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Poda SB, Buatois B, Lapeyre B, Dormont L, Diabaté A, Gnankiné O, Dabiré RK, Roux O. No evidence for long-range male sex pheromones in two malaria mosquitoes. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1676-1686. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2
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Bayili K, Ki HD, Bayili B, Sow B, Ouattara A, Small G, Hien AS, Dabire RK, Diabate A. Laboratory and experimental hut trial evaluation of VECTRON™ T500 for indoor residual spraying (IRS) against insecticide resistant malaria vectors in Burkina Faso. Gates Open Res 2022; 6:57. [PMID: 35950163 PMCID: PMC9326088 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13578.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria cases in some areas could be attributed to vector resistant to the insecticide. World Health Organization recommended insecticides for vector control are limited in number. It is essential to find rotational partners for existing Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) products. VECTRON™ T500 is a novel insecticide with broflanilide as active ingredient. It has a mode of action on mosquitoes completely different to usually used. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum effective dose and efficacy of VECTRONTM T500 against susceptible and resistant strains of Anopheles in Burkina Faso. Methods: VECTRON™T500 was sprayed at 50, 100 and 200 mg/m² doses onto mud and concrete blocks using Potter Spray Tower. The residual activity of broflanilide was assessed through cone bioassays 1 week and then monthly up to 14 months post spraying. Its efficacy was evaluated at 100 and 150 mg/m² against wild free-flying mosquitoes in experimental huts on both substrates. Actellic 300CS was applied at 1000 mg/m² as reference product. Cone assays were conducted monthly, using susceptible and resistant mosquito strains. Results: In the laboratory, VECTRON™ T500 showed residual efficacy (≥80% mortality) on An. gambiae Kisumu up to 12 and 14 months, respectively, on concrete and mud blocks. Similar results were found with 100 and 200 mg/m² using An. coluzzii pyrethroid resistant strain. In experimental huts, a total of 19,552 An. gambiae s.l. were collected. Deterrence, blood-feeding inhibition and exophily with VECTRON™ treated huts were very low. At 100 and 150 mg/m², mortality of wild An. gambiae s.l. ranged between 55% and 73%. Monthly cone bioassay mortality remained >80% up to 9 months. Conclusions: VECTRON™ T500 shows great potential as IRS formulation for malaria vector control. It can be added to the arsenal of IRS products for use in rotations to control malaria and manage mosquito insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koama Bayili
- Entomologist, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-dioulasso, 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Hyacinthe D. Ki
- Entomologist, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-dioulasso, 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Bazoma Bayili
- Entomologist, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-dioulasso, 545, Burkina Faso
- Entomologist, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Bazoumana Sow
- Entomologist, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-dioulasso, 545, Burkina Faso
- Entomologist, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Ouattara
- Entomologist, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-dioulasso, 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Graham Small
- Senior Technical Manager, Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Aristide S. Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K. Dabire
- Entomologist, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-dioulasso, 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Entomologist, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-dioulasso, 545, Burkina Faso
- Entomologist, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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3
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Bamou R, Costa MM, Diarra AZ, Martins AJ, Parola P, Almeras L. Enhanced procedures for mosquito identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:240. [PMID: 35773735 PMCID: PMC9248115 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decade, an innovative approach has emerged for arthropod identification based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Increasing interest in applying the original technique for arthropod identification has led to the development of a variety of procedures for sample preparation and selection of body parts, among others. However, the absence of a consensual strategy hampers direct inter-study comparisons. Moreover, these different procedures are confusing to new users. Establishing optimized procedures and standardized protocols for mosquito identification by MALDI-TOF MS is therefore a necessity, and would notably enable the sharing of reference MS databases. Here, we assess the optimal conditions for mosquito identification using MALDI-TOF MS profiling. Methods Three homogenization methods, two of which were manual and one automatic, were used on three distinct body parts (legs, thorax, head) of two mosquito laboratory strains, Anopheles coluzzii and Aedes aegypti, and the results evaluated. The reproducibility of MS profiles, identification rate with relevant scores and the suitability of procedures for high-throughput analyses were the main criteria for establishing optimized guidelines. Additionally, the consequences of blood-feeding and geographical origin were evaluated using both laboratory strains and field-collected mosquitoes. Results Relevant score values for mosquito identification were obtained for all the three body parts assayed using MALDI-TOF MS profiling; however, the thorax and legs were the most suitable specimens, independently of homogenization method or species. Although the manual homogenization methods were associated with a high rate of identification on the three body parts, this homogenization mode is not adaptable to the processing of a large number of samples. Therefore, the automatic homogenization procedure was selected as the reference homogenization method. Blood-feeding status did not hamper the identification of mosquito species, despite the presence of MS peaks from original blood in the MS profiles of the three body parts tested from both species. Finally, a significant improvement in identification scores was obtained for field-collected specimens when MS spectra of species from the same geographical area were added to the database. Conclusion The results of the current study establish guidelines for the selection of mosquito anatomic parts and modality of sample preparation (e.g. homogenization) for future specimen identification by MALDI-TOF MS profiling. These standardized operational protocols could be used as references for creating an international MS database. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05361-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Monique Melo Costa
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório Misto Internacional "Sentinela", FIOCRUZ, IRD, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France. .,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France. .,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.
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Bayili K, Ki HD, Bayili B, Sow B, Ouattara A, Small G, Dabire RK, Diabate A. Laboratory and experimental hut trial evaluation of VECTRON™ T500 for indoor residual spraying (IRS) against insecticide resistant malaria vectors in Burkina Faso. Gates Open Res 2022; 6:57. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13578.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria cases in some areas could be attributed to vector resistant to the insecticide. World Health Organization recommended insecticides for vector control are limited in number. It is essential to find rotational partners for existing Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) products. VECTRON™ T500 is a novel insecticide with broflanilide as active ingredient. It has a mode of action on mosquitoes completely different to usually used. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum effective dose and efficacy of VECTRONTM against susceptible and resistant strains of Anopheles in Burkina Faso. Methods: VECTRON™ was sprayed at 50, 100 and 200 mg/m² doses onto mud and concrete blocks using Potter Spray Tower. The residual activity of broflanilide was assessed through cone bioassays 1 week and then monthly up to 14 months post spraying. Its efficacy was evaluated at 100 and 150 mg/m² against wild free-flying mosquitoes in experimental huts on both substrates. Actellic 300CS was applied at 1000 mg/m² as reference product. Cone assays were conducted monthly, using susceptible and resistant mosquito strains. Results: In the laboratory, VECTRON™ showed residual efficacy (≥80% mortality) on An. gambiae Kisumu up to 12 and 14 months, respectively, on concrete and mud blocks. Similar results were found with 100 and 200 mg/m² using An. coluzzii pyrethroid resistant strain. In experimental huts, a total of 19,552 An. gambiae s.l. were collected. Deterrence, blood-feeding inhibition and exophily with VECTRON™ treated huts were very low. At 100 and 150 mg/m², mortality of wild An. gambiae s.l. ranged between 55% and 73%. Monthly cone bioassay mortality remained >80% up to 9 months. Conclusions: VECTRON™ shows great potential as IRS formulation for malaria vector control. It can be added to the arsenal of IRS products for use in rotations to control malaria and manage mosquito insecticide resistance.
