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Zhang C, Wang H, Aji T, Li Z, Li Y, Ainiwaer A, Rousu Z, Li J, Wang M, Deng B, Duolikun A, Kang X, Zheng X, Yu Q, Shao Y, Zhang W, Vuitton DA, Tian Z, Sun H, Wen H. Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells promotes antiparasitic T-cell immunity and enhances the efficacy of PD-1 blockade (15 words). Nat Commun 2024; 15:6345. [PMID: 39068159 PMCID: PMC11283557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune exhaustion corresponds to a loss of effector function of T cells that associates with cancer or chronic infection. Here, our objective was to decipher the mechanisms involved in the immune suppression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and to explore the potential to target these cells for immunotherapy to enhance checkpoint blockade efficacy in a chronic parasite infection. We demonstrated that programmed cell-death-1 (PD-1) expression was significantly upregulated and associated with T-cell dysfunction in advanced alveolar echinococcosis (AE) patients and in Echinococcus multilocularis-infected mice. PD-1 blockade ex vivo failed to reverse AE patients' peripheral blood T-cell dysfunction. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade or PD-1 deficiency had no significant effects on metacestode in mouse model. This was due to the inhibitory capacities of immunosuppressive granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs), especially in the liver surrounding the parasite pseudotumor. MDSCs suppressed T-cell function in vitro in an indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-dependent manner. Although depleting MDSCs alone restored T-cell effector functions and led to some limitation of disease progression in E. multilocularis-infected mice, combination with PD-1 blockade was better to induce antiparasitic efficacy. Our findings provide preclinical evidence in support of targeting MDSC or combining such an approach with checkpoint blockade in patients with advanced AE. (200 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China.
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhide Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yinshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Abidan Ainiwaer
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Zibigu Rousu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Maolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Bingqing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Adilai Duolikun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xuran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Parasitology, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (EA 3181) and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University; Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China.
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2
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Vellozo NS, Matos-Silva TC, Lopes MF. Immunopathogenesis in Trypanosoma cruzi infection: a role for suppressed macrophages and apoptotic cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244071. [PMID: 37662946 PMCID: PMC10469960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During Trypanosoma cruzi infection, macrophages phagocytose parasites and remove apoptotic cells through efferocytosis. While macrophage 1 (M1) produces proinflammatory cytokines and NO and fights infection, M2 macrophages are permissive host cells that express arginase 1 and play a role in tissue repair. The regulation of M1 and M2 phenotypes might either induce or impair macrophage-mediated immunity towards parasite control or persistence in chronic Chagas disease. Here, we highlight a key role of macrophage activation in early immune responses to T. cruzi that prevent escalating parasitemia, heart parasitism, and mortality during acute infection. We will discuss the mechanisms of macrophage activation and deactivation, such as T cell cytokines and efferocytosis, and how to improve macrophage-mediated immunity to prevent parasite persistence, inflammation, and the development of chagasic cardiomyopathy. Potential vaccines or therapy must enhance early T cell-macrophage crosstalk and parasite control to restrain the pathogenic outcomes of parasite-induced inflammation in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcela F. Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Bustamante JM, Padilla AM, White B, Auckland LD, Busselman RE, Collins S, Malcolm EL, Wilson BF, Saunders AB, Hamer SA, Tarleton RL. Prophylactic low-dose, bi-weekly benznidazole treatment fails to prevent Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs under intense transmission pressure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010688. [PMID: 36315597 PMCID: PMC9648846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi naturally infects a wide variety of wild and domesticated mammals, in addition to humans. Depending on the infection dose and other factors, the acute infection can be life-threatening, and in all cases, the risk of chagasic heart disease is high in persistently infected hosts. Domestic, working, and semi-feral dogs in the Americas are at significant risk of T. cruzi infection and in certain settings in the southern United States, the risk of new infections can exceed 30% per year, even with the use of vector control protocols. In this study, we explored whether intermittent low-dose treatment with the trypanocidal compound benznidazole (BNZ) during the transmission season, could alter the number of new infections in dogs in an area of known, intense transmission pressure. Preliminary studies in mice suggested that twice-weekly administration of BNZ could prevent or truncate infections when parasites were delivered at the mid-point between BNZ doses. Pre-transmission season screening of 126 dogs identified 53 dogs (42.1%) as T. cruzi infection positive, based upon blood PCR and Luminex-based serology. Serial monitoring of the 67 uninfected dogs during the high transmission season (May to October) revealed 15 (22.4%) new infections, 6 in the untreated control group and 9 in the group receiving BNZ prophylaxis, indicating no impact of this prophylaxis regimen on the incidence of new infections. Although these studies suggest that rigorously timed and more potent dosing regimen may be needed to achieve an immediate benefit of prophylaxis, additional studies would be needed to determine if drug prophylaxis reduced disease severity despite this failure to prevent new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Bustamante
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Angel M. Padilla
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brooke White
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa D. Auckland
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rachel E. Busselman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Collins
- Chaparral Veterinary Center, Jourdanton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Malcolm
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Briana F. Wilson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley B. Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rick L. Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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4
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Gálvez RI, Jacobs T. Exhausted PD-1 + TOX + CD8 + T Cells Arise Only in Long-Term Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866179. [PMID: 35720419 PMCID: PMC9203896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi remains the most important neglected zoonosis in Latin America. This infection does not lead to specific symptoms in the acute phase, but chronic infection can result in Chagas disease (CD) with cardiac and/or gastrointestinal manifestations that can lead to death. CD8+ T cells are highly effective and essential to control this infection, but fail to eliminate all parasites. In this study, we show that the CD8+ T cells are modulated by the transient induction of co-inhibitory receptors during acute infection of C57BL/6 mice. Therapeutic intervention strategies with blocking antibodies only had a marginal effect on the elimination of parasite reservoirs. Only long-term chronic infection gave rise to dysfunctional CD8+ T cells, which were characterized by high expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and the co-expression of the transcription factor TOX, which plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the exhausted phenotype. PD-1+ TOX+ CD8+ T cells isolated from the site of infection produced significantly less IFN-γ, TNF-α and Granzyme B than their PD-1- TOX- CD8+ T cell counterparts after T. cruzi-specific stimulation ex vivo. Taken together, we provide evidence that, in the context of experimental infection of mice, the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response in the acute phase is sufficient for parasite control and cannot be further increased by targeting co-inhibitory receptors. In contrast, persistent long-term chronic infection leads to an increase of exhausted T cells within the tissues of persistence. To our knowledge, this is the first description of infection-induced CD8+ T cells with an exhausted phenotype and reduced cytokine production in muscles of T. cruzi-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Bustamante JM, Sanchez-Valdez F, Padilla AM, White B, Wang W, Tarleton RL. A modified drug regimen clears active and dormant trypanosomes in mouse models of Chagas disease. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/567/eabb7656. [PMID: 33115952 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb7656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A major contributor to treatment failure in Chagas disease, caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is that current treatment regimens do not address the drug insensitivity of transiently dormant T. cruzi amastigotes. Here, we demonstrated that use of a currently available drug in a modified treatment regimen of higher individual doses, given less frequently over an extended treatment period, could consistently extinguish T. cruzi infection in three mouse models of Chagas disease. Once per week administration of benznidazole at a dose 2.5 to 5 times the standard daily dose rapidly eliminated actively replicating parasites and ultimately eradicated the residual, transiently dormant parasite population in mice. This outcome was initially confirmed in "difficult to cure" mouse infection models using immunological, parasitological, and molecular biological approaches and ultimately corroborated by whole organ analysis of optically clarified tissues using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). This tool was effective for monitoring pathogen load in intact organs, including detection of individual dormant parasites, and for assessing treatment outcomes. LSFM-based analysis also suggested that dormant amastigotes of T. cruzi may not be fully resistant to trypanocidal compounds such as benznidazole. Collectively, these studies provide important information on the phenomenon of dormancy in T. cruzi infection in mice, demonstrate methods to therapeutically override dormancy using a currently available drug, and provide methods to monitor alternative therapeutic approaches for this, and possibly other, low-density infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bustamante
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Fernando Sanchez-Valdez
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Angel M Padilla
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brooke White
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rick L Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. .,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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6
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Rodríguez ME, Rizzi M, Caeiro LD, Masip YE, Perrone A, Sánchez DO, Búa J, Tekiel V. Transmigration of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes through 3D cultures resembling a physiological environment. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13207. [PMID: 32270902 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To disseminate and colonise tissues in the mammalian host, Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastogotes should cross several biological barriers. How this process occurs or its impact in the outcome of the disease is largely speculative. We examined the in vitro transmigration of trypomastigotes through three-dimensional cultures (spheroids) to understand the tissular dissemination of different T. cruzi strains. Virulent strains were highly invasive: trypomastigotes deeply transmigrate up to 50 μm inside spheroids and were evenly distributed at the spheroid surface. Parasites inside spheroids were systematically observed in the space between cells suggesting a paracellular route of transmigration. On the contrary, poorly virulent strains presented a weak migratory capacity and remained in the external layers of spheroids with a patch-like distribution pattern. The invasiveness-understood as the ability to transmigrate deep into spheroids-was not a transferable feature between strains, neither by soluble or secreted factors nor by co-cultivation of trypomastigotes from invasive and non-invasive strains. Besides, we demonstrated that T. cruzi isolates from children that were born congenitally infected presented a highly migrant phenotype while an isolate from an infected mother (that never transmitted the infection to any of her children) presented significantly less migration. In brief, we demonstrated that in a 3D microenvironment each strain presents a characteristic migration pattern that can be associated to their in vivo behaviour. Altogether, data presented here repositionate spheroids as a valuable tool to study host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Exequiel Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde" (IIBIO) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Rizzi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde" (IIBIO) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas D Caeiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde" (IIBIO) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamil E Masip
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde" (IIBIO) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alina Perrone
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr Mario Fatala Chaben", ANLIS-Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel O Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde" (IIBIO) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jacqueline Búa
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr Mario Fatala Chaben", ANLIS-Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Tekiel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde" (IIBIO) Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Sorour NE, Hamed AM, Tabl HAEM, Ahmed AAEA. Assessment of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in patients with verruca vulgaris. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:591-595. [PMID: 31686887 PMCID: PMC6709820 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s209269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Common warts are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), they are among the most common cutaneous viral infections. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an essential contributor in many inflammatory and immune skin diseases. Yet, its role in the pathology of common warts is unclear. Objective To assess MIF levels in lesional and perilesional skin in patients with common warts in comparison to apparently healthy control group with matching age and sex. Subjects and methods A case-control study performed on 60 patients with common warts (group A) and 30 age and sex matching healthy controls (group B). Two biopsies were taken from each patient in group A; one from the lesion (lesional) and the other one from the skin around the wart (perilesional), while biopsies of controls were taken from matched sites to patients. Measurement of MIF in all groups was done by quantitative ELISA kits. Results Significant high MIF levels were detected in lesional and perilesional skin biopsies compared to controls (P<0.001). Yet, the difference in MIF levels between lesional and perilesional skin biopsy was non-significant. No significant relations were found between lesional and perilesional MIF levels and clinical characteristics of the studied patients while both lesional and perilesional MIF levels were significantly correlated (rh=0.269, P=0.021). Conclusion The significantly elevated MIF levels in lesional and perilesional skin biopsies compared to controls point to its role in wart progression from HPV infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Emad Sorour
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha Univesity, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha Univesity, Benha, Egypt
| | - Hala Abd-El Mageed Tabl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha Univesity, Benha, Egypt
| | - Amira Abd-El Aziz Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha Univesity, Benha, Egypt
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8
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Wang Q, Han W, Niu J, Sun B, Dong W, Li G. Prognostic value of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in pulmonary tuberculosis. Respir Res 2019; 20:50. [PMID: 30841876 PMCID: PMC6402089 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) makes chemokine-like functions and plays critical roles in various inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to explore the significance of MIF serum levels in predicting the prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) following anti-TB treatment. Methods Patients diagnosed with culture-confirmed PTB without treatment were included and the serum was collected. Levels of MIF in serum were quantified with immunoassay, and the levels of established biomarkers were also determined, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6). The outcome was estimated with all-cause mortality, with the mortality in 12 months as the primary outcome and the mortality in 3, 6, 9 months as other outcomes. The prognostic value of MIF and other factors in PTB were tested. Results Two hundred eighty-seven PTB patients were included. The median MIF levels in patients with advanced disease, disseminated and drug-resistant TB were significantly higher than that observed in mild -to- moderate disease, non-disseminated and drug-sensitive TB. MIF levels in patients with the outcome of death were higher than those survived [28.0 ng/ml (Inter-quartile range [IQR]: 24.2–33.1) vs. 22.3 ng/ml (IQR: 18.7–26.5); P < 0.001]. Multivariate model analysis was performed for comparing the highest quartiles to the lowest quartile of MIF levels. MIF levels were related to the mortality, with an elevated mortality risk of 236% [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.36; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.21–15.14; P = 0.012]. The model was re-analysis after combing MIF with currently established risk indicators. The obtained Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (±standard error) was elevated from 0.81 (±0.035) to 0.84 (±0.031), with a significant difference before and after adding the MIF (difference, 0.03[0.004]; P = 0.03). Conclusion Serum level of MIF was a better biomarker than CRP or IL-6 for predicting death in HIV-negative PTB patients, and increased MIF serum levels were related to higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China.
