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Liu M, Zhang Y, Shaw RK, Zhang X, Li J, Li L, Li S, Adnan M, Jiang F, Bi Y, Yin X, Fan X. Genome-Wide Association Study and Prediction of Tassel Weight of Tropical Maize Germplasm in Multi-Parent Population. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1756. [PMID: 38339032 PMCID: PMC10855296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tassel weight (TW) is a crucial agronomic trait that significantly affects pollen supply and grain yield development in maize breeding. To improve maize yield and develop new varieties, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying tassel weight is essential. In this study, tropical maize inbred lines, namely CML312, CML373, CML444, and YML46, were selected as female parents and crossed with the elite maize inbred line Ye107, which served as the common male parent, to develop a multi-parent population comprising four F8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) subpopulations. Using 6616 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we conducted genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) on 642 F8 RILs in four subpopulations across three different environments. Through GWAS, we identified 16 SNPs that were significantly associated with TW, encompassing two stable loci expressed across multiple environments. Furthermore, within the candidate regions of these SNPs, we discovered four novel candidate genes related to TW, namely Zm00001d044362, Zm00001d011048, Zm00001d011049, and Zm00001d031173 distributed on chromosomes 1, 3, and 8, which have not been previously reported. These genes are involved in processes such as signal transduction, growth and development, protein splicing, and pollen development, all of which play crucial roles in inflorescence meristem development, directly affecting TW. The co-localized SNP, S8_137379725, on chromosome 8 was situated within a 16.569 kb long terminal repeat retrotransposon (LTR-RT), located 22.819 kb upstream and 26.428 kb downstream of the candidate genes (Zm00001d011048 and Zm00001d011049). When comparing three distinct GS models, the BayesB model demonstrated the highest accuracy in predicting TW. This study establishes the theoretical foundation for future research into the genetic mechanisms underlying maize TW and the efficient breeding of high-yielding varieties with desired tassel weight through GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Liu
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (M.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Y.Z.); (R.K.S.); (M.A.); (F.J.); (Y.B.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ranjan K. Shaw
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Y.Z.); (R.K.S.); (M.A.); (F.J.); (Y.B.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xingjie Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (M.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Jinfeng Li
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (M.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Linzhuo Li
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (M.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaoxiong Li
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (M.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Y.Z.); (R.K.S.); (M.A.); (F.J.); (Y.B.); (X.Y.)
| | - Fuyan Jiang
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Y.Z.); (R.K.S.); (M.A.); (F.J.); (Y.B.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yaqi Bi
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Y.Z.); (R.K.S.); (M.A.); (F.J.); (Y.B.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xingfu Yin
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Y.Z.); (R.K.S.); (M.A.); (F.J.); (Y.B.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xingming Fan
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Y.Z.); (R.K.S.); (M.A.); (F.J.); (Y.B.); (X.Y.)
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Gong L, Liao S, Duan W, Liu Y, Zhu D, Zhou X, Xue B, Chu C, Liang YK. OsCPL3 is involved in brassinosteroid signaling by regulating OsGSK2 stability. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1560-1574. [PMID: 35665602 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins play key roles in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling during plant growth and development by phosphorylating various substrates. However, how GSK3 protein stability and activity are themselves modulated is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE 3 (OsCPL3), a member of the RNA Pol II CTD phosphatase-like family, physically interacts with OsGSK2 in rice (Oryza sativa). OsCPL3 expression was widely detected in various tissues and organs including roots, leaves and lamina joints, and was induced by exogenous BR treatment. OsCPL3 localized to the nucleus, where it dephosphorylated OsGSK2 at the Ser-222 and Thr-284 residues to modulate its protein turnover and kinase activity, in turn affecting the degradation of BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and BR signaling. Loss of OsCPL3 function resulted in higher OsGSK2 abundance and lower OsBZR1 levels, leading to decreased BR responsiveness and alterations in plant morphology including semi-dwarfism, leaf erectness and grain size, which are of fundamental importance to crop productivity. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role for OsCPL3 and add another layer of complexity to the tightly controlled BR signaling pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shenghao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dongmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Baoping Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Mao J, Li W, Liu J, Li J. Versatile Physiological Functions of Plant GSK3-Like Kinases. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050697. [PMID: 34066668 PMCID: PMC8151121 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinases are highly conserved protein serine/threonine kinases that are grouped into four subfamilies. Similar to their mammalian homologs, these kinases are constitutively active under normal growth conditions but become inactivated in response to diverse developmental and environmental signals. Since their initial discoveries in the early 1990s, many biochemical and genetic studies were performed to investigate their physiological functions in various plant species. These studies have demonstrated that the plant GSK3-like kinases are multifunctional kinases involved not only in a wide variety of plant growth and developmental processes but also in diverse plant stress responses. Here we summarize our current understanding of the versatile physiological functions of the plant GSK3-like kinases along with their confirmed and potential substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.L.)