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5
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Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Allelic Frequencies Shift. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121948. [PMID: 34946897 PMCID: PMC8701854 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution and spread of insecticide resistance mechanisms amongst malaria vectors across the sub-Saharan Africa threaten the effectiveness and sustainability of current insecticide-based vector control interventions. However, a successful insecticide resistance management plan relies strongly on evidence of historical and contemporary mechanisms circulating. This study aims to retrospectively determine the evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms among natural Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Senegal. Samples were randomly drawn from an existing mosquito sample, collected in 2013, 2017, and 2018 from 10 sentinel sites monitored by the Senegalese National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Molecular species of An. gambiae s.l. and the resistance mutations at the Voltage-gated Sodium Channel 1014 (Vgsc-1014) locus were characterised using PCR-based assays. The genetic diversity of the Vgsc gene was further analyzed by sequencing. The overall species composition revealed the predominance of Anopheles arabiensis (73.08%) followed by An. gambiae s.s. (14.48%), Anopheles coluzzii (10.94%) and Anopheles gambiae-coluzii hybrids (1.48%). Both Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S mutations were found in all studied populations with a spatial variation of allele frequencies from 3% to 90%; and 7% to 41%, respectively. The two mutations have been detected since 2013 across all the selected health districts, with Vgsc-L1014S frequency increasing over the years while Vgsc-1014F decreasing. At species level, the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S alleles were more frequent amongst An. gambiae s.s. (70%) and An. arabiensis (20%). The Vgsc gene was found to be highly diversified with eight different haplotypes shared between Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S. The observed co-occurrence of Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S mutations suggest that pyrethroid resistance is becoming a widespread phenomenon amongst malaria vector populations, and the NMCP needs to address this issue to sustain the gain made in controlling malaria.
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6
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Clarkson CS, Miles A, Harding NJ, O’Reilly AO, Weetman D, Kwiatkowski D, Donnelly MJ. The genetic architecture of target-site resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5303-5317. [PMID: 33590926 PMCID: PMC9019111 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is a major concern for malaria vector control. Pyrethroids target the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC), an essential component of the mosquito nervous system. Substitutions in the amino acid sequence can induce a resistance phenotype. We use whole-genome sequence data from phase 2 of the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project (Ag1000G) to provide a comprehensive account of genetic variation in the Vgsc gene across 13 African countries. In addition to known resistance alleles, we describe 20 other non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions at appreciable population frequency and map these variants onto a protein model to investigate the likelihood of pyrethroid resistance phenotypes. Thirteen of these novel alleles were found to occur almost exclusively on haplotypes carrying the known L995F kdr (knock-down resistance) allele and may enhance or compensate for the L995F resistance genotype. A novel mutation I1527T, adjacent to a predicted pyrethroid-binding site, was found in tight linkage with V402L substitutions, similar to allele combinations associated with resistance in other insect species. We also analysed genetic backgrounds carrying resistance alleles, to determine which alleles have experienced recent positive selection, and describe ten distinct haplotype groups carrying known kdr alleles. Five of these groups are observed in more than one country, in one case separated by over 3000 km, providing new information about the potential for the geographical spread of resistance. Our results demonstrate that the molecular basis of target-site pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors is more complex than previously appreciated, and provide a foundation for the development of new genetic tools for insecticide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Big Data InstituteLi Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Nicholas J. Harding
- Big Data InstituteLi Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | | | - Dominic Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Big Data InstituteLi Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
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N'Do S, Bandibabone JB, Soma DD, Musaka BZ, Prudhomme J, Habamungu CC, Namountougou M, Sangaré I, Kientega M, Kaboré DAP, Bayili K, Yerbanga RS, Diabate A, Dabire RK, Ouedraogo JB, Belem AMG, Boëte C, Guardiola-Claramonte M, Chimanuka B. Insecticide resistance profiles in malaria vector populations from Sud-Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1339-1344. [PMID: 34324683 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance has become a widespread problem causing a decline in the effectiveness of vector control tools in sub-Saharan Africa. In this situation, ongoing monitoring of vector susceptibility to insecticides is encouraged by the WHO to guide national malaria control programmes. Our study was conducted from April to November 2018 in Tchonka (Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo) and reported primary data on the resistance status of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae. METHODS Insecticide susceptibility bioassays were performed on wild populations of A. funestus and A. gambiae using WHO insecticide-impregnated papers at discriminating concentration. In addition, PCR was performed to identify mosquito species and to detect kdr and ace-1R mutations involved in insecticide resistance. RESULTS Bioassay results show resistance to all tested insecticides except pirimiphos-methyl, propoxur, fenitrothion and malathion with a mortality rate ranging from 95.48 to 99.86%. The addition of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the susceptibility of vectors to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin by exhibiting a mortality ranging from 91.50 to 95.86%. The kdr mutation was detected at high frequencies (approximately 0.98) within A. gambiae while ace-1R was not detected. CONCLUSIONS This study provides useful data on the insecticide resistance profiles of malaria vector populations to better manage vector control. Our results highlight that, despite the high level of resistance, organophosphorus compounds and pyrethroids + PBO remain effective against the vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sévérin N'Do
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) OCBA, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Janvier B Bandibabone
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro (CRSN/Lwiro), Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, DRC
| | - Dieudonné D Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Bertin Z Musaka
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro (CRSN/Lwiro), Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, DRC
| | - Jorian Prudhomme
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) OCBA, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Marseille, France
| | - Claude C Habamungu
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro (CRSN/Lwiro), Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, DRC
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ibrahim Sangaré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mahamadi Kientega
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Didier A P Kaboré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Koama Bayili
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - R Serge Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabire
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Christophe Boëte
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) OCBA, Barcelona, Spain.,ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bantuzeko Chimanuka
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro (CRSN/Lwiro), Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, DRC.,Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB), Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, DRC
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8
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Orondo PW, Nyanjom SG, Atieli H, Githure J, Ondeto BM, Ochwedo KO, Omondi CJ, Kazura JW, Lee MC, Zhou G, Zhong D, Githeko AK, Yan G. Insecticide resistance status of Anopheles arabiensis in irrigated and non-irrigated areas in western Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:335. [PMID: 34174946 PMCID: PMC8235622 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria control in Kenya is based on case management and vector control using long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, the development of insecticide resistance compromises the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control programs. The use of pesticides for agricultural purposes has been implicated as one of the sources driving the selection of resistance. The current study was undertaken to assess the status and mechanism of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in irrigated and non-irrigated areas with varying agrochemical use in western Kenya. METHODS The study was carried out in 2018-2019 in Homa Bay County, western Kenya. The bioassay was performed on adults reared from larvae collected from irrigated and non-irrigated fields in order to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to different classes of insecticides following the standard WHO guidelines. Characterization of knockdown resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting enzyme/angiotensin-converting enzyme (Ace-1) mutations within Anopheles gambiae s.l. species was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. To determine the agricultural and public health