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Ramulifho E, Rey C. A Coiled-Coil Nucleotide-Binding Domain Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Gene MeRPPL1 Plays a Role in the Replication of a Geminivirus in Cassava. Viruses 2024; 16:941. [PMID: 38932233 PMCID: PMC11209366 DOI: 10.3390/v16060941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Disease resistance gene (R gene)-encoded nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) are critical players in plant host defence mechanisms because of their role as receptors that recognise pathogen effectors and trigger plant effector-triggered immunity (ETI). This study aimed to determine the putative role of a cassava coiled-coil (CC)-NLR (CNL) gene MeRPPL1 (Manes.12G091600) (single allele) located on chromosome 12 in the tolerance or susceptibility to South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV), one of the causal agents of cassava mosaic disease (CMD). A transient protoplast system was used to knock down the expression of MeRPPL1 by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9). The MeRPPL1-targeting CRISPR vectors and/or SACMV DNA A and DNA B infectious clones were used to transfect protoplasts isolated from leaf mesophyll cells from the SACMV-tolerant cassava (Manihot esculenta) cultivar TME3. The CRISPR/Cas9 silencing vector significantly reduced MeRPPL1 expression in protoplasts whether with or without SACMV co-infection. Notably, SACMV DNA A replication was higher in protoplasts with lower MeRPPL1 expression levels than in non-silenced protoplasts. Mutagenesis studies revealed that protoplast co-transfection with CRISPR-MeRPPL1 silencing vector + SACMV and transfection with only SACMV induced nucleotide substitution mutations that led to altered amino acids in the highly conserved MHD motif of the MeRPPL1-translated polypeptide. This may abolish or alter the regulatory role of the MHD motif in controlling R protein activity and could contribute to the increase in SACMV-DNA A accumulation observed in MeRPPL1-silenced protoplasts. The results herein demonstrate for the first time a role for a CNL gene in tolerance to a geminivirus in TME3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elelwani Ramulifho
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa;
- Germplasm Development, Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain Institute, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa
| | - Chrissie Rey
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa;
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Aalders TR, de Sain M, Gawehns F, Oudejans N, Jak YD, Dekker HL, Rep M, van den Burg HA, Takken FL. Specific members of the TOPLESS family are susceptibility genes for Fusarium wilt in tomato and Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:248-261. [PMID: 37822043 PMCID: PMC10754003 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilt diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum are a major threat to many agriculturally important crops. Genetic resistance is rare and inevitably overcome by the emergence of new races. To identify potentially durable and non-race-specific genetic resistance against Fusarium wilt diseases, we set out to identify effector targets in tomato that mediate susceptibility to the fungus. For this purpose, we used the SIX8 effector protein, an important and conserved virulence factor present in many pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates. Using protein pull-downs and yeast two-hybrid assays, SIX8 was found to interact specifically with two members of the tomato TOPLESS family: TPL1 and TPL2. Loss-of-function mutations in TPL1 strongly reduced disease susceptibility to Fusarium wilt and a tpl1;tpl2 double mutant exerted an even higher level of resistance. Similarly, Arabidopsis tpl;tpr1 mutants became significantly less diseased upon F. oxysporum inoculation as compared to wildtype plants. We conclude that TPLs encode susceptibility genes whose mutation can confer resistance to F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Aalders
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mara de Sain
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Fleur Gawehns
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Nina Oudejans
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Yoran D. Jak
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Henk L. Dekker
- Mass Spectrometry of BiomoleculesSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank L.W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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3
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Pascual S, Rodríguez-Álvarez CI, Kaloshian I, Nombela G. Hsp90 Gene Is Required for Mi-1-Mediated Resistance of Tomato to the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:641. [PMID: 36771723 PMCID: PMC9919380 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Mi-1 gene of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) confers resistance against some nematodes and insects, but the resistance mechanisms differ depending on the harmful organism, as a hypersensitive reaction (HR) occurs only in the case of nematodes. The gene Rme1 is required for Mi-1-mediated resistance to nematodes, aphids, and whiteflies, and several additional proteins also play a role in this resistance. Among them, the involvement of the chaperone HSP90 has been demonstrated in Mi-1-mediated resistance for aphids and nematodes, but not for whiteflies. In this work, we studied the implication of the Hsp90 gene in the Mi-1 resistance against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci by means of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The silencing of the Hsp90 gene in tomato Motelle plants carrying the Mi-1 gene resulted in a decrease in resistance to whiteflies, as oviposition values were significantly higher than those on non-silenced plants. This decrease in resistance was equivalent to that caused by the silencing of the Mi-1 gene itself. Infiltration with the control TRV vector did not alter Mi-1 mediated resistance to B. tabaci. Similar to the Mi-1 gene, silencing of Hsp90-1 occurs partially, as silenced plants showed a significant but not complete suppression of gene expression. Thus, our results demonstrate the requirement of Hsp90 in the Mi-1-mediated resistance to B. tabaci and reinforce the hypothesis of a common model for this resistance to nematodes and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pascual
- Entomology Group, Plant Protection Department, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ctra. Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara I. Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Gloria Nombela
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Saini LK, Bheri M, Pandey GK. Protein phosphatases and their targets: Comprehending the interactions in plant signaling pathways. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:307-370. [PMID: 36858740 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a vital reversible post-translational modification. This process is established by two classes of enzymes: protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins while protein phosphatases dephosphorylate phosphorylated proteins, thus, functioning as 'critical regulators' in signaling pathways. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases are classified as phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) specific phosphatases (STPs) that dephosphorylate Ser and Thr residues. The PTP family dephosphorylates Tyr residues while dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. The composition of these enzymes as well as their substrate specificity are important determinants of their functional significance in a number of cellular processes and stress responses. Their role in animal systems is well-understood and characterized. The functional characterization of protein phosphatases has been extensively covered in plants, although the comprehension of their mechanistic basis is an ongoing pursuit. The nature of their interactions with other key players in the signaling process is vital to our understanding. The substrates or targets determine their potential as well as magnitude of the impact they have on signaling pathways. In this article, we exclusively overview the various substrates of protein phosphatases in plant signaling pathways, which are a critical determinant of the outcome of various developmental and stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh K Saini
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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Sukarta OCA, Zheng Q, Slootweg EJ, Mekken M, Mendel M, Putker V, Bertran A, Brand A, Overmars H, Pomp R, Roosien J, Boeren S, Smant G, Goverse A. GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 7 potentiates effector-triggered immunity through an RNA recognition motif. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:972-987. [PMID: 35218353 PMCID: PMC9157115 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The activity of intracellular plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors is fine-tuned by interactions between the receptors and their partners. Identifying NB-LRR interacting proteins is therefore crucial to advance our understanding of how these receptors function. A co-immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry screening was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana to identify host proteins associated with the resistance protein Gpa2, a CC-NB-LRR immune receptor conferring resistance against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. A combination of biochemical, cellular, and functional assays was used to assess the role of a candidate interactor in defense. A N. benthamiana homolog of the GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN7 (NbGRP7) protein was prioritized as a Gpa2-interacting protein for further investigations. NbGRP7 also associates in planta with the homologous Rx1 receptor, which confers immunity to Potato Virus X. We show that NbGRP7 positively regulates extreme resistance by Rx1 and cell death by Gpa2. Mutating the NbGRP7 RNA recognition motif (RRM) compromises its role in Rx1-mediated defense. Strikingly, ectopic NbGRP7 expression is likely to impact the steady-state levels of Rx1, which relies on an intact RRM. Our findings illustrate that NbGRP7 is a pro-immune component in effector-triggered immunity by regulating Gpa2/Rx1 function at a posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavina C A Sukarta
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Zheng
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Mekken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Mendel
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Putker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Bertran
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Brand
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Overmars
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Han J, Dong S, Liu X, Shi Y, Beckles DM, Gu X, Miao H, Zhang S. Fine mapping a quantitative trait locus underlying seedling resistance to gummy stem blight using a residual heterozygous lines-derived strategy in cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968811. [PMID: 36119620 PMCID: PMC9480501 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gummy stem blight (GSB), caused by Didymella bryoniae, is one of the most devastating diseases that severely reduces cucumber production. Developing resistant varieties would be an effective strategy to control GSB. Although several GSB-resistant QTLs have been reported, causal genes for GSB resistance have not yet been identified in cucumber. A novel loci gsb3.1 for seedling GSB resistance from the "PI 183967" genotype was previously identified in a 1.7-Mb interval on chromosome 3. In this study, we developed a residual heterozygous line-derived strategy from Recombinant Inbred Lines to perform fine mapping, and with this approach, the gsb3.1 locus was narrowed to a 38 kb interval. There were six predicted genes at the gsb3.1 locus, four of which differed in expression in the GSB-resistant compared to the susceptible lines after fungal inoculation. These candidate genes (Csa3G020050, Csa3G020060, Csa3G020090, and Csa3G020590) within the gsb3.1 locus could be helpful for the genetic study of GSB resistance and marker-assisted selection in cucumber. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the resistant gsb3.1 allele may uniquely exist in the wild species present in the Indian group, and that nucleotide diversity was significantly reduced in cultivated accessions. Therefore, the gsb3.1 allele could be introgressed into existing commercial cultivars and combined with other resistance QTLs to provide broad-spectrum and robust GSB resistance in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Han
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyun Dong
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Diane M. Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xingfang Gu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xingfang Gu,
| | - Han Miao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Han Miao,
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shengping Zhang,
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Hautsalo J, Novakazi F, Jalli M, Göransson M, Manninen O, Isolahti M, Reitan L, Bergersen S, Krusell L, Damsgård Robertsen C, Orabi J, Due Jensen J, Jahoor A, Bengtsson T. Pyramiding of scald resistance genes in four spring barley MAGIC populations. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3829-3843. [PMID: 34350474 PMCID: PMC8580920 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of four Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) populations identified nine regions on chromosomes 1H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H associated with resistance against barley scald disease. Three of these regions are putatively novel resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Barley scald is caused by Rhynchosporium commune, one of the most important barley leaf diseases that are prevalent in most barley-growing regions. Up to 40% yield losses can occur in susceptible barley cultivars. Four MAGIC populations were generated in a Nordic Public-Private Pre-breeding of spring barley project (PPP Barley) to introduce resistance to several important diseases. Here, these MAGIC populations consisting of six to eight founders each were tested for scald resistance in field trials in Finland and Iceland. Eight different model covariate combinations were compared for GWAS studies, and the models that deviated the least from the expected p-values were selected. For all QTL, candidate genes were identified that are predicted to be involved in pathogen defence. The MAGIC progenies contained new haplotypes of significant SNP-markers with high resistance levels. The lines with successfully pyramided resistance against scald and mildew and the significant markers are now distributed among Nordic plant breeders and will benefit development of disease-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Hautsalo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Survontie 9, 40500, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Fluturë Novakazi
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Marja Jalli
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Magnus Göransson
- Faculty of Land and Animal Resources, The Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, 311, Borgarnes, Iceland
| | - Outi Manninen
- Boreal Plant Breeding Ltd., Myllytie 10, 31600, Jokioinen, Norway
| | - Mika Isolahti
- Boreal Plant Breeding Ltd., Myllytie 10, 31600, Jokioinen, Norway
| | - Lars Reitan
- Graminor Ltd. Hommelstadvegen 60, 2322, Ridabu, Norway
| | | | - Lene Krusell
- Sejet Plant Breeding, Nørremarksvej 67, 8700, Horsens, Norway
| | | | - Jihad Orabi
- Nordic Seed A/S, Kornmarken 1, 8464, Galten, Denmark
| | | | - Ahmed Jahoor
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
- Nordic Seed A/S, Kornmarken 1, 8464, Galten, Denmark
| | - Therése Bengtsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden.
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Kumar J, Gupta DS, Kesari R, Verma R, Murugesan S, Basu PS, Soren KR, Gupta S, Singh NP. Comprehensive RNAseq analysis for identification of genes expressed under heat stress in lentil. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1785-1807. [PMID: 33829491 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lentils are highly sensitive to abrupt increases in temperature during the mid to late reproductive stages, leading to severe biomass and seed yield reduction. Therefore, we carried out an RNAseq analysis between IG4258 (heat tolerant) and IG3973 (heat sensitive) lentil genotypes at the reproductive stage under both normal and heat stress conditions in the field. It resulted in 209,549 assembled transcripts and among these 161,809 transcripts had coding regions, of which 94,437 transcripts were annotated. The differential gene expression analysis showed upregulation of 678 transcripts and downregulation of 680 transcripts between the tolerant and sensitive genotypes at the early reproductive stage. While 76 transcripts were upregulated and 47 transcripts were downregulated at the late reproductive stage under heat stress conditions. The validation of 12 up-or downregulated transcripts through RT-PCR corresponded well with the expression analysis data of RNAseq, with a correlation of R2 = 0.89. Among these transcripts, the DN364_c1_g1_i9 and DN2218_c0_g1_i5 transcripts encoded enzymes involved in the tryptophan pathway, indicating that tryptophan biosynthesis plays a role under heat stress in lentil. Moreover, KEGG pathways enrichment analysis identified transcripts associated with genes encoding proteins/regulating factors related to different metabolic pathways including signal transduction, fatty acid biosynthesis, rRNA processing, ribosome biogenesis, gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis, and riboflavin biosynthesis. This analysis also identified 6852 genic-SSRs leading to the development of 4968 SSR primers that are potential genomic resources for molecular mapping of heat-tolerant genes in lentil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Debjyoti Sen Gupta
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Ravi Kesari
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College, Purnea, India
| | - Renu Verma
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | | | - Partha Sarathi Basu
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Khela Ram Soren
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- All India Co-ordinated Research Project on MULLaRP, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
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Guo H, Zhang H, Wang G, Wang C, Wang Y, Liu X, Ji W. Identification and expression analysis of heat-shock proteins in wheat infected with powdery mildew and stripe rust. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20092. [PMID: 33719166 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs), which are encoded by conserved gene families in plants, are crucial for development and responses to diverse stresses. However, the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) HSPs have not been systematically classified, especially those involved in protecting plants from disease. Here, we classified 119 DnaJ (Hsp40) proteins (TaDnaJs; encoded by 313 genes) and 41 Hsp70 proteins (TaHsp70s; encoded by 95 genes) into six and four groups, respectively, via a phylogenetic analysis. An examination of protein sequence alignment revealed diversity in the TaDnaJ structural organization, but a highly conserved J-domain, which was usually characterized by an HPD motif followed by DRD or DED motifs. The expression profiles of HSP-encoding homologous genes varied in response to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) stress. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated a lack of similarity in the expression of DnaJ70b, Hsp70-30b, and Hsp90-4b in Bgt-infected resistant and susceptible wheat. Furthermore, a direct interaction between DnaJ70 and TaHsp70-30 was not detected in a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay, but screening cDNA library and Y2H evidence supported that TaHsp70-30 not only interacts directly with heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) A9-like protein but also interacts with TaHsp90-4 by HSP organizing protein. This study revealed the structure and expression profiles of the HSP-encoding genes in wheat, which may be useful for future functional elucidation of wheat HSPs responses to fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Guanghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Changyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xinlun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
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10
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dos Santos KCG, Pelletier G, Séguin A, Guillemette F, Hawkes J, Desgagné-Penix I, Germain H. Unrelated Fungal Rust Candidate Effectors Act on Overlapping Plant Functions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050996. [PMID: 34063040 PMCID: PMC8148019 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rust fungi cause epidemics that threaten the production of important plant species, such as wheat and soy. Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) causes the poplar rust and encodes at least 1184 candidate effectors (CEs) whose functions are poorly known. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome and used mass spectrometry to analyze the metabolome of Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing 14 Mlp CEs and of a control line to discover alterations leading to plant susceptibility. We found 2299 deregulated genes across the experiment. Genes involved in pattern-triggered immunity, such as FRK1, PR1, RBOHD, and WRKY33, as well as AUX/IAA genes were down-regulated. We further observed that 680 metabolites were deregulated in at least one CE-expressing transgenic line, with “highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds” and “peptides” enriched among down- and up-regulated metabolites. Interestingly, transgenic lines expressing unrelated CEs had correlated patterns of gene and metabolite deregulation, while expression of CEs belonging to the same family deregulated different genes and metabolites. Thus, our results uncouple effector sequence similarity and function. This supports that effector functional investigation in the context of their virulence activity and effect on plant susceptibility requires the investigation of the individual effector and precludes generalization based on sequence similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cristine Goncalves dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H9, Canada; (K.C.G.d.S.); (I.D.-P.)
- Plant Biology Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 1V3, Canada
| | - Gervais Pelletier
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; (G.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; (G.P.); (A.S.)
| | - François Guillemette
- Centre for Research on Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions (RIVE), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 1V3, Canada;
| | - Jeffrey Hawkes
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, VJ2J+92 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H9, Canada; (K.C.G.d.S.); (I.D.-P.)
- Plant Biology Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 1V3, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H9, Canada; (K.C.G.d.S.); (I.D.-P.)
- Plant Biology Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 1V3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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11
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Struk S, De Cuyper C, Jacobs A, Braem L, Walton A, De Keyser A, Depuydt S, Vu LD, De Smet I, Boyer FD, Eeckhout D, Persiau G, Gevaert K, De Jaeger G, Goormachtig S. Unraveling the MAX2 Protein Network in Arabidopsis thaliana: Identification of the Protein Phosphatase PAPP5 as a Novel MAX2 Interactor. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100040. [PMID: 33372050 PMCID: PMC7950214 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) is a central component in the signaling cascade of strigolactones (SLs) as well as of the smoke-derived karrikins (KARs) and the so far unknown endogenous KAI2 ligand (KL). The two groups of molecules are involved in overlapping and unique developmental processes, and signal-specific outcomes are attributed to perception by the paralogous α/β-hydrolases DWARF14 (D14) for SL and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2/HYPOSENSITIVE TO LIGHT (KAI2/HTL) for KAR/KL. In addition, depending on which receptor is activated, specific members of the SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1)-LIKE (SMXL) family control KAR/KL and SL responses. As proteins that function in the same signal transduction pathway often occur in large protein complexes, we aimed at discovering new players of the MAX2, D14, and KAI2 protein network by tandem affinity purification in Arabidopsis cell cultures. When using MAX2 as a bait, various proteins were copurified, among which were general components of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box complex and members of the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 9 signalosome. Here, we report the identification of a novel interactor of MAX2, a type 5 serine/threonine protein phosphatase, designated PHYTOCHROME-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 5 (PAPP5). Quantitative affinity purification pointed at PAPP5 as being more present in KAI2 rather than in D14 protein complexes. In agreement, mutant analysis suggests that PAPP5 modulates KAR/KL-dependent seed germination under suboptimal conditions and seedling development. In addition, a phosphopeptide enrichment experiment revealed that PAPP5 might dephosphorylate MAX2 in vivo independently of the synthetic SL analog, rac-GR24. Together, by analyzing the protein complexes to which MAX2, D14, and KAI2 belong, we revealed a new MAX2 interactor, PAPP5, that might act through dephosphorylation of MAX2 to control mainly KAR/KL-related phenotypes and, hence, provide another link with the light pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolien De Cuyper
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anse Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lukas Braem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alan Walton
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France; Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS Unité Propre de Recherche 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Persiau
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Zdrzałek R, Kamoun S, Terauchi R, Saitoh H, Banfield MJ. The rice NLR pair Pikp-1/Pikp-2 initiates cell death through receptor cooperation rather than negative regulation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238616. [PMID: 32931489 PMCID: PMC7491719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant NLR immune receptors are multidomain proteins that can function as specialized sensor/helper pairs. Paired NLR immune receptors are generally thought to function via negative regulation, where one NLR represses the activity of the second and detection of pathogen effectors relieves this repression to initiate immunity. However, whether this mechanism is common to all NLR pairs is not known. Here, we show that the rice NLR pair Pikp-1/Pikp-2, which confers resistance to strains of the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) expressing the AVR-PikD effector, functions via receptor cooperation, with effector-triggered activation requiring both NLRs to trigger the immune response. To investigate the mechanism of Pikp-1/Pikp-2 activation, we expressed truncated variants of these proteins, and made mutations in previously identified NLR sequence motifs. We found that any domain truncation, in either Pikp-1 or Pikp-2, prevented cell death in the presence of AVR-PikD, revealing that all domains are required for activity. Further, expression of individual Pikp-1 or Pikp-2 domains did not result in cell death. Mutations in the conserved P-loop and MHD sequence motifs in both Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 prevented cell death activation, demonstrating that these motifs are required for the function of the two partner NLRs. Finally, we showed that Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 associate to form homo- and hetero-complexes in planta in the absence of AVR-PikD; on co-expression the effector binds to Pikp-1 generating a tri-partite complex. Taken together, we provide evidence that Pikp-1 and Pikp-2 form a fine-tuned system that is activated by AVR-PikD via receptor cooperation rather than negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zdrzałek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Division of Genomics and Breeding, Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Iwate, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Laboratory of Plant Symbiotic and Parasitic Microbes, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark J. Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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13
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Xiong Y, Han Z, Chai J. Resistosome and inflammasome: platforms mediating innate immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:47-55. [PMID: 32554225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) containing (NLR) proteins are intracellular immune receptors that sense pathogens or stress-associated signals in animals and plants. Direct or indirect binding of these stimuli to NLRs results in formation of higher-order large protein complexes termed inflammasomes in animals and resistosomes in plants to mediate immune signaling. Here we focus on plant NLRs and discuss the activation mechanism of the ZAR1 resistosome from Arabidopsis thaliana. We also outline the analogies and differences between the ZAR1 resistosome and the NLR inflammasomes, and discuss how the structural and biochemical information available on these two large types of protein complexes sheds light on signaling mechanisms of other plant NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Xiong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Bheri M, Mahiwal S, Sanyal SK, Pandey GK. Plant protein phosphatases: What do we know about their mechanism of action? FEBS J 2020; 288:756-785. [PMID: 32542989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a major reversible post-translational modification. Protein phosphatases function as 'critical regulators' in signaling networks through dephosphorylation of proteins, which have been phosphorylated by protein kinases. A large understanding of their working has been sourced from animal systems rather than the plant or the prokaryotic systems. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases include phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine(Ser)/threonine(Thr)-specific phosphatases (STPs), while PTP family is Tyr specific. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. PTPs lack sequence homology with STPs, indicating a difference in catalytic mechanisms, while the PPP and PPM families share a similar structural fold indicating a common catalytic mechanism. The catalytic cysteine (Cys) residue in the conserved HCX5 R active site motif of the PTPs acts as a nucleophile during hydrolysis. The PPP members require metal ions, which coordinate the phosphate group of the substrate, followed by a nucleophilic attack by a water molecule and hydrolysis. The variable holoenzyme assembly of protein phosphatase(s) and the overlap with other post-translational modifications like acetylation and ubiquitination add to their complexity. Though their functional characterization is extensively reported in plants, the mechanistic nature of their action is still being explored by researchers. In this review, we exclusively overview the plant protein phosphatases with an emphasis on their mechanistic action as well as structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Mahiwal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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15
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Sun Y, Zhu YX, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Fine-Tuning Immunity: Players and Regulators for Plant NLRs. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:695-713. [PMID: 32526174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to defend against pathogen infection, and intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR or NB-LRR) immune receptors are one of the main components of this system. NLR activity is fine-tuned by intra- and intermolecular interactions. We survey what is known about the conservation and diversity of NLR-interacting proteins, and divide them into seven major categories. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NLR activities are regulated and how understanding this regulation has potential to facilitate the engineering of NLRs for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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16
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Baudin M, Schreiber KJ, Martin EC, Petrescu AJ, Lewis JD. Structure-function analysis of ZAR1 immune receptor reveals key molecular interactions for activity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:352-370. [PMID: 31557357 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
NLR (nucleotide-binding [NB] leucine-rich repeat [LRR] receptor) proteins are critical for inducing immune responses in response to pathogen proteins, and must be tightly modulated to prevent spurious activation in the absence of a pathogen. The ZAR1 NLR recognizes diverse effector proteins from Pseudomonas syringae, including HopZ1a, and Xanthomonas species. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) such as ZED1, interact with ZAR1 and provide specificity for different effector proteins, such as HopZ1a. We previously developed a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana that allowed us to demonstrate that ZAR1 function is conserved from the Brassicaceae to the Solanaceae. Here, we combined structural modelling of ZAR1, with molecular and functional assays in our transient system, to show that multiple intramolecular and intermolecular interactions modulate ZAR1 activity. We identified determinants required for the formation of the ZARCC oligomer and its activity. Lastly, we characterized intramolecular interactions between ZAR1 subdomains that participate in keeping ZAR1 immune complexes inactive. This work identifies molecular constraints on immune receptor function and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Baudin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Karl J Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Eliza C Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei J Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, USA
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17
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Tang L, Qiu L, Liu C, Du G, Mo Z, Tang X, Mao Y. Transcriptomic Insights into Innate Immunity Responding to Red Rot Disease in Red Alga Pyropia yezoensis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5970. [PMID: 31783543 PMCID: PMC6928737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyropia yezoensis, one of the most economically important marine algae, suffers from the biotic stress of the oomycete necrotrophic pathogen Pythium porphyrae. However, little is known about the molecular defensive mechanisms employed by Pyr. yezoensis during the infection process. In the present study, we defined three stages of red rot disease based on histopathological features and photosynthetic physiology. Transcriptomic analysis was carried out at different stages of infection to identify the genes related to the innate immune system in Pyr. yezoensis. In total, 2139 up-regulated genes and 1672 down-regulated genes were identified from all the infected groups. Pathogen receptor genes, including three lectin genes (pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)) and five genes encoding typical plant R protein domains (leucine rich repeat (LRR), nucleotide binding site (NBS), or Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)), were found to be up-regulated after infection. Several defense mechanisms that were typically regarded as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants were induced during the infection. These included defensive and protective enzymes, heat shock proteins, secondary metabolites, cellulase, and protease inhibitors. As a part of the effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the expression of genes related to the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and hypersensitive cell death response (HR) increased significantly during the infection. The current study suggests that, similar to plants, Pyr. yezoensis possesses a conserved innate immune system that counters the invasion of necrotrophic pathogen Pyt. porphyrae. However, the innate immunity genes of Pyr. yezoensis appear to be more ancient in origin compared to those in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ministry of Education), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.T.); (L.Q.); (C.L.); (G.D.); (X.T.)
| | - Liping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ministry of Education), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.T.); (L.Q.); (C.L.); (G.D.); (X.T.)
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ministry of Education), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.T.); (L.Q.); (C.L.); (G.D.); (X.T.)
| | - Guoying Du
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ministry of Education), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.T.); (L.Q.); (C.L.); (G.D.); (X.T.)
| | - Zhaolan Mo
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xianghai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ministry of Education), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.T.); (L.Q.); (C.L.); (G.D.); (X.T.)
| | - Yunxiang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ministry of Education), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.T.); (L.Q.); (C.L.); (G.D.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Tropical Marine Bioresource (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
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18
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Torres Acosta JA, Michlmayr H, Shams M, Schweiger W, Wiesenberger G, Mitterbauer R, Werner U, Merz D, Hauser MT, Hametner C, Varga E, Krska R, Berthiller F, Adam G. Zearalenone and ß-Zearalenol But Not Their Glucosides Inhibit Heat Shock Protein 90 ATPase Activity. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1160. [PMID: 31680951 PMCID: PMC6813925 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by many plant pathogenic Fusarium species. It is well known for its estrogenic activity in humans and animals, but whether ZEN has a role in plant–pathogen interaction and which process it is targeting in planta was so far unclear. We found that treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with ZEN induced transcription of the AtHSP90.1 gene. This heat shock protein (HSP) plays an important role in plant–pathogen interaction, assisting in stability and functionality of various disease resistance gene products. Inhibition of HSP90 ATPase activity impairs functionality. Because HSP90 inhibitors are known to induce HSP90 gene expression and due to the structural similarity with the known HSP90 inhibitor radicicol (RAD), we tested whether ZEN and its phase I metabolites α- and ß-zearalenol are also HSP90 ATPase inhibitors. Indeed, AtHSP90.1 and wheat TaHSP90-2 were inhibited by ZEN and ß-zearalenol, while α-zearalenol was almost inactive. Plants can efficiently glycosylate ZEN and α/ß-zearalenol. We therefore tested whether glucosylation has an effect on the inhibitory activity of these metabolites. Expression of the A. thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT73C6 conferred RAD resistance to a sensitive yeast strain. Glucosylation of RAD, ZEN, and α/ß-zearalenol abolished the in vitro inhibitory activity with recombinant HSP90 purified from Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the mycotoxin ZEN has a very prominent target in plants, HSP90, but it can be inactivated by glycosylation. This may explain why there is little evidence for a virulence function of ZEN in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Michlmayr
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehrdad Shams
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schweiger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Mitterbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Werner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - David Merz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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19
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Yan J, Liu Y, Huang X, Li L, Hu Z, Zhang J, Qin Q, Yan L, He K, Wang Y, Hou S. An unreported NB-LRR protein SUT1 is required for the autoimmune response mediated by type one protein phosphatase 4 mutation (topp4-1) in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:357-373. [PMID: 31257685 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicates that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is involved in plant immunity. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, a genetic screening assay was carried out to identify suppressors of type one protein phosphatase 4 mutation (topp4-1) (sut). Molecular and genetic approaches were used to investigate the mechanism of activation of autoimmune response in topp4-1. We performed a map-based cloning assay to identify the SUT1 gene, which encodes a coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat (NB-LRR) protein (CNL). SUT1 physically interacts with TYPE ONE PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 4 (TOPP4) and topp4-1. The mutated topp4-1 protein activates the autoimmune response in the cytoplasm and promotes the accumulation of SUT1 at both the transcription and the protein levels. Furthermore, our genetic and physical interactions confirm that the topp4-1-induced autoimmune responses are probably mediated by HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90) and REQUIRED FOR MLA12 RESISTANCE 1 (RAR1). This study reveals that TOPP4 phosphatase is likely guarded by SUT1 in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qianqian Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Longfeng Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kai He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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20
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Donato M, Geisler M. HSP
90 and co‐chaperones: a multitaskers’ view on plant hormone biology. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1415-1430. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Donato
- Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
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21
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Animal NLRs continue to inform plant NLR structure and function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 670:58-68. [PMID: 31071301 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant NLRs share many of the structural hallmarks of their animal counterparts. At a functional level, the central nucleotide-binding pocket appears to have binding and hydrolysis activities, similar to that of animal NLRs. The TIR domains of plant NLRs have been shown to self-associate, and there is emerging evidence that full-length plant NLRs may do so as well. It is therefore tempting to speculate that plant NLRs may form higher-order complexes similar to those of the mammalian inflammasome. Here we review the available knowledge on structure-function relationships in plant NLRs, focusing on how the information available on animal NLRs informs the mechanism of plant NLR function, and highlight the evidence that innate immunity signalling pathways in multicellular organisms often require the formation of higher-order protein complexes.
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22
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Monteiro F, Nishimura MT. Structural, Functional, and Genomic Diversity of Plant NLR Proteins: An Evolved Resource for Rational Engineering of Plant Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:243-267. [PMID: 29949721 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ a diverse intracellular system of NLR (nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat) innate immune receptors to detect pathogens of all types. These receptors represent valuable agronomic traits that plant breeders rely on to maximize yield in the face of devastating pathogens. Despite their importance, the mechanistic underpinnings of NLR-based disease resistance remain obscure. The rapidly increasing numbers of plant genomes are revealing a diverse array of NLR-type immune receptors. In parallel, mechanistic studies are describing diverse functions for NLR immune receptors. In this review, we intend to broadly describe how the structural, functional, and genomic diversity of plant immune receptors can provide a valuable resource for rational engineering of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Monteiro
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1870;
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23
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Norris-Mullins B, Krivda JS, Smith KL, Ferrell MJ, Morales MA. Leishmania phosphatase PP5 is a regulator of HSP83 phosphorylation and essential for parasite pathogenicity. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2971-2985. [PMID: 29982859 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are responsible for important neglected diseases in humans and animals, ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral manifestations. During the infectious cycle, Leishmania differentiates from the extracellular flagellated promastigote to the intracellular pathogenic amastigote. Parasite differentiation is triggered by changes in environmental cues, mainly pH and temperature. In general, extracellular signals are translated into stage-specific gene expression by a cascade of reversible protein phosphorylation regulated by protein kinases and phosphatases. Though protein kinases have been actively studied as potential anti-parasitic drug targets, our understanding of the biology of protein phosphatases in Leishmania is poor. We have previously reported the principal analysis of a novel protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) in Leishmania species. Here, we assessed the role of PP5 in parasite pathogenicity, where we uncovered, using transgenic PP5 over-expressing and PP5 null-mutant parasites, its importance in metacyclogeneisis, maintaining HSP83 phosphorylation homeostasis and virulence. All together, our results indicate the importance of PP5 in regulating parasite stress and adaptation during differentiation, making this protein an attractive potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Norris-Mullins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, 278 Galvin Life Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Joseph S Krivda
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, 278 Galvin Life Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kathryn L Smith
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, 278 Galvin Life Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Micah J Ferrell
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, 278 Galvin Life Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Miguel A Morales
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, 278 Galvin Life Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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24
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Qian L, Zhao J, Du Y, Zhao X, Han M, Liu Y. Hsp90 Interacts With Tm-2 2 and Is Essential for Tm-22-Mediated Resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:411. [PMID: 29692788 PMCID: PMC5902563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tomato resistance gene Tm-22 encodes a coiled coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat type resistance protein and confers effective immune response against tobamoviruses by detecting the presence of viral movement proteins (MPs). In this study, we show that the Nicotiana benthamiana Heat shock protein 90-kD (Hsp90) interacts with Tm-22. Silencing of Hsp90 reduced Tm-22-mediated resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the steady-state levels of Tm-22 protein. Further, Hsp90 associates with SGT1 in yeast and in plant cells. These results suggest that Hsp90-SGT1 complex takes part in Tm-22-mediated TMV resistance by functioning as chaperone to regulate Tm-22 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yumei Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xijuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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25
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Bentham A, Burdett H, Anderson PA, Williams SJ, Kobe B. Animal NLRs provide structural insights into plant NLR function. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:827-702. [PMID: 27562749 PMCID: PMC5378188 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant immune system employs intracellular NLRs (nucleotide binding [NB], leucine-rich repeat [LRR]/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]-like receptors) to detect effector proteins secreted into the plant cell by potential pathogens. Activated plant NLRs trigger a range of immune responses, collectively known as the hypersensitive response (HR), which culminates in death of the infected cell. Plant NLRs show structural and functional resemblance to animal NLRs involved in inflammatory and innate immune responses. Therefore, knowledge of the activation and regulation of animal NLRs can help us understand the mechanism of action of plant NLRs, and vice versa. SCOPE This review provides an overview of the innate immune pathways in plants and animals, focusing on the available structural and biochemical information available for both plant and animal NLRs. We highlight the gap in knowledge between the animal and plant systems, in particular the lack of structural information for plant NLRs, with crystal structures only available for the N-terminal domains of plant NLRs and an integrated decoy domain, in contrast to the more complete structures available for animal NLRs. We assess the similarities and differences between plant and animal NLRs, and use the structural information on the animal NLR pair NAIP/NLRC4 to derive a plausible model for plant NLR activation. CONCLUSIONS Signalling by cooperative assembly formation (SCAF) appears to operate in most innate immunity pathways, including plant and animal NLRs. Our proposed model of plant NLR activation includes three key steps: (1) initially, the NLR exists in an inactive auto-inhibited state; (2) a combination of binding by activating elicitor and ATP leads to a structural rearrangement of the NLR; and (3) signalling occurs through cooperative assembly of the resistosome. Further studies, structural and biochemical in particular, will be required to provide additional evidence for the different features of this model and shed light on the many existing variations, e.g. helper NLRs and NLRs containing integrated decoys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bentham
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hayden Burdett
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Peter A. Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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26
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Chen X, Zhu M, Jiang L, Zhao W, Li J, Wu J, Li C, Bai B, Lu G, Chen H, Moffett P, Tao X. A multilayered regulatory mechanism for the autoinhibition and activation of a plant CC-NB-LRR resistance protein with an extra N-terminal domain. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:161-75. [PMID: 27558751 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The tomato resistance protein Sw-5b differs from the classical coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) resistance proteins by having an extra N-terminal domain (NTD). To understand how NTD, CC and NB-LRR regulate autoinhibition and activation of Sw-5b, we dissected the function(s) of each domain. When viral elicitor was absent, Sw-5b LRR suppressed the central NB-ARC to maintain autoinhibition of the NB-LRR segment. The CC and NTD domains independently and additively enhanced the autoinhibition of NB-LRR. When viral elicitor was present, the NB-LRR segment of Sw-5b was specifically activated to trigger a hypersensitive response. Surprisingly, Sw-5b CC suppressed the activation of NB-LRR, whereas the extra NTD of Sw-5b became a positive regulator and fully activated the resistance protein, probably by relieving the inhibitory effects of the CC. In infection assays of transgenic plants, the NB-LRR segment alone was insufficient to confer resistance against Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus; the layers of NTD and CC regulation on NB-LRR were required for Sw-5b to confer resistance. Based on these findings, we propose that, to counter the negative regulation of the CC on NB-LRR, Sw-5b evolved an extra NTD to coordinate with the CC, thus developing a multilayered regulatory mechanism to control autoinhibition and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyang Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianyan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baohui Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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27
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Ding F, Duan Y, Yuan Q, Shao J, Hartung JS. Serological detection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' in citrus, and identification by GeLC-MS/MS of a chaperone protein responding to cellular pathogens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29272. [PMID: 27381064 PMCID: PMC4933950 DOI: 10.1038/srep29272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe experiments with antibodies against 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus used to detect the pathogen in infected plants. We used scFv selected to bind epitopes exposed on the surface of the bacterium in tissue prints, with secondary monoclonal antibodies directed at a FLAG epitope included at the carboxyl end of the scFv. Unexpectedly, the anti-FLAG secondary antibody produced positive results with CaLas diseased samples when the primary scFv were not used. The anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (Mab) also identified plants infected with other vascular pathogens. We then identified a paralogous group of secreted chaperone proteins in the HSP-90 family that contained the amino acid sequence DDDDK identical to the carboxy-terminal sequence of the FLAG epitope. A rabbit polyclonal antibody against one of the same epitopes combined with a goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody produced very strong purple color in individual phloem cells, as expected for this pathogen. These results were entirely specific for CaLas-infected citrus. The simplicity, cost and ability to scale the tissue print assay makes this an attractive assay to complement PCR-based assays currently in use. The partial FLAG epitope may itself be useful as a molecular marker for the rapid screening of citrus plants for the presence of vascular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
- USDA ARS MPPL 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Yongping Duan
- USDA ARS USHRL 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
| | - Qing Yuan
- Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000 P. R. China
| | - Jonathan Shao
- USDA ARS MPPL 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - John S. Hartung
- USDA ARS MPPL 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
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28
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Liu J, Yang H, Bao F, Ao K, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yang S. IBR5 Modulates Temperature-Dependent, R Protein CHS3-Mediated Defense Responses in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005584. [PMID: 26451844 PMCID: PMC4599859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant responses to low temperature are tightly associated with defense responses. We previously characterized the chilling-sensitive mutant chs3-1 resulting from the activation of the Toll and interleukin 1 receptor-nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NB-LRR)-type resistance (R) protein harboring a C-terminal LIM (Lin-11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 domains) domain. Here we report the identification of a suppressor of chs3, ibr5-7 (indole-3-butyric acid response 5), which largely suppresses chilling-activated defense responses. IBR5 encodes a putative dual-specificity protein phosphatase. The accumulation of CHS3 protein at chilling temperatures is inhibited by the IBR5 mutation. Moreover, chs3-conferred defense phenotypes were synergistically suppressed by mutations in HSP90 and IBR5. Further analysis showed that IBR5, with holdase activity, physically associates with CHS3, HSP90 and SGT1b (Suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) to form a complex that protects CHS3. In addition to the positive role of IBR5 in regulating CHS3, IBR5 is also involved in defense responses mediated by R genes, including SNC1 (Suppressor of npr1-1, Constitutive 1), RPS4 (Resistance to P. syringae 4) and RPM1 (Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1). Thus, the results of the present study reveal a role for IBR5 in the regulation of multiple R protein-mediated defense responses. Resistance (R) genes play central roles in recognizing pathogens and triggering plant defense responses. CHS3 encodes a TIR-NB-LRR-type R protein harboring a C-terminal LIM domain. A point mutation in CHS3 activates the defense response under chilling stress. Here we identified and characterized ibr5-7, a mutant that suppresses the chilling-induced defense responses of chs3-1. We observed that the enhanced defense responses and cell death in the chs3-1 mutant are synergistically dependent on IBR5 and HSP90. IBR5 physically interacts with CHS3, forming a complex with SGT1b/ HSP90. Moreover, IBR5 is also involved in the R-gene resistance mediated by SNC1, RPS4 and RPM1. Thus, IBR5 plays key roles in regulating defense responses mediated by multiple R proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Ao
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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29
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Ma L, Houterman PM, Gawehns F, Cao L, Sillo F, Richter H, Clavijo-Ortiz MJ, Schmidt SM, Boeren S, Vervoort J, Cornelissen BJC, Rep M, Takken FLW. The AVR2-SIX5 gene pair is required to activate I-2-mediated immunity in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:507-18. [PMID: 25967461 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant-invading microbes betray their presence to a plant by exposure of antigenic molecules such as small, secreted proteins called 'effectors'. In Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) we identified a pair of effector gene candidates, AVR2-SIX5, whose expression is controlled by a shared promoter. The pathogenicity of AVR2 and SIX5 Fol knockouts was assessed on susceptible and resistant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants carrying I-2. The I-2 NB-LRR protein confers resistance to Fol races carrying AVR2. Like Avr2, Six5 was found to be required for full virulence on susceptible plants. Unexpectedly, each knockout could breach I-2-mediated disease resistance. So whereas Avr2 is sufficient to induce I-2-mediated cell death, Avr2 and Six5 are both required for resistance. Avr2 and Six5 interact in yeast two-hybrid assays as well as in planta. Six5 and Avr2 accumulate in xylem sap of plants infected with the reciprocal knockouts, showing that lack of I-2 activation is not due to a lack of Avr2 accumulation in the SIX5 mutant. The effector repertoire of a pathogen determines its host specificity and its ability to manipulate plant immunity. Our findings challenge an oversimplified interpretation of the gene-for-gene model by showing requirement of two fungal genes for immunity conferred by one resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisong Ma
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra M Houterman
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur Gawehns
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lingxue Cao
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, I-10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Hanna Richter
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Myriam J Clavijo-Ortiz
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Schmidt
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben J C Cornelissen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Sueldo DJ, Shimels M, Spiridon LN, Caldararu O, Petrescu AJ, Joosten MHAJ, Tameling WIL. Random mutagenesis of the nucleotide-binding domain of NRC1 (NB-LRR Required for Hypersensitive Response-Associated Cell Death-1), a downstream signalling nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) protein, identifies gain-of-function mutations in the nucleotide-binding pocket. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:210-23. [PMID: 26009937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins confer immunity to pathogens possessing the corresponding avirulence proteins. Activation of NB-LRR proteins is often associated with induction of the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death. NRC1 (NB-LRR Required for HR-Associated Cell Death-1) is a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) NB-LRR protein that participates in the signalling cascade leading to resistance to the pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Verticillium dahliae. To identify mutations in NRC1 that cause increased signalling activity, we generated a random library of NRC1 variants mutated in their nucleotide-binding domain and screened them for the ability to induce an elicitor-independent HR in Nicotiana tabacum. Screening of 1920 clones retrieved 11 gain-of-function mutants, with 10 of them caused by a single amino acid substitution. All substitutions are located in or very close to highly conserved motifs within the nucleotide-binding domain, suggesting modulation of the signalling activity of NRC1. Three-dimensional modelling of the nucleotide-binding domain of NRC1 revealed that the targeted residues are centred around the bound nucleotide. Our mutational approach has generated a wide set of novel gain-of-function mutations in NRC1 and provides insight into how the activity of this NB-LRR is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J Sueldo
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mahdere Shimels
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laurentiu N Spiridon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060036, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octav Caldararu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060036, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei-Jose Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060036, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wladimir I L Tameling
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ahmed AA, Pedersen C, Schultz-Larsen T, Kwaaitaal M, Jørgensen HJL, Thordal-Christensen H. The barley powdery mildew candidate secreted effector protein CSEP0105 inhibits the chaperone activity of a small heat shock protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:321-33. [PMID: 25770154 PMCID: PMC4424032 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to establish a successful interaction with their host. Here, we describe two barley (Hordeum vulgare) powdery mildew candidate secreted effector proteins, CSEP0105 and CSEP0162, which contribute to pathogen success and appear to be required during or after haustorial formation. Silencing of either CSEP using host-induced gene silencing significantly reduced the fungal haustorial formation rate. Interestingly, both CSEPs interact with the barley small heat shock proteins, Hsp16.9 and Hsp17.5, in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Small heat shock proteins are known to stabilize several intracellular proteins, including defense-related signaling components, through their chaperone activity. CSEP0105 and CSEP0162 localized to the cytosol and the nucleus of barley epidermal cells, whereas Hsp16.9 and Hsp17.5 are cytosolic. Intriguingly, only those specific CSEPs changed localization and became restricted to the cytosol when coexpressed with Hsp16.9 and Hsp17.5, confirming the CSEP-small heat shock protein interaction. As predicted, Hsp16.9 showed chaperone activity, as it could prevent the aggregation of Escherichia coli proteins during thermal stress. Remarkably, CSEP0105 compromised this activity. These data suggest that CSEP0105 promotes virulence by interfering with the chaperone activity of a barley small heat shock protein essential for defense and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdurehim Ahmed
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Torsten Schultz-Larsen
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Fragkostefanakis S, Simm S, Paul P, Bublak D, Scharf KD, Schleiff E. Chaperone network composition in Solanum lycopersicum explored by transcriptome profiling and microarray meta-analysis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:693-709. [PMID: 25124075 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are molecular chaperones primarily involved in maintenance of protein homeostasis. Their function has been best characterized in heat stress (HS) response during which Hsps are transcriptionally controlled by HS transcription factors (Hsfs). The role of Hsfs and Hsps in HS response in tomato was initially examined by transcriptome analysis using the massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE) method. Approximately 9.6% of all genes expressed in leaves are enhanced in response to HS, including a subset of Hsfs and Hsps. The underlying Hsp-Hsf networks with potential functions in stress responses or developmental processes were further explored by meta-analysis of existing microarray datasets. We identified clusters with differential transcript profiles with respect to abiotic stresses, plant organs and developmental stages. The composition of two clusters points towards two major chaperone networks. One cluster consisted of constitutively expressed plastidial chaperones and other genes involved in chloroplast protein homeostasis. The second cluster represents genes strongly induced by heat, drought and salinity stress, including HsfA2 and many stress-inducible chaperones, but also potential targets of HsfA2 not related to protein homeostasis. This observation attributes a central regulatory role to HsfA2 in controlling different aspects of abiotic stress response and tolerance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is an essential posttranslational modification mechanism executed by opposing actions of protein phosphatases and protein kinases. About 1,000 predicted kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana kinome predominate the number of protein phosphatases, of which there are only ~150 members in Arabidopsis. Protein phosphatases were often referred to as "housekeeping" enzymes, which act to keep eukaryotic systems in balance by counteracting the activity of protein kinases. However, recent investigations reveal the crucial and specific regulatory functions of phosphatases in cell signaling. Phosphatases operate in a coordinated manner with the protein kinases, to execute their important function in determining the cellular response to a physiological stimulus. Closer examination has established high specificity of phosphatases in substrate recognition and important roles in plant signaling pathways, such as pathogen defense and stress regulation, light and hormonal signaling, cell cycle and differentiation, metabolism, and plant growth. In this minireview we provide a compact overview about Arabidopsis protein phosphatase families, as well as members of phosphoglucan and lipid phosphatases, and highlight the recent discoveries in phosphatase research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Schweighofer
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Vilnius, V. Graičiūno 8, 02241, Vilnius, Lithuania,
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Ali SS, Melnick RL, Crozier J, Phillips-Mora W, Strem MD, Shao J, Zhang D, Sicher R, Meinhardt L, Bailey BA. Successful pod infections by Moniliophthora roreri result in differential Theobroma cacao gene expression depending on the clone's level of tolerance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:698-710. [PMID: 24528440 PMCID: PMC6638783 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the tolerance mechanisms of Theobroma cacao used against Moniliophthora roreri, the causal agent of frosty pod rot, is important for the generation of stable disease-tolerant clones. A comparative view was obtained of transcript populations of infected pods from two susceptible and two tolerant clones using RNA sequence (RNA-Seq) analysis. A total of 3009 transcripts showed differential expression among clones. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated shifts in 152 different metabolic pathways between the tolerant and susceptible clones. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time qRT-PCR) analyses of 36 genes verified the differential expression. Regression analysis validated a uniform progression in gene expression in association with infection levels and fungal loads in the susceptible clones. Expression patterns observed in the susceptible clones diverged in tolerant clones, with many genes showing higher expression at a low level of infection and fungal load. Principal coordinate analyses of real-time qRT-PCR data separated the gene expression patterns between susceptible and tolerant clones for pods showing malformation. Although some genes were constitutively differentially expressed between clones, most results suggested that defence responses were induced at low fungal load in the tolerant clones. Several elicitor-responsive genes were highly expressed in tolerant clones, suggesting rapid recognition of the pathogen and induction of defence genes. Expression patterns suggested that the jasmonic acid-ethylene- and/or salicylic acid-mediated defence pathways were activated in the tolerant clones, being enhanced by reduced brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis and catabolic inactivation of both BR and abscisic acids. Finally, several genes associated with hypersensitive response-like cell death were also induced in tolerant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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Césari S, Kanzaki H, Fujiwara T, Bernoux M, Chalvon V, Kawano Y, Shimamoto K, Dodds P, Terauchi R, Kroj T. The NB-LRR proteins RGA4 and RGA5 interact functionally and physically to confer disease resistance. EMBO J 2014; 33:1941-59. [PMID: 25024433 PMCID: PMC4195788 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201487923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant resistance proteins of the class of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain proteins (NB-LRRs) are immune sensors which recognize pathogen-derived molecules termed avirulence (AVR) proteins. We show that RGA4 and RGA5, two NB-LRRs from rice, interact functionally and physically to mediate resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and accomplish different functions in AVR recognition. RGA4 triggers an AVR-independent cell death that is repressed in the presence of RGA5 in both rice protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana. Upon recognition of the pathogen effector AVR-Pia by direct binding to RGA5, repression is relieved and cell death occurs. RGA4 and RGA5 form homo- and hetero-complexes and interact through their coiled-coil domains. Localization studies in rice protoplast suggest that RGA4 and RGA5 localize to the cytosol. Upon recognition of AVR-Pia, neither RGA4 nor RGA5 is re-localized to the nucleus. These results establish a model for the interaction of hetero-pairs of NB-LRRs in plants: RGA4 mediates cell death activation, while RGA5 acts as a repressor of RGA4 and as an AVR receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Césari
- INRA UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France CIRAD UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Tadashi Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama Ikoma, Japan
| | | | - Véronique Chalvon
- INRA UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France CIRAD UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France
| | - Yoji Kawano
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama Ikoma, Japan
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama Ikoma, Japan
| | - Peter Dodds
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Kroj
- INRA UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France CIRAD UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France
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Huang S, Monaghan J, Zhong X, Lin L, Sun T, Dong OX, Li X. HSP90s are required for NLR immune receptor accumulation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:427-39. [PMID: 24889324 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) serve as molecular chaperones for diverse client proteins in many biological processes. In plant immunity, cytosolic HSP90s participate in the assembly, stability control and/or activation of immune receptor complexes. In this paper we report that in addition to the well-established positive roles that HSP90 isoforms play in plant immunity, they are also involved in the negative regulation of immune receptor accumulation. Point mutations in two HSP90 genes, HSP90.2 and HSP90.3, were identified from a forward genetic screen designed to isolate mutants with enhanced disease resistance. We found that specific mutations in HSP90.2 and HSP90.3 lead to heightened accumulation of immune receptors, including SNC1, RPS2 and RPS4. HSP90s may assist SGT1 in the formation of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that target immune receptors for degradation. Such regulation is critical for maintaining appropriate levels of immune receptor proteins to avoid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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38
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Chai J, Shi Y. Apoptosome and inflammasome: conserved machineries for caspase activation. Natl Sci Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwt025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Apoptosome and inflammasome are multimeric protein complexes that mediate the activation of specific caspases at the onset of apoptosis and inflammation. The central component of apoptosome or inflammasome is a tripartite scaffold protein, exemplified by Apaf-1 and NLRC4, which contains an amino-terminal homotypic interaction motif, a central nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and a carboxyl-terminal ligand-sensing domain. In the absence of death cue or an inflammatory signal, Apaf-1 or NLRC4 exists in an auto-inhibited, monomeric state, which is stabilized by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Binding to an apoptosis- or inflammation-inducing ligand, together with replacement of ADP by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), results in the formation of a multimeric apoptosome or inflammasome. The assembled apoptosome and inflammasome serve as dedicated machineries to facilitate the activation of specific caspases. In this review, we describe the structure and functional mechanisms of mammalian inflammasome and apoptosomes from three representative organisms. Emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanism of caspase activation and the shared features of apoptosomes and inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Chai
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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39
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Kamphuis LG, Zulak K, Gao LL, Anderson J, Singh KB. Plant-aphid interactions with a focus on legumes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1271-1284. [PMID: 32481194 DOI: 10.1071/fp13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sap-sucking insects such as aphids cause substantial yield losses in agriculture by draining plant nutrients as well as vectoring viruses. The main method of control in agriculture is through the application of insecticides. However, aphids rapidly evolve mechanisms to detoxify these, so there is a need to develop durable plant resistance to these damaging insect pests. The focus of this review is on aphid interactions with legumes, but work on aphid interactions with other plants, particularly Arabidopsis and tomato is also discussed. This review covers advances on the plant side of the interaction, including the identification of major resistance genes and quantitative trait loci conferring aphid resistance in legumes, basal and resistance gene mediated defence signalling following aphid infestation and the role of specialised metabolites. On the aphid side of the interaction, this review covers what is known about aphid effector proteins and aphid detoxification enzymes. Recent advances in these areas have provided insight into mechanisms underlying resistance to aphids and the strategies used by aphids for successful infestations and have significant impacts for the delivery of durable resistance to aphids in legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Katherine Zulak
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | | | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
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Uhrig RG, Labandera AM, Moorhead GB. Arabidopsis PPP family of serine/threonine protein phosphatases: many targets but few engines. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:505-13. [PMID: 23790269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The major plant serine/threonine protein phosphatases belong to the phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPP) family. Over the past few years the complement of Arabidopsis thaliana PPP family of catalytic subunits has been cataloged and many regulatory subunits identified. Specific roles for PPPs have been characterized, including roles in auxin and brassinosteroid signaling, in phototropism, in regulating the target of rapamycin pathway, and in cell stress responses. In this review, we provide a framework for understanding the PPP family by exploring the fundamental role of the phosphatase regulatory subunits that drive catalytic engine specificity. Although there are fewer plant protein phosphatases compared with their protein kinase partners, their function is now recognized to be as dynamic and as regulated as that of protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
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41
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Rodewald J, Trognitz B. Solanum resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans and their corresponding avirulence genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:740-57. [PMID: 23710878 PMCID: PMC6638693 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans (Rpi genes), the most important potato pathogen, are still highly valued in the breeding of Solanum spp. for enhanced resistance. The Rpi genes hitherto explored are localized most often in clusters, which are similar between the diverse Solanum genomes. Their distribution is not independent of late maturity traits. This review provides a summary of the most recent important revelations on the genomic position and cloning of Rpi genes, and the structure, associations, mode of action and activity spectrum of Rpi and corresponding avirulence (Avr) proteins. Practical implications for research into and application of Rpi genes are deduced and combined with an outlook on approaches to address remaining issues and interesting questions. It is evident that the potential of Rpi genes has not been exploited fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rodewald
- Department of Health and Environment, Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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42
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Dang FF, Wang YN, Yu L, Eulgem T, Lai Y, Liu ZQ, Wang X, Qiu AL, Zhang TX, Lin J, Chen YS, Guan DY, Cai HY, Mou SL, He SL. CaWRKY40, a WRKY protein of pepper, plays an important role in the regulation of tolerance to heat stress and resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:757-74. [PMID: 22994555 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
WRKY proteins form a large family of plant transcription factors implicated in the modulation of numerous biological processes, such as growth, development and responses to various environmental stresses. However, the roles of the majority WRKY family members, especially in non-model plants, remain poorly understood. We identified CaWRKY40 from pepper. Transient expression in onion epidermal cells showed that CaWRKY40 can be targeted to nuclei and activates expression of a W-box-containing reporter gene. CaWRKY40 transcripts are induced in pepper by Ralstonia solanacearum and heat shock. To assess roles of CaWRKY40 in plant stress responses we performed gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Overexpression of CaWRKY40 enhanced resistance to R. solanacearum and tolerance to heat shock in tobacco. In contrast, silencing of CaWRKY40 enhanced susceptibility to R. solanacearum and impaired thermotolerance in pepper. Consistent with its role in multiple stress responses, we found CaWRKY40 transcripts to be induced by signalling mechanisms mediated by the stress hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). Overexpression of CaWRKY40 in tobacco modified the expression of hypersensitive response (HR)-associated and pathogenesis-related genes. Collectively, our results suggest that CaWRKY40 orthologs are regulated by SA, JA and ET signalling and coordinate responses to R. solanacearum attacks and heat stress in pepper and tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Feng Dang
- College of Life Science National Education Minster Key laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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43
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Song MY, Kim CY, Han M, Ryu HS, Lee SK, Sun L, He Z, Seo YS, Canal P, Ronald PC, Jeon JS. Differential requirement of Oryza sativa RAR1 in immune receptor-mediated resistance of rice to Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol Cells 2013; 35:327-34. [PMID: 23563801 PMCID: PMC3887888 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The required for Mla12 resistance (RAR1) protein is essential for the plant immune response. In rice, a model monocot species, the function of Oryza sativa RAR1 (OsRAR1) has been little explored. In our current study, we characterized the response of a rice osrar1 T-DNA insertion mutant to infection by Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. osrar1 mutants displayed reduced resistance compared with wild type rice when inoculated with the normally virulent M. oryzae isolate PO6-6, indicating that OsRAR1 is required for an immune response to this pathogen. We also investigated the function of OsRAR1 in the resistance mechanism mediated by the immune receptor genes Pib and Pi5 that encode nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins. We inoculated progeny from Pib/osrar1 and Pi5/osrar1 heterozygous plants with the avirulent M. oryzae isolates, race 007 and PO6-6, respectively. We found that only Pib-mediated resistance was compromised by the osrar1 mutation and that the introduction of the OsRAR1 cDNA into Pib/osrar1 rescued Pib-mediated resistance. These results indicate that OsRAR1 is required for Pib-mediated resistance but not Pi5-mediated resistance to M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Song
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Chi-Yeol Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Muho Han
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Hak-Seung Ryu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Li Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032,
China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032,
China
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
USA
| | - Patrick Canal
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
USA
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
USA
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
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Barajas-López JDD, Kremnev D, Shaikhali J, Piñas-Fernández A, Strand Å. PAPP5 is involved in the tetrapyrrole mediated plastid signalling during chloroplast development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60305. [PMID: 23555952 PMCID: PMC3612061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of chloroplast development in the light is dependent on nuclear encoded components. The nuclear genes encoding key components in the photosynthetic machinery are regulated by signals originating in the plastids. These plastid signals play an essential role in the regulation of photosynthesis associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) when proplastids develop into chloroplasts. One of the plastid signals is linked to the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and accumulation of the intermediates the Mg-ProtoIX and its methyl ester Mg-ProtoIX-ME. Phytochrome-Associated Protein Phosphatase 5 (PAPP5) was isolated in a previous study as a putative Mg-ProtoIX interacting protein. In order to elucidate if there is a biological link between PAPP5 and the tetrapyrrole mediated signal we generated double mutants between the Arabidopsis papp5 and the crd mutants. The crd mutant over-accumulates Mg-ProtoIX and Mg-ProtoIX-ME and the tetrapyrrole accumulation triggers retrograde signalling. The crd mutant exhibits repression of PhANG expression, altered chloroplast morphology and a pale phenotype. However, in the papp5crd double mutant, the crd phenotype is restored and papp5crd accumulated wild type levels of chlorophyll, developed proper chloroplasts and showed normal induction of PhANG expression in response to light. Tetrapyrrole feeding experiments showed that PAPP5 is required to respond correctly to accumulation of tetrapyrroles in the cell and that PAPP5 is most likely a component in the plastid signalling pathway down stream of the tetrapyrrole Mg-ProtoIX/Mg-ProtoIX-ME. Inhibition of phosphatase activity phenocopied the papp5crd phenotype in the crd single mutant demonstrating that PAPP5 phosphatase activity is essential to mediate the retrograde signal and to suppress PhANG expression in the crd mutant. Thus, our results suggest that PAPP5 receives an inbalance in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis through the accumulation of Mg-ProtoIX and acts as a negative regulator of PhANG expression during chloroplast biogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry Kremnev
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jehad Shaikhali
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aurora Piñas-Fernández
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Strand
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Piper PW, Millson SH. Spotlight on the microbes that produce heat shock protein 90-targeting antibiotics. Open Biol 2012; 2:120138. [PMID: 23271830 PMCID: PMC3603443 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a promising cancer drug target as a molecular chaperone critical for stabilization and activation of several of the oncoproteins that drive cancer progression. Its actions depend upon its essential ATPase, an activity fortuitously inhibited with a very high degree of selectivity by natural antibiotics: notably the actinomycete-derived benzoquinone ansamycins (e.g. geldanamycin) and certain fungal-derived resorcyclic acid lactones (e.g. radicicol). The molecular interactions made by these antibiotics when bound within the ADP/ATP-binding site of Hsp90 have served as templates for the development of several synthetic Hsp90 inhibitor drugs. Much attention now focuses on the clinical trials of these drugs. However, because microbes have evolved antibiotics to target Hsp90, it is probable that they often exploit Hsp90 inhibition when interacting with each other and with plants. Fungi known to produce Hsp90 inhibitors include mycoparasitic, as well as plant-pathogenic, endophytic and mycorrhizal species. The Hsp90 chaperone may, therefore, be a prominent target in establishing a number of mycoparasitic (interfungal), fungal pathogen–plant and symbiotic fungus–plant relationships. Furthermore the Hsp90 family proteins of the microbes that produce Hsp90 inhibitor antibiotics are able to reveal how drug resistance can arise by amino acid changes in the highly conserved ADP/ATP-binding site of Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Piper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Zamany A, Liu JJ, Ekramoddoullah AKM. Comparative proteomic profiles of Pinus monticola needles during early compatible and incompatible interactions with Cronartium ribicola. PLANTA 2012; 236:1725-1746. [PMID: 22868574 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The proteomic profiles of primary needles from Cr2-resistant and cr2-susceptible Pinus monticola seedlings were analysed post Cronartium ribicola inoculation by 2-DE. One hundred-and-five protein spots exhibiting significant differential expression were identified using LC-MS/MS. Functional classification showed that the most numerous proteins are involved in defence signalling, oxidative burst, metabolic pathways, and other physiological processes. Our results revealed that differential expression of proteins in response to C. ribicola inoculation was genotype- and infection-stage dependent. Responsive proteins in resistant seedlings with incompatible white pine blister rust (WPBR) interaction included such well-characterized proteins as heat shock proteins (HSPs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, and intermediate factors functioning in the signal transduction pathways triggered by well-known plant R genes, as well as new candidates in plant defence like sugar epimerase, GTP-binding proteins, and chloroplastic ribonucleoproteins. Fewer proteins were regulated in susceptible seedlings; most of them were in common with resistant seedlings and related to photosynthesis among others. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed HSP- and ROS-related genes played an important role in host defence in response to C. ribicola infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative proteomics study on WPBR interactions at the early stages of host defence, which provides a reference proteomic profile for other five-needle pines as well as resistance candidates for further understanding of host resistance in the WPBR pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Zamany
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
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Postma WJ, Slootweg EJ, Rehman S, Finkers-Tomczak A, Tytgat TO, van Gelderen K, Lozano-Torres JL, Roosien J, Pomp R, van Schaik C, Bakker J, Goverse A, Smant G. The effector SPRYSEC-19 of Globodera rostochiensis suppresses CC-NB-LRR-mediated disease resistance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:944-54. [PMID: 22904163 PMCID: PMC3461567 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis invades roots of host plants where it transforms cells near the vascular cylinder into a permanent feeding site. The host cell modifications are most likely induced by a complex mixture of proteins in the stylet secretions of the nematodes. Resistance to nematodes conferred by nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins usually results in a programmed cell death in and around the feeding site, and is most likely triggered by the recognition of effectors in stylet secretions. However, the actual role of these secretions in the activation and suppression of effector-triggered immunity is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the effector SPRYSEC-19 of G. rostochiensis physically associates in planta with the LRR domain of a member of the SW5 resistance gene cluster in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Unexpectedly, this interaction did not trigger defense-related programmed cell death and resistance to G. rostochiensis. By contrast, agroinfiltration assays showed that the coexpression of SPRYSEC-19 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana suppresses programmed cell death mediated by several coiled-coil (CC)-NB-LRR immune receptors. Furthermore, SPRYSEC-19 abrogated resistance to Potato virus X mediated by the CC-NB-LRR resistance protein Rx1, and resistance to Verticillium dahliae mediated by an unidentified resistance in potato (Solanum tuberosum). The suppression of cell death and disease resistance did not require a physical association of SPRYSEC-19 and the LRR domains of the CC-NB-LRR resistance proteins. Altogether, our data demonstrated that potato cyst nematodes secrete effectors that enable the suppression of programmed cell death and disease resistance mediated by several CC-NB-LRR proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebe J. Postma
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Erik J. Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | | | - Anna Finkers-Tomczak
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | | | | | - Jose L. Lozano-Torres
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Casper van Schaik
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
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Du X, Miao M, Ma X, Liu Y, Kuhl JC, Martin GB, Xiao F. Plant programmed cell death caused by an autoactive form of Prf is suppressed by co-expression of the Prf LRR domain. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:1058-67. [PMID: 22451646 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In tomato, the NBARC-LRR resistance (R) protein Prf acts in concert with the Pto or Fen kinase to determine immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Prf-mediated defense signaling is initiated by the recognition of two sequence-unrelated Pst-secreted effector proteins, AvrPto and AvrPtoB, by tomato Pto or Fen. Prf detects these interactions and activates signaling leading to host defense responses including localized programmed cell death (PCD) that is associated with the arrest of Pst growth. We found that Prf variants with single amino acid substitutions at D1416 in the IHD motif (isoleucine-histidine-aspartic acid) in the NBARC domain cause effector-independent PCD when transiently expressed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting D1416 plays an important role in activation of Prf. The N-terminal region of Prf (NPrf) and the LRR domain are required for this autoactive Prf cell death signaling but dispensable for accumulation of the Prf(D1416V) protein. Significantly, co-expression of the Prf LRR but not NPrf, with Prf(D1416V), AvrPto/Pto, AvrPtoB/Pto, an autoactive form of Pto (Pto(Y207D)), or Fen completely suppresses PCD. However, the Prf LRR does not interfere with PCD caused by Rpi-blb1(D475V), a distinct R protein-mediated PCD signaling event, or that caused by overexpression of MAPKKKα, a protein acting downstream of Prf. Furthermore, we found the Prf(D1416V) protein is unable to accumulate in plant cells when co-expressed with the Prf LRR domain, likely explaining the cell death suppression. The mechanism for the LRR-induced degradation of Prf(D1416V) is unknown but may involve interference in the intramolecular interactions of Prf or to binding of the unattached LRR to other host proteins that are needed for Prf stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Du
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Bai S, Liu J, Chang C, Zhang L, Maekawa T, Wang Q, Xiao W, Liu Y, Chai J, Takken FLW, Schulze-Lefert P, Shen QH. Structure-function analysis of barley NLR immune receptor MLA10 reveals its cell compartment specific activity in cell death and disease resistance. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002752. [PMID: 22685408 PMCID: PMC3369952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant intracellular immune receptors comprise a large number of multi-domain proteins resembling animal NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Plant NLRs typically recognize isolate-specific pathogen-derived effectors, encoded by avirulence (AVR) genes, and trigger defense responses often associated with localized host cell death. The barley MLA gene is polymorphic in nature and encodes NLRs of the coiled-coil (CC)-NB-LRR type that each detects a cognate isolate-specific effector of the barley powdery mildew fungus. We report the systematic analyses of MLA10 activity in disease resistance and cell death signaling in barley and Nicotiana benthamiana. MLA10 CC domain-triggered cell death is regulated by highly conserved motifs in the CC and the NB-ARC domains and by the C-terminal LRR of the receptor. Enforced MLA10 subcellular localization, by tagging with a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) or a nuclear export sequence (NES), shows that MLA10 activity in cell death signaling is suppressed in the nucleus but enhanced in the cytoplasm. By contrast, nuclear localized MLA10 is sufficient to mediate disease resistance against powdery mildew fungus. MLA10 retention in the cytoplasm was achieved through attachment of a glucocorticoid receptor hormone-binding domain (GR), by which we reinforced the role of cytoplasmic MLA10 in cell death signaling. Together with our data showing an essential and sufficient nuclear MLA10 activity in disease resistance, this suggests a bifurcation of MLA10-triggered cell death and disease resistance signaling in a compartment-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Takaki Maekawa
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institut Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qiuyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yule Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystem Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institut Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Lukasik-Shreepaathy E, Vossen JH, Tameling WIL, de Vroomen MJ, Cornelissen BJC, Takken FLW. Protein-protein interactions as a proxy to monitor conformational changes and activation states of the tomato resistance protein I-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3047-60. [PMID: 22345637 PMCID: PMC3350919 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance proteins (R) are involved in pathogen recognition and subsequent initiation of defence responses. Their activity is regulated by inter- and intramolecular interactions. In a yeast two-hybrid screen two clones (I2I-1 and I2I-2) specifically interacting with I-2, a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici resistance protein of the CC-NB-LRR family, were identified. Sequence analysis revealed that I2I-1 belongs to the Formin gene family (SlFormin) whereas I2I-2 has homology to translin-associated protein X (SlTrax). SlFormin required only the N-terminal CC I-2 domain for binding, whereas SlTrax required both I-2 CC and part of the NB-ARC domain. Tomato plants stably silenced for these interactors were not compromised in I-2-mediated disease resistance. When extended or mutated forms of I-2 were used as baits, distinct and often opposite, interaction patterns with the two interactors were observed. These interaction patterns correlated with the proposed activation state of I-2 implying that active and inactive R proteins adopt distinct conformations. It is concluded that the yeast two hybrid system can be used as a proxy to monitor these different conformational states.
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