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Inaba M, Fukushima H, Hara M, Hosaka S, Fujiyama S, Maruo K, Nomura T, Okiyama N, Takada H. Antigen-specific T cell balance reveals Why patients with atopic dermatitis fail to achieve immune tolerance. Clin Immunol 2023; 252:109649. [PMID: 37209805 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and how they behave in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) are still controversial. We identified and quantified Tregs, mite-specific Tregs, and mite-specific effector T cells (Teffs) in patients with AD and healthy controls (HCs). We collected peripheral blood and analyzed the cells using flow cytometry after stimulation with mite antigens. Mite-specific Tregs and mite-specific Teffs were recognized by the expression of CD137 and CD154, respectively. Patients with AD had more Tregs than HCs; however, when focusing on a single antigen, the ratio of mite-specific Tregs/Teffs was lower in patients with AD than in HCs. Furthermore, the mite-specific Teffs in patients with AD were more likely to produce proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. This Teff-dominant imbalance is thought to be the cause of development of atopic status in patients with AD without immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Inaba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Hiroko Fukushima
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan; Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Monami Hara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Sho Hosaka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan; Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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2
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Calcium-Based Antimicrobial Peptide Compounds Attenuate DNFB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions via Th-Cells in BALB/c Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911371. [PMID: 36232673 PMCID: PMC9569644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease, characterized by severe itching and recurrent skin lesions. We hypothesized that a novel treatment involving calcium-based antimicrobial peptide compounds (CAPCS), a combination of natural calcium extracted from marine shellfish, and a variety of antimicrobial peptides, may be beneficial for AD. We established a dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced AD model in BALB/c mice to test our hypothesis. We observed mouse behavior and conducted histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses on skin lesions before and after CAPCS treatment. We also characterized the changes in the levels of cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in plasma and skin lesions. The results showed that (i) topical application of CAPCS ameliorated AD-like skin lesions and reduced scratching behavior in BALB/c mice; (ii) CAPCS suppressed infiltration of inflammatory cells and inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines in AD-like skin lesions; (iii) CAPCS reduced plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines; and (iv) CAPCS inhibited TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression in skin lesions. Topical application of CAPCS exhibits a therapeutic effect on AD by inhibiting inflammatory immune responses via recruiting helper T cells and engaging the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Therefore, CAPCS may be useful for the treatment of AD.
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Alsabbagh M, Ismaeel A. The role of cytokines in atopic dermatitis: a breakthrough in immunopathogenesis and treatment. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2022. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2022.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Fanfaret IS, Boda D, Ion LM, Hosseyni D, Leru P, Ali S, Corcea S, Bumbacea R. Probiotics and prebiotics in atopic dermatitis: Pros and cons (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1376. [PMID: 34650624 PMCID: PMC8506923 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) represents a chronic inflammatory skin condition in which the skin barrier is impaired; thus, the permeability is increased. Hence, there is a greater risk of allergic sensitization, as well as a higher pH and lower protection against resident microbes. Since this condition is currently increasing among children, it requires further study, as little is known regarding the pathogenesis that makes the skin prone to chronic relapsing inflammation. Trying to standardize the data regarding the use of prebiotics and probiotics in AD, we encountered tremendous variability in the literature data. Literature abounds in conflicting data: studies regarding prophylactic and therapeutic applications, different types of strains and dosages, applications in young children up to 5 years of age and above, usage of probiotics alone, prebiotics alone or synbiotics combined. There are also conflicting data regarding the outcome of these studies; some confirming a positive effect of prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics and some showing no efficacy at all. The articles were divided into those assessing probiotics or prebiotics alone and a combination of the two, with studies showing a positive effect and studies proving no efficacy at all. We tried to critically analyze those articles showing weak and strong points. In summary, the most studied probiotics were the strains of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. The Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index was used to measure the efficacy of the treatment. Most studies compared their results with a placebo group and the efficacy when seen in moderate to severe forms of AD in patients with other allergic diseases present. However, the results are difficult to interpret, as in many studies the authors suggest that the disease may have a tendency to improve in time in some groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Pediatrics Department, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Mihaela Ion
- Pediatrics Department, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Hosseyni
- Public Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, ECPE, PPCR Program, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Poliana Leru
- Internal Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Selda Ali
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Clinical Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Corcea
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Bumbacea
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Clinical Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Ren X, Wang R, Yu XT, Cai B, Guo F. Regulation of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in inflammation. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1931477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ren
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-ting Yu
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Cai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Szari S, Quinn JA. Supporting a Healthy Microbiome for the Primary Prevention of Eczema. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 57:286-293. [PMID: 31309394 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eczema is increasing worldwide with associated increases in health costs and decreases in quality of life. There are many factors that are speculated to interact in the development of eczema including genetics and environmental exposures. Prevention of the development of eczema may prevent the further development of food allergies and asthma. This concept has prompted a variety of research into the area of primary prevention of eczema in infants. This exploration includes a growing body of research examining infants supplemented with probiotics, prebiotics, or both (synbiotics) often compared with their breastfed counterparts. The goal of this paper is to examine the evidence for manipulating the microbiome in the prevention of eczema. Several strains of probiotics, compositions of prebiotics, and varied combinations of both are commercially available. Evidence supports altering the microbiome in infants at high risk of atopy who are not able to breastfeed with Lactobacillus strains when given both prenatally followed by prolonged use (greater than 6 months) postnatally for the primary prevention of eczema. Prebiotics have also been shown beneficial for primary prevention of eczema in formula-fed infants with prolonged use greater than 6 months. These findings are in keeping with the World Allergy Organization (WAO) recommendations that support interventions to manipulate the microbiome with both probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Szari
- Department of Allergy-Immunology, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - James A Quinn
- Department of Allergy-Immunology, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, USA
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7
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Correlation of Blood FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells and Disease Activity of Atopic Dermatitis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1820182. [PMID: 31637264 PMCID: PMC6766093 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1820182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the peripheral blood of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and its correlation with disease severity. Methods Blood samples from 79 AD patients before and after four-week conventional treatment were collected. Cell counts of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs, CD4+CD25+FoxP3-T effector cells (Teffs), and CD4+IL-10+Tregs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TGF-β were measured by ELISA. Results The pretreatment cell count of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs positively correlated with disease severity in all patients (P < 0.0001). However, when that correlation was rechecked based on the treatment response, a much stronger correlation of that was found in those patients with remission after treatment, while no correlation of that was found in patients without remission. Both the cell count and proportions of peripheral CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs and CD4+CD25+FoxP3-Teffs reduced significantly after treatment in patients with remission, but remained unchanged in patients without remission. The cell count and proportion of CD4+IL-10+Tregs did not change after treatment in both groups. In patients with remission, serum levels of IL-4 and IL-13 significantly reduced (all P < 0.05); IL-12 and IFN-γ levels increased significantly (all P < 0.05); IL-10 and TGF-β levels remained unchanged after treatment. None of those cytokine levels changed in patients without remission. Conclusions CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs is associated with AD development and severity in some patients but not in others. AD maybe divided into CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg-associated subtype, which CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg is parallel to the activity of AD, and nonassociated subtype, which CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg is not related. This subgroup difference may contribute partly to the nonidentical markers that have been found in AD and should be studied further.
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8
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Sadati ZA, Motedayyen H, Sherkat R, Ostadi V, Eskandari N. Comparison of the Percentage of Regulatory T cells and their p-STAT5 Expression in Allergic and Non-Allergic Common Variable Immunodeficiency Patients. Immunol Invest 2018; 48:52-63. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1498882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Adnani Sadati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Ostadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Lin L, Xie M, Chen X, Yu Y, Liu Y, Lei K, Wang D, Zeng J, Zhou J, Zhang L, Zuo D, Sun L. Toll-like receptor 4 attenuates a murine model of atopic dermatitis through inhibition of langerin-positive DCs migration. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1015-1022. [PMID: 29851146 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that is often associated with skin barrier dysfunction leading to a higher frequency of bacterial and viral skin infections. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 on resident skin cells was involved in sensing pathogens and eliciting pathogen-specific innate and adaptive immune responses. Previous studies have demonstrated that TLR4 was linked to AD severity in context of pathogen infection. However, the immune regulatory role of TLR4 in AD remains to be defined. We here investigated the immune regulatory function of TLR4 in AD induced by repeated epicutaneous application of a hapten, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Our results showed that TLR4-deficient (TLR4-/- ) mice exhibited more severe AD symptoms than WT mice after DNCB challenge. The DNCB-treated TLR4-/- mice also displayed higher expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and stronger Th2 response than WT counterparts. Moreover, the skin expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an important potential contributor to allergic inflammation, was significantly elevated in TLR4-/- mice compared with that in WT mice upon DNCB administration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the migration of langerin-positive dendritic cells (DCs) into draining lymph nodes was enhanced in TLR4-/- mice following DNCB challenge, which is partially dependent on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Together, these results determined that TLR4 affected the hapten-induced skin inflammation in the absence of exogenous pathogen infection, suggesting that TLR4 not only regulates infection but also may serve as a modulator of the immune response during AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengying Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ledong Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Heeringa JJ, Fieten KB, Bruins FM, van Hoffen E, Knol EF, Pasmans SGMA, van Zelm MC. Treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in alpine and moderate maritime climates differentially affects helper T cells and memory B cells in children. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:679-690. [PMID: 29575251 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) is focused on topical anti-inflammatory therapy, epidermal barrier repair and trigger avoidance. Multidisciplinary treatment in both moderate maritime and alpine climates can successfully reduce disease activity in children with AD. However, it remains unclear whether abnormalities in B cell and T cell memory normalize and whether this differs between treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE To determine whether successful treatment in maritime and alpine climates normalizes B- and T lymphocytes in children with moderate to severe AD. METHODS The study was performed in the context of a trial (DAVOS trial, registered at Current Controlled Trials ISCRTN88136485) in which eighty-eight children with moderate to severe AD were randomized to 6 weeks of treatment in moderate maritime climate (outpatient setting) or in the alpine climate (inpatient setting). Before and directly after treatment, disease activity was determined with SA-EASI and serum TARC, and T cell and B cell subsets were quantified in blood. RESULTS Both treatment protocols achieved a significant decrease in disease activity, which was accompanied by a reduction in circulating memory Treg, transitional B cell and plasmablast numbers. Alpine climate treatment had a significantly greater effect on disease activity and was accompanied by a reduction in blood eosinophils and increases in memory B cells, CD8+ TemRO, CD4+ Tcm and CCR7+ Th2 subsets. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinically successful treatment of AD induces changes in blood B- and T cell subsets reflecting reduced chronic inflammation. In addition, multidisciplinary inpatient treatment in the alpine climate specifically affects memory B cells, CD8+ T cells and Th2 cells. These cell types could represent good markers for treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Heeringa
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K B Fieten
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Merem Dutch Asthma Center Davos, Davos, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - F M Bruins
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E van Hoffen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E F Knol
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S G M A Pasmans
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central clinical school, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology & Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Umar M, Sastry KS, Al Ali F, Al-Khulaifi M, Wang E, Chouchane AI. Vitamin D and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:74-86. [DOI: 10.1159/000485132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Bergallo M, Accorinti M, Galliano I, Coppo P, Montanari P, Quaglino P, Savino F. Expression of miRNA 155, FOXP3 and ROR gamma, in children with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2017; 155:168-172. [PMID: 29249119 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.17.05707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory process in the skin, but its link to miRNA 155 is less known. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of microRNA155, and T helper type 17 cells and Treg cells in children with atopic dermatitis. METHODS The study population consisted of: children seen for atopic dermatitis at the outpatient ambulatory of Dermatology at the Children Hospital Regina Margherita, Torino, Italy (N.=23); healthy control subjects (N.=23). Blood samples were taken during routine control analysis and the expression of miRNA 155 and the production of FOXP3 and RORγ was determined using PCR real time. RESULTS The analysis of miR-155 shows that the over-expression of miR-155 is statistically significant (P=0.0040) in the group of patients with atopic dermatitis compared to the healthy control group. Analysis of mRNAs of FOXP3 and RORγ shows a FOXP3 mRNA expression statistically higher in the group of patients (P=0.0057). The Th17 / Treg ratio is significantly smaller in patients with atopic dermatitis (P=0.0012). Also the ratio miR-155/Th17/Treg is larger in the group of patients with atopic dermatitis (P=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that increased miR-155 and FOXP3 and RORγ responses may provide a link to immune dysregulation associated with atopic dermatitis. Although a point-by-point correlation between miR-155 and the ratio Th17/Treg is not demonstrated, our findings shows that these two elements do not appear to be completely unrelated to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bergallo
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Dipartimento delle Scienze di Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Accorinti
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galliano
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Dipartimento delle Scienze di Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Coppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Montanari
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Dipartimento delle Scienze di Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Savino
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy -
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13
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The role of regulatory T cells and genes involved in their differentiation in pathogenesis of selected inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases. Part II: The Treg role in skin diseases pathogenesis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:405-417. [PMID: 29507554 PMCID: PMC5835974 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.71105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory FOXP3+ T cells (Tregs) constitute 5% to 10% of T cells in the normal human skin. They play an important role in the induction and maintenance of immunological tolerance. The suppressive effects of these cells are exerted by various mechanisms including the direct cytotoxic effect, anti-inflammatory cytokines, metabolic disruption, and modulation of the dendritic cells function. The deficiency of Treg cells number or function are one of the basic elements of the pathogenesis of many skin diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, bacterial and viral infections. They also play a role in the pathogenesis of T cell lymphomas of the skin (cutaneous T cell lymphomas - CTCL), skin tumors and mastocytosis. Here, in the second part of the cycle, we describe dysfunctions of Tregs in selected skin diseases.
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14
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Evaluation of Immune Indices and Serum Vitamin D Content in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1020:81-89. [PMID: 28512681 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of vitamin D on allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, is linked to the presence of vitamin D nuclear receptors in immune cells. The present study seeks to determine the possible relationship between serum vitamin D content and immune indices in children with atopic dermatitis. The study was conducted in 19 children with atopic dermatitis. The control consisted of 17 age-matched healthy children. A single significant finding was a distinctly lower number of serum regulatory T cells in atopic dermatitis compared with controls (p < 0.00001). There were no appreciable differences between the two groups concerning the immunological indices such as the phenotypes: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8, CD19, CD16/56, natural killer T cells, and anti-CD3 human leukocyte antigen - antigen D related cell surface receptor (HLA-DR3), or the percentage of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and the IgE level. We also revealed an inverse association between the serum vitamin D and the percentage of CD8+ cells (p < 0.05; r = 0.62) in atopic dermatitis. In conclusion, the results point to a regulatory role of T cells in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, but fail to substantiate the influence of vitamin D on the course of the disease.
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Herbal Medicines Prevent the Development of Atopic Dermatitis by Multiple Mechanisms. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 25:151-160. [PMID: 26740223 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is among the most common skin disorders in humans. Although a variety of regimens are available for the treatment of AD, preventive approaches are limited. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain naturally-occurring herbal medicines are effective in preventing the development of AD via divergent mechanisms, such as inhibiting cytokine and chemokine expression, IgE production, inflammatory cell infiltration, histamine release, and/or enhancement of epidermal permeability barrier function. Yet, they exhibit few adverse effects. Since herbal medicines are widely available, inexpensive and generally safe, they could represent an ideal approach for preventing the development of AD, in both highly developed and developing countries.
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Hauck V, Hügli P, Meli ML, Rostaher A, Fischer N, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Favrot C. Increased numbers of FoxP3-expressing CD4+ CD25+regulatory T cells in peripheral blood from dogs with atopic dermatitis and its correlation with disease severity. Vet Dermatol 2015; 27:26-e9. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hauck
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hügli
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nina Fischer
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Dou X, Yang H, Shao Y, Wang K, Yu B, Zhang W, Lau HYA. Impaired Toll-like receptor 2-mediated Th1 and Th17/22 cytokines secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:384. [PMID: 26682905 PMCID: PMC4683963 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) function has been associated with the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, there are only few studies reporting on the TLR2-induced immunological responses of circulating leucocytes of AD patients. We thus investigated the expression and secretion of Th1, Th2 and Th17/22 cytokines triggered by TLR2 ligands in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AD patients. Expression of TLR2, 1, 6 and high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) were further investigated to evaluate the outcome of immune response in AD. METHODS Expression of TLR2, 1, 6 and FcεRI in PBMCs from AD patients and healthy individuals were measured by qPCR. Subsequent to stimulation with TLR2 ligands PGN and Pam3CSK4, expression and secretion of Th1, Th2 and Th17/22 cytokines were investigated by qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS The levels of TLR2, 1, 6 mRNA were not altered in both groups of subjects while that of FcεRI was increased in AD patients. Subsequent to the activation by TLR2 ligands, PBMCs from AD patients significantly released less IFN-γ, IL-17F and IL-22 than those from healthy controls while no detectable level of release was observed with the other cytokines. In contrast, significantly higher levels of mRNA expression for TNF-α, IL5, IL-17A and IL-22 were observed in TLR2 activated PBMCs of AD patients than those of healthy control. CONCLUSIONS PBMCs from AD patients are defective in the secretion of Th1 and Th17/22 cytokines in response to TLR2 ligands. The inconsistent increased expression of the mRNA for the corresponding Th1 cytokines and the Th2 cytokines IL-5 suggested that there may be alterations of downstream signaling events in the cytokine release mechanisms of PBMCs that are associated with the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yarui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xia Dou
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yong Shao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hang Yung Alaster Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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18
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Roesner LM, Floess S, Witte T, Olek S, Huehn J, Werfel T. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells are expanded in severe atopic dermatitis patients. Allergy 2015; 70:1656-60. [PMID: 26228301 DOI: 10.1111/all.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to play critical roles in homeostasis and immune responses in the skin. Whether Treg frequencies are altered in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients has been addressed by several studies, leading to conflicting results. The detection of Tregs by FOXP3 expression may lead to false-positive results as activated T cells without regulatory function may transiently upregulate this transcription factor. In contrast, measurement of the DNA methylation status of a region within the FOXP3 locus that is selectively demethylated only in bona fide Tregs (Treg-specific demethylated region, TSDR) represents a reliable method to quantify Tregs. Here, we measured circulating Treg frequencies of adult patients and detected a positive correlation with disease severity. Subsequent surface marker analysis revealed higher frequencies of CD45RA(+) CCR7(-) tissue-homing Tregs in the patient group with a tendency of reduced expression of CD39 compared with healthy donors, a marker for the highly suppressive TREM subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Roesner
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research; Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - S. Floess
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - T. Witte
- Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - S. Olek
- Epiontis GmbH; Berlin Germany
| | - J. Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - T. Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research; Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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Howell MD, Parker ML, Mustelin T, Ranade K. Past, present, and future for biologic intervention in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2015; 70:887-96. [PMID: 25879391 DOI: 10.1111/all.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a debilitating disease that significantly alters the quality of life for one in four children and one in 10 adults. Current management of AD utilizes combinations of treatments to symptomatically alleviate disease by suppressing the inflammatory response and restoring barrier function in the skin, reducing disease exacerbation and flare, and preventing secondary skin infections. Resolution is temporary and long-term usage of these treatments can be associated with significant side-effects. Antibody therapies previously approved for inflammatory diseases have been opportunistically evaluated in patients with atopic dermatitis; however, they often failed to demonstrate a significant clinical benefit. Monoclonal antibodies currently in development offer hope to those individuals suffering from the disease by specifically targeting immune and molecular pathways important for the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Here, we review the underlying biological pathways and the state of the art in therapeutics in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - K Ranade
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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20
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El Samahy MH, Attia EAS, Saad AA, Mahmoud EY. Circulating CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) T-regulatory cells in patients with atopic dermatitis after narrowband-ultraviolet B phototherapy. Int J Dermatol 2015. [PMID: 26219909 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed controversial results regarding CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in atopic dermatitis (AD) and effect of therapy. METHODS Circulating CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) Tregs were assessed by flow cytometry in 20 controls and 20 patients with AD at baseline and after narrowband ultraviolet B with assessment of disease severity. RESULTS Patients showed higher pretreatment T-effector cells (Teffs) (%) and lower pretreatment Tregs FoxP3 expression% than controls (P = 0.003 and 0.01, respectively). Mild AD showed a lower Tregs/Teffs ratio compared to controls (P = 0.013), while moderate group showed higher Teffs%, and lower Tregs FoxP3 expression% and Tregs/Teffs compared to controls (P = 0.016, 0.007, and 0.009 respectively). The severe group had higher Tregs% and Teffs%, yet with a lower Tregs FoxP3 expression% compared to controls (P < 0.001, P = 0.043, P = 0.044, respectively). There was significant reduction of severity after narrowband ultraviolet B (P = 0.007), with overall significant elevation of Tregs FoxP3 expression% in patients (P = 0.004). All patients' post-treatment laboratory findings were statistically matched to each other and to controls whatever their previous severity or therapeutic response. The improvement of severity score correlated with the change in both Tregs% and Tregs/Teffs. CONCLUSIONS Significant reduction in AD disease severity is correlated with the change in Tregs% and Tregs/Teffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- May H El Samahy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas A S Attia
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Saad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Y Mahmoud
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Matin N, Tabatabaie O, Mohammadinejad P, Rezaei N. Therapeutic targeting of Toll-like receptors in cutaneous disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1651-63. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1069275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Wang AX, Xu Landén N. New insights into T cells and their signature cytokines in atopic dermatitis. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:601-10. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao-xue Wang
- Department of Dermatology; The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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23
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Marlow G, Han DY, Wickens K, Stanley T, Crane J, Mitchell EA, Dekker J, Barthow C, Fitzharris P, Ferguson LR, Morgan AR. Differential effects of two probiotics on the risks of eczema and atopy associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms to Toll-like receptors. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26:262-271. [PMID: 25779902 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence to support a genetic predisposition to eczema and more recently studies have suggested that probiotics might be used to prevent eczema by modifying the expression of putative allergy-associated genes. The aim of this present study was to investigate whether two probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 (HN019), can modify the known genetic predisposition to eczema conferred by genetic variation in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in a high-risk infant population. METHODS We selected 54 SNPs in the Toll-like receptor genes. These SNPs were analysed in 331 children of sole European ancestry as part of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial examining the effects of HN001 and HN019 supplementation on eczema development and atopic sensitization. RESULTS The data showed that 26 TLR SNPs interacted with HN001 resulting in a significantly reduced risk of eczema, 18 for eczema severity as defined by SCORAD ≥ 10 and 20 for atopic sensitization compared to placebo. There were only two SNPs that interacted with HN019 resulting in a reduced risk of eczema, eczema severity or atopy. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that the negative impact of specific TLR genotypes may be positively affected by probiotic supplementation. HN001 exhibits a much stronger effect than HN019 in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Marlow
- Discipline of Nutrition, FM&HS, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dug Yeo Han
- Discipline of Nutrition, FM&HS, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristin Wickens
- The Wellington Asthma Research Group, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thorsten Stanley
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Julian Crane
- The Wellington Asthma Research Group, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Edwin A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics, FM&HS, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Dekker
- Nutrition and Health Team, Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christine Barthow
- The Wellington Asthma Research Group, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, FM&HS, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angharad R Morgan
- Discipline of Nutrition, FM&HS, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Lessons learned from mice and man: mimicking human allergy through mouse models. Clin Immunol 2014; 155:1-16. [PMID: 25131136 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of using mouse models to represent human allergic pathologies is still unclear. Recent studies suggest the limitations of using models as a standard for assessing immune response and tolerance mechanisms, as mouse models often do not sufficiently depict human atopic conditions. Allergy is a combination of aberrant responses to innocuous environmental agents and the subsequent TH2-mediated inflammatory responses. In this review, we will discuss current paradigms of allergy - specifically, TH2-mediated and IgE-associated immune responses - and current mouse models used to recreate these TH2-mediated pathologies. Our overall goal is to highlight discrepancies that exist between mice and men by examining the advantages and disadvantages of allergic mouse models with respect to the human allergic condition.
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25
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Boos AC, Hagl B, Schlesinger A, Halm BE, Ballenberger N, Pinarci M, Heinz V, Kreilinger D, Spielberger BD, Schimke-Marques LF, Sawalle-Belohradsky J, Belohradsky BH, Przybilla B, Schaub B, Wollenberg A, Renner ED. Atopic dermatitis, STAT3- and DOCK8-hyper-IgE syndromes differ in IgE-based sensitization pattern. Allergy 2014; 69:943-53. [PMID: 24898675 DOI: 10.1111/all.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased serum IgE levels are characteristic but not specific for allergic diseases. Particularly, severe atopic dermatitis (AD) overlaps with hyper-IgE syndromes (HIES) regarding eczema, eosinophilia, and increased serum IgE levels. HIES are primary immunodeficiencies due to monogenetic defects such as in the genes DOCK8 and STAT3. As it is not known to date why allergic manifestations are not present in all HIES entities, we assessed the specificity of serum IgE of AD and HIES patients in the context of clinical and immunological findings. METHODS Clinical data, skin prick tests, specific IgE to aero- and food allergens, and T helper (Th) subpopulations were compared in AD and molecularly defined HIES patients. RESULTS Total serum IgE levels were similarly increased in STAT3-HIES, DOCK8-HIES, and AD patients. The ratio of aeroallergen-specific IgE to total IgE was highest in AD, whereas DOCK8-HIES patients showed the highest specific serum IgE against food allergens. Overall, clinical allergy and skin prick test results complied with the specific IgE results. Th2-cell numbers were significantly increased in DOCK8-HIES and AD patients compared to STAT3-HIES patients and controls. AD patients showed significantly higher nTreg-cell counts compared to STAT3-HIES and control individuals. High Th17-cell counts were associated with asthma. Specific IgE values, skin prick test, and T-cell subsets of STAT3-HIES patients were comparable with those of healthy individuals except decreased Th17-cell counts. CONCLUSION Hyper-IgE syndromes and atopic dermatitis patients showed different sensitization pattern of serum IgE corresponding to the allergic disease manifestations and Th-cell subset data, suggesting a key role of DOCK8 in the development of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Boos
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
- Dermatology and Allergy; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - B. Hagl
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - A. Schlesinger
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
- Dermatology and Allergy; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - B. E. Halm
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - N. Ballenberger
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - M. Pinarci
- Dermatology and Allergy; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - V. Heinz
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - D. Kreilinger
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - B. D. Spielberger
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - L. F. Schimke-Marques
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - J. Sawalle-Belohradsky
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - B. H. Belohradsky
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - B. Przybilla
- Dermatology and Allergy; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - B. Schaub
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - A. Wollenberg
- Dermatology and Allergy; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - E. D. Renner
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital; Ludwig Maximilian University; Munich Germany
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26
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Ress K, Annus T, Putnik U, Luts K, Uibo R, Uibo O. Celiac disease in children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2014; 31:483-8. [PMID: 24831884 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine with highly variable clinical presentation and frequently associated with various immune-mediated diseases. Among these immune-mediated diseases, atopy has been found frequently in individuals with CD. We aimed to study the prevalence of CD in Estonian children with atopic dermatitis (AD), a common multifactorial chronic inflammatory skin disease. We recruited 351 consecutive children with active AD (mean age 5.8 yrs, 57.6% boys) at Tallinn Children's Hospital, Estonia. Sera of all patients were tested for total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, for IgA- and IgG-type autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase (IgA-anti-TG2, IgG-anti-TG2) and to deamidated gliadin peptides (IgA-anti-DGP, IgG-anti-DGP). The diagnosis of CD was confirmed histologically by small intestine biopsy according to the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition diagnostic criteria. IgA deficiency was detected in nine patients with AD (2.6%), none of whom had IgG-anti-TG2 or IgG-anti-DGP seropositivity. IgA-anti-TG2 positivity was found in 4 (1.1%), IgG-anti-TG2 positivity in 2 (0.6%), IgA-anti-DGP positivity in 11 (3.1%), and IgG-anti-DGP in 10 (2.8%) patients. Celiac disease was confirmed in five (1.4%) patients with AD (95% confidence interval 0.46, 3.32) and all were histologically characterized as Marsh IIIa-IIIc stages and two presented with silent CD. In AD patients, CD prevalence was more than four times as high as in previously studied randomly selected schoolchildren in Estonia. Two patients with AD diagnosed with CD had no symptoms indicative of CD, in spite of extensive histologic changes in the small intestine mucosa. Therefore our study emphasizes the need for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of screening individuals with AD for CD in time to prevent long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Ress
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Licciardi PV, Ismail IH, Balloch A, Mui M, Hoe E, Lamb K, Tang MLK. Maternal Supplementation with LGG Reduces Vaccine-Specific Immune Responses in Infants at High-Risk of Developing Allergic Disease. Front Immunol 2013; 4:381. [PMID: 24324465 PMCID: PMC3840393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Among their pleiotropic effects, inhibition of pathogen colonization at the mucosal surface as well as modulation of immune responses are widely recognized as the principal biological activities of probiotic bacteria. In recent times, the immune effects of probiotics have led to their application as vaccine adjuvants, offering a novel strategy for enhancing the efficacy of current vaccines. Such an approach is particularly relevant in regions where infectious disease burden is greatest and where access to complete vaccination programs is limited. In this study, we report the effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on immune responses to tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal conjugate (PCV7) vaccines in infants. This study was conducted as part of a larger clinical trial assessing the impact of maternal LGG supplementation in preventing the development of atopic eczema in infants at high-risk for developing allergic disease. Maternal LGG supplementation was associated with reduced antibody responses against tetanus, Hib, and pneumococcal serotypes contained in PCV7 (N = 31) compared to placebo treatment (N = 30) but not total IgG levels. Maternal LGG supplementation was also associated with a trend to increased number of tetanus toxoid-specific T regulatory in the peripheral blood compared to placebo-treated infants. These findings suggest that maternal LGG supplementation may not be beneficial in terms of improving vaccine-specific immunity in infants. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings. As probiotic immune effects can be species/strain specific, our findings do not exclude the potential use of other probiotic bacteria to modulate infant immune responses to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Licciardi
- Allergy and Immune Disorders, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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28
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Ma L, Xue HB, Guan XH, Shu CM, Wang F, Zhang JH, An RZ. The Imbalance of Th17 cells and CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) Treg cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:1079-86. [PMID: 24304358 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17/Treg imbalance is involved in several autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic reactions. Nevertheless, the possible contribution of Th17/Treg imbalance in atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore the possible role of Th17/Treg imbalance in AD. METHODS Th17 and Treg cells percentage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and skin specimens, specific transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt and Foxp3 mRNA levels in PBMCs, as well as Th17- and Treg-related cytokines mRNA levels in PBMCs, serum concentrations, and expression levels in PBMCs culture supernatant after recombinant Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen stimulation were detected in AD patients. Controls included patients with psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and healthy donors. RESULTS Th17 cells percentage, RORγt, IL-17 and IL-23 levels in peripheral circulation of AD patients were significantly higher than those in ACD patients and healthy controls, but lower than those of psoriasis patients. Treg cells percentage, Foxp3 and TGF-β mRNA levels were reduced in AD patients compared with healthy controls, while there were no significant differences among AD, ACD and psoriasis patients. Th17 cells percentage, IL-17 and IL-23 levels were increased, while Treg cells percentage and TGF-β level were decreased in AD lesion and PBMCs culture supernatant respectively. There was a negative association between Th17 and Treg cells percentage in AD patients. AD severity score positively correlated with Th17 cells percentage and Th17/Treg ratio, while negatively correlated with Treg cells percentage. Serum IgE levels positively correlated with Th17/Treg ratio. CONCLUSION In AD, there exists an immune imbalance in Th17 and Treg cells, which may contribute to its pathogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
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Malajian D, Belsito DV. Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69:232-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The importance of the nurse cells and regulatory cells in the control of T lymphocyte responses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:352414. [PMID: 23509712 PMCID: PMC3591132 DOI: 10.1155/2013/352414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes from the immune system are bone marrow-derived cells whose development and activities are carefully supervised by two sets of accessory cells. In the thymus, the immature young T lymphocytes are engulfed by epithelial “nurse cells” and retained in vacuoles, where most of them (95%) are negatively selected and removed when they have an incomplete development or express high affinity autoreactive receptors. The mature T lymphocytes that survive to this selection process leave the thymus and are controlled in the periphery by another subpopulation of accessory cells called “regulatory cells,” which reduce any excessive immune response and the risk of collateral injuries to healthy tissues. By different times and procedures, nurse cells and regulatory cells control both the development and the functions of T lymphocyte subpopulations. Disorders in the T lymphocytes development and migration have been observed in some parasitic diseases, which disrupt the thymic microenvironment of nurse cells. In other cases, parasites stimulate rather than depress the functions of regulatory T cells decreasing T-mediated host damages. This paper is a short review regarding some features of these accessory cells and their main interactions with T immature and mature lymphocytes. The modulatory role that neurotransmitters and hormones play in these interactions is also revised.
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Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis 2.0: from the clinical phenotype to the molecular taxonomy and stratified medicine. Allergy 2012; 67:1475-82. [PMID: 23106343 DOI: 10.1111/all.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a paradigmatic inflammatory chronic skin disease. As for other chronic skin diseases, (i) the spectrum of the clinical phenotype and severity as well as (ii) the genetic background and (iii) the underlying mechanisms strongly suggest a high degree of pathophysiological heterogeneity yet leading to a similar clinical pattern, that is, the eczematous skin lesion, but showing distinct progression patterns. This review suggests to exploit the recent knowledge about AD for a novel approach proposing a tentative first molecular taxonomy of this disease based on the genotype and endophenotype. The consequences in terms of personalized prevention and management are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th. Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; University of Bonn; Bonn; Germany
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Samochocki Z, Alifier M, Bodera P, Jeziorkowska R, Rosiak E, Jurkiewicz B, Glińska O, Gliński W, Stankiewicz W. T-regulatory cells in severe atopic dermatitis: alterations related to cytokines and other lymphocyte subpopulations. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304:795-801. [PMID: 22968402 PMCID: PMC3505524 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in atopic dermatitis (AD) concern also T-regulatory cells. We investigated the expression of various surface receptors on CD3+CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ T-regulatory cells and the activation CD28+ receptor and the inhibitory CD152+ receptor on helper/inducer as well as cytotoxic/suppressor T cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 15 AD patients and 20 healthy subjects were analyzed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β were determined in the serum and the supernatant of ConA-stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes. In AD patients the percentage of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ as well as CD3+CD8+ cells increased, which positively correlated with SCORAD index (r = 0.55, p = 0.03). The concentrations of IL-10 in the CD4+ lymphocyte culture supernatants and the concentrations of TGF-β in the sera and the supernatant negatively correlated with the severity of AD (p < 0.01, r = −0.63; p < 0.02, r = −0.64 and p < 0.03, r = −0.58, respectively), whereas the serum concentration of IL-6 correlated positively (p < 0.003, r = 0.71). The regulatory cells expressed more CD62L and CD134 surface markers but less CD95. Reduced expression of the apoptotic CD95 receptor suggests that survival time of these cells is prolonged. Since CD62L and CD134 were upregulated, the enhanced modulatory effect of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ cells seemed to be suggested, which may result in increased co-expression of CD28/CD152 on both CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations.
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