insecticide usage pattern, a questionnaire was administered to farmers, households, and veterinary officers in the study area. RESULTS Anopheles arabiensis was the predominant species in the irrigated (100%, n = 154) area and the dominant species in the non-irrigated areas (97.5%, n = 162), the rest being An. gambiae sensu stricto. In 2018, Anopheles arabiensis in the irrigated region were susceptible to all insecticides tested, while in the non-irrigated region reduced mortality was observed (84%) against deltamethrin. In 2019, phenotypic mortality was decreased (97.8-84% to 83.3-78.2%). In contrast, high mortality from malathion (100%), DDT (98.98%), and piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-deltamethrin (100%) was observed. Molecular analysis of the vectors from the irrigated and non-irrigated areas revealed low levels of leucine-serine/phenylalanine substitution at position 1014 (L1014S/L1014F), with mutation frequencies of 1-16%, and low-frequency mutation in the Ace-1R gene (0.7%). In addition to very high coverage of LLINs impregnated with pyrethroids and IRS with organophosphate insecticides, pyrethroids were the predominant chemical class of pesticides used for crop and animal protection. CONCLUSION Anopheles arabiensis from irrigated areas showed increased phenotypic resistance, and the intensive use of pesticides for crop protection in this region may have contributed to the selection of resistance genes observed. The susceptibility of these malaria vectors to organophosphates and PBO synergists in pyrethroids offers a promising future for IRS and insecticide-treated net-based vector control interventions. These findings emphasize the need for integrated vector control strategies, with particular attention to agricultural practices to mitigate mosquito resistance to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Winnie Orondo
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. .,International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College of Maseno University, Homa Bay, Kenya.
| | - Steven G Nyanjom
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harrysone Atieli
- International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College of Maseno University, Homa Bay, Kenya.,School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John Githure
- International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College of Maseno University, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Benyl M Ondeto
- International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College of Maseno University, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Kevin O Ochwedo
- International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College of Maseno University, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Collince J Omondi
- International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College of Maseno University, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - James W Kazura
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrew K Githeko
- International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College of Maseno University, Homa Bay, Kenya. .,Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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9
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Korti MY, Ageep TB, Adam AI, Shitta KB, Hassan AA, Algadam AA, Baleela RM, Saad HA, Abuelmaali SA. Status of insecticide susceptibility in Anopheles arabiensis and detection of the knockdown resistance mutation (kdr) concerning agricultural practices from Northern Sudan state, Sudan. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:49. [PMID: 33779858 PMCID: PMC8006520 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical control has been the most efficient method in mosquito control, the development of insecticide resistance in target populations has a significant impact on vector control. The use of agricultural pesticides may have a profound impact on the development of resistance in the field populations of malaria vectors. Our study focused on insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) of Anopheles arabiensis populations from Northern Sudan, related to agricultural pesticide usage. RESULTS Anopheles arabiensis from urban and rural localities (Merowe and Al-hamadab) were fully susceptible to bendiocarb 0.1% and permethrin 0.75% insecticides while resistant to DDT 4% and malathion 5%. The population of laboratory reference colony F189 from Dongola showed a mortality of 91% to DDT (4%) and fully susceptible to others. GLM analysis indicated that insecticides, sites, site type, and their interaction were determinant factors on mortality rates (P < 0.01). Except for malathion, mortality rates of all insecticides were not significant (P > 0.05) according to sites. Mortality rates of malathion and DDT were varied significantly (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05 respectively) by site types, while mortality rates of bendiocarb and permethrin were not significant (P >0.05). The West African kdr mutation (L1014F) was found in urban and rural sites. Even though, the low-moderate frequency of kdr (L1014F) mutation was observed. The findings presented here for An. arabiensis showed no correlation between the resistant phenotype as ascertained by bioassay and the presence of the kdr mutation, with all individuals tested except the Merowe site which showed a moderate association with DDT (OR= 6 in allelic test), suggesting that kdr genotype would be a poor indicator of phenotypic resistance. CONCLUSION The results provide critical pieces of information regarding the insecticide susceptibility status of An. arabiensis in northern Sudan. The usage of the same pesticides in agricultural areas seemed to affect the Anopheles susceptibility when they are exposed to those insecticides in the field. The kdr mutation might have a less role than normally expected in pyrethroids resistance; however, other resistance genes should be in focus. These pieces of information will help to improve the surveillance system and The implication of different vector control programs employing any of these insecticides either in the treatment of bed nets or for indoor residual spraying would achieve satisfactory success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Korti
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - T B Ageep
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A I Adam
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - K B Shitta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - A A Hassan
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A A Algadam
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - R M Baleela
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - H A Saad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - S A Abuelmaali
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Hien AS, Soma DD, Somé FA, Namountougou M, Poda SB, Ouédraogo GA, Diabaté A, Dabiré RK. Short Persistence and Vector Susceptibility to Ficam 80WP (bendiocarb active ingredient) During Pilot Application of Indoor Residual Spraying in Burkina Faso, West Africa. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:781-786. [PMID: 33164064 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) was applied in addition to the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets in the South West in Burkina Faso, where Anopheles gambiae s.l. the major malaria vector was resistant to pyrethroids. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and residual life of bendiocarb (active ingredient) used for spraying on different wall surfaces (mud and cement). Cone bioassays were done monthly with the susceptible An. gambiae 'Kisumu' strain and the local wild populations to determine the duration for which insecticide was effective in killing mosquitoes. Cone bioassay data showed low efficacy and short persistence of bendiocarb applied on mud and cement walls, lasting 2 mo with the susceptible insectary strain and less than 1 mo with An. gambiae wild populations. In addition, WHO tube assays confirmed resistance of An. gambiae wild populations to 0.1% bendiocarb with mortality rates less than 80% in both study sites (sprayed and unsprayed sites). The pilot study of IRS with bendiocarb showed that the residual efficacy of bendiocarb was very short, and resistance to bendiocarb was confirmed in wild populations of An. gambiae s.l. Therefore, Ficam 80 WP was not suitable for IRS in this area due to the short residual duration related mainly to vectors resistance to bendiocarb. While waiting for innovative malaria control tool, alternative insecticide (organophosphate or neonicotinoid classes) or combinations of insecticides have to be used for insecticide resistance management in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Sawdetuo Hien
- Biomedical and Public Health Department, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Regionale, Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Biomedical and Public Health Department, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Regionale, Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Fabrice Anyirekun Somé
- Biomedical and Public Health Department, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Regionale, Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Department of Applied Biology, Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Serge Bèwadéyir Poda
- Biomedical and Public Health Department, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Regionale, Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Biomedical and Public Health Department, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Regionale, Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Biomedical and Public Health Department, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Regionale, Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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11
