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Atem JEC, Gan L, Yu W, Huang F, Wang Y, Baloch A, Nwafor CC, Barrie AU, Chen P, Zhang C. Bioinformatics and functional analysis of EDS1 genes in Brassica napus in response to Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112175. [PMID: 38986913 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) is a key regulator of plant-pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses. In the Brassica napus genome, we identified six novel EDS1 genes, among which four were responsive to clubroot infection, a major rapeseed disease resistant to chemical control. Developing resistant cultivars is a potent and economically viable strategy to control clubroot infection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed conserved domains and structural uniformity in Bna-EDS1 homologs. Bna-EDS1 promoters harbored elements associated with diverse phytohormones and stress responses, highlighting their crucial roles in plant defense. A functional analysis was performed with Bna-EDS1 overexpression and RNAi transgenic lines. Bna-EDS1 overexpression boosted resistance to clubroot and upregulated defense-associated genes (PR1, PR2, ICS1, and CBP60), while Bna-EDS1 RNAi increased plant susceptibility, indicating suppression of the defense signaling pathway downstream of NBS-LRRs. RNA-Seq analysis identified key transcripts associated with clubroot resistance, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Activation of SA regulator NPR1, defense signaling markers PR1 and PR2, and upregulation of MYC-TFs suggested that EDS1-mediated clubroot resistance potentially involves the SA pathway. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of Bna-EDS1-dependent mechanisms in resistance of B. napus to clubroot disease, and provide valuable insights for fortifying resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae infection in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Eldeen Chol Atem
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Longcai Gan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Wenlin Yu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Fan Huang
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE68588, USA; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Amanullah Baloch
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu Charles Nwafor
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Alpha Umaru Barrie
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
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Burke R, Nicotra D, Phelan J, Downey F, McCabe PF, Kacprzyk J. Spermine and spermidine inhibit or induce programmed cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana in vitro and in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38808914 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous biomolecules with a number of established functions in eukaryotic cells. In plant cells, polyamines have previously been linked to abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, as well as to the modulation of programmed cell death (PCD), with contrasting reports on their pro-PCD and pro-survival effects. Here, we used two well-established platforms for the study of plant PCD, Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cultures cells and the root hair assay, to examine the roles of the polyamines spermine and spermidine in the regulation of PCD. Using these systems for precise quantification of cell death rates, we demonstrate that both polyamines can trigger PCD when applied exogenously at higher doses, whereas at lower concentrations they inhibit PCD induced by both biotic and abiotic stimuli. Furthermore, we show that concentrations of polyamines resulting in inhibition of PCD generated a transient ROS burst in our experimental system, and activated the expression of oxidative stress- and pathogen response-associated genes. Finally, we examined PCD responses in existing Arabidopsis polyamine synthesis mutants, and identified a subtle PCD phenotype in Arabidopsis seedlings deficient in thermo-spermine. The presented data show that polyamines can have a role in PCD regulation; however, that role is dose-dependent and consequently they may act as either inhibitors, or inducers, of PCD in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Burke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniele Nicotra
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Jim Phelan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frances Downey
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Bernacki MJ, Rusaczonek A, Gołębiewska K, Majewska-Fala AB, Czarnocka W, Karpiński SM. METACASPASE8 (MC8) Is a Crucial Protein in the LSD1-Dependent Cell Death Pathway in Response to Ultraviolet Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3195. [PMID: 38542169 PMCID: PMC10970217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
LESION-SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1) is one of the well-known cell death regulatory proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. The lsd1 mutant exhibits runaway cell death (RCD) in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The phenotype of the lsd1 mutant strongly depends on two other proteins, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN-DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) as well as on the synthesis/metabolism/signaling of salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the most interesting aspect of the lsd1 mutant is its conditional-dependent RCD phenotype, and thus, the defined role and function of LSD1 in the suppression of EDS1 and PAD4 in controlled laboratory conditions is different in comparison to a multivariable field environment. Analysis of the lsd1 mutant transcriptome in ambient laboratory and field conditions indicated that there were some candidate genes and proteins that might be involved in the regulation of the lsd1 conditional-dependent RCD phenotype. One of them is METACASPASE 8 (AT1G16420). This type II metacaspase was described as a cell death-positive regulator induced by UV-C irradiation and ROS accumulation. In the double mc8/lsd1 mutant, we discovered reversion of the lsd1 RCD phenotype in response to UV radiation applied in controlled laboratory conditions. This cell death deregulation observed in the lsd1 mutant was reverted like in double mutants of lsd1/eds1 and lsd1/pad4. To summarize, in this work, we demonstrated that MC8 is positively involved in EDS1 and PAD4 conditional-dependent regulation of cell death when LSD1 function is suppressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, we identified a new protein compound of the conditional LSD1-EDS1-PAD4 regulatory hub. We proposed a working model of MC8 involvement in the regulation of cell death and we postulated that MC8 is a crucial protein in this regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jerzy Bernacki
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland;
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.); (A.B.M.-F.)
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (W.C.)
| | - Kinga Gołębiewska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.); (A.B.M.-F.)
| | - Agata Barbara Majewska-Fala
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.); (A.B.M.-F.)
| | - Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (W.C.)
| | - Stanisław Mariusz Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.); (A.B.M.-F.)
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Xu H, Chang Q, Huang L, Wei P, Song Y, Guo Z, Peng YL, Fan J. An Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression Method for Functional Assay of Genes Promoting Disease in Monocots. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087636. [PMID: 37108797 PMCID: PMC10142106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression (AMTE) has been widely used for high-throughput assays of gene function in diverse plant species. However, its application in monocots is still limited due to low expression efficiency. Here, by using histochemical staining and a quantitative fluorescence assay of β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression, we investigated factors affecting the efficiency of AMTE on intact barley plants. We found prominent variation in GUS expression levels across diverse vectors commonly used for stable transformation and that the vector pCBEP produced the highest expression. Additionally, concurrent treatments of plants with one day of high humidity and two days of darkness following agro-infiltration also significantly increased GUS expression efficiency. We thus established an optimized method for efficient AMTE on barley and further demonstrated its efficiency on wheat and rice plants. We showed that this approach could produce enough proteins suitable for split-luciferase assays of protein-protein interactions on barley leaves. Moreover, we incorporated the AMTE protocol into the functional dissection of a complex biological process such as plant disease. Based on our previous research, we used the pCBEP vector to construct a full-length cDNA library of genes upregulated during the early stage of rice blast disease. A subsequent screen of the library by AMTE identified 15 candidate genes (out of ~2000 clones) promoting blast disease on barley plants. Four identified genes encode chloroplast-related proteins: OsNYC3, OsNUDX21, OsMRS2-9, and OsAk2. These genes were induced during rice blast disease; however, constitutive overexpression of these genes conferred enhanced disease susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis. These observations highlight the power of the optimized AMTE approach on monocots as an effective tool for facilitating functional assays of genes mediating complex processes such as plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Xu
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingle Chang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luli Huang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peiyao Wei
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulu Song
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zejian Guo
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Fan
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Giri VP, Pandey S, Srivastava S, Shukla P, Kumar N, Kumari M, Katiyar R, Singh S, Mishra A. Chitosan fabricated biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ch@BSNP) protectively modulate the defense mechanism of tomato during bacterial leaf spot (BLS) disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107637. [PMID: 36933507 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the impact of chitosan fabricated biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ch@BSNP) has been evaluated for the protective management of bacterial leaf spot (BLS) disease in tomatoes caused by Xanthomonas campestris (NCIM5028). The Ch@BSNP originated by the Trichoderma viride (MTCC5661) derived extracellular compounds and subsequent chitosan hybridization. Spherical-shaped Ch@BSNP (30-35 nm) treated diseased plants were able to combat the biotic stress, as evidenced by the decreased elevated response of stress markers viz; anthocyanin (34.02%), proline (45.00%), flavonoids (20.26%), lipid peroxidation (10.00%), guaiacol peroxidase (36.58%), ascorbate peroxidase (41.50%), polyphenol oxidase (25.34%) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (2.10 fold) as compared to untreated diseased plants. Increased biochemical content specifically sugar (15.43%), phenolics (49.10%), chlorophyll, and carotenoids were measured in Ch@BSNP-treated diseased plants compared to untreated X. campestris-infested plants. The Ch@BSNP considerably reduced stress by increasing net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency along with decreased transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in comparison to infected plants. Additionally, the expression of defense-regulatory genes viz; growth responsive (AUX, GH3, SAUR), early defense responsive (WRKYTF22, WRKY33, NOS1), defense responsive (PR1, NHO1, NPR1), hypersensitivity responsive (Pti, RbohD, OXI1) and stress hormones responsive (MYC2, JAR1, ERF1) were found to be upregulated in diseased plants while being significantly downregulated in Ch@BSNP-treated diseased plants. Furthermore, fruits obtained from pathogen-compromised plants treated with Ch@BSNP had higher levels of health-promoting compounds including lycopene and beta-carotene than infected plant fruits. This nano-enabled and environmentally safer crop protection strategy may encourage a sustainable agri-system towards the world's growing food demand and promote food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash Giri
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Shipra Pandey
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pallavi Shukla
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Navinit Kumar
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Madhuree Kumari
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Ratna Katiyar
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Shiv Singh
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterial Division, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Debbarma J, Saikia B, Singha DL, Das D, Keot AK, Maharana J, Velmurugan N, Arunkumar KP, Reddy PS, Chikkaputtaiah C. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutation in XSP10 and SlSAMT Genes Impart Genetic Tolerance to Fusarium Wilt Disease of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:488. [PMID: 36833415 PMCID: PMC9956927 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is a major devastating fungal disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) which reduces the yield and production. Xylem sap protein 10 (XSP10) and Salicylic acid methyl transferase (SlSAMT) are two putative negative regulatory genes associated with Fusarium wilt of tomato. Fusarium wilt tolerance in tomato can be developed by targeting these susceptible (S) genes. Due to its efficiency, high target specificity, and versatility, CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as one of the most promising techniques for knocking out disease susceptibility genes in a variety of model and agricultural plants to increase tolerance/resistance to various plant diseases in recent years. Though alternative methods, like RNAi, have been attempted to knock down these two S genes in order to confer resistance in tomato against Fusarium wilt, there has been no report of employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system for this specific intent. In this study, we provide a comprehensive downstream analysis of the two S genes via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of single (XSP10 and SlSAMT individually) and dual-gene (XSP10 and SlSAMT simultaneously). Prior to directly advancing on to the generation of stable lines, the editing efficacy of the sgRNA-Cas9 complex was first validated using single cell (protoplast) transformation. In the transient leaf disc assay, the dual-gene editing showed strong phenotypic tolerance to Fusarium wilt disease with INDEL mutations than single-gene editing. In stable genetic transformation of tomato at the GE1 generation, dual-gene CRISPR transformants of XSP10 and SlSAMT primarily exhibited INDEL mutations than single-gene-edited lines. The dual-gene CRISPR-edited lines (CRELs) of XSP10 and SlSAMT at GE1 generation conferred a strong phenotypic tolerance to Fusarium wilt disease compared to single-gene-edited lines. Taken together, the reverse genetic studies in transient and stable lines of tomato revealed that, XSP10 and SlSAMT function together as negative regulators in conferring genetic tolerance to Fusarium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johni Debbarma
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Banashree Saikia
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhanawantari L. Singha
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Debajit Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Keot
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
| | - Natarajan Velmurugan
- Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, Biological Sciences Division, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun 791110, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kallare P. Arunkumar
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute (CMER&TI), Lahdoigarh, Jorhat 785700, Assam, India
| | - Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Lukan T, Županič A, Mahkovec Povalej T, Brunkard JO, Kmetič M, Juteršek M, Baebler Š, Gruden K. Chloroplast redox state changes mark cell-to-cell signaling in the hypersensitive response. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:548-562. [PMID: 35946378 PMCID: PMC9875368 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypersensitive response (HR)-conferred resistance is associated with induction of programmed cell death and pathogen spread restriction in its proximity. The exact role of chloroplastic reactive oxygen species and its link with salicylic acid (SA) signaling in HR remain unexplained. To unravel this, we performed a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of chloroplast redox response in palisade mesophyll and upper epidermis to potato virus Y (PVY) infection in a resistant potato genotype and its transgenic counterpart with impaired SA accumulation and compromised resistance. Besides the cells close to the cell death zone, we detected individual cells with oxidized chloroplasts further from the cell death zone. These are rare in SA-deficient plants, suggesting their role in signaling for resistance. We confirmed that chloroplast redox changes play important roles in signaling for resistance, as blocking chloroplast redox changes affected spatial responses at the transcriptional level. Through spatiotemporal study of stromule induction after PVY infection, we show that stromules are induced by cell death and also as a response to PVY multiplication at the front of infection. Overall induction of stromules is attenuated in SA-deficient plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Lukan
- National Institute of BiologyVečna pot 1111000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Anže Županič
- National Institute of BiologyVečna pot 1111000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | | | - Jacob O. Brunkard
- Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Mirjam Kmetič
- National Institute of BiologyVečna pot 1111000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Mojca Juteršek
- National Institute of BiologyVečna pot 1111000LjubljanaSlovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolJamova 391000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- National Institute of BiologyVečna pot 1111000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- National Institute of BiologyVečna pot 1111000LjubljanaSlovenia
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Li X, Liao M, Huang J, Chen L, Huang H, Wu K, Pan Q, Zhang Z, Peng X. Dynamic and fluctuating generation of hydrogen peroxide via photorespiratory metabolic channeling in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1429-1446. [PMID: 36382906 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The homeostasis of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), a key regulator of basic biological processes, is a result of the cooperation between its generation and scavenging. However, the mechanistic basis of this balance is not fully understood. We previously proposed that the interaction between glycolate oxidase (GLO) and catalase (CAT) may serve as a molecular switch that modulates H2 O2 levels in plants. In this study, we demonstrate that the GLO-CAT complex in plants exists in different states, which are dynamically interchangeable in response to various stimuli, typically salicylic acid (SA), at the whole-plant level. More crucially, changes in the state of the complex were found to be closely linked to peroxisomal H2 O2 fluctuations, which were independent of the membrane-associated NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, evidence suggested that H2 O2 channeling occurred even in vitro when GLO and CAT worked cooperatively. These results demonstrate that dynamic changes in H2 O2 levels are physically created via photorespiratory metabolic channeling in plants, and that such H2 O2 fluctuations may serve as signals that are mechanistically involved in the known functions of photorespiratory H2 O2 . In addition, our study also revealed a new way for SA to communicate with H2 O2 in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linru Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Bittner A, Cieśla A, Gruden K, Lukan T, Mahmud S, Teige M, Vothknecht UC, Wurzinger B. Organelles and phytohormones: a network of interactions in plant stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7165-7181. [PMID: 36169618 PMCID: PMC9675595 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are major signaling components that contribute to nearly all aspects of plant life. They constitute an interconnected communication network to fine-tune growth and development in response to the ever-changing environment. To this end, they have to coordinate with other signaling components, such as reactive oxygen species and calcium signals. On the one hand, the two endosymbiotic organelles, plastids and mitochondria, control various aspects of phytohormone signaling and harbor important steps of hormone precursor biosynthesis. On the other hand, phytohormones have feedback actions on organellar functions. In addition, organelles and phytohormones often act in parallel in a coordinated matter to regulate cellular functions. Therefore, linking organelle functions with increasing knowledge of phytohormone biosynthesis, perception, and signaling will reveal new aspects of plant stress tolerance. In this review, we highlight recent work on organelle-phytohormone interactions focusing on the major stress-related hormones abscisic acid, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and ethylene.
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10
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Li L, Liu J, Gong H, Zhao Y, Luo J, Sun Z, Li T. A dominant gene Ihrl1 is tightly linked to and inhibits the gene Ndhrl1 mediating nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like phenotype in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3563-3570. [PMID: 36030437 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Identification and mapping of an inhibitor of Ndhrl1 mediating nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like phenotype in wheat. Hypersensitive reaction-like (HRL) traits are characteristic of spontaneous lesions including yellowish spots, brown spots or white-stripe that appeared randomly and dispersedly on all the leaves in the absence of plant pathogens. Our previous studies have shown that the wheat line P7001 showed an HRL trait at low nitrogen supply, and this trait was controlled by the gene Ndhrl1 (Nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like 1). In order to investigate the robustness of the trait expression mediated by Ndhrl1 under different genetic backgrounds, seven genetic populations, with P7001 being the common female parent, were constructed and analyzed. F1 plants from six of the seven combinations showed HRL trait and Ndhrl1 segregated in a dominant way of HRL: non-HRL = 3:1 in the six populations (F2). Exceptionally, the F1 plants of P7001/Fielder combination showed non-HRL trait and HRL trait in the F2 population showed a contrasting recessive segregation ratio of HRL: non-HRL = 1:3, suggesting Fielder may have another HRL-related gene. Using 55 K SNP array and PCR-based markers, the HRL-related gene in Fielder was mapped to an interval of 5.63-12.91 Mb on the short arm of chromosome 2B with the flanking markers Yzu660R075552 and Yzu660F075941. A recombinant with genomic region of Fielder at Ndhrl1 locus showing HRL trait demonstrated that Fielder also harbored Ndhrl1 same as P7001. Thus, Fielder carries a single dominant suppressor of Ndhrl1, designated as Ihrl1 (Inhibitor of hypersensitive reaction-like). Interestingly, Ihrl1 is tightly linked to Ndhrl1 and may be also involved in nitrogen metabolic and (or) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinbiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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11
