally acquired resistant and susceptible cattle breed against ticks, studies have been conducted comparing the incidence of tick infestation on bovine hosts from divergent genetic backgrounds. It is well-documented that purebred and crossbred Bos taurus indicus cattle are more resistant to ticks and tick-borne pathogens compared to purebred European Bos taurus taurus cattle. Genetic studies identifying Quantitative Trait Loci markers using microsatellites and SNPs have been inconsistent with very low percentages relating phenotypic variation with tick infestation. Several skin gene expression and immunological studies have been undertaken using different breeds, different samples (peripheral blood, skin with tick feeding), infestation protocols and geographic environments. Susceptible breeds were commonly found to be associated with the increased expression of toll like receptors, MHC Class II, calcium binding proteins, and complement factors with an increased presence of neutrophils in the skin following tick feeding. Resistant breeds had higher levels of T cells present in the skin prior to tick infestation and thus seem to respond to ticks more efficiently. The skin of resistant breeds also contained higher numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and basophils with up-regulated proteases, cathepsins, keratins, collagens and extracellular matrix proteins in response to feeding ticks. Here we review immunological and molecular determinants that explore the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus-host resistance phenomenon as well as contemplating new insights and future directions to study tick resistance and susceptibility, in order to facilitate interventions for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala E Tabor
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.,Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Malardo
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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