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Pichler V, Mancini E, Micocci M, Calzetta M, Arnoldi D, Rizzoli A, Lencioni V, Paoli F, Bellini R, Veronesi R, Martini S, Drago A, De Liberato C, Ermenegildi A, Pinto J, della Torre A, Caputo B. A Novel Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR) Assay to Detect the V1016G Knockdown Resistance Mutation Confirms Its Widespread Presence in Aedes albopictus Populations from Italy. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010079. [PMID: 33477382 PMCID: PMC7830166 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping of mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (vssc) associated with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is widely used and represents a potential early warning and monitoring system for insecticide resistance arising in mosquito populations, which are vectors of different human pathogens. In the secondary vector Aedes albopictus-an Asian species that has invaded and colonized the whole world, including temperate regions-sequencing of domain II of the vssc gene is still needed to detect the V1016G mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance. In this study we developed and tested a novel allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) assay to genotype the V1016G mutation in this species and applied it to the analysis of wild populations from Italy. The results confirm the high accuracy of the novel AS-PCR and highlight frequencies of the V1016G allele as >5% in most sampling sites, with peaks of 20-45% in coastal touristic sites where pyrethroid treatments are extensively implemented, mostly for mosquito nuisance reduction. The high frequency of this mutation observed in Italian Ae. albopictus populations should serve as a warning bell, advocating for increased monitoring and management of a phenomenon which risks neutralizing the only weapon today available to counteract (risks of) arbovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Emiliano Mancini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘C. Darwin’, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Martina Micocci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Calzetta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Valeria Lencioni
- Section of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, MUSE-Science Museum, 38098 Trento, Italy; (V.L.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesca Paoli
- Section of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, MUSE-Science Museum, 38098 Trento, Italy; (V.L.); (F.P.)
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli”, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy; (R.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Rodolfo Veronesi
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli”, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy; (R.B.); (R.V.)
| | | | - Andrea Drago
- Entostudio snc, 35020 Padua, Italy; (S.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Arianna Ermenegildi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Joao Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Alessandra della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.d.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.d.T.); (B.C.)
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12
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Park SH, Jun H, Ahn SK, Lee J, Yu SL, Lee SK, Kang JM, Kim H, Lee HI, Hong SJ, Na BK, Bahk YY, Kim TS. Monitoring Insecticide Resistance and Target Site Mutations of L1014 Kdr And G119 Ace Alleles in Five Mosquito Populations in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:543-550. [PMID: 33202506 PMCID: PMC7672240 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are globally distributed and important vectors for the transmission of many human diseases. Mosquito control is a difficult task and the cost of preventing mosquito-borne diseases is much lower than that for curing the associated diseases. Thus, chemical control remains the most effective tool for mosquito. Due to the long-term intensive use of insecticides to control mosquito vectors, resistance to most chemical insecticides has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between insecticide resistance and target site mutation of L1014 kdr and G119 ace alleles in 5 species/species group of mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles spp., Culex pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) obtained from 6 collection sites. For Anopheles spp., the proportion of mosquitoes with mutated alleles in L1014 was 88.4%, homozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 46.7%, and heterozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 41.8%. For the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus species, homozygous resistant genotypes were found in 25.9% and 9.8%, respectively. However, target site mutation of L1014 in the Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus species was not observed. Anopheles spp., Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos, whereas Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus were clearly susceptible. We also found a correlation between the resistance phenotype and the presence of the L1014 kdr and G119 ace mutations only in the Anopheles spp. population. In this study, we suggest that insecticide resistance poses a growing threat and resistance management must be integrated into all mosquito control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hye Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Hojong Jun
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Ahn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sung-Lim Yu
- Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sung Keun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Hee-Il Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
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13
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Diouf EH, Niang EHA, Samb B, Diagne CT, Diouf M, Konaté A, Dia I, Faye O, Konaté L. Multiple insecticide resistance target sites in adult field strains of An. gambiae (s.l.) from southeastern Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:567. [PMID: 33176872 PMCID: PMC7661151 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of vector control strategy in Senegal where insecticide resistance by the target vectors species is a great of concern. This study explores insecticide susceptibility profile and target-site mutations mechanisms within the Anopheles gambiae complex in southeastern Senegal. METHODS Larvae of Anopheles spp. were collected in two sites from southeastern Senegal Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi in October and November 2014, and reared until adult emergence. Wild F0 adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species. Susceptibility of 3-5-day-old An. gambiae (s.l.) samples to 11 insecticides belonging to the four insecticide classes was assessed using the WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays. Tested samples were identified using molecular techniques and insecticide resistance target-site mutations (kdr, ace-1 and rdl) were determined. RESULTS A total of 3742 An. gambiae (s.l.) were exposed to insecticides (2439 from Kedougou and 1303 from Wassadou-Badi). Tests with pyrethroid insecticides and DDT showed high level of resistance in both Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi. Resistance to pirimiphos-methyl and malathion was not detected while resistance to bendoicarb and fenitrothion was confirmed in Kedougou. Of the 745 specimens of An. gambiae (s.l.) genotyped, An. gambiae (s.s.) (71.6%) was the predominant species, followed by An. arabiensis (21.7%), An. coluzzii (6.3%) and hybrids (An. gambiae (s.s.)/An. coluzzii; 0.4%). All target site mutations investigated (Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1014S, Ace-1 and Rdl) were found at different frequencies in the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Vgsc-1014F mutation was more frequent in An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii than An. arabiensis. Vgsc-1014S was present in An. gambiae (s.l.) populations in Wassadou but not in Kedougou. Ace-1 and rdl mutations were more frequent in An. gambiae (s.s.) in comparison to An. arabiensis and An. coluzzii. CONCLUSIONS Resistance to all the four insecticide classes tested was detected in southeastern Senegal as well as all target site mutations investigated were found. Data will be used by the national Malaria Control Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- El hadji Diouf
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - El hadji Amadou Niang
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Badara Samb
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Mbaye Diouf
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Konaté
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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14
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Genome variation and population structure among 1142 mosquitoes of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Genome Res 2020; 30:1533-1546. [PMID: 32989001 PMCID: PMC7605271 DOI: 10.1101/gr.262790.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito control remains a central pillar of efforts to reduce malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa. However, insecticide resistance is entrenched in malaria vector populations, and countries with a high malaria burden face a daunting challenge to sustain malaria control with a limited set of surveillance and intervention tools. Here we report on the second phase of a project to build an open resource of high-quality data on genome variation among natural populations of the major African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii We analyzed whole genomes of 1142 individual mosquitoes sampled from the wild in 13 African countries, as well as a further 234 individuals comprising parents and progeny of 11 laboratory crosses. The data resource includes high-confidence single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calls at 57 million variable sites, genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) calls, and haplotypes phased at biallelic SNPs. We use these data to analyze genetic population structure and characterize genetic diversity within and between populations. We illustrate the utility of these data by investigating species differences in isolation by distance, genetic variation within proposed gene drive target sequences, and patterns of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. This data resource provides a foundation for developing new operational systems for molecular surveillance and for accelerating research and development of new vector control tools. It also provides a unique resource for the study of population genomics and evolutionary biology in eukaryotic species with high levels of genetic diversity under strong anthropogenic evolutionary pressures.