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - Junmei Niu
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
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9
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Chevillard C, Nunes JPS, Frade AF, Almeida RR, Pandey RP, Nascimento MS, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Disease Tolerance and Pathogen Resistance Genes May Underlie Trypanosoma cruzi Persistence and Differential Progression to Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2791. [PMID: 30559742 PMCID: PMC6286977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and affects over 8 million people worldwide. In spite of a powerful innate and adaptive immune response in acute infection, the parasite evades eradication, leading to a chronic persistent infection with low parasitism. Chronically infected subjects display differential patterns of disease progression. While 30% develop chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC)—a severe inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy—decades after infection, 60% of the patients remain disease-free, in the asymptomatic/indeterminate (ASY) form, and 10% develop gastrointestinal disease. Infection of genetically deficient mice provided a map of genes relevant for resistance to T. cruzi infection, leading to the identification of multiple genes linked to survival to infection. These include pathogen resistance genes (PRG) needed for intracellular parasite destruction, and genes involved in disease tolerance (protection against tissue damage and acute phase death—DTG). All identified DTGs were found to directly or indirectly inhibit IFN-γ production or Th1 differentiation. We hypothesize that the absolute need for DTG to control potentially lethal IFN-γ PRG activity leads to T. cruzi persistence and establishment of chronic infection. IFN-γ production is higher in CCC than ASY patients, and is the most highly expressed cytokine in CCC hearts. Key DTGs that downmodulate IFN-γ, like IL-10, and Ebi3/IL27p28, are higher in ASY patients. Polymorphisms in PRG and DTG are associated with differential disease progression. We thus hypothesize that ASY patients are disease tolerant, while an imbalance of DTG and IFN-γ PRG activity leads to the inflammatory heart damage of CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Silva Nunes
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Farage Frade
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Bioengineering, Brazil University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilda Savóia Nascimento
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Santana DY, Salgado RM, Fevereiro M, Silva do Nascimento R, Fonseca R, Saraiva Câmara NO, Epiphanio S, Marinho CRF, Barreto-Chaves ML, D’ Império-Lima MR, Álvarez JM. MyD88 activation in cardiomyocytes contributes to the heart immune response to acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection with no effect on local parasite control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006617. [PMID: 30067739 PMCID: PMC6089445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the most serious consequence of Chagas disease, a neglected human disorder caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Because T. cruzi parasites invade cardiomyocytes, we sought to investigate whether these cells recognize the parasite in vivo by receptors signaling through the MyD88 adaptor, which mediates the activation pathway of most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1/IL-18 receptors, and influence the development of acute cardiac pathology. First, we showed that HL-1 cardiac muscle cell line expresses MyD88 gene and protein at resting state and after T. cruzi infection. To evaluate the role in vivo of MyD88 expression in cardiomyocytes, we generated Mer+MyD88flox+/+ mice in which tamoxifen treatment is expected to eliminate the MyD88 gene exclusively in cardiomyocytes. This Cre-loxP model was validated by both PCR and western blot analysis; tamoxifen treatment of Mer+MyD88flox+/+ mice resulted in decreased MyD88 gene and protein expression in the heart, but not in the spleen, while had no effect on littermates. The elimination of MyD88 in cardiomyocytes determined a lower increase in CCL5, IFNγ and TNFα gene transcription during acute infection by T. cruzi parasites of the Y strain, but it did not significantly modify heart leukocyte infiltration and parasitism. Together, our results show that cardiomyocytes can sense T. cruzi infection through MyD88-mediated molecular pathways and contribute to the local immune response to the parasite. The strong pro-inflammatory response of heart-recruited leukocytes may overshadow the effects of MyD88 deficiency in cardiomyocytes on the local leukocyte recruitment and T. cruzi control during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yohani Santana
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moysés Salgado
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Fevereiro
- Department of Anatomy of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raissa Fonseca
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicologic Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José M. Álvarez
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Pérez Brandán C, Mesías AC, Parodi C, Cimino RO, Pérez Brandán C, Diosque P, Basombrío MÁ. Effects of IFN-γ coding plasmid supplementation in the immune response and protection elicited by Trypanosoma cruzi attenuated parasites. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:732. [PMID: 29178839 PMCID: PMC5702110 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that a naturally attenuated strain from Trypanosoma cruzi triggers an immune response mainly related to a Th2-type profile. Albeit this, a strong protection against virulent challenge was obtained after priming mice with this attenuated strain. However, this protection is not enough to completely clear parasites from the host. In T. cruzi infection, early Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is critical to lead type 1 responses able to control intracellular parasites. Therefore we evaluated whether the co-administration of a plasmid encoding murine IFN-γ could modify the immune response induced by infection with attenuated parasites and improve protection against further infections. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were infected intraperitoneally with three doses of live attenuated parasites in combination with plasmid pVXVR-mIFN-γ. Before each infection dose, sera samples were collected for parasite specific antibodies determination and cytokine quantification. To evaluate the recall response to T. cruzi, mice were challenged with virulent parasites 30 days after the last dose and parasite load in peripheral blood and heart was evaluated. RESULTS As determined by ELISA, significantly increase in T. cruzi specific antibodies response was detected in the group in which pVXVR-mIFN-γ was incorporated, with a higher predominance of IgG2a subtype in comparison to the group of mice only inoculated with attenuated parasites. At our limit of detection, serum levels of IFN-γ were not detected, however a slight decrease in IL-10 concentrations was observed in groups in which pVXVR-mIFN-γ was supplemented. To analyze if the administration of pVXVR-mIFN-γ has any beneficial effect in protection against subsequent infections, all experimental groups were submitted to a lethal challenge with virulent bloodstream trypomastigotes. Similar levels of challenge parasites were detected in peripheral blood and heart of mice primed with attenuated parasites alone or combined with plasmid DNA. Expansion of IgG antibodies was not significant in TCC+ pVXVR-mIFN-γ; however, the overall tendency to sustain a Th2 profile was maintained. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that administration of plasmid pVXVR-mIFN-γ could have beneficial effects on host specific antibody production in response to T. cruzi attenuated infection; however, this outcome is not reflected in an improved protection against further virulent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pérez Brandán
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina.
| | - Andrea C Mesías
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Parodi
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Rubén O Cimino
- Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán. Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Carolina Pérez Brandán
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Patricio Diosque
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Miguel Ángel Basombrío
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
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12
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Naderi M, Hashemi M, Ansari H. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor -173 G > C polymorphism and risk of tuberculosis: A meta-analysis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:313-320. [PMID: 28507475 PMCID: PMC5427476 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present meta-analysis was to find out the impact of MIF -173 G > C polymorphism on risk of tuberculosis (TB). We conducted a search of case-control studies on the associations of -173 G > C variant of MIF with susceptibility to tuberculosis in PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus. We extracted the data from eligible studies and achieved a meta-analysis to examine the relationship between MIF -173 G > C polymorphism and the risk of TB. Odds ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to find out the impact of MIF -173G > C promoter polymorphism on TB risk. The pooled ORs were calculated for the codominant, dominant, recessive, and allelic model comparison. The findings revealed that MIF -173 G > C variant increased the risk of TB in codominant (OR = 1.54, 95 %CI = 1.26-1.88, p < 0.0001; CG vs GG), and dominant (OR = 1.62, 95 %CI = 1.33-1.96, p < 0.00001; GC+CC vs GG) inheritance models tested. The results suggested that the MIF -173 C allele significantly increased the risk of PTB (OR = 1.49, 95 %CI = 1.28-1.74, p < 0.00001). The findings of this meta-analysis propose that MIF -173 G > C variant is associated with the risk of TB. More case-control studies with well-designed in different ethnic groups and larger sample size are needed to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naderi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hossein Ansari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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13
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Lewis MD, Kelly JM. Putting Infection Dynamics at the Heart of Chagas Disease. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:899-911. [PMID: 27612651 PMCID: PMC5086431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections, parasite burden is controlled by effective, but nonsterilising immune responses. Infected cells are difficult to detect because they are scarce and focally distributed in multiple sites. However, advances in detection technologies have established a link between parasite persistence and the pathogenesis of Chagas heart disease. Long-term persistence likely involves episodic reinvasion as well as continuous infection, to an extent that varies between tissues. The primary reservoir sites in humans are not definitively known, but analysis of murine models has identified the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we highlight that quantitative, spatial, and temporal aspects of T. cruzi infection are central to a fuller understanding of the association between persistence, pathogenesis, and immunity, and for optimising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lewis
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK; Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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14
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Hepatic injury associated with Trypanosoma cruzi infection is attenuated by treatment with 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 prostaglandin J 2. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:100-108. [PMID: 27693222 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, causes an intense inflammatory response in several tissues, including the liver. Since this organ is central to metabolism, its infection may be reflected in the outcome of the disease. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14 prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2), a natural agonist of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in the heart upon T. cruzi infection. However, its role in the restoration of liver function and reduction of liver inflammation has not been studied yet. BALB/c mice were infected with T. cruzi. The effects of in vivo treatment with 15dPGJ2 on liver inflammation and fibrosis, as well as on the GOT/GPT ratio were studied and the role of NF-κB pathway on 15dPGJ2-mediated effects was analysed. 15dPGJ2 reduced liver inflammatory infiltrates, proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines expression, restored the De Ritis ratio values to normal, reduced the deposits of interstitial and perisinusoidal collagen, reduced the expression of the pro-fibrotic cytokines and inhibited the translocation of the p65 NF-κB subunit to the nucleus. Thus, we showed that 15dPGJ2 is able to significantly reduce the inflammatory response and fibrosis and reduced enzyme markers of liver damage in mice infected with T. cruzi.
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15
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de Almeida-Leite CM, Silva ICC, Galvão LMDC, Arantes RME. Sympathetic glial cells and macrophages develop different responses to Trypanosoma cruzi infection or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:459-65. [PMID: 25075784 PMCID: PMC4155848 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in neuronal lesions in the digestive form of Chagas
disease and the proximity of parasitised glial cells and neurons in damaged myenteric
ganglia is a frequent finding. Glial cells have crucial roles in many
neuropathological situations and are potential sources of NO. Here, we investigate
peripheral glial cell response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection to
clarify the role of these cells in the neuronal lesion pathogenesis of Chagas
disease. We used primary glial cell cultures from superior cervical ganglion to
investigate cell activation and NO production after T. cruzi
infection or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in comparison to peritoneal
macrophages. T. cruzi infection was greater in glial cells, despite
similar levels of NO production in both cell types. Glial cells responded similarly
to T. cruzi and LPS, but were less responsive to LPS than
macrophages were. Our observations contribute to the understanding of Chagas disease
pathogenesis, as based on the high susceptibility of autonomic glial cells to
T. cruzi infection with subsequent NO production. Moreover, our findings
will facilitate future research into the immune responses and activation mechanisms
of peripheral glial cells, which are important for understanding the paradoxical
responses of this cell type in neuronal lesions and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Megale de Almeida-Leite
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Hashemi M, Sharifi-Mood B, Rasouli A, Amininia S, Naderi M, Taheri M. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor -173 G/C polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in Zahedan, Southeast Iran. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:117-22. [PMID: 27065766 PMCID: PMC4822305 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has an important role in controlling infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between MIF -173 G/C functional polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in an Iranian population from Zahedan Southeast Iran. This case-control study was done on 161 PTB and 142 healthy subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from all participants by salting out method. The MIF -173 G/C variant was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The finding showed that the MIF -173 G/C polymorphism increased the risk of PTB in codominant (OR=1.76, 95 % CI=1.05-2.95, p=0.038, GC vs GG) and dominant (OR=1.78, 95 % CI=1.09-2.91, p=0.027, GC+CC vs GG) tested inheritance models. Furthermore, the minor allele frequency (MAF) increased the risk of PTB in comparison with G allele (OR=1.63, 95 % CI=1.07-2.48, p=0.028). In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that -173 G/C polymorphism may increase the risk of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Batool Sharifi-Mood
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Azam Rasouli
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shadi Amininia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naderi
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Genetics of Non Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Trypanosoma cruzi infection in genetically selected mouse lines: genetic linkage with quantitative trait locus controlling antibody response. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:952857. [PMID: 25197170 PMCID: PMC4146349 DOI: 10.1155/2014/952857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection was studied in mouse lines selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reaction and for high (HIII) or low (LIII) antibody (Ab) responses to complex antigens. Resistance was associated with gender (females) and strain—the high responder lines AIRmax and HIII were resistant. The higher resistance of HIII as compared to LIII mice extended to higher infective doses and was correlated with enhanced production of IFN-γ and nitric oxide production by peritoneal and lymph node cells, in HIII males and females. We also analyzed the involvement of previously mapped Ab and T. cruzi response QTL with the survival of Selection III mice to T. cruzi infections in a segregating backcross [F1(HIII×LIII) ×LIII] population. An Ab production QTL marker mapping to mouse chromosome 1 (34.8 cM) significantly cosegregated with survival after acute T. cruzi infections, indicating that this region also harbors genes whose alleles modulate resistance to acute T. cruzi infection.
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18
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Finol HJ, Roschman-González A. Ultrastructural study on tissue alterations caused by trypanosomatids in experimental murine infections. Front Public Health 2014; 2:75. [PMID: 25072046 PMCID: PMC4085721 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructural study in different tissues of mice experimentally infected with isolates of Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania mexicana reveals changes in cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle fibers, and hepatic, adrenal, kidney, and spleen cells. Some of these changes were cytoarchitectural and others consisted of necrosis. Alterations in the microvasculature were also found. The mononuclear cell infiltrate included neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. This work shows that diverse mice tissues are important target for trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor J Finol
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Sciences, Central University of Venezuela , Caracas , Venezuela
| | - Antonio Roschman-González
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Sciences, Central University of Venezuela , Caracas , Venezuela
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Martinez FO, Gordon S. The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:13. [PMID: 24669294 PMCID: PMC3944738 DOI: 10.12703/p6-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3218] [Impact Index Per Article: 321.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are endowed with a variety of receptors for lineage-determining growth factors, T helper (Th) cell cytokines, and B cell, host, and microbial products. In tissues, macrophages mature and are activated in a dynamic response to combinations of these stimuli to acquire specialized functional phenotypes. As for the lymphocyte system, a dichotomy has been proposed for macrophage activation: classic vs. alternative, also M1 and M2, respectively. In view of recent research about macrophage functions and the increasing number of immune-relevant ligands, a revision of the model is needed. Here, we assess how cytokines and pathogen signals influence their functional phenotypes and the evidence for M1 and M2 functions and revisit a paradigm initially based on the role of a restricted set of selected ligands in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando O. Martinez
- Botnar Research Center, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of OxfordWindmill Road, OX3 7LD, OxfordUK
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3REUK
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Cencig S, Coltel N, Truyens C, Carlier Y. Fertility, gestation outcome and parasite congenital transmissibility in mice infected with TcI, TcII and TcVI genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2271. [PMID: 23785533 PMCID: PMC3681732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to compare the effects of acute or chronic infections with the T. cruzi genotypes TcI (X10 strain), TcII (Y strain) and TcVI (Tulahuen strain) on fertility, gestation, pup growth and the possible vertical transmission of parasites in BALB/c mice. The occurrence of congenital infection was evaluated by microscopic examination of blood and/or qPCR on blood and heart in newborn pups and/or older offspring submitted to cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in order to detect possible cryptic congenital infection. Altogether, the results show that: i) for the three strains tested, acute infection occurring after the embryo implantation in the uterus (parasite inoculation 4 days before mating), or close to delivery (parasite inoculation on day 13 of gestation), prevents or severely jeopardizes gestation outcome (inducing pup mortality and intra-uterine growth retardation); ii) for the three strains tested, gestation during chronic infection results in intra-uterine growth retardation, whereas re-inoculation of TcVI parasites during gestation in such chronically infected mice, in addition, strongly increases pup mortality; iii) congenital infection remains a rare consequence of infection (occurring in approximately 4% of living pups born to acutely infected dams); iv) PCR, detecting parasitic DNA and not living parasites, is not convenient to detect congenial infection close to delivery; v) transmission of parasites by breast milk is unlikely. This study should encourage further investigations using other parasite strains and genotypes to explore the role of virulence and other factors, as well as the mechanisms of such effects on gestation and on the establishment of congenital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Cencig
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Coltel
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carine Truyens
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Carlier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Vaccination using recombinants influenza and adenoviruses encoding amastigote surface protein-2 are highly effective on protection against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61795. [PMID: 23637908 PMCID: PMC3634828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the protection raised by immunization with recombinant influenza viruses carrying sequences coding for polypeptides corresponding to medial and carboxi-terminal moieties of Trypanosoma cruzi ´s amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP2). Those viruses were used in sequential immunization with recombinant adenovirus (heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol) encoding the complete sequence of ASP2 (Ad-ASP2) in two mouse strains (C57BL/6 and C3H/He). The CD8 effector response elicited by this protocol was comparable to that observed in mice immunized twice with Ad-ASP2 and more robust than that observed in mice that were immunized once with Ad-ASP2. Whereas a single immunization with Ad-ASP2 sufficed to completely protect C57BL/6 mice, a higher survival rate was observed in C3H/He mice that were primed with recombinant influenza virus and boosted with Ad-ASP2 after being challenged with T. cruzi. Analyzing the phenotype of CD8+ T cells obtained from spleen of vaccinated C3H/He mice we observed that heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol elicited more CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant epitope as well as a higher number of CD8+ T cells producing TNF-α and IFN-γ and a higher mobilization of surface marker CD107a. Taken together, our results suggest that immunodominant subpopulations of CD8+ T elicited after immunization could be directly related to degree of protection achieved by different immunization protocols using different viral vectors. Overall, these results demonstrated the usefulness of recombinant influenza viruses in immunization protocols against Chagas Disease.
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Challenge of chronically infected mice with homologous trypanosoma cruzi parasites enhances the immune response but does not modify cardiopathy: implications for the design of a therapeutic vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:248-54. [PMID: 23254299 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00032-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a Trypanosoma cruzi-induced zoonosis that has no natural cure. Local damage induced by the parasite and the immune response causes chronic heart and digestive lesions. Efforts to develop a therapeutic vaccine that boosts the immune response to completely clear the parasite are needed because there is no effective treatment for chronically infected patients. In an attempt to modify the host-parasite equilibrium to increase parasite destruction, we analyzed cardiopathy and the immune response in chronically infected mice that were challenged with live homologous parasites. Challenge with a single dose of parasite increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, and serum-specific IgG levels. However, subpatent parasitemias and cardiac tissue were not affected. Because of the short duration of the immune boost after a single challenge, we next evaluated the impact of four parasite doses, administered 3 weeks apart. At 1 to 2 months after the last dose, the numbers of CD4(+) T cells and IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) memory cells and the CD4(+) T cell proliferative response to T. cruzi antigen were increased in the spleen. The frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) memory cells in the blood was also increased. However, the sustained challenge did not favor TH1 development; rather, it induced an increase in serum-specific IgG1 levels and mixed TH1/TH2 cytokine production. Moreover, there were no significant changes in cardiac lesions and subpatent parasitemias. In conclusion, we believe that this study may help in elucidating the necessary elements for a successful therapeutic vaccine which may reduce cardiomyopathy in chronically infected human patients.
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Bombeiro AL, Gonçalves LA, Penha-Gonçalves C, Marinho CRF, D'Império Lima MR, Chadi G, Álvarez JM. IL-12p40 deficiency leads to uncontrolled Trypanosoma cruzi dissemination in the spinal cord resulting in neuronal death and motor dysfunction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49022. [PMID: 23152844 PMCID: PMC3495776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas’ disease is a protozoosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi that frequently shows severe chronic clinical complications of the heart or digestive system. Neurological disorders due to T. cruzi infection are also described in children and immunosuppressed hosts. We have previously reported that IL-12p40 knockout (KO) mice infected with the T. cruzi strain Sylvio X10/4 develop spinal cord neurodegenerative disease. Here, we further characterized neuropathology, parasite burden and inflammatory component associated to the fatal neurological disorder occurring in this mouse model. Forelimb paralysis in infected IL-12p40KO mice was associated with 60% (p<0.05) decrease in spinal cord neuronal density, glutamate accumulation (153%, p<0.05) and strong demyelization in lesion areas, mostly in those showing heavy protein nitrosylation, all denoting a neurotoxic degenerative profile. Quantification of T. cruzi 18S rRNA showed that parasite burden was controlled in the spinal cord of WT mice, decreasing from the fifth week after infection, but progressive parasite dissemination was observed in IL-12p40KO cords concurrent with significant accumulation of the astrocytic marker GFAP (317.0%, p<0.01) and 8-fold increase in macrophages/microglia (p<0.01), 36.3% (p<0.01) of which were infected. Similarly, mRNA levels for CD3, TNF-α, IFN-γ, iNOS, IL-10 and arginase I declined in WT spinal cords about the fourth or fifth week after infection, but kept increasing in IL-12p40KO mice. Interestingly, compared to WT tissue, lower mRNA levels for IFN-γ were observed in the IL-12p40KO spinal cords up to the fourth week of infection. Together the data suggest that impairments of parasite clearance mechanisms in IL-12p40KO mice elicit prolonged spinal cord inflammation that in turn leads to irreversible neurodegenerative lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Bombeiro
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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24
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Penas F, Mirkin GA, Hovsepian E, Cevey A, Caccuri R, Sales ME, Goren NB. PPARγ ligand treatment inhibits cardiac inflammatory mediators induced by infection with different lethality strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:239-48. [PMID: 22917565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, causes cardiac alterations in the host. Although the main clinical manifestations arise during the chronic stage, the mechanisms leading to heart damage develop early during infection. In fact, an intense inflammatory response is observed from acute stage of infection. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have attracted research interest due to their participation in the modulation of inflammation. In this work we addressed the role of 15-Deoxy-∆(12,14) ProstaglandinJ2 (15dPGJ2), a PPARγ natural ligand in the regulation of inflammatory mediators, in acute and chronic experimental mouse models of Chagas' disease with the RA and K98 T. cruzi strains, respectively. This work demonstrates that 15dPGJ2 treatment inhibits the expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) as well as TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA levels. Also, expression and activity of metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP9) were inhibited by 15dPGJ2. Moreover GW9662, a specific PPARγ antagonist, revealed the participation of other signaling pathways since, in GW9662 presence, 15dPJG2 had a partial effect on the inhibition of inflammatory parameters in the acute model of infection. Accordingly, NF-κB activation was demonstrated, assessing p65 nuclear translocation in the hearts of infected mice with both T. cruzi strains. Such effect was inhibited after 15dPGJ2 treatment. Our findings support the concept that in vivo PPARγ and NF-κB pathways are implicated in the inhibitory effects of 15dPGJ2 on inflammatory mediators at different times depending on whether the infection is caused by the lethal or non-lethal T. cruzi strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Penas
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Terrazas CA, Huitron E, Vazquez A, Juarez I, Camacho GM, Calleja EA, Rodriguez-Sosa M. MIF synergizes with Trypanosoma cruzi antigens to promote efficient dendritic cell maturation and IL-12 production via p38 MAPK. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1298-310. [PMID: 22110382 PMCID: PMC3221366 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been found to be involved in host resistance to several parasitic infections. To determine the mechanisms of the MIF-dependent responses to Trypanosoma cruzi, we investigated host resistance in MIF-/- mice (on the BALB/c background) during an intraperitoneal infection. We focused on the potential involvement of MIF in dendritic cell (DC) maturation and cytokine production. Following a challenge with 5 x 103T. cruzi parasites, wild type (WT) mice developed a strong IL-12 response and adequate maturation of the draining mesenteric lymph node DCs and were resistant to infection. In contrast, similarly infected MIF-/- mice mounted a weak IL-12 response, displayed immature DCs in the early phases of infection and rapidly succumbed to T. cruzi infection. The lack of maturation and IL-12 production by the DCs in response to total T. cruzi antigen (TcAg) was confirmed by in vitro studies. These effects were reversed following treatment with recombinant MIF. Interestingly, TcAg-stimulated bone marrow-derived DCs from both WT and MIF-/- mice had increased ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation. In contrast, p38 phosphorylation was only upregulated in WT DCs. Reconstitution of MIF to MIF-/- DCs upregulated p38 phosphorylation. The MIF-p38 pathway affected MHC-II and CD86 expression as well as IL-12 production. These findings demonstrate that the MIF-induced early DC maturation and IL-12 production mediates resistance to T. cruzi infection, probably by activating the p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM, C. P. 54090 Estado de México, Mexico
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26
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Boscardin SB, Torrecilhas ACT, Manarin R, Revelli S, Rey EG, Tonelli RR, Silber AM. Chagas' disease: an update on immune mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:1373-84. [PMID: 20070438 PMCID: PMC3829005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The final decade of the 20th century was marked by an alarming resurgence in infectious diseases caused by tropical parasites belonging to the kinetoplastid protozoan order. Among the pathogenic trypanosomatids, some species are of particular interest due to their medical importance. These species include the agent responsible for Chagas’ disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. Approximately 8 to 10 million people are infected in the Americas, and approximately 40 million are at risk. In the present review, we discuss in detail the immune mechanisms elicited during infection by T. cruzi and the effects of chemotherapy in controlling parasite proliferation and on the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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The liver plays a major role in clearance and destruction of blood trypomastigotes in Trypanosoma cruzi chronically infected mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e578. [PMID: 20052269 PMCID: PMC2793026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous challenge with Trypanosoma cruzi can be used to investigate the process and consequences of blood parasite clearance in experimental Chagas disease. One hour after intravenous challenge of chronically infected mice with 5×106 trypomastigotes, the liver constituted a major site of parasite accumulation, as revealed by PCR. Intact parasites and/or parasite remnants were visualized at this time point scattered in the liver parenchyma. Moreover, at this time, many of liver-cleared parasites were viable, as estimated by the frequency of positive cultures, which considerably diminished after 48 h. Following clearance, the number of infiltrating cells in the hepatic tissue notably increased: initially (at 24 h) as diffuse infiltrates affecting the whole parenchyma, and at 48 h, in the form of large focal infiltrates in both the parenchyma and perivascular spaces. Phenotypic characterization of liver-infiltrating cells 24 h after challenge revealed an increase in Mac1+, CD8+ and CD4+ cells, followed by natural killer (NK) cells. As evidence that liver-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ cells were activated, increased frequencies of CD69+CD8+, CD69+CD4+ and CD25+CD122+CD4+ cells were observed at 24 and 48 h after challenge, and of CD25−CD122+CD4+ cells at 48 h. The major role of CD4+ cells in liver protection was suggested by data showing a very high frequency of interferon (IFN)-γ-producing CD4+ cells 24 h after challenge. In contrast, liver CD8+ cells produced little IFN-γ, even though they showed an enhanced potential for secreting this cytokine, as revealed by in vitro T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Confirming the effectiveness of the liver immune response in blood parasite control during the chronic phase of infection, no live parasites were detected in this organ 7 days after challenge. Chagas disease, a Latin American illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, has only rare spontaneous cure, and in most patients a small number of parasites persists for life in the blood and tissues, leading to chronic disorders such as cardiomyopathy. In a murine model of chronic T. cruzi infection we observed that the liver plays an important role in the clearance of blood-circulating parasites. Moreover, parasite accumulation in this organ is followed by their elimination, an effect that is not immediate but seems to depend on the recruitment of leukocytes and on the local production of IFN-γ, a cytokine known to increase the T. cruzi-killing capacity of phagocytes. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of T. cruzi-host interaction, showing the participation of a non-lymphoid organ in parasite control. In addition, they contribute to understanding the multifaceted role the liver plays in the immune response.
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28
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Fernández MC, González Cappa SM, Solana ME. Trypanosoma cruzi: Immunological predictors of benznidazole efficacy during experimental infection. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:172-80. [PMID: 19747482 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
C3H/HeN male mice were infected with a lethal population of Trypanosoma cruzi and treated with benznidazole (Bz). Parasitemia, body weight and survival rate were registered during the therapy with significant improvement for T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated animals. Besides, flow cytometry resulted a useful method to discriminate between cured animals from those not cured by monitoring IgG(1) bound to live trypomastigotes levels. At the end of Bz therapy, the LT splenocyte compartment was studied for activation/memory cell surface markers (CD(69)(+) and CD(44)(+)). Cytofluorometric analysis showed that T. cruzi-infected untreated mice increased their activated LT numbers and this effect was completely abolished only in cured mice at the end of Bz administration. The same behavior was observed for the memory LT subpopulation correlating to an effector memory (CD(62L)(-)) displayed by T. cruzi infection. Bz treatment was able to modulate the immunological response by reducing the deleterious effect of the acute phase in all T. cruzi-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Marinho CRF, Nuñez-Apaza LN, Bortoluci KR, Bombeiro AL, Bucci DZ, Grisotto MG, Sardinha LR, Jorquera CE, Lira S, Lima MRD, Alvarez JM. Infection by the Sylvio X10/4 clone of Trypanosoma cruzi: relevance of a low-virulence model of Chagas' disease. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:1037-45. [PMID: 19660570 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The physiopathology of Chagas' disease has been largely defined in murine infections with virulent strains which partially represent parasite diversity. This report reviews our studies with Sylvio X10/4 parasites, a Trypanosoma cruzi clone that induces no acute phase but in C3H/He mice leads to chronic myocarditis resembling the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio R F Marinho
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP, CEP-05508-000, Brazil
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30
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Cobb D, Guo S, Lara AM, Manque P, Buck G, Smeltz RB. T-bet-dependent regulation of CD8+ T-cell expansion during experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Immunology 2009; 128:589-99. [PMID: 19824916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor T-bet (T-box, expressed in T cells), promotes type I immunity to pathogens through effects involving T cells and dendritic cells. In CD8(+) T cells, many of the functions of T-bet are redundant with those of eomesodermin (Eomes), a paralogue of T-bet. We therefore investigated the role of T-bet in immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi, an intracellular pathogen that causes Chagas disease, and which requires CD8(+) T cells for resistance. T-bet-deficient mice (tbx21(-/-)) were highly susceptible to T. cruzi infection, marked by severe liver pathology. CD8(+) T cells from infected tbx21(-/-) mice expressed typical markers of activation, including CD44 and CD25. In striking contrast, there was a 10-fold reduction in the number of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in tbx21(-/-) mice. This reduction was not a consequence of increased apoptosis or altered tissue-specific migration. Further, antigen-presenting cell (APC) functions in tbx21(-/-) mice were normal as we observed comparable levels of B7-1, B7-2 and CD40 expression as well as normal antigen-driven proliferation of wild-type CD8(+) T cells in infected tbx21(-/-) mice. However, adoptive transfer of naïve T cells from tbx21(-/-) donors into infected Rag-2-deficient mice (tbx21(+/+)) demonstrated a similar quantitative defect in CD8(+) T-cell expansion. These data demonstrate that T-bet facilitates immunity to T. cruzi by promoting the expansion of T. cruzi-specific CD8(+) T cells in a T cell-intrinsic manner. They also serve to further illustrate the multifaceted functions of T-box proteins in regulating quantitative aspects of T-cell immunity, in addition to qualitative components such as cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Cobb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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31
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Fong IW. New perspectives of infections in cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2009; 5:87-104. [PMID: 20436849 PMCID: PMC2805819 DOI: 10.2174/157340309788166679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections have been recognized as significant causes of cardiac diseases for many decades. Various microorganisms have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases involving all classes of microbial agents. All components of the heart structure can be affected by infectious agents, i.e. pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, valves, autonomic nervous system, and some evidence of coronary arteries. A new breed of infections have evolved over the past three decades involving cardiac implants and this group of cardiac infectious complications will likely continue to increase in the future, as more mechanical devices are implanted in the growing ageing population. This article will review the progress made in the past decade on understanding the pathobiology of these infectious complications of the heart, through advances in genomics and proteomics, as well as potential novel approach for therapy.An up-to-date, state-of-the-art review and controversies will be outlined for the following conditions: (i) perimyocarditis; (ii) infective endocarditis; (iii) cardiac device infections; (iv) coronary artery disease and potential role of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius W Fong
- University of Toronto, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michaels’ Hospital, 4CC 179 Cardinal Carter Wing, 30 Bond St., Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
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Torres OA, Calzada JE, Beraún Y, Morillo CA, González CI, González A, Martín J. Association of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor -173G/C polymorphism with Chagas disease. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:543-6. [PMID: 19376177 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the association of functional polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene with Chagas disease. Our study includes two independent cohorts: 240 chagasic patients and 199 controls from Colombia; and 74 chagasic patients and 85 controls from Peru. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -173 G/C of MIF gene was determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system with pre-developed TaqMan assay. We observed a statistically significant difference in the distribution of -173*C allele of MIF gene between patients and controls in the Colombian cohort (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.12-2.18, p = 0.006). Similar association was found in the Peruvian cohort (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.31-4.38, p = 0.003). A meta-analysis of the Colombian and Peruvian cohorts demonstrated that the -173 C allele confers a risk effect in chagasic patients (pooled OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.30-2.33, p = 0.0002). In addition, a gene dose of the MIF -173 C allele was observed (pooled OR = 4.01, 95% CI = 1.25-12.85, p = 0.004). Our results suggest that the MIF -173G/C polymorphism confers susceptibility to Chagas disease in the populations under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando A Torres
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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33
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Reduction of parasite levels in blood improves pregnancy outcome during experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Parasitology 2009; 136:627-39. [PMID: 19366478 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009005770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infection with a myotropic Trypanosoma cruzi clone induces maternal fertility failure. In the current work, we evaluated whether reduction of maternal parasitaemia before mating has beneficial effects on pregnancy outcome. Female mice were subjected to benznidazole (Bz) treatment after infection. On day 30 of therapy, mating was assessed and pregnancy outcome was determined on day 14 of gestation. Fetal resorptions diminished in T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice compared with T. cruzi-infected untreated mice. This was in agreement with the reduction in the blood/solid tissue parasite load and with the percentage of necrotic foci in placental samples from T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated females. To study eventual changes in the immune homeostasis of T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice, activation of the immune system was evaluated at the end of Bz therapy and before mating. We found specific IgG1 reduction resulting in a predominance of specific IgG2a, reduced numbers of CD69+ CD4+ cells and diminished frequency and numbers of CD44+ T cells. Concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes from T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice produced higher amounts of IFN-gamma than T. cruzi-infected untreated mice. These results indicate that reduction of maternal parasite load improves pregnancy outcome. These findings correlate with a favourable modulation of the immune response.
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Melo RCN. Acute heart inflammation: ultrastructural and functional aspects of macrophages elicited by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:279-94. [PMID: 18624767 PMCID: PMC3823355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is the main target organ of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas' disease, a significant public health issue and still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. During the acute disease, tissue damage in the heart is related to the intense myocardium parasitism. To control parasite multiplication, cells of the monocytic lineage are highly mobilized. In response to inflammatory and immune stimulation, an intense migration and extravasation of monocytes occurs from the bloodstream into heart. Monocyte differentiation leads to the formation of tissue phagocytosing macrophages, which are strongly activated and direct host defence. Newly elicited monocyte-derived macrophages both undergo profound physiological changes and display morphological heterogeneity that greatly differs from originally non-inflammatory macrophages, and underlie their functional activities as potent inflammatory cells. Thus, activated macrophages play a critical role in the outcome of parasite infection. This review covers functional and ultrastructural aspects of heart inflammatory macrophages triggered by the acute Chagas' disease, including recent discoveries on morphologically distinct, inflammation-related organelles, termed lipid bodies, which are actively formed in vivo within macrophages in response to T. cruzi infection. These findings are defining a broader role for lipid bodies as key markers of macrophage activation during innate immune responses to infectious diseases and attractive targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Modulation of macrophage activation may be central in providing therapeutic benefits for Chagas' disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C N Melo
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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35
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