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Lee J, Chen H, Lee G, Emonet A, Kim S, Shim D, Lee Y. MSD2-mediated ROS metabolism fine-tunes the timing of floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2466-2480. [PMID: 35689444 PMCID: PMC9543660 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The timely removal of end-of-purpose flowering organs is as essential for reproduction and plant survival as timely flowering. Despite much progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of floral organ abscission, little is known about how various environmental factors are integrated into developmental programmes that determine the timing of abscission. Here, we investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS), mediators of various stress-related signalling pathways, are involved in determining the timing of abscission and, if so, how they are integrated with the developmental pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. MSD2, encoding a secretory manganese superoxide dismutase, was preferentially expressed in the abscission zone of flowers, and floral organ abscission was accelerated by the accumulation of ROS in msd2 mutants. The expression of the genes encoding the receptor-like kinase HAESA (HAE) and its cognate peptide ligand INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA), the key signalling components of abscission, was accelerated in msd2 mutants, suggesting that MSD2 acts upstream of IDA-HAE. Further transcriptome and pharmacological analyses revealed that abscisic acid and nitric oxide facilitate abscission by regulating the expression of IDA and HAE during MSD2-mediated signalling. These results suggest that MSD2-dependent ROS metabolism is an important regulatory point integrating environmental stimuli into the developmental programme leading to abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Lee
- Research Institute of Basic SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Research Centre for Plant PlasticitySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Huize Chen
- Research Institute of Basic SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response in Shanxi ProvinceShanxi Normal UniversityTaiyuan030000ShanxiChina
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Korea
| | - Aurélia Emonet
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of Lausanne1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Sang‐Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological SciencesChungnam National UniversityDaejeon34134Korea
| | - Yuree Lee
- Research Centre for Plant PlasticitySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- School of Biological SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
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12
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Liu C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Du Y, Song C, Song P, Yang Q, He F, Bai X, Huang L, Guo J, Kang Z, Guo J. Glycine-serine-rich effector PstGSRE4 in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici inhibits the activity of copper zinc superoxide dismutase to modulate immunity in wheat. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010702. [PMID: 35881621 PMCID: PMC9321418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) secretes an array of specific effector proteins to manipulate host immunity and promote pathogen colonization. In a previous study, we functionally characterized a glycine-serine-rich effector PstGSRE1 with a glycine-serine-rich motif (m9). However, the mechanisms of glycine-serine-rich effectors (GSREs) remain obscure. Here we report a new glycine-serine-rich effector, PstGSRE4, which has no m9-like motif but inhibits the enzyme activity of wheat copper zinc superoxide dismutase TaCZSOD2, which acts as a positive regulator of wheat resistance to Pst. By inhibiting the enzyme activity of TaCZSOD2, PstGSRE4 reduces H2O2 accumulation and HR areas to facilitate Pst infection. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of GSREs of rust fungi in regulating plant immunity. Pst secretes numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. However, the mechanisms of these effectors, especially for glycine-rich or serine-rich effectors, remain obscure. In this study, we identified a new glycine-serine-rich effector, PstGSRE4, which exhibits unusual biochemical properties and is highly induced during early stages of infection. Transgenic expression of PstGSRE4-RNAi constructs in wheat significantly reduced virulence of Pst and increased H2O2 accumulation in wheat. Overexpression of PstGSRE4 in wheat significantly increased virulence of Pst and reduced H2O2 accumulation in wheat. PstGSRE4 was shown to target the ROS-associated regulatory factor TaCZSOD2, which was proved as a positive regulator of wheat immunity in this study. Further study revealed that PstGSRE4 inhibited the enzyme activity of TaCZSOD2 and thus compromises the host immune systems. This work reveals a novel strategy that rust fungi exploit to modulate host defense and facilitate pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yunqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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13
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Yu D, Song W, Tan EYJ, Liu L, Cao Y, Jirschitzka J, Li E, Logemann E, Xu C, Huang S, Jia A, Chang X, Han Z, Wu B, Schulze-Lefert P, Chai J. TIR domains of plant immune receptors are 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetases mediating cell death. Cell 2022; 185:2370-2386.e18. [PMID: 35597242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
2',3'-cAMP is a positional isomer of the well-established second messenger 3',5'-cAMP, but little is known about the biology of this noncanonical cyclic nucleotide monophosphate (cNMP). Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors have the NADase function necessary but insufficient to activate plant immune responses. Here, we show that plant TIR proteins, besides being NADases, act as 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetases by hydrolyzing RNA/DNA. Structural data show that a TIR domain adopts distinct oligomers with mutually exclusive NADase and synthetase activity. Mutations specifically disrupting the synthetase activity abrogate TIR-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb), supporting an important role for these cNMPs in TIR signaling. Furthermore, the Arabidopsis negative regulator of TIR-NLR signaling, NUDT7, displays 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP but not 3',5'-cAMP/cGMP phosphodiesterase activity and suppresses cell death activity of TIRs in Nb. Our study identifies a family of 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetases and establishes a critical role for them in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eddie Yong Jun Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ertong Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Logemann
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chenrui Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shijia Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Jijie Chai
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Lukan T, Coll A. Intertwined Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Signaling Are Crucial for the Plant Response to Biotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105568. [PMID: 35628379 PMCID: PMC9147500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest hallmarks of plant immune response is production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different subcellular compartments, which regulate plant immunity. A suitable equilibrium, which is crucial to prevent ROS overaccumulation leading to oxidative stress, is maintained by salicylic acid (SA), a chief regulator of ROS. However, ROS not only act downstream of SA signaling, but are also proposed to be a central component of a self-amplifying loop that regulates SA signaling as well as the interaction balance between different phytohormones. The exact role of this crosstalk, the position where SA interferes with ROS signaling and ROS interferes with SA signaling and the outcome of this regulation, depend on the origin of ROS but also on the pathosystem. The precise spatiotemporal regulation of organelle-specific ROS and SA levels determine the effectiveness of pathogen arrest and is therefore crucial for a successful immune response. However, the regulatory interplay behind still remains poorly understood, as up until now, the role of organelle-specific ROS and SA in hypersensitive response (HR)-conferred resistance has mostly been studied by altering the level of a single component. In order to address these aspects, a sophisticated combination of research methods for monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of key players and transcriptional activity in plants is needed and will most probably consist of biosensors and precision transcriptomics.
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15
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Lapin D, Johanndrees O, Wu Z, Li X, Parker JE. Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1479-1496. [PMID: 35143666 PMCID: PMC9153377 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence: (D.L.), (J.E.P.)
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
- Author for correspondence: (D.L.), (J.E.P.)
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16
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Zeng HY, Bao HN, Chen YL, Chen DK, Zhang K, Liu SK, Yang L, Li YK, Yao N. The Two Classes of Ceramide Synthases Play Different Roles in Plant Immunity and Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:824585. [PMID: 35463421 PMCID: PMC9021646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.824585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide synthases (CSs) produce ceramides from long-chain bases (LCBs). However, how CSs regulate immunity and cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana remains unclear. Here, we decipher the roles of two classes of CS, CSI (LAG1 HOMOLOG 2, LOH2) and CSII (LOH1/3), in these processes. The loh1-2 and loh1-1 loh3-1 mutants were resistant to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola (Psm) DG3 and exhibited programmed cell death (PCD), along with increased LCBs and ceramides, at later stages. In loh1-2, the Psm resistance, PCD, and sphingolipid accumulation were mostly suppressed by inactivation of the lipase-like proteins ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4), and partly suppressed by loss of SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2). The LOH1 inhibitor fumonisin B1 (FB1) triggered EDS1/PAD4-independent LCB accumulation, and EDS1/PAD4-dependent cell death, resistance to Psm, and C16 Cer accumulation. Loss of LOH2 enhances FB1-, and sphinganine-induced PCD, indicating that CSI negatively regulates the signaling triggered by CSII inhibition. Like Cer, LCBs mediate cell death and immunity signaling, partly through the EDS1/PAD4 pathway. Our results show that the two classes of ceramide synthases differentially regulate EDS1/PAD4-dependent PCD and immunity via subtle control of LCBs and Cers in Arabidopsis.
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17
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Investigation of P1/HC-Pro-Mediated ABA/Calcium Signaling Responses via Gene Silencing through High- and Low-Throughput RNA-seq Approaches. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122349. [PMID: 34960618 PMCID: PMC8708664 DOI: 10.3390/v13122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The P1/HC-Pro viral suppressor of potyvirus suppresses posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). The fusion protein of P1/HC-Pro can be cleaved into P1 and HC-Pro through the P1 self-cleavage activity, and P1 is necessary and sufficient to enhance PTGS suppression of HC-Pro. To address the modulation of gene regulatory relationships induced by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) P1/HC-Pro (P1/HC-ProTu), a comparative transcriptome analysis of three types of transgenic plants (P1Tu, HC-ProTu, and P1/HC-ProTu) were conducted using both high-throughput (HTP) and low-throughput (LTP) RNA-Seq strategies. The results showed that P1/HC-ProTu disturbed the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and genes in the signaling pathway. Additionally, the integrated responses of stress-related genes, in particular to drought stress, cold stress, senescence, and stomatal dynamics, altered the expressions by the ABA/calcium signaling. Crosstalk among the ABA, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid pathways might simultaneously modulate the stress responses triggered by P1/HC-ProTu. Furthermore, the LTP network analysis revealed crucial genes in common with those identified by the HTP network in this study, demonstrating the effectiveness of the miniaturization of the HTP profile. Overall, our findings indicate that P1/HC-ProTu-mediated suppression in RNA silencing altered the ABA/calcium signaling and a wide range of stress responses.
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18
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Chen H, Li M, Qi G, Zhao M, Liu L, Zhang J, Chen G, Wang D, Liu F, Fu ZQ. Two interacting transcriptional coactivators cooperatively control plant immune responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl7173. [PMID: 34739308 PMCID: PMC8570602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. NPR1 and EDS1 function as two central hubs in plant local and systemic immunity. However, it is unclear how NPR1 orchestrates gene regulation and whether EDS1 directly participates in transcriptional reprogramming. Here, we show that NPR1 and EDS1 synergistically activate pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and plant defenses by forming a protein complex and recruiting Mediator. We discover that EDS1 functions as an autonomous transcriptional coactivator with intrinsic transactivation domains and physically interacts with the CDK8 subunit of Mediator. Upon SA induction, EDS1 is directly recruited by NPR1 onto the PR1 promoter via physical NPR1-EDS1 interactions, thereby potentiating PR1 activation. We further demonstrate that EDS1 stabilizes NPR1 protein and NPR1 transcriptionally up-regulates EDS1. Our results reveal an elegant interplay of key coactivators with Mediator and elucidate important molecular mechanisms for activating transcription during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Guang Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Longyu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Corresponding author. (F.L.); (Z.Q.F.)
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Corresponding author. (F.L.); (Z.Q.F.)
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19
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New early phenotypic markers for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease in cucumbers exposed to fluctuating extreme temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19060. [PMID: 34561518 PMCID: PMC8463606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of early stages of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) disease have been recently focused on plant molecular responses. However, extreme diurnal environmental temperatures, characteristic of global climate changes, could affect plant susceptibility and disease phenotype progression. Our studies of CGMMV disease progression, under simulated extreme temperature waves, have revealed two new disease initiation phenotypes that developed gradually, preceding severe symptom manifestations of post-recovery CGMMV systemic infections. 'Early post-recovery stage' bright yellow islands (BYIs) with defined boundaries amid asymptomatic leaf blades were first emerging followed by 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs with diffused boundaries. A deduced CGMMV disease progression scheme, postulating BYI symptom occurrence time-windows, revealed BYIs in field grown cucumber plants exposed to extreme diurnal temperatures. Profiling ontology of cucumber differentially expressed genes in BYIs vs the associated dark-green surrounding tissues disclosed activation of jasmonic acid (JA) pathway in 'early post-recovery stage' BYIs. JA signaling was inactivated in 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs concomitant with increasing expressions of JA signaling inhibitors and downregulation of JA responsive phenylpropanoid pathway. Our results disclosed a new phenotypic description of CGMMV disease initiation, characteristic of cucumbers grown under extreme environmental temperature fluctuations. The BYI phenotypes could define a time-window for CGMMV disease management applications.
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Zeng HY, Liu Y, Chen DK, Bao HN, Huang LQ, Yin J, Chen YL, Xiao S, Yao N. The immune components ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 are required for cell death caused by overaccumulation of ceramides in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1447-1465. [PMID: 34180563 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids have key functions in plant membrane structure and signaling. Perturbations of plant sphingolipid metabolism often induce cell death and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation; SA accumulation, in turn, promotes sphingolipid metabolism and further cell death. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana lipase-like protein ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) and its partner PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) participate in sphingolipid metabolism and associated cell death. The accelerated cell death 5 (acd5) mutants accumulate ceramides due to a defect in ceramide kinase and show spontaneous cell death. Loss of function of EDS1, PAD4 or SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2) in the acd5 background suppressed the acd5 cell death phenotype and prevented ceramide accumulation. Treatment with the SA analogue benzothiadiazole partially restored sphingolipid accumulation in the acd5 pad4 and acd5 eds1 double mutants, showing that the inhibitory effect of the pad4-1 and eds1-2 mutations on acd5-conferred sphingolipid accumulation partly depends on SA. Moreover, the pad4-1 and eds1-2 mutations substantially rescued the susceptibility of the acd5 mutant to Botrytis cinerea. Consistent with this, B. cinerea-induced ceramide accumulation requires PAD4 or EDS1. Finally, examination of plants overexpressing the ceramide synthase gene LAG1 HOMOLOGUE2 suggested that EDS1, PAD4 and SA are involved in long-chain ceramide metabolism and ceramide-associated cell death. Collectively, our observations reveal that EDS1 and PAD4 mediate ceramide (especially long-chain ceramide) metabolism and associated cell death, by SA-dependent and SA-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ding-Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - He-Nan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li-Qun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Al-Subhi AM, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Yahyai RA, Chen Y, Mathers T, Orlovskis Z, Moro G, Mugford S, Al-Hashmi KS, Hogenhout SA. Witches' Broom Disease of Lime Contributes to Phytoplasma Epidemics and Attracts Insect Vectors. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2637-2648. [PMID: 33349007 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2112-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An insect-transmitted phytoplasma causing Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL) is responsible for the drastic decline in lime production in several countries. However, it is unclear how WBDL phytoplasma (WBDLp) induces witches' broom symptoms and if these symptoms contribute to the spread of phytoplasma. Here we show that the gene encoding SAP11 of WBDLp (SAP11WBDL) is present in all WBDLp isolates collected from diseased trees. SAP11WBDL interacts with acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) TCP transcription factors, specifically members of the TB1/CYC class that have a role in suppressing axillary branching in plants. Sampling of WBDLp-infected lime trees revealed that WBDLp titers and SAP11WBDL expression levels were higher in symptomatic leaves compared with asymptomatic sections of the same trees. Moreover, the witches' brooms were found to attract the vector leafhopper. Defense genes that have a role in plant defense responses to bacteria and insects are more downregulated in witches' brooms compared with asymptomatic sections of trees. These findings suggest that witches' broom-affected parts of the trees contribute to WBDL epidemics by supporting higher phytoplasma titers and attracting insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Al-Subhi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - A M Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - R A Al-Yahyai
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Y Chen
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - T Mathers
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Z Orlovskis
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - G Moro
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - S Mugford
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - K S Al-Hashmi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - S A Hogenhout
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Liu P, Zhang X, Zhang F, Xu M, Ye Z, Wang K, Liu S, Han X, Cheng Y, Zhong K, Zhang T, Li L, Ma Y, Chen M, Chen J, Yang J. A virus-derived siRNA activates plant immunity by interfering with ROS scavenging. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1088-1103. [PMID: 33798746 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Virus-derived small interference RNAs (vsiRNAs) not only suppress virus infection in plants via induction of RNA silencing but also enhance virus infection by regulating host defensive gene expression. However, the underlying mechanisms that control vsiRNA-mediated host immunity or susceptibility remain largely unknown. In this study, we generated several transgenic wheat lines using four artificial microRNA expression vectors carrying vsiRNAs from Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) RNA1. Laboratory and field tests showed that two transgenic wheat lines expressing amiRNA1 were highly resistant to WYMV infection. Further analyses showed that vsiRNA1 could modulate the expression of a wheat thioredoxin-like gene (TaAAED1), which encodes a negative regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the chloroplast. The function of TaAAED1 in ROS scavenging could be suppressed by vsiRNA1 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, transgenic expression of amiRNA1 in wheat resulted in broad-spectrum disease resistance to Chinese wheat mosaic virus, Barley stripe mosaic virus, and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici infection, suggesting that vsiRNA1 is involved in wheat immunity via ROS signaling. Collectively, these findings reveal a previously unidentified mechanism underlying the arms race between viruses and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Lixiahe District of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225007, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Miaoze Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhuangxin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaolei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Kaili Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Linzhi Li
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong Province, No. 26 Gangcheng West Street, Fushan District, Yantai City, Shandong 265500, P.R. China
| | - Youzhi Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Sun X, Lapin D, Feehan JM, Stolze SC, Kramer K, Dongus JA, Rzemieniewski J, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Harzen A, Bautor J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Jones JDG, Parker JE. Pathogen effector recognition-dependent association of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101 in TNL receptor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3335. [PMID: 34099661 PMCID: PMC8185089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants utilise intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors to detect pathogen effectors and activate local and systemic defence. NRG1 and ADR1 "helper" NLRs (RNLs) cooperate with enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101) and phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) lipase-like proteins to mediate signalling from TIR domain NLR receptors (TNLs). The mechanism of RNL/EDS1 family protein cooperation is not understood. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence for exclusive EDS1/SAG101/NRG1 and EDS1/PAD4/ADR1 co-functions in TNL immunity. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we show effector recognition-dependent interaction of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101, but not PAD4. An EDS1-SAG101 complex interacts with NRG1, and EDS1-PAD4 with ADR1, in an immune-activated state. NRG1 requires an intact nucleotide-binding P-loop motif, and EDS1 a functional EP domain and its partner SAG101, for induced association and immunity. Thus, two distinct modules (NRG1/EDS1/SAG101 and ADR1/EDS1/PAD4) mediate TNL receptor defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Feehan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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24
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Sun X, Lapin D, Feehan JM, Stolze SC, Kramer K, Dongus JA, Rzemieniewski J, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Harzen A, Bautor J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Jones JDG, Parker JE. Pathogen effector recognition-dependent association of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101 in TNL receptor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3335. [PMID: 34099661 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.21.423810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants utilise intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors to detect pathogen effectors and activate local and systemic defence. NRG1 and ADR1 "helper" NLRs (RNLs) cooperate with enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101) and phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) lipase-like proteins to mediate signalling from TIR domain NLR receptors (TNLs). The mechanism of RNL/EDS1 family protein cooperation is not understood. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence for exclusive EDS1/SAG101/NRG1 and EDS1/PAD4/ADR1 co-functions in TNL immunity. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we show effector recognition-dependent interaction of NRG1 with EDS1 and SAG101, but not PAD4. An EDS1-SAG101 complex interacts with NRG1, and EDS1-PAD4 with ADR1, in an immune-activated state. NRG1 requires an intact nucleotide-binding P-loop motif, and EDS1 a functional EP domain and its partner SAG101, for induced association and immunity. Thus, two distinct modules (NRG1/EDS1/SAG101 and ADR1/EDS1/PAD4) mediate TNL receptor defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Feehan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Proteomics group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Bleau JR, Spoel SH. Selective redox signaling shapes plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:53-65. [PMID: 33793940 PMCID: PMC8154045 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A review of recent progress in understanding the mechanisms whereby plants utilize selective and reversible redox signaling to establish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade R Bleau
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Author for communication:
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26
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Prakash V, Singh VP, Tripathi DK, Sharma S, Corpas FJ. Nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA): A framework for their relationship in plant development under abiotic stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:39-49. [PMID: 33590621 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO) and the phenolic phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) are signal molecules which exert key functions at biochemical and physiological levels. Abiotic stresses, especially in early plant development, impose the biggest threats to agricultural systems and crop yield. These stresses impair plant growth and subsequently cause a reduction in root development, affecting nutrient uptake and crop productivity. The molecules NO and SA have been identified as robust tools for efficiently mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants. SA is engaged in an array of tasks under adverse environmental situations. The function of NO depends on its cellular concentration; at a low level, it acts as a signal molecule, while at a high level, it triggers nitro-oxidative stress. The crosstalk between NO and SA involving different signalling molecules and regulatory factors modulate plant function during stressful situations. Crosstalk between these two signalling molecules induces plant tolerance to abiotic stress and needs further investigation. This review aims to highlight signalling aspects of NO and SA in higher plants and critically discusses the roles of these two molecules in alleviating abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - V P Singh
- Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constitute PG College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - D K Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - F J Corpas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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27
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Xiao Z, Liu X, Fang Z, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhuang M, Lv H. Transcriptome and plant hormone analyses provide new insight into the molecular regulatory networks underlying hybrid lethality in cabbage (Brassica oleracea). PLANTA 2021; 253:96. [PMID: 33839925 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Comparative morphological, transcriptomic and phytohormone analyses reveal a defence network leading to PCD involved in cabbage hybrid lethality. Hybrid lethality (HL) plays an essential role in the stability of a population by blocking gene exchange between species, but the molecular mechanism remains largely undetermined. In this study, we performed phenotype, transcriptome and plant hormone analyses of HL in cabbage. Phenotype analysis confirmed that HL is characterised by a typical programmed cell death (PCD) process. A time-resolved RNA-Seq identified 2724 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and functional annotations analyses revealed that HL was closely associated with the defence response. A defence regulation network was constructed based on the plant-pathogen interaction pathway and MAPK signalling pathway, which comprised DEGs related to Ca2+ and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) leading to PCD. Moreover, important DEGs involved in hormone signal transduction pathways including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were identified, which were further confirmed by endogenous and exogenous SA and JA measurements. Our results identified key genes and pathways in the regulating network of HL in cabbage, and might open the gate for revealing the molecular mechanism of HL in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Honghao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Bruessow F, Bautor J, Hoffmann G, Yildiz I, Zeier J, Parker JE. Natural variation in temperature-modulated immunity uncovers transcription factor bHLH059 as a thermoresponsive regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009290. [PMID: 33493201 PMCID: PMC7861541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature impacts plant immunity and growth but how temperature intersects with endogenous pathways to shape natural variation remains unclear. Here we uncover variation between Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions in response to two non-stress temperatures (22°C and 16°C) affecting accumulation of the thermoresponsive stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) and plant growth. Analysis of differentially responding A. thaliana accessions shows that pre-existing SA provides a benefit in limiting infection by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato DC3000 bacteria at both temperatures. Several A. thaliana genotypes display a capacity to mitigate negative effects of high SA on growth, indicating within-species plasticity in SA—growth tradeoffs. An association study of temperature x SA variation, followed by physiological and immunity phenotyping of mutant and over-expression lines, identifies the transcription factor bHLH059 as a temperature-responsive SA immunity regulator. Here we reveal previously untapped diversity in plant responses to temperature and a way forward in understanding the genetic architecture of plant adaptation to changing environments. Temperature has a profound effect on plant innate immune responses but little is known about the mechanisms underlying natural variation in transmission of temperature signals to defence pathways. Much of our understanding of temperature effects on plant immunity and tradeoffs between activated defences and growth has come from analysis of the common Arabidopsis thaliana genetic accession, Col-0. Here we examine A. thaliana genetic variation in response to temperature (within the non-stress range—22 oC and 16 oC) at the level of accumulation of the thermoresponsive biotic stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), bacterial pathogen resistance, and plant biomass. From analysis of 105 genetically diverse A. thaliana accessions we uncover plasticity in temperature-modulated SA homeostasis and in the relationship between SA levels and plant growth. We find that high SA amounts prior to infection provide a robust benefit of enhancing bacterial resistance. In some accessions this benefit comes without compromised plant growth, suggestive of altered defence–growth tradeoffs. Based on a temperature x SA association study we identify the transcription factor gene, bHLH059, and show that it has features of a temperature-sensitive immunity regulator that are unrelated to PIF4, a known thermosensitive coordinator of immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Bruessow
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gesa Hoffmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Perato SM, Furio RN, Tomas-Grau RH, Caro MP, Hael-Conrad V, Díaz-Ricci JC, Martinez-Zamora MG. The fungal elicitor AsES requires a functional ethylene pathway to activate the innate immunity in strawberry. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:1030-1040. [PMID: 32757407 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acremonium strictum Elicitor Subtilisin (AsES) is a fungal elicitor that activates innate immunity, conferring disease resistance in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), Arabidopsis and other plant species. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the involvement of the ethylene (ET) signalling pathway in AsES-mediated immune response in strawberry. Ethylene production and expression of the genes responsible for ET synthesis, perception and response were measured after AsES treatment. ROS (H2 O2 ) accumulation and immunity induced by AsES were studied after ET perception was blocked by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Biochemical and molecular results showed that AsES induced a marked increase in local and systemic biosynthesis of ET, both in a biphasic manner. Blocking of ET perception by 1-MCP prior to AsES induction reduced production of ROS (H2 O2 ) and prevented AsES from eliciting defence against fungal pathogens having different lifestyles, such as Botrytis cinerea (necrotrophic) and Colletotrichum acutatum (hemibiotrophic). These findings contribute to elucidate the mode of action of the novel elicitor subtilase, AsES, specifically regarding the role of ET signalling in the activation of plant innate immunity, in addition to the multitude of processes regulated by ET in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Perato
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - R N Furio
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - R H Tomas-Grau
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M P Caro
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - J C Díaz-Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M G Martinez-Zamora
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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30
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Valandro F, Menguer PK, Cabreira-Cagliari C, Margis-Pinheiro M, Cagliari A. Programmed cell death (PCD) control in plants: New insights from the Arabidopsis thaliana deathosome. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110603. [PMID: 32900441 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process that leads to cell suicide in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. In plants PCD occurs during development, defence response and when exposed to adverse conditions. PCD acts controlling the number of cells by eliminating damaged, old, or unnecessary cells to maintain cellular homeostasis. Unlike in animals, the knowledge about PCD in plants is limited. The molecular network that controls plant PCD is poorly understood. Here we present a review of the current mechanisms involved with the genetic control of PCD in plants. We also present an updated version of the AtLSD1 deathosome, which was previously proposed as a network controlling HR-mediated cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, we discuss the unclear points and open questions related to the AtLSD1 deathosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Valandro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - Paloma Koprovski Menguer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - Alexandro Cagliari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), RS, Brazil.
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Lapin D, Bhandari DD, Parker JE. Origins and Immunity Networking Functions of EDS1 Family Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:253-276. [PMID: 32396762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The EDS1 family of structurally unique lipase-like proteins EDS1, SAG101, and PAD4 evolved in seed plants, on top of existing phytohormone and nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) networks, to regulate immunity pathways against host-adapted biotrophic pathogens. Exclusive heterodimers between EDS1 and SAG101 or PAD4 create essential surfaces for resistance signaling. Phylogenomic information, together with functional studies in Arabidopsis and tobacco, identify a coevolved module between the EDS1-SAG101 heterodimer and coiled-coil (CC) HET-S and LOP-B (CCHELO) domain helper NLRs that is recruited by intracellular Toll-interleukin1-receptor (TIR) domain NLR receptors to confer host cell death and pathogen immunity. EDS1-PAD4 heterodimers have a different and broader activity in basal immunity that transcriptionally reinforces local and systemic defenses triggered by various NLRs. Here, we consider EDS1 family protein functions across seed plant lineages in the context of networking with receptor and helper NLRs and downstream resistance machineries. The different modes of action and pathway connectivities of EDS1 family members go some way to explaining their central role in biotic stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Rigo R, Bazin J, Romero‐Barrios N, Moison M, Lucero L, Christ A, Benhamed M, Blein T, Huguet S, Charon C, Crespi M, Ariel F. The Arabidopsis lncRNA ASCO modulates the transcriptome through interaction with splicing factors. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48977. [PMID: 32285620 PMCID: PMC7202219 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a major source of transcriptome diversity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as regulators of AS through different molecular mechanisms. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the AS regulators NSRs interact with the ALTERNATIVE SPLICING COMPETITOR (ASCO) lncRNA. Here, we analyze the effect of the knock-down and overexpression of ASCO at the genome-wide level and find a large number of deregulated and differentially spliced genes related to flagellin responses and biotic stress. In agreement, ASCO-silenced plants are more sensitive to flagellin. However, only a minor subset of deregulated genes overlaps with the AS defects of the nsra/b double mutant, suggesting an alternative way of action for ASCO. Using biotin-labeled oligonucleotides for RNA-mediated ribonucleoprotein purification, we show that ASCO binds to the highly conserved spliceosome component PRP8a. ASCO overaccumulation impairs the recognition of specific flagellin-related transcripts by PRP8a. We further show that ASCO also binds to another spliceosome component, SmD1b, indicating that it interacts with multiple splicing factors. Hence, lncRNAs may integrate a dynamic network including spliceosome core proteins, to modulate transcriptome reprogramming in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rigo
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Natali Romero‐Barrios
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Michaël Moison
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, FBCBUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | - Leandro Lucero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, FBCBUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | - Aurélie Christ
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Thomas Blein
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Céline Charon
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Federico Ariel
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, FBCBUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
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La VH, Lee BR, Islam MT, Mamun MA, Park SH, Bae DW, Kim TH. Characterization of Glutamate-Mediated Hormonal Regulatory Pathway of the Drought Responses in Relation to Proline Metabolism in Brassica napus L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E512. [PMID: 32316109 PMCID: PMC7237994 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proline metabolism influences the metabolic and/or signaling pathway in regulating plant stress responses. This study aimed to characterize the physiological significance of glutamate (Glu)-mediated proline metabolism in the drought stress responses, focusing on the hormonal regulatory pathway. The responses of cytosolic Ca2+ signaling, proline metabolism, and redox components to the exogenous application of Glu in well-watered or drought-stressed plants were interpreted in relation to endogenous hormone status and their signaling genes. Drought-enhanced level of abscisic acid (ABA) was concomitant with the accumulation of ROS and proline, as well as loss of reducing potential, which was assessed by measuring NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ and GSH/GSSG ratios. Glu application to drought-stressed plants increased both salicylic acid (SA) and cytosolic Ca2+ levels, with the highest expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK5) and salicylic acid synthesis-related ICS1. The SA-enhanced CPK5 expression was closely associated with further enhancement of proline synthesis-related genes (P5CS1, P5CS2, and P5CR) expression and a reset of reducing potential with enhanced expression of redox regulating genes (TRXh5 and GRXC9) in a SA-mediated NPR1- and/or PR1-dependent manner. These results clearly indicate that Glu-activated interplay between SA- and CPK5-signaling as well as Glu-enhanced proline synthesis are crucial in the amelioration of drought stress in Brassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Hien La
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.H.L.); (B.-R.L.); (M.T.I.); (M.A.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.H.L.); (B.-R.L.); (M.T.I.); (M.A.M.); (S.-H.P.)
- Asian Pear Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Md. Tabibul Islam
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.H.L.); (B.-R.L.); (M.T.I.); (M.A.M.); (S.-H.P.)
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA 22602, USA
| | - Md. Al Mamun
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.H.L.); (B.-R.L.); (M.T.I.); (M.A.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.H.L.); (B.-R.L.); (M.T.I.); (M.A.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Biomaterial Analytical Laboratory, Central Instruments Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju F52828, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (V.H.L.); (B.-R.L.); (M.T.I.); (M.A.M.); (S.-H.P.)
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Voss M, Toelzer C, Bhandari DD, Parker JE, Niefind K. Arabidopsis immunity regulator EDS1 in a PAD4/SAG101-unbound form is a monomer with an inherently inactive conformation. J Struct Biol 2019; 208:107390. [PMID: 31550533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In plant innate immunity, enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) integrates all pathogen-induced signals transmitted by TIR-type NLR receptors. Driven by an N-terminal α/β-hydrolase-fold domain with a protruding interaction helix, EDS1 assembles with two homologs, phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) and senescence-associated gene 101 (SAG101). The resulting heterodimers are critical for EDS1 function and structurally well characterized. Here, we resolve solution and crystal structures of unbound Arabidopsis thaliana EDS1 (AtEDS1) using nanobodies for crystallization. These structures, together with gel filtration and immunoprecipitation data, show that PAD4/SAG101-unbound AtEDS1 is stable as a monomer and does not form the homodimers recorded in public databases. Its PAD4/SAG101 anchoring helix is disordered unless engaged in protein/protein interactions. As in the complex with SAG101, monomeric AtEDS1 has a substrate-inaccessible esterase triad with a blocked oxyanion hole and without space for a covalent acyl intermediate. These new structures suggest that the AtEDS1 monomer represents an inactive or pre-activated ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voss
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Toelzer
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Niefind
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
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35
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Awwad F, Bertrand G, Grandbois M, Beaudoin N. Reactive Oxygen Species Alleviate Cell Death Induced by Thaxtomin A in Arabidopsis thaliana Cell Cultures. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E332. [PMID: 31489878 PMCID: PMC6784117 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thaxtomin A (TA) is a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor synthesized by the soil actinobacterium Streptomyces scabies, which is the main causal agent of potato common scab. TA is essential for the induction of scab lesions on potato tubers. When added to Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures, TA induces an atypical programmed cell death (PCD). Although production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) often correlates with the induction of PCD, we observed a decrease in ROS levels following TA treatment. We show that this decrease in ROS accumulation in TA-treated cells is not due to the activation of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, Arabidopsis cell cultures treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) prior to TA treatment had significantly fewer dead cells than cultures treated with TA alone. This suggests that H2O2 induces biochemical or molecular changes in cell cultures that alleviate the activation of PCD by TA. Investigation of the cell wall mechanics using atomic force microscopy showed that H2O2 treatment can prevent the decrease in cell wall rigidity observed after TA exposure. While we cannot exclude the possibility that H2O2 may promote cell survival by altering the cellular redox environment or signaling pathways, our results suggest that H2O2 may inhibit cell death, at least partially, by reinforcing the cell wall to prevent or compensate for damages induced by TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Awwad
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Guillaume Bertrand
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Beaudoin
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
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36
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Yang X, Lu Y, Zhao X, Jiang L, Xu S, Peng J, Zheng H, Lin L, Wu Y, MacFarlane S, Chen J, Yan F. Downregulation of Nuclear Protein H2B Induces Salicylic Acid Mediated Defense Against PVX Infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1000. [PMID: 31134032 PMCID: PMC6517552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone H2B protein is not only structurally important for chromosomal DNA packaging but is also involved in the regulation of gene expression, including the immune response of plants against pathogens. In this study, we show that the potato virus X (PVX) infection resulted in the reduced expression of H2B at both the mRNA and protein level in Nicotiana benthamiana. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was then used to down-regulate the expression of H2B in N. benthamiana and tests showed that the titre of TRV was similar in these plants to that in control treated plants. When these H2B-silenced plants were inoculated with PVX, the virus spread more slowly through the plant and there was a lower titre of PVX compared to non-silenced plants. Abnormal leaf development and stem necrosis were observed in the H2B-silenced plants, which were alleviated in H2B-silenced NahG transgenic plants suggesting the involvement of salicylic acid (SA) in the production of these symptoms. Indeed, quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) results showed that endogenous SA is increased in H2B-silenced N. benthamiana. Thus, downregulation of H2B induced the accumulation of endogenous SA, which was correlated with stem necrosis and a decreased accumulation of PVX in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jianping Chen
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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An EDS1 heterodimer signalling surface enforces timely reprogramming of immunity genes in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:772. [PMID: 30770836 PMCID: PMC6377607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant intracellular NLR receptors recognise pathogen interference to trigger immunity but how NLRs signal is not known. Enhanced disease susceptibility1 (EDS1) heterodimers are recruited by Toll-interleukin1-receptor domain NLRs (TNLs) to transcriptionally mobilise resistance pathways. By interrogating the Arabidopsis EDS1 ɑ-helical EP-domain we identify positively charged residues lining a cavity that are essential for TNL immunity signalling, beyond heterodimer formation. Mutating a single, conserved surface arginine (R493) disables TNL immunity to an oomycete pathogen and to bacteria producing the virulence factor, coronatine. Plants expressing a weakly active EDS1R493A variant have delayed transcriptional reprogramming, with severe consequences for resistance and countering bacterial coronatine repression of early immunity genes. The same EP-domain surface is utilised by a non-TNL receptor RPS2 for bacterial immunity, indicating that the EDS1 EP-domain signals in resistance conferred by different NLR receptor types. These data provide a unique structural insight to early downstream signalling in NLR receptor immunity.
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38
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Lu Y, Yao J. Chloroplasts at the Crossroad of Photosynthesis, Pathogen Infection and Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3900. [PMID: 30563149 PMCID: PMC6321325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense are three important biological processes that have been investigated separately for decades. Photosynthesis generates ATP, NADPH, and carbohydrates. These resources are utilized for the synthesis of many important compounds, such as primary metabolites, defense-related hormones abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, and antimicrobial compounds. In plants and algae, photosynthesis and key steps in the synthesis of defense-related hormones occur in chloroplasts. In addition, chloroplasts are major generators of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and a site for calcium signaling. These signaling molecules are essential to plant defense as well. All plants grown naturally are attacked by pathogens. Bacterial pathogens enter host tissues through natural openings or wounds. Upon invasion, bacterial pathogens utilize a combination of different virulence factors to suppress host defense and promote pathogenicity. On the other hand, plants have developed elaborate defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogen infections. This review summarizes recent discoveries on defensive roles of signaling molecules made by plants (primarily in their chloroplasts), counteracting roles of chloroplast-targeted effectors and phytotoxins elicited by bacterial pathogens, and how all these molecules crosstalk and regulate photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense, using chloroplasts as a major battlefield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
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39
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Song J, Baek IJ, Chun CH, Jin EJ. Dysregulation of the NUDT7-PGAM1 axis is responsible for chondrocyte death during osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3427. [PMID: 30143643 PMCID: PMC6109082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease; however, its etiopathogenesis is not completely understood. Here we show a role for NUDT7 in OA pathogenesis. Knockdown of NUDT7 in normal human chondrocytes results in the disruption of lipid homeostasis. Moreover, Nudt7-/- mice display significant accumulation of lipids via peroxisomal dysfunction, upregulation of IL-1β expression, and stimulation of apoptotic death of chondrocytes. Our genome-wide analysis reveals that NUDT7 knockout affects the glycolytic pathway, and we identify Pgam1 as a significantly altered gene. Consistent with the results obtained on the suppression of NUDT7, overexpression of PGAM1 in chondrocytes induces the accumulation of lipids, upregulation of IL-1β expression, and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, these negative actions of PGAM1 in maintaining cartilage homeostasis are reversed by the co-introduction of NUDT7. Our results suggest that NUDT7 could be a potential therapeutic target for controlling cartilage-degrading disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Churl-Hong Chun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Chunbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Cui H, Qiu J, Zhou Y, Bhandari DD, Zhao C, Bautor J, Parker JE. Antagonism of Transcription Factor MYC2 by EDS1/PAD4 Complexes Bolsters Salicylic Acid Defense in Arabidopsis Effector-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1053-1066. [PMID: 29842929 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In plant immunity, pathogen-activated intracellular nucleotide binding/leucine rich repeat (NLR) receptors mobilize disease resistance pathways, but the downstream signaling mechanisms remain obscure. Enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) controls transcriptional reprogramming in resistance triggered by Toll-Interleukin1-Receptor domain (TIR)-family NLRs (TNLs). Transcriptional induction of the salicylic acid (SA) hormone defense sector provides one crucial barrier against biotrophic pathogens. Here, we present genetic and molecular evidence that in Arabidopsis an EDS1 complex with its partner PAD4 inhibits MYC2, a master regulator of SA-antagonizing jasmonic acid (JA) hormone pathways. In the TNL immune response, EDS1/PAD4 interference with MYC2 boosts the SA defense sector independently of EDS1-induced SA synthesis, thereby effectively blocking actions of a potent bacterial JA mimic, coronatine (COR). We show that antagonism of MYC2 occurs after COR has been sensed inside the nucleús but before or coincident with MYC2 binding to a target promoter, pANAC019. The stable interaction of PAD4 with MYC2 in planta is competed by EDS1-PAD4 complexes. However, suppression of MYC2-promoted genes requires EDS1 together with PAD4, pointing to an essential EDS1-PAD4 heterodimer activity in MYC2 inhibition. Taken together, these results uncover an immune receptor signaling circuit that intersects with hormone pathway crosstalk to reduce bacterial pathogen growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingde Qiu
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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41
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Joglekar S, Suliman M, Bartsch M, Halder V, Maintz J, Bautor J, Zeier J, Parker JE, Kombrink E. Chemical Activation of EDS1/PAD4 Signaling Leading to Pathogen Resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1592-1607. [PMID: 29931201 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In a chemical screen we identified thaxtomin A (TXA), a phytotoxin from plant pathogenic Streptomyces scabies, as a selective and potent activator of FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). TXA induction of FMO1 was unrelated to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plant cell death or its known inhibition of cellulose synthesis. TXA-stimulated FMO1 expression was strictly dependent on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) but independent of salicylic acid (SA) synthesis via ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1). TXA induced the expression of several EDS1/PAD4-regulated genes, including EDS1, PAD4, SENESCENCE ASSOCIATED GENE101 (SAG101), ICS1, AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1) and PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN1 (PR1), and accumulation of SA. Notably, enhanced ALD1 expression did not result in accumulation of the product pipecolic acid (PIP), which promotes FMO1 expression during biologically induced systemic acquired resistance. TXA treatment preferentially stimulated expression of PAD4 compared with EDS1, which was mirrored by PAD4 protein accumulation, suggesting that TXA leads to increased PAD4 availability to form EDS1-PAD4 signaling complexes. Also, TXA treatment of Arabidopsis plants led to enhanced disease resistance to bacterial and oomycete infection, which was dependent on EDS1 and PAD4, as well as on FMO1 and ICS1. Collectively, the data identify TXA as a potentially useful chemical tool to conditionally activate and interrogate EDS1- and PAD4-controlled pathways in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachi Joglekar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Mohamed Suliman
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Michael Bartsch
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Vivek Halder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jens Maintz
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
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42
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Bernacki MJ, Czarnocka W, Witoń D, Rusaczonek A, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Ślesak I, Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Karpiński S. ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) affects development, photosynthesis, and hormonal homeostasis in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:91-102. [PMID: 29730441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) was first described as a protein involved in salicylic acid (SA)-, ethylene-, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent defense and acclimation responses. It is a molecular regulator of biotic and abiotic stress-induced programmed cell death. Its role is relatively well known in annual plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. However, little is known about its functions in woody plants. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to characterize the function of EDS1 in the Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides hybrid grown for several seasons in the natural environment. We used two transgenic lines, eds1-7 and eds1-12, with decreased EDS1 expression levels in this study. The observed changes in physiological and biochemical parameters corresponded with the EDS1 silencing level. Both transgenic lines produced more lateral shoots in comparison to the wild-type (WT) plants, which resulted in the modification of tree morphology. Photosynthetic parameters, such as quantum yield of photosystem II (ϕPSII), photochemical and non-photochemical quenching (qP and NPQ, respectively), as well as chlorophyll content were found to be increased in both transgenic lines, which resulted in changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Our data also revealed lower foliar concentrations of SA and ROS, the latter resulting most probably from more efficient antioxidant system in both transgenic lines. In addition, our data indicated significantly decreased rate of leaf senescence during several autumn seasons. Transcriptomic analysis revealed deregulation of 2215 and 376 genes in eds1-12 and eds1-7, respectively, and also revealed 207 genes that were commonly deregulated in both transgenic lines. The deregulation was primarily observed in the genes involved in photosynthesis, signaling, hormonal metabolism, and development, which was found to agree with the results of biochemical and physiological tests. In general, our data proved that poplar EDS1 affects tree morphology, photosynthetic efficiency, ROS and SA metabolism, as well as leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jerzy Bernacki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland; Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek Street 21, 30-001 Cracow, Poland; Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, 05-870 Błonie, Radzików, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Ślesak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland; The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek Street 21, 30-001 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska-Bronk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland.
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43
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Mullineaux PM, Exposito-Rodriguez M, Laissue PP, Smirnoff N. ROS-dependent signalling pathways in plants and algae exposed to high light: Comparisons with other eukaryotes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:52-64. [PMID: 29410363 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Like all aerobic organisms, plants and algae co-opt reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signalling molecules to drive cellular responses to changes in their environment. In this respect, there is considerable commonality between all eukaryotes imposed by the constraints of ROS chemistry, similar metabolism in many subcellular compartments, the requirement for a high degree of signal specificity and the deployment of thiol peroxidases as transducers of oxidising equivalents to regulatory proteins. Nevertheless, plants and algae carry out specialised signalling arising from oxygenic photosynthesis in chloroplasts and photoautotropism, which often induce an imbalance between absorption of light energy and the capacity to use it productively. A key means of responding to this imbalance is through communication of chloroplasts with the nucleus to adjust cellular metabolism. Two ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), initiate distinct signalling pathways when photosynthesis is perturbed. 1O2, because of its potent reactivity means that it initiates but does not transduce signalling. In contrast, the lower reactivity of H2O2 means that it can also be a mobile messenger in a spatially-defined signalling pathway. How plants translate a H2O2 message to bring about changes in gene expression is unknown and therefore, we draw on information from other eukaryotes to propose a working hypothesis. The role of these ROS generated in other subcellular compartments of plant cells in response to HL is critically considered alongside other eukaryotes. Finally, the responses of animal cells to oxidative stress upon high irradiance exposure is considered for new comparisons between plant and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Mullineaux
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | | | | | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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44
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Lee Y, Yoon TH, Lee J, Jeon SY, Lee JH, Lee MK, Chen H, Yun J, Oh SY, Wen X, Cho HK, Mang H, Kwak JM. A Lignin Molecular Brace Controls Precision Processing of Cell Walls Critical for Surface Integrity in Arabidopsis. Cell 2018; 173:1468-1480.e9. [PMID: 29731167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall, a defining feature of plants, provides a rigid structure critical for bonding cells together. To overcome this physical constraint, plants must process cell wall linkages during growth and development. However, little is known about the mechanism guiding cell-cell detachment and cell wall remodeling. Here, we identify two neighboring cell types in Arabidopsis that coordinate their activities to control cell wall processing, thereby ensuring precise abscission to discard organs. One cell type produces a honeycomb structure of lignin, which acts as a mechanical "brace" to localize cell wall breakdown and spatially limit abscising cells. The second cell type undergoes transdifferentiation into epidermal cells, forming protective cuticle, demonstrating de novo specification of epidermal cells, previously thought to be restricted to embryogenesis. Loss of the lignin brace leads to inadequate cuticle formation, resulting in surface barrier defects and susceptible to infection. Together, we show how plants precisely accomplish abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuree Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Han Yoon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Huize Chen
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yun
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Oh
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohong Wen
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Kyung Cho
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - June M Kwak
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Wang FX, Luo YM, Ye ZQ, Cao X, Liang JN, Wang Q, Wu Y, Wu JH, Wang HY, Zhang M, Cheng HQ, Xia GX. iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis of autophagy-mediated immune responses against the vascular fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae in Arabidopsis. Autophagy 2018; 14:598-618. [PMID: 29369001 PMCID: PMC5959329 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1423438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the functional link between autophagy and plant innate immunity remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the autophagy-mediated plant defense responses against Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) infection by comparative proteomics and cellular analyses. An assessment of the autophagy activity and disease development showed that autophagic processes were tightly related to the tolerance of Arabidopsis plant to Verticillium wilt. An isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomics analysis was performed, and we identified a total of 780 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) between wild-type and mutant atg10-1 Arabidopsis plants upon V. dahliae infection, of which, 193 ATG8-family-interacting proteins were identified in silico and their associations with autophagy were verified for several selected proteins. Three important aspects of autophagy-mediated defense against V. dahliae infection were revealed: 1) autophagy is required for the activation of upstream defense responses; 2) autophagy-mediated mitochondrial degradation (mitophagy) occurs and is an important player in the defense process; and 3) autophagy promotes the transdifferentiation of perivascular cells and the formation of xylem hyperplasia, which are crucial for protection against this vascular disease. Together, our results provide several novel insights for understanding the functional association between autophagy and plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xin Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Luo
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Qin Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Nan Liang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-He Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Qing Cheng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
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Overmyer K, Vuorinen K, Brosché M. Interaction points in plant stress signaling pathways. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:191-204. [PMID: 28857168 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants live in a world where they are challenged by abiotic and biotic stresses. In response to unfavorable conditions or an acute challenge like a pathogen attack, plants use various signaling pathways that regulate expression of defense genes and other mechanisms to provide resistance or stress adaptation. Identification of the regulatory steps in defense signaling has seen much progress in recent years. Many of the identified signaling pathways show interactions with each other, exemplified by the modulation of the jasmonic acid response by salicylic acid. Accordingly, defense regulation is more appropriately thought of as a web of interactions, rather than linear pathways. Here we describe various regulatory components and how they interact to provide an appropriate defense response. One of the common assays to monitor the output of defense signaling, as well as interaction between signaling pathways, is the measurement of altered gene expression. We illustrate that, while this is a suitable assay to monitor defense regulation, it can also inadvertently provide overstated conclusions about interaction among signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Overmyer
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Vuorinen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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47
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Cui H, Gobbato E, Kracher B, Qiu J, Bautor J, Parker JE. A core function of EDS1 with PAD4 is to protect the salicylic acid defense sector in Arabidopsis immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1802-1817. [PMID: 27861989 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses induced by salicylic acid (SA) are vital for resistance against biotrophic pathogens. In basal and receptor-triggered immunity, SA accumulation is promoted by Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 with its co-regulator Phytoalexin Deficient4 (EDS1/PAD4). Current models position EDS1/PAD4 upstream of SA but their functional relationship remains unclear. In a genetic and transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis autoimmunity caused by constitutive or conditional EDS1/PAD4 overexpression, intrinsic EDS1/PAD4 signaling properties and their relation to SA were uncovered. A core EDS1/PAD4 pathway works in parallel with SA in basal and effector-triggered bacterial immunity. It protects against disabled SA-regulated gene expression and pathogen resistance, and is distinct from a known SA-compensatory route involving MAPK signaling. Results help to explain previously identified EDS1/PAD4 regulated SA-dependent and SA-independent gene expression sectors. Plants have evolved an alternative route for preserving SA-regulated defenses against pathogen or genetic perturbations. In a proposed signaling framework, EDS1 with PAD4, besides promoting SA biosynthesis, maintains important SA-related resistance programs, thereby increasing robustness of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Enrico Gobbato
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Kracher
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jingde Qiu
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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Liu N, Zhang X, Sun Y, Wang P, Li X, Pei Y, Li F, Hou Y. Molecular evidence for the involvement of a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein, GhPGIP1, in enhanced resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilts in cotton. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39840. [PMID: 28079053 PMCID: PMC5228132 DOI: 10.1038/srep39840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), belonging to a group of plant defence proteins, specifically inhibits endopolygalacturonases secreted by pathogens. Herein, we showed that purified GhPGIP1 is a functional inhibitor of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, the two fungal pathogens causing cotton wilt. Transcription of GhPGIP1 was increased in cotton upon infection, wounding, and treatment with defence hormone and H2O2. Resistance by GhPGIP1 was examined by its virus-induced gene silencing in cotton and overexpression in Arabidopsis. GhPGIP1-silenced cotton was highly susceptible to the infections. GhPGIP1 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis conferred resistance to the infection, accompanied by enhanced expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1), enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), and phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) genes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cell wall alteration and cell disintegration in plants inoculated with polygalacturonase (PGs), implying its role in damaging the cell wall. Docking studies showed that GhPGIP1 interacted strongly with C-terminal of V. dahliae PG1 (VdPG1) beyond the active site but weakly interacted with C-terminal of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FovPG1). These findings will contribute towards the understanding of the roles of PGIPs and in screening potential combat proteins with novel recognition specificities against evolving pathogenic factors for countering pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yakun Pei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
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Hedtmann C, Guo W, Reifschneider E, Heiber I, Hiltscher H, van Buer J, Barsch A, Niehaus K, Rowan B, Lortzing T, Steppuhn A, Baier M. The Plant Immunity Regulating F-Box Protein CPR1 Supports Plastid Function in Absence of Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1650. [PMID: 29018463 PMCID: PMC5615928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The redox imbalanced 6 mutant (rimb6) of Arabidopsis thaliana was isolated in a genetic screening approach for mutants with defects in chloroplast-to-nucleus redox signaling. It has an atypically low activation status of the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-A promoter in the seedling stage. rimb6 shows wildtype-like germination, seedling development and greening, but slower growth and reduced biomass in the rosette stage. Mapping of the casual mutation revealed that rimb6 carries a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED (PR) GENES 1, CPR1 (At4g12560), leading to a premature stop codon. CPR1 is known as a repressor of pathogen signaling and regulator of microtubule organization. Allelism of rimb6 and cpr1 revealed a function of CPR1 in chloroplast stress protection. Expression studies in pathogen signaling mutants demonstrated that CPR1-mediated activation of genes for photosynthesis and chloroplast antioxidant protection is, in contrast to activation of pathogen responses, regulated independently from PAD4-controlled salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. We conclude that the support of plastid function is a basic, SA-independent function of CPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Hedtmann
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Wei Guo
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Elena Reifschneider
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Heiber
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Heiko Hiltscher
- Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörn van Buer
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Aiko Barsch
- Proteom- und Metabolomforschung, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteom- und Metabolomforschung, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Beth Rowan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Margarete Baier
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Margarete Baier
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Yan Z, Xingfen W, Wei R, Jun Y, Zhiying M. Island Cotton Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 Gene Encoding a Lipase-Like Protein Plays a Crucial Role in Response to Verticillium dahliae by Regulating the SA Level and H 2O 2 Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1830. [PMID: 28018374 PMCID: PMC5156716 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is one of the most economically important crops, but most cultivated varieties lack adequate innate immunity or resistance to Verticillium wilt. This results in serious losses to both yield and fiber quality. To identify the genetic resources for innate immunity and understand the pathways for pathogen defenses in this crop, here we focus on orthologs of the central Arabidopsis thaliana defense regulator Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1). The full-length cDNA of GbEDS1 was obtained by screening the full-length cDNA library of Gossypium barbadense combining with RACE strategy. Its open reading frame is 1848 bp long, encoding 615 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis showed that GbEDS1 contains a conserved N-terminal lipase domain and an EDS1-specific KNEDT motif. Expression profiling indicated that the gene is induced by Verticillium dahliae as well as salicylic acid (SA) treatment. Subcellular localization assays revealed that GbEDS1 is located in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus. Overexpression of GbEDS1 in Arabidopsis dramatically up-regulated SA and H2O2 production, resulting in enhanced disease resistance to V. dahliae. Silencing of GbEDS1 in G. barbadense significantly decreased SA and H2O2 accumulation, leading to the cotton more susceptibility. Moreover, combining the gene expression results from transgenic Arabidopsis and silenced-GbEDS1 cotton, it indicated that GbEDS1 could activate GbNDR1 and GbBAK1 expression. These findings not only broaden our knowledge about the biological role of GbEDS1, but also provide new insights into the defense mechanisms of GbEDS1 against V. dahliae in cotton.
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