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15
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Soma DD, Zogo BM, Somé A, Tchiekoi BN, Hien DFDS, Pooda HS, Coulibaly S, Gnambani JE, Ouari A, Mouline K, Dahounto A, Ouédraogo GA, Fournet F, Koffi AA, Pennetier C, Moiroux N, Dabiré RK. Anopheles bionomics, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission in southwest Burkina Faso: A pre-intervention study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236920. [PMID: 32745085 PMCID: PMC7398507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Twenty-seven villages were selected in southwest Burkina Faso to implement new vector control strategies in addition to long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) through a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). We conducted entomological surveys in the villages during the dry cold season (January 2017), dry hot season (March 2017) and rainy season (June 2017) to describe malaria vectors bionomics, insecticide resistance and transmission prior to this trial. Methods We carried out hourly catches (from 17:00 to 09:00) inside and outside 4 houses in each village using the Human Landing Catch technique. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological taxonomic keys. Specimens belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group were identified using molecular techniques as well as detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection and insecticide resistance target-site mutations. Results Eight Anopheles species were detected in the area. Anopheles funestus s.s was the main vector during the dry cold season. It was replaced by Anopheles coluzzii during the dry hot season whereas An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were the dominant species during the rainy season. Species composition of the Anopheles population varied significantly among seasons. All insecticide resistance mechanisms (kdr-w, kdr-e and ace-1 target site mutations) investigated were found in each members of the An. gambiae complex but at different frequencies. We observed early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species. Entomological inoculation rates were 2.61, 2.67 and 11.25 infected bites per human per month during dry cold season, dry hot season and rainy season, respectively. Conclusion The entomological indicators of malaria transmission were high despite the universal coverage with LLINs. We detected early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species as well as physiological insecticide resistance mechanisms. These data will be used to evaluate the impact of complementary tools to LLINs in an upcoming RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Barnabas Mahugnon Zogo
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Anthony Somé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bertin N’Cho Tchiekoi
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Hermann Sié Pooda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université de Dédougou, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sanata Coulibaly
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Ali Ouari
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Karine Mouline
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Amal Dahounto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florence Fournet
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Cédric Pennetier
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Nicolas Moiroux
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Ahadji-Dabla KM, Amoudji AD, Nyamador SW, Apétogbo GY, Chabi J, Glitho IA, Ketoh GK. High Levels of Knockdown Resistance in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), Major Malaria Vectors in Togo, West Africa: A 2011 Monitoring Report. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1159-1164. [PMID: 30924857 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A survey of susceptibility to DDT, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, and chlorpyrifos-methyl was conducted in five localities in 2011 in Togo, West Africa, to assess the insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae). Female populations of An. gambaie s.l. emerged from collected larvae (F0) were exposed to insecticide-impregnated papers using World Health Organization test kits for adult mosquitoes; the susceptible reference strain Kisumu was used as a control. Resistance to DDT and deltamethrin was observed within the mosquito populations tested. Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii represented the only species recorded in the study sites. The frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr L1014F) mutation determined using polymerase chain reaction diagnostic tests was lower in An. gambiae than in An. coluzzii in all of the localities except Kolokopé. Further investigations of An. gambiae s.l. resistance are needed in Togo to help the National Malaria Control Programme in vector control decision making and implementation of resistance management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi Mensah Ahadji-Dabla
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Adjovi Djifa Amoudji
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Seth Wolali Nyamador
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Georges Yawo Apétogbo
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isabelle Adolé Glitho
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
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Traoré A, Badolo A, Guelbeogo MW, Sanou A, Viana M, Nelli L, Zongo S, Toé HK, Traoré AS, Ranson H, Sagnon N. Anopheline species composition and the 1014F-genotype in different ecological settings of Burkina Faso in relation to malaria transmission. Malar J 2019; 18:165. [PMID: 31068189 PMCID: PMC6507147 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A three-year longitudinal study was conducted in four sentinel sites from different ecological settings in Burkina Faso, between 2008 and 2010 to identify longitudinal changes in insecticide resistance within Anopheles gambiae complex species based on larval collection. During this study, adult mosquitoes were also collected indoor and outdoor using several methods of collection. The present study reports the diversity of malaria vectors and the 1014F-genotype from this adult collection and investigates the association between this 1014F-genotype and sporozoite rate. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected from July to August (corresponding to the start of rainy season) and October to November (corresponding to the end of rainy season) over 3 years (2008–2010) at four sites across the country, using pyrethrum spray catches (PSC), exit traps and pit shelters. Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes were identified to species and genotyped for the L1014F kdr mutation by PCR using genomic DNA. The circumsporozoite antigen of Plasmodium falciparum was detected in mosquitoes using sandwich ELISA. Results Overall 9212 anopheline mosquitoes were collected during the study period. Of those, 6767 mosquitoes were identified as Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.). Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles gambiae and or Anopheles funestus were incriminated as vectors of P. falciparum in the study area with an average sporozoite rate of 5%, (95% CI 4.14–5.99%). The kdr1014F-genotype frequencies were 11.44% (95% CI 2.5–39.85%), 19.2% (95% CI 4.53–53.73%) and 89.9 (95% CI 63.14–97.45%), respectively for An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae. The proportion of the 1014F-genotype varied between sporozoite-infected and uninfected An. gambiae s.l. group. There was no significant difference in the 1014F-genotype frequency between infected and uninfected mosquitoes. Conclusion The current study shows the diversity of malaria vectors and significant interaction between species composition and kdr1014F-genotype in An. gambiae complex mosquitoes from Burkina Faso. In this study, no associations were found between the 1014F-genotype and P. falciparum infection in the major malaria vector An. gambiae s.l. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2789-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse Traoré
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. .,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa W Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Antoine Sanou
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Soumanaba Zongo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hyacinthe K Toé
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Alfred S Traoré
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - N'Falé Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
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18
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Introgression between Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in Burkina Faso and its associations with kdr resistance and Plasmodium infection. Malar J 2019; 18:127. [PMID: 30971230 PMCID: PMC6458625 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes has become widespread throughout West Africa including in Burkina Faso. The insecticide resistance allele (kdr or L1014F) is a prime indicator that is highly correlated with phenotypic resistance in West Africa. Studies from Benin, Ghana and Mali have suggested that the source of the L1014F is introgression of the 2L divergence island via interspecific hybridization with Anopheles gambiae. The goal of this study was to characterize local mosquito populations in the Nouna Department, Burkina Faso with respect to: (i) the extent of introgression between An. coluzzii and An. gambiae, (ii) the frequency of the L1014F mutation and (iii) Plasmodium infection rates. METHODS A total of 95 mosquitoes were collected from ten sites surrounding Nouna town in Kossi Province, Burkina Faso in 2012. The species composition, the extent of introgression in An. coluzzii mosquitoes and their Plasmodium infection rates were identified with a modified version of the "Divergence Island SNP" (DIS) genotyping assay. RESULTS The mosquito collection contained 70.5% An. coluzzii, 89.3% of which carried a 3 Mb genomic region on the 2L chromosome with L1014F insecticide resistance mutation that was introgressed from An. gambiae. In addition, 22.4% in the introgressed An. coluzzii specimens were infected with Plasmodium falciparum, whereas none of the non-introgressed ("pure") An. coluzzii were infected. CONCLUSION This paper is the first report providing divergence island SNP genotypes for natural population of Burkina Faso and corresponding Plasmodium infection rates. These observations warrant further study and could have a major impact on future malaria control strategies in Burkina Faso.
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Mouhamadou CS, N’Dri PB, Fodjo BK, Sadia CG, Affoue FPK, Koudou BG. Rapid spread of double East- and West-African kdr mutations in wild Anopheles coluzzi from Côte d'Ivoire. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:31. [PMID: 31020049 PMCID: PMC6468708 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria morbidity and mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa are increasing. The scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying have been the major contributors to the decrease of malaria burden. These tools are now threatened by insecticide resistance in malaria vectors, which is spreading dramatically. After two different real-time polymerase chain reaction molecular characterizations carried out on 70 mosquitoes sampled in the locality of Elibou in southern Côte d'Ivoire, results revealed that 9 mosquitoes from Anopheles coluzzi harbored the double East- and West-African knockdown resistance mutations. In the previous year, only 1 mosquito out of 150 sampled from 10 regions of the country had the same genotype. These results show the rapid spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors and highlight the urgent need to diversify the methods of vector control in order to avoid the failure of insecticide-based vector control tools which may favor malaria fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chouaïbou Seïdou Mouhamadou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7508, USA
| | - Prisca Bédjou N’Dri
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
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Poda SB, Soma DD, Hien A, Namountougou M, Gnankiné O, Diabaté A, Fournet F, Baldet T, Mas-Coma S, Mosqueira B, Dabiré RK. Targeted application of an organophosphate-based paint applied on windows and doors against Anopheles coluzzii resistant to pyrethroids under real life conditions in Vallée du Kou, Burkina Faso (West Africa). Malar J 2018; 17:136. [PMID: 29609597 PMCID: PMC5879594 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel strategy applying an organophosphate-based insecticide paint on doors and windows in combination with long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) was tested for the control of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in a village setting in Vallée du Kou, a rice-growing area west of Burkina Faso. METHODS Insecticide Paint Inesfly 5A IGR™, comprised of two organophosphates and an insect growth regulator, was applied to doors and windows and tested in combination with pyrethroid-treated LLINs. The killing effect was monitored for 5 months by early morning collections of anophelines and other culicids. The residual efficacy was evaluated monthly by WHO bioassays using Anopheles gambiae 'Kisumu' and local populations of Anopheles coluzzii resistant to pyrethroids. The spatial mortality efficacy (SME) at distances of 1 m was also assessed against pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant malaria vectors. The frequency of L1014F kdr and Ace-1 R G119S mutations was, respectively, reported throughout the study. The Insecticide Paint Inesfly 5A IGR had been tested in past studies yielding a long-term mortality rate of 80% over 12 months against An. coluzzii, the local pyrethroid-resistant malaria vector. The purpose of the present study is to test if treating smaller, targeted surfaces (e.g. doors and windows) was also efficient in killing malaria vectors. RESULTS Treating windows and doors alone yielded a killing efficacy of 100% for 1 month against An. coluzzii resistant to pyrethroids, but efficacy reduced quickly afterwards. Likewise, WHO cone bioassays yielded mortalities of 80-100% for 2 months but declined to 90 and 40% 2 and 3 months after treatment, respectively. Mosquitoes exposed to insecticide paint-treated surfaces at distances of 1 m, yielded mortality rates of about 90-80% against local pyrethroids-resistant An. coluzzii during the first 2 months, but decreased to 30% afterwards. Anopheles coluzzii was reported to be exclusively the local malaria vector and resistant to pyrethroids with high L1014 kdr frequency. CONCLUSION The combination of insecticide paint on doors and windows with LLINs yielded high mortality rates in the short term against wild pyrethroid-resistant malaria vector populations. A high SME was observed against laboratory strains of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors placed for 30 min at 1 m from the treated/control walls. The application of the insecticide paint on doors and windows led to high but short-lasting mortality rates. The strategy may be an option in a context where low cost, rapid responses need to be implemented in areas where malaria vectors are resistant to pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge B Poda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Dieudonné D Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Aristide Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Florence Fournet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Baldet
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mosqueira
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
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Hidalgo K, Montazeau C, Siaussat D, Braman V, Trabalon M, Simard F, Renault D, Dabiré RK, Mouline K. Distinct physiological, biochemical and morphometric adjustments in the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and A. coluzzii as means to survive dry season conditions in Burkina Faso. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.174433. [PMID: 29378815 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aestivation and dispersive migration are the two strategies evoked in the literature to explain the way in which malaria vectors Anopheles coluzzii and A. gambiae survive the harsh climatic conditions of the dry season in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the physiological mechanisms regulating these two strategies are unknown. In the present study, mosquito species were exposed to controlled environmental conditions mimicking the rainy and dry seasons of south western Burkina Faso. Survival strategies were studied through morphometric (wing length), ecophysiological (respiratory gas exchanges), biochemical (cuticular hydrocarbons composition) and molecular (AKH mRNA expression levels) parameters, variations of which are usually considered to be hallmarks of aestivation and dispersion mechanisms in various insects. Our results showed that ecophysiological and morphometric adjustments are made in both species to prevent water losses during the dry season. However, the usual metabolic rate modifications expected as signatures of aestivation and migration were not observed, highlighting specific and original physiological mechanisms sustaining survival in malaria mosquitoes during the dry season. Differences in epicuticular hydrocarbon composition and AKH levels of expression were found between the permanent and temporary A. coluzzii populations, illustrating the great phenotypic plasticity of this mosquito species. Altogether, our work underlines the diverse and complex pattern of changes occurring in the two mosquito species and at the population level to cope with the dry season and highlights potential targets of future control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hidalgo
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du General Leclerc, CS 74205 35042 Rennes, Cedex, France .,INRA UR370 QuaPA, MASS Group, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C Montazeau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1-Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - D Siaussat
- UMR 7618 Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 4 Place Jussieu, Tour 44-45, 3ème étage, 75005 Paris, France
| | - V Braman
- UMR 7618 Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 4 Place Jussieu, Tour 44-45, 3ème étage, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Trabalon
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6552 Ethologie animale et humaine, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du General Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - F Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1-Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - D Renault
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du General Leclerc, CS 74205 35042 Rennes, Cedex, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - R K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - K Mouline
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1-Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Silva GLD, Pereira TN, Ferla NJ, Silva OSD. The impact of insecticides management linked with resistance expression in Anopheles spp. populations. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 21:2179-88. [PMID: 27383351 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232015217.00922015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of some species of Anopheles to chemical insecticides is spreading quickly throughout the world and has hindered the actions of prevention and control of malaria. The main mechanism responsible for resistance in these insects appears to be the target site known as knock-down resistance (kdr), which causes mutations in the sodium channel. Even so, many countries have made significant progress in the prevention of malaria, focusing largely on vector control through long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying and (IRS) of insecticides. The objective of this review is to contribute with information on the more applied insecticides for the control of the main vectors of malaria, its effects, and the different mechanisms of resistance. Currently it is necessary to look for others alternatives, e.g. biological control and products derived from plants and fungi, by using other organisms as a possible regulator of the populations of malaria vectors in critical outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Liberato da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. R. Sarmento Leite 500, Centro Histórico. 90050-170 Porto Alegre RS Brasil.
| | - Thiago Nunes Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. R. Sarmento Leite 500, Centro Histórico. 90050-170 Porto Alegre RS Brasil.
| | - Noeli Juarez Ferla
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Centro Universitário UNIVATES. Lajeado RS Brasil
| | - Onilda Santos da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. R. Sarmento Leite 500, Centro Histórico. 90050-170 Porto Alegre RS Brasil.
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Tmimi FZ, Faraj C, Bkhache M, Mounaji K, Failloux AB, Sarih M. Insecticide resistance and target site mutations (G119S ace-1 and L1014F kdr) of Culex pipiens in Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:51. [PMID: 29357900 PMCID: PMC5778619 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control of the mosquito vector Culex pipiens with insecticides is the main way to control arboviruses that the species can transmit such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). However, its efficiency has been hampered by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Little is known about the insecticide-resistance status and underlying resistance mechanisms of field-collected populations of Cx. pipiens in Morocco. Methods Mosquito adults from Mohammadia city in Morocco were reared from immature stages. The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed using standard WHO bioassay. The two forms of the Cx. pipiens complex and their hybrids were identified by a multiplex PCR. Identified mosquitoes were then tested for the presence of the G119S ace-1 and L1014F kdr mutations using PCR-RFLP and PCR assays, respectively. Results WHO bioassays indicated that Cx. pipiens was resistant to all tested insecticides: lambda-cyhalothrin (49% mortality), permethrin (63% mortality), DDT (16% mortality), malation (52% mortality) and bendiocarb (39% mortality). The frequency of the 119S allele was almost identical in the pipiens form and hybrids (0.11 and 0.15, respectively) whereas it remained low in the molestus form (0.03). No significant correlation was observed between the G119S allele and the resistance phenotype to two tested insecticides (malathion and bendiocarb). The frequency of the L1014F allele was identical in the pipiens form and hybrids (0.44) whereas it was low in the molestus form (0.36) but no significant difference was detected (χ2 = 1.46, df = 1, P = 0.225). The presence of the L1014F kdr mutation was significantly associated with resistance to three tested insecticides in pipiens form (P = 0.0019, P = 0.0023 and P = 0.023, respectively, to lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin and DDT) whereas no significant correlation was observed between the L1014F kdr mutation and resistance phenotype in molestus form and hybrids to the three tested insecticides. Conclusion These findings showed that wild populations of Cx. pipiens have developed resistance against the main insecticide families with different modes of action: organochlorines (DDT), organophosphates (malathion), carbamates (bendiocarb), pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin). Therefore, urgent action should be taken to manage the resistance in this species to maintain the effectiveness of arbovirus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatim-Zohra Tmimi
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.,Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire et Biotechnologie, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Chafika Faraj
- Institut National d'Hygiène, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Meriem Bkhache
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Khadija Mounaji
- Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire et Biotechnologie, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris, France
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.
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Bayili K, N'do S, Namountougou M, Sanou R, Ouattara A, Dabiré RK, Ouédraogo AG, Malone D, Diabaté A. Evaluation of efficacy of Interceptor ® G2, a long-lasting insecticide net coated with a mixture of chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin, against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Burkina Faso. Malar J 2017; 16:190. [PMID: 28482891 PMCID: PMC5422893 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria vectors have acquired widespread resistance throughout sub-Saharan Africa to many of the currently used insecticides. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop alternative strategies including the development of new insecticides for effective management of insecticide resistance. To maintain progress against malaria, it is necessary to identify other residual insecticides for mosquito nets. In the present WHOPES phase II analogue study, the utility of chlorfenapyr, a pyrrole class insecticide mixed with alpha-cypermethrin on a long-lasting mosquito bed net was evaluated against Anopheles gambiae s.l. Methods Bed nets treated with chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin and mixture of both compounds were tested for their efficacy on mosquitoes. Washed (20 times) and unwashed of each type of treated nets and were tested according to WHOPES guidelines. Efficacy of nets were expressed in terms of blood-feeding inhibition rate, deterrence, induced exophily and mortality rate. The evaluation was conducted in experimental huts of Vallée du Kou seven (VK7) in Burkina Faso (West Africa) following WHOPES phase II guidelines. In addition, a WHOPES phase I evaluation was also performed. Results Mixture treated nets killed significantly (P < 0.05) more mosquitoes than solo alpha-cypermethrin nets, unwashed and washed. Proportionally, this equated to mortalities of 78 and 76% (for mixture nets) compared to only 17 and 10% (for solo alpha-cypermethrin) to An. gambiae, respectively. In contrast mixture net proportions were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from nets treated with chlorfenapyr 200 mg/m2 unwashed (86%). The washed and unwashed nets treated with the mixtures resulted in personal protection against An. gambiae s.l. biting 34 and 44%. In contrast the personal protection observed for washed and unwashed alpha-cypermethrin treated nets generated (14 and 24%), and chlorfenapyr solo treated net was rather low (22%). Conclusion Among all nets trialled, the combination of chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin on bed nets provided better mortality in phase II after 20 washes. Results suggest that this combination could be a potential insecticide resistance management tool for preventing malaria transmission in areas compromised by the spread of pyrethroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koama Bayili
- Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Universite Polytechnique de Bobo, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Severin N'do
- Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Universite Polytechnique de Bobo, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roger Sanou
- Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Ouattara
- Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anicet G Ouédraogo
- Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Universite Polytechnique de Bobo, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - David Malone
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium/Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Philbert A, Lyantagaye SL, Pradel G, Ngwa CJ, Nkwengulila G. Pyrethroids and DDT tolerance ofAnopheles gambiaes.l. from Sengerema District, an area of intensive pesticide usage in north-western Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:388-398. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Philbert
- Mkwawa University College of Education; Private bag Iringa Tanzania
| | | | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology; Institute of Zoology; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Che Julius Ngwa
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology; Institute of Zoology; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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Chouaïbou M, Kouadio FB, Tia E, Djogbenou L. First report of the East African kdr mutation in an Anopheles gambiae mosquito in Côte d'Ivoire. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:8. [PMID: 28317032 PMCID: PMC5351847 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10662.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The intensive use of insecticides in public health and agriculture has led to the development of insecticide resistances in malaria vectors across sub-Saharan Africa countries in the last two decades. The kdr target site point mutation which is among the best characterised resistance mechanisms seems to be changing its distribution patterns on the African continent. The 1014F kdr mutation originally described only in West Africa is spreading to East Africa while the 1014S kdr mutation originally described in East Africa, is spreading to West and Central Africa. However, the East-kdr mutation has not been reported in Côte d'Ivoire so far. Methods. Immature stages of Anopheles gambiae s.l. were collected from breeding sites at the outskirts of Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire. Emerging 3-5 day old adult female mosquitoes were tested for susceptibility to deltamethrin 0.05%, malathion 5%, bendiocarb 1% and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 4% according to WHO standard procedures. A total of 50 An. gambiae s.l. specimens were drawn at random for DNA extraction and identification down to the species level. A subsample of 30 mosquitoes was tested for the East-African kdr mutation using a Taqman assay. Results. The tested mosquito population appeared to be strongly resistant to deltamethrin (1.03% mortality), bendiocarb (38.46% mortality) and DDT (0% mortality) with probable resistance observed for malathion (92.47%). Among the 41 mosquitoes that were successfully characterized, An. coluzzii was predominant (68.3%) followed by An. gambiae s.s. (19.5%) and a few hybrids (7.3%). Out of 30 specimens genotyped for East-kdr, a single hybrid mosquito appeared to be heterozygous for the mutation. Conclusion. The present study revealed the presence of the East-kdr mutation in Côte d'Ivoire for the first time in An. gambiae and highlights the urgent need to start monitoring the allele and genotype frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamadou Chouaïbou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Fodjo Behi Kouadio
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.,Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Emmanuel Tia
- Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Benin.,Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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Coulibaly B, Kone R, Barry MS, Emerson B, Coulibaly MB, Niare O, Beavogui AH, Traore SF, Vernick KD, Riehle MM. Malaria vector populations across ecological zones in Guinea Conakry and Mali, West Africa. Malar J 2016; 15:191. [PMID: 27059057 PMCID: PMC4826509 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a pervasive public health problem in sub-Saharan West Africa. Here mosquito vector populations were explored across four sites in Mali and the Republic of Guinea (Guinea Conakry). The study samples the major ecological zones of malaria-endemic regions in West Africa within a relatively small distance. Methods Mosquito vectors were sampled from larval pools, adult indoor resting sites, and indoor and outdoor human-host seeking adults. Mosquitoes were collected at sites spanning 350 km that represented arid savannah, humid savannah, semi-forest and deep forest ecological zones, in areas where little was previously known about malaria vector populations. 1425 mosquito samples were analysed by molecular assays to determine species, genetic attributes, blood meal sources and Plasmodium infection status. Results Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii were the major anophelines represented in all collections across the ecological zones, with A. coluzzii predominant in the arid savannah and A. gambiae in the more humid sites. The use of multiple collection methodologies across the sampling sites allows assessment of potential collection bias of the different methods. The L1014F kdr insecticide resistance mutation (kdr-w) is found at high frequency across all study sites. This mutation appears to have swept almost to fixation, from low frequencies 6 years earlier, despite the absence of widespread insecticide use for vector control. Rates of human feeding are very high across ecological zones, with only small fractions of animal derived blood meals in the arid and humid savannah. About 30 % of freshly blood-fed mosquitoes were positive for Plasmodium falciparum presence, while the rate of mosquitoes with established infections was an order of magnitude lower. Conclusions The study represents detailed vector characterization from an understudied area in West Africa with endemic malaria transmission. The deep forest study site includes the epicenter of the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic. With new malaria control interventions planned in Guinea, