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IL-12/IL-23p40 Is Highly Expressed in Secondary Lymphoid Organs and the CNS during All Stages of EAE, but Its Deletion Does Not Affect Disease Perpetuation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165248. [PMID: 27780253 PMCID: PMC5079572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are heterodimers that share the p40 subunit, and both cytokines are critical in the differentiation of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells, respectively. Th1 and Th17 effector cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), an animal model of the human central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). However, ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against p40 failed to show efficacy over placebo in a phase II clinical trial in patients with MS. The role of p40 in initial T cell priming and maintenance in secondary lymphoid tissues is not yet well understood. Methods Active EAE was induced in the B6.129-IL12b strain of p40eYFP reporter mice (yet40 mice), and Th1 and Th17 polarized cells were adoptively transferred into p40-deficient mice. Cellular subsets were phenotyped by multi-parameter flow cytometry, and p40 tissue expression was identified by confocal microscopy. Results We show that yet40 mice are susceptible to EAE, and that p40 is highly expressed in secondary lymphoid organs and the CNS during all stages of the disease. Interestingly, p40 expression in the recipient is not required for EAE induction after adoptive transfer of activated and differentiated encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells into p40-deficient mice. Peripheral antagonism of T helper cell trophic factors critical for the differentiation and maintenance of Th1 and Th17 cells ameliorates EAE, indicating that p40 may play a critical role in the induction of CNS autoimmunity but not in its perpetuation. Conclusion Our data may explain why ustekinumab did not ameliorate paraclinical and clinical disease in patients with MS. In patients with already established disease, activated antigen-specific encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells are likely already differentiated, and are not dependent on p40 for maintenance. A clinical trial of longer duration with anti-p40 mAbs or other forms of pharmacological p40 antagonism, or sequential anti-p40 therapy following T cell depletion may show a benefit by affecting de novo generation of autoimmune T cells.
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Shimura N. Effects of low-dose-gamma rays on the immune system of different animal models of disease. Dose Response 2014; 12:429-65. [PMID: 25249835 PMCID: PMC4146334 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-042.shimura] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the beneficial or harmful effects of low-dose ionizing radiation on several diseases based on a search of the literature. The attenuation of autoimmune manifestations in animal disease models irradiated with low-dose γ-rays was previously reported by several research groups, whereas the exacerbation of allergic manifestations was described by others. Based on a detailed examination of the literature, we divided animal disease models into two groups: one group consisting of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), experimental encephalomyelitis (EAE), and systemic lupus erythematosus, the pathologies of which were attenuated by low-dose irradiation, and another group consisting of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the pathologies of which were exacerbated by low-dose irradiation. The same biological indicators, such as cytokine levels and T-cell subpopulations, were examined in these studies. Low-dose irradiation reduced inter-feron (IFN)-gamma (γ) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels and increased IL-5 levels and the percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)Treg cells in almost all immunological disease cases examined. Variations in these biological indicators were attributed to the attenuation or exacerbation of the disease's manifestation. We concluded that autoimmune diseases caused by autoantibodies were attenuated by low-dose irradiation, whereas diseases caused by antibodies against external antigens, such as atopic dermatitis, were exacerbated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Japan
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Wang X, Sherman A, Liao G, Leong KW, Daniell H, Terhorst C, Herzog RW. Mechanism of oral tolerance induction to therapeutic proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:759-73. [PMID: 23123293 PMCID: PMC3578149 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral tolerance is defined as the specific suppression of humoral and/or cellular immune responses to an antigen by administration of the same antigen through the oral route. Due to its absence of toxicity, easy administration, and antigen specificity, oral tolerance is a very attractive approach to prevent unwanted immune responses that cause a variety of diseases or that complicate treatment of a disease. Many researchers have induced oral tolerance to efficiently treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in different animal models. However, clinical trials yielded limited success. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of oral tolerance induction to therapeutic proteins is critical for paving the way for clinical development of oral tolerance protocols. This review will summarize progress on understanding the major underlying tolerance mechanisms and contributors, including antigen presenting cells, regulatory T cells, cytokines, and signaling pathways. Potential applications, examples for therapeutic proteins and disease targets, and recent developments in delivery methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- Dept. Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | | | - Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Henry Daniell
- Dept. Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Dept. Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Kawakami H, Koya T, Kagamu H, Kimura Y, Sakamoto H, Yamabayashi C, Furukawa T, Sakagami T, Miyabayashi T, Hasegawa T, Suzuki E, Narita I. IL-17 eliminates therapeutic effects of oral tolerance in murine airway allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:946-57. [PMID: 22909166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral tolerance is a classically used strategy for antigen-specific systemic immunotherapy. However, the roles of IL-17 in modification of oral tolerance are not yet understood. OBJECTIVE To define the effects of IL-17 on the modification of oral tolerance, the effects of transfer of Th17 cells, administration of IL-17 or anti-IL-17 antibody (αIL-17Ab) to a murine allergic airway inflammation model were investigated. METHODS Mice sensitized to and challenged with OVA, received OVA feeding, followed by OVA challenges. Transfer of Th17 cells, administration of IL-17 or αIL-17Ab were executed during OVA feeding. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, Th2 cytokine response and lung pathology were assessed. RESULTS Administration of IL-17 as well as transfer of Th17 cells aggravated AHR and airway allergic inflammation as compared with the findings in mice subjected to OVA feeding alone, whereas administration of αIL-17Ab ameliorated AHR and airway eosinophilia. The effects of Th17 transfer were presumably attributable to augmentation of endogenous IL-6 production in gut. The number of Foxp3-positive regulatory T (Treg) cells in lungs and Payer's patches was increased in the OVA fed mice, whereas the number of these cells was decreased in the mice subjected to OVA feeding + Th17 cell transfer. Neutralization of IL-6 by monoclonal antibody in the mice subjected to OVA feeding + transfer of Th17 cells restored the effects of oral tolerance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data suggest that IL-17 may inhibit the induction of tolerance to antigen through, at least in part augmenting IL-6 production, thereby suppressing the expansion of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kawakami
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Mir SA, Chatterjee A, Mitra A, Pathak K, Mahata SK, Sarkar S. Inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) attenuates interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced collagen synthesis and resultant hypertrophy in rat heart. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2666-77. [PMID: 22157761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.246173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 has been shown to play a major role in collagen up-regulation process during cardiac hypertrophy, although the precise mechanism is still not known. In this study we have analyzed the mechanism by which IL-6 modulates cardiac hypertrophy. For the in vitro model, IL-6-treated cultured cardiac fibroblasts were used, whereas the in vivo cardiac hypertrophy model was generated by renal artery ligation in adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). During induction of hypertrophy, increased phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3, MAPK, and ERK proteins was observed both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of fibroblasts with specific inhibitors for STAT1 (fludarabine, 50 μM), STAT3 (S31-201, 10 μM), p38 MAPK (SB203580, 10 μM), and ERK1/2 (U0126, 10 μM) resulted in down-regulation of IL-6-induced phosphorylation of specific proteins; however, only S31-201 and SB203580 inhibited collagen biosynthesis. In ligated rats in vivo, only STAT3 inhibitors resulted in significant decrease in collagen synthesis and hypertrophy markers such as atrial natriuretic factor and β-myosin heavy chain. In addition, decreased heart weight to body weight ratio and improved cardiac function as measured by echocardiography was evident in animals treated with STAT3 inhibitor or siRNA. Compared with IL-6 neutralization, more pronounced down-regulation of collagen synthesis and regression of hypertrophy was observed with STAT3 inhibition, suggesting that STAT3 is the major downstream signaling molecule and a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Anam Mir
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India
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Yu X, Ibrahim SM. Evidence of a role for Th17 cells in the breach of immune tolerance in arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:132. [PMID: 22077983 PMCID: PMC3308102 DOI: 10.1186/ar3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells are thought to play a pathogenic role in various autoimmune diseases. Cytokines secreted by Th17 cells like IL-17, IL-17F and IL-22 have the capacity to mediate a massive inflammatory response. These proinflammatroy cytokines are likely to mediate the pathogenic potential of Th17 cells. Recent evidence suggests a role for Th17 cells in the breach of immune tolerance. This might shed some new light on the pathogenic role of Th17 cells in autoimmunity.
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Fousteri G, Chan JR, Zheng Y, Whiting C, Dave A, Bresson D, Croft M, von Herrath M. Virtual optimization of nasal insulin therapy predicts immunization frequency to be crucial for diabetes protection. Diabetes 2010; 59:3148-58. [PMID: 20864513 PMCID: PMC2992777 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of antigen-specific strategies to treat or prevent type 1 diabetes has been slow and difficult because of the lack of experimental tools and defined biomarkers that account for the underlying therapeutic mechanisms. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The type 1 diabetes PhysioLab platform, a large-scale mathematical model of disease pathogenesis in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, was used to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying the efficacy of nasal insulin B:9-23 peptide therapy. The experimental aim was to evaluate the impact of dose, frequency of administration, and age at treatment on Treg induction and optimal therapeutic outcome. RESULTS In virtual NOD mice, treatment efficacy was predicted to depend primarily on the immunization frequency and stage of the disease and to a lesser extent on the dose. Whereas low-frequency immunization protected from diabetes atrributed to Treg and interleukin (IL)-10 induction in the pancreas 1-2 weeks after treatment, high-frequency immunization failed. These predictions were confirmed with wet-lab approaches, where only low-frequency immunization started at an early disease stage in the NOD mouse resulted in significant protection from diabetes by inducing IL-10 and Treg. CONCLUSIONS Here, the advantage of applying computer modeling in optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of nasal insulin immunotherapy was confirmed. In silico modeling was able to streamline the experimental design and to identify the particular time frame at which biomarkers associated with protection in live NODs were induced. These results support the development and application of humanized platforms for the design of clinical trials (i.e., for the ongoing nasal insulin prevention studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason R. Chan
- Entelos, Foster City, California
- Corresponding authors: Jason R. Chan, , and Matthias von Herrath,
| | | | | | - Amy Dave
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Damien Bresson
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael Croft
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
- Corresponding authors: Jason R. Chan, , and Matthias von Herrath,
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Wegner C, Stadelmann C, Pförtner R, Raymond E, Feigelson S, Alon R, Timan B, Hayardeny L, Brück W. Laquinimod interferes with migratory capacity of T cells and reduces IL-17 levels, inflammatory demyelination and acute axonal damage in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 227:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Delaleu N, Peck AB. Autoimmunity: limited progress for the patient, despite decades of research. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:411-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Markedly increased CSF interleukin-6 levels in neuromyelitis optica, but not in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2009; 256:2082-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Peron JPS, de Oliveira APL, Rizzo LV. It takes guts for tolerance: the phenomenon of oral tolerance and the regulation of autoimmune response. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:1-4. [PMID: 19224711 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is a peculiar environment due to its constant contact with the microbiota agents, food antigens and other molecules. Such exposure requires the establishment of important regulatory mechanisms in order to avoid inflammatory response and self aggression. In this context, the GALT plays a very relevant role due to the presence of several different cellular populations which are the main players in this phenomenon. Moreover, it was described a while ago that the oral ingestion of a given molecule is able to induce systemic tolerance to the same molecule when it is used as an immunogen by parenteral route, known as oral tolerance. This observation led researches to use these mechanisms to induce tolerance against cognate antigens of different autoimmune diseases. In this context, in this review we focused on several tolerance inducing mechanisms which are relevant not only for the maintenance of intestinal tract but also for the suppression of T effector cells, such as Th1, Th2 and the newly described Th17 cells. To name a few, CD103(+) dendritic cells, Tr1 cells derived IL-10 secretion, Foxp3 conversion and CD4(+)LAP(+) regulatory cells induction are among the recently described features of the tolerogenic environment of the intestinal tract.
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