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Koh S, Lee SC, Kim MK, Koh JH, Lee S, An G, Choe S, Kim SR. T-DNA tagged knockout mutation of rice OsGSK1, an orthologue of Arabidopsis BIN2, with enhanced tolerance to various abiotic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 65:453-66. [PMID: 17690841 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
T-DNA-tagged rice plants were screened under cold- or salt-stress conditions to determine the genes involved in the molecular mechanism for their abiotic-stress response. Line 0-165-65 was identified as a salt-responsive line. The gene responsible for this GUS-positive phenotype was revealed by inverse PCR as OsGSK1 (Oryza sativa glycogen synthase kinase3-like gene 1), a member of the plant GSK3/SHAGGY-like protein kinase genes and an orthologue of the Arabidopsis brassinosteroid insensitive 2 (BIN2), AtSK21. Northern blot analysis showed that OsGSK1 was most highly detected in the developing panicles, suggesting that its expression is developmental stage specific. Knockout (KO) mutants of OsGSK1 showed enhanced tolerance to cold, heat, salt, and drought stresses when compared with non-transgenic segregants (NT). Overexpression of the full-length OsGSK1 led to a stunted growth phenotype similar to the one observed with the gain-of-function BIN/AtSK21 mutant. This suggests that OsGSK1 might be a functional rice orthologue that serves as a negative regulator of brassinosteroid (BR)-signaling. Therefore, we propose that stress-responsive OsGSK1 may have physiological roles in stress signal-transduction pathways and floral developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serry Koh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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Coronado MJ, Testillano PS, Wilson C, Vicente O, Heberle-Bors E, Risueño MC. In situ molecular identification of the Ntf4 MAPK expression sites in maturing and germinating pollen. Biol Cell 2007; 99:209-21. [PMID: 17217337 DOI: 10.1042/bc20060076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) are involved in the transduction of different signals in eukaryotes. They regulate different processes, such as differentiation, proliferation and stress response. MAPKs act through the phosphorylation cascade, being the last element that phosphorylates the final effector of the cell response. They are activated when their threonine and tyrosine residues are phosphorylated. Ntf4, a MAPK with a molecular mass of 45 kDa, has been reported to be expressed in pollen and seeds. Biochemical studies have indicated that the expression and the activation of Ntf4 is regulated during pollen maturation, although an increase of the activation is observed when the pollen is hydrated, just at the beginning of the germination. However, nothing is known about its subcellular localization. RESULTS In the present study, the in situ expression and subcellular localization of Ntf4 have been analysed during the tobacco pollen developmental pathway. Cryosections, freeze-substitution and cryo-embedding in Lowicryl K4M were used as processing techniques for subsequent immunofluorescence, immunogold labelling and in situ hybridization assays. During pollen maturation, Ntf4 showed an increase in expression, as demonstrated by in situ hybridization, and specific subcellular distributions. We found that the protein was expressed from mid bicellular pollen stage until the pollen was mature. In germinating pollen, the protein increased after the initiation of germination. Translocation of the protein to the nucleus was found at specific stages; the presence of Ntf4 in the nucleus was found in the last stage of the pollen maturation and in germinating pollen. Double immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling with anti-Ntf4 (AbC4) and anti-P-MAPK (phosphorylated MAPK) antibodies revealed the co-localization of both epitopes in the nucleus at late developmental stages. CONCLUSIONS The temporal and spatial pattern of the expression sites of Ntf4 has been characterized during pollen development, indicating that Ntf4 is a 'late gene' that is upregulated during maturation and germination, with a possible role in the gametophytic function. The translocation of the Ntf4 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at late pollen developmental stages, and its co-localization with the P-MAPK epitope in several nuclear sites, indicates a relationship between the Ntf4 nuclear translocation and its active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Jose Coronado
- Plant Development and Nuclear Organization Unit, Biological Research Centre (CIB), CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kempa S, Rozhon W, Šamaj J, Erban A, Baluška F, Becker T, Haselmayer J, Schleiff E, Kopka J, Hirt H, Jonak C. A plastid-localized glycogen synthase kinase 3 modulates stress tolerance and carbohydrate metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:1076-90. [PMID: 17319843 PMCID: PMC1865003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.03025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) was originally identified as a regulator of glycogen synthesis in mammals. Like starch in plants, glycogen is a polymer of glucose, and serves as an energy and carbon store. Starch is the main carbohydrate store in plants. Regulation of starch metabolism, in particular in response to environmental cues, is of primary importance for carbon and energy flow in plants but is still obscure. Here, we provide evidence that MsK4, a novel Medicago sativa GSK-3-like kinase, connects stress signalling with carbon metabolism. MsK4 was found to be a plastid-localized protein kinase that is associated with starch granules. High-salt stress rapidly induced the in vivo kinase activity of MsK4. Metabolic profiling of MsK4 over-expressor lines revealed changes in sugar metabolism, including increased amounts of maltose, the main degradation product of starch in leaves. Plants over-expressing MsK4 showed improved tolerance to salt stress. Moreover, under high-salinity conditions, MsK4-over-expressing plants accumulated significantly more starch and showed modified carbohydrate content compared with wild-type plants. Overall, these data indicate that MsK4 is an important regulator that adjusts carbohydrate metabolism to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kempa
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of SciencesAkademická 2, PO Box 39A, SK-950 07 Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnKirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Plant BiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, D-14467 Golm, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnKirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMenzinger Straße 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Haselmayer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMenzinger Straße 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Plant BiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, D-14467 Golm, Germany
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Jonak
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Wrzaczek M, Rozhon W, Jonak C. A Proteasome-regulated Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Modulates Disease Response in Plants. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5249-55. [PMID: 17179144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610135200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a key player in various important signaling pathways in animals. The activity of GSK-3 is known to be modulated by protein phosphorylation and differential complex formation. However, little information is available regarding the function and regulation of plant GSK-3/shaggy-like kinases (GSKs). Analysis of the in vivo kinase activity of MsK1, a GSK from Medicago sativa, revealed that MsK1 is active in healthy plants and that MsK1 activity is down-regulated by the elicitor cellulase in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, cellulase treatment triggered the degradation of the MsK1 protein in a proteasome-dependent manner suggesting a novel mechanism of GSK-3 regulation. Inhibition of MsK1 kinase activity and degradation of the protein were two successive processes that could be uncoupled. In a transgenic approach, stimulus-induced inhibition of MsK1 was impeded by constant replenishment of MsK1 by a strong constitutive promoter. MsK1 overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced disease susceptibility to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. MAP kinase activation in response to pathogen infection was compromised in plants with elevated MsK1 levels. These data strongly suggest that tight regulation of the plant GSK-3, MsK1, may be important for innate immunity to limit the severity of virulent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wrzaczek
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Yoo MJ, Albert VA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Phylogenetic diversification of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase genes in plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 6:3. [PMID: 16504046 PMCID: PMC1524769 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) are non-receptor serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in a variety of biological processes. In contrast to the two members of the GSK3 family in mammals, plants appear to have a much larger set of divergent GSK genes. Plant GSKs are encoded by a multigene family; analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed the existence of 10 GSK genes that fall into four major groups. Here we characterized the structure of Arabidopsis and rice GSK genes and conducted the first broad phylogenetic analysis of the plant GSK gene family, covering a taxonomically diverse array of algal and land plant sequences. RESULTS We found that the structure of GSK genes is generally conserved in Arabidopsis and rice, although we documented examples of exon expansion and intron loss. Our phylogenetic analyses of 139 sequences revealed four major clades of GSK genes that correspond to the four subgroups initially recognized in Arabidopsis. ESTs from basal angiosperms were represented in all four major clades; GSK homologs from the basal angiosperm Persea americana (avocado) appeared in all four clades. Gymnosperm sequences occurred in clades I, III, and IV, and a sequence of the red alga Porphyra was sister to all green plant sequences. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that (1) the plant-specific GSK gene lineage was established early in the history of green plants, (2) plant GSKs began to diversify prior to the origin of extant seed plants, (3) three of the four major clades of GSKs present in Arabidopsis and rice were established early in the evolutionary history of extant seed plants, and (4) diversification into four major clades (as initially reported in Arabidopsis) occurred either just prior to the origin of the angiosperms or very early in angiosperm history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Victor A Albert
- The Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Botany and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Choe S, Schmitz RJ, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Lee MO, Yoshida S, Feldmann KA, Tax FE. Arabidopsis brassinosteroid-insensitive dwarf12 mutants are semidominant and defective in a glycogen synthase kinase 3beta-like kinase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1506-15. [PMID: 12428015 PMCID: PMC166669 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2002] [Revised: 07/11/2002] [Accepted: 07/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutants defective in the biosynthesis or signaling of brassinosteroids (BRs), plant steroid hormones, display dwarfism. Loss-of-function mutants for the gene encoding the plasma membrane-located BR receptor BRI1 are resistant to exogenous application of BRs, and characterization of this protein has contributed significantly to the understanding of BR signaling. We have isolated two new BR-insensitive mutants (dwarf12-1D and dwf12-2D) after screening Arabidopsis ethyl methanesulfonate mutant populations. dwf12 mutants displayed the characteristic morphology of previously reported BR dwarfs including short stature, short round leaves, infertility, and abnormal de-etiolation. In addition, dwf12 mutants exhibited several unique phenotypes, including severe downward curling of the leaves. Genetic analysis indicates that the two mutations are semidominant in that heterozygous plants show a semidwarf phenotype whose height is intermediate between wild-type and homozygous mutant plants. Unlike BR biosynthetic mutants, dwf12 plants were not rescued by high doses of exogenously applied BRs. Like bri1 mutants, dwf12 plants accumulated castasterone and brassinolide, 43- and 15-fold higher, respectively, providing further evidence that DWF12 is a component of the BR signaling pathway that includes BRI1. Map-based cloning of the DWF12 gene revealed that DWF12 belongs to a member of the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta family. Unlike human glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, DWF12 lacks the conserved serine-9 residue in the auto-inhibitory N terminus. In addition, dwf12-1D and dwf12-2D encode changes in consecutive glutamate residues in a highly conserved TREE domain. Together with previous reports that both bin2 and ucu1 mutants contain mutations in this TREE domain, this provides evidence that the TREE domain is of critical importance for proper function of DWF12/BIN2/UCU1 in BR signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwa Choe
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea.
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10
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Charrier B, Champion A, Henry Y, Kreis M. Expression profiling of the whole Arabidopsis shaggy-like kinase multigene family by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:577-90. [PMID: 12376626 PMCID: PMC166588 DOI: 10.1104/pp.009175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Accepted: 06/25/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent publication of the complete sequence of the Arabidopsis genome allowed us to identify and characterize the last two members of the SHAGGY-like kinase (AtSK) gene family. As a result, the study of the overall spatio-temporal organization of the whole AtSK family in Arabidopsis has become an achievable and necessary aim to understand the role of each SHAGGY-like kinase during plant development. An analysis of the transcript level of the 10 members of the family has been performed using the technique of real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Transcript levels in several organs, under different growth conditions, were analyzed. To calibrate the results obtained, a number of other genes, such as those coding for the two MAP3Kepsilons and the two MAP4Kalphas, as well as the stress response marker RD29A; the small subunit of the Rubisco photosynthetic enzyme Ats1A; the MEDEA chromatin remodeling factor; and the SCARECROW, ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1, and SUPERMAN transcription factors all involved in key steps of plant development were used. The analysis of our data revealed that eight of the 10 genes of the AtSK family displayed a pseudo-constitutive expression pattern at the organ level. Conversely, AtSK13 responded to osmotic changes and saline treatment, whereas AtSK31 was flower specific and responded to osmotic changes and darkness.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/radiation effects
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis Proteins/drug effects
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/analogs & derivatives
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/drug effects
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/radiation effects
- Light
- Osmotic Pressure/drug effects
- Phylogeny
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Water/pharmacology
- Water/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Charrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8618, Université Paris-Sud (XI), 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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11
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Jonak C, Hirt H. Glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases in plants: an emerging family with novel functions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2002; 7:457-61. [PMID: 12399181 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Animal glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)/SHAGGY kinases have been studied for more than 20 years, whereas plant glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) have only recently entered the scene. Present evidence indicates that plant GSKs are involved in different processes, such as flower development, brassinosteroid signaling, NaCl stress and wound responses. In contrast to mammals, which contain two genes, plants have a multigene family of GSKs. Analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed the existence of ten GSK genes that fall into four distinct subfamilies. We discuss the functions and mechanisms of GSK action in plants and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jonak
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, Wien, Austria.
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12
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Dornelas MC, Van Lammeren AA, Kreis M. Arabidopsis thaliana SHAGGY-related protein kinases (AtSK11 and 12) function in perianth and gynoecium development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 21:419-29. [PMID: 10758494 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the correct patterning of the floral meristem in terms of organ type, number and form is the result of a concerted expression of a network of genes. We describe phenotypes of flower patterning, resulting from a reduction of transcript levels of the Arabidopsis SHAGGY-related protein kinase genes AtSK11(ASKalpha) and AtSK12(ASKgamma). The AtSK genes are plant homologues of the Drosophila shaggy (SGG) gene and the mammalian Glycogen-Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3). The SGG protein kinase is a key component of the wingless signalling pathway and is required for the establishment of tissue patterning and cell fate determination. The expression patterns of the AtSK11(ASKalpha) and AtSK12(ASKgamma) genes during wild-type Arabidopsis inflorescence development, detected by in situ hybridisation, have been shown to be consistent with a possible role in floral meristem patterning. AtSK11(ASKalpha) and AtSK12(ASKgamma) transcripts were detected at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem and in the floral meristem. At later stages the expression of the AtSK genes became localised in specific regions of developing flower organ primordia. Furthermore, we have obtained and analysed transgenic plants containing AtSK11(ASKalpha) and AtSK12(ASKgamma) gene specific antisense constructs. These plants developed flowers showing a higher number of perianth organs and an alteration of the apical-basal patterning of the gynoecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dornelas
- Université de Paris-Sud, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), UMR/CNRS 8618, Bâtiment 630, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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13
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Piao HL, Pih KT, Lim JH, Kang SG, Jin JB, Kim SH, Hwang I. An Arabidopsis GSK3/shaggy-like gene that complements yeast salt stress-sensitive mutants is induced by NaCl and abscisic acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:1527-34. [PMID: 10198112 PMCID: PMC32038 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.4.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/1998] [Accepted: 12/13/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
GSK3/shaggy-like genes encode kinases that are involved in a variety of biological processes. By functional complementation of the yeast calcineurin mutant strain DHT22-1a with a NaCl stress-sensitive phenotype, we isolated the Arabidopsis cDNA AtGSK1, which encodes a GSK3/shaggy-like protein kinase. AtGSK1 rescued the yeast calcineurin mutant cells from the effects of high NaCl. Also, the AtGSK1 gene turned on the transcription of the NaCl stress-inducible PMR2A gene in the calcineurin mutant cells under NaCl stress. To further define the role of AtGSK1 in the yeast cells we introduced a deletion mutation at the MCK1 gene, a yeast homolog of GSK3, and examined the phenotype of the mutant. The mck1 mutant exhibited a NaCl stress-sensitive phenotype that was rescued by AtGSK1. Also, constitutive expression of MCK1 complemented the NaCl-sensitive phenotype of the calcineurin mutants. Therefore, these results suggest that Mck1p is involved in the NaCl stress signaling in yeast and that AtGSK1 may functionally replace Mck1p in the NaCl stress response in the calcineurin mutant. To investigate the biological function of AtGSK1 in Arabidopsis we examined the expression of AtGSK1. Northern-blot analysis revealed that the expression is differentially regulated in various tissues with a high level expression in flower tissues. In addition, the AtGSK1 expression was induced by NaCl and exogenously applied ABA but not by KCl. Taken together, these results suggest that AtGSK1 is involved in the osmotic stress response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Piao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, 660-701, Korea
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14
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Tichtinsky G, Tavares R, Takvorian A, Schwebel-Dugué N, Twell D, Kreis M. An evolutionary conserved group of plant GSK-3/shaggy-like protein kinase genes preferentially expressed in developing pollen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1442:261-73. [PMID: 9804971 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genes and cDNAs encoding plant protein kinases highly homologous to the animal GSK-3/shaggy subfamily were isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Petunia hybrida and Nicotiana tabacum using the P. hybrida PSK6 GSK-3/shaggy related cDNA as a probe. All the derived protein sequences contained the characteristic catalytic domain of GSK-3/shaggy protein kinases. Sequence comparisons within the catalytic domain with other plant GSK-3/shaggy like kinases clearly indicate that the novel sequences form an isolated group of genes termed the PSK6 group. All the proteins within this group possess an amino-terminal extension which contains short amino acid motifs highly conserved between species and possibly implicated in mitochondrial targeting. Northern hybridisation experiments and reverse transcriptase PCR analysis demonstrated that these novel cDNAs are predominantly expressed in developing pollen. The three genes isolated from P. hybrida and A. thaliana show the same genomic organisation into 12 introns and 13 exons. Although the size of the introns varies, their positions are conserved between genes and species. The comparison of these gene structures and the analysis of deduced protein sequences belonging to different plants hold important information to understand the function of individual members. They suggest that some of the characterised sequences represent most likely true orthologues whereas others must be paralogues. They also allow us to discuss the evolution of the plant GSK-3/shaggy like gene family with regard to plant speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tichtinsky
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université de Paris-Sud CNRS/ERS 569, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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15
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Dornelas MC, Lejeune B, Dron M, Kreis M. The Arabidopsis SHAGGY-related protein kinase (ASK) gene family: structure, organization and evolution. Gene 1998; 212:249-57. [PMID: 9611268 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants contain a multigene family encoding proteins that share a highly conserved catalytic protein kinase domain about 70% identical to SHAGGY protein kinase (SGG) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), respectively, from Drosophila and mammals. In this study we have characterized the structure and evolution of the Arabidopsis SHAGGY-related protein kinase (ASK) gene family. At least ten ASK genes are present per haploid genome of Arabidopsis. The genomic sequences of five ASK genes show a strikingly high conservation of intron positions and exon lengths. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the Arabidopsis gene family contains at least three ancient classes of genes that diverged early in land plant evolution. The different classes may reflect specificity of substrates and/or biological functions. Eight out of the ten predicted ASK genes were mapped and shown to be dispersed over the five Arabidopsis chromosomes. A tentative model for the organization and evolution of the Arabidopsis ASK genes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dornelas
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, ERS/CNRS 569, Université de Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, F-91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
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16
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Jonak C, Kiegerl S, Lloyd C, Chan J, Hirt H. MMK2, a novel alfalfa MAP kinase, specifically complements the yeast MPK1 function. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 248:686-94. [PMID: 7476871 DOI: 10.1007/bf02191708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are serine/threonine protein kinases that are activated in response to a variety of stimuli. Here we report the isolation of an alfalfa cDNA encoding a functional MAP kinase, termed MMK2. The predicted amino acid sequence of MMK2 shares 65% identity with a previously identified alfalfa MAP kinase, termed MMK1. Both alfalfa cDNA clones encode functional kinases when expressed in bacteria, undergoing autophosphorylation and activation to phosphorylate myelin basic protein in vitro. However, only MMK2 was able to phosphorylate a 39 kDa protein from the detergent-resistant cytoskeleton of carrot cells. The distinctiveness of MMK2 was further shown by complementation analysis of three different MAP kinase-dependent yeast pathways; this revealed a highly specific replacement of the yeast MPK1(SLT2) kinase by MMK2, which was found to be dependent on activation by the upstream regulators of the pathway. These results establish the existence of MAP kinases with different characteristics in higher plants, suggesting the possibility that they could mediate different cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jonak
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Biocenter Vienna, Austria
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17
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Pierce SB, Kimelman D. Regulation of Spemann organizer formation by the intracellular kinase Xgsk-3. Development 1995; 121:755-65. [PMID: 7720580 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121.3.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal axis formation in the Xenopus embryo can be induced by the ectopic expression of several Wnt family members. In Drosophila, the protein encoded by the Wnt family gene, wingless, signals through a pathway that antagonizes the effects of the serine/threonine kinase zeste-white 3/shaggy. We describe the isolation and characterization of a Xenopus homolog of zeste-white 3/shaggy, Xgsk-3. A kinase-dead mutant of Xgsk-3, Xgsk-3K-->R, has a dominant negative effect and mimics the ability of Wnt to induce a secondary axis by induction of an ectopic Spemann organizer. Xgsk-3K-->R, like Wnt, induces dorsal axis formation when expressed in the deep vegetal cells, which do not contribute to the axis. These results indicate that the dorsal fate is actively repressed by Xgsk-3, which must be inactivated for dorsal axis formation to occur. Furthermore, our work suggests that the effects of Xgsk-3K-->R are mediated by an additional intercellular signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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18
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Einzenberger E, Eller N, Heberle-Bors E, Vicente O. Isolation and expression during pollen development of a tobacco cDNA clone encoding a protein kinase homologous to shaggy/glycogen synthase kinase-3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1260:315-9. [PMID: 7873606 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)00229-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cDNA clone encoding a putative serine/threonine protein kinase, which shows highest homology to previously described families of alfalfa and Arabidopsis protein kinases and to their homologues rat glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Drosophila shaggy kinases. Northern experiments showed that NtK-4 is expressed in all sporophytic tobacco tissues tested, as well as in gametophytic and embryogenic pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Einzenberger
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Austria
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19
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Jonak C, Heberle-Bors E, Hirt H. Inflorescence-specific expression of AtK-1, a novel Arabidopsis thaliana homologue of shaggy/glycogen synthase kinase-3. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 27:217-221. [PMID: 7865793 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report here the isolation of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene AtK-1. The predicted protein sequence of AtK-1 shows 70% identity to the Arabidopsis ASK and alfalfa MsK kinases that are homologs of the Drosophila shaggy and rat GSK-3 serine/threonine protein kinases playing an important role in signal transduction processes in animals. Northern analysis of different organs revealed exclusive expression in inflorescences suggesting an involvement of the AtK-1 kinase in reproduction-specific processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jonak
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lloyd
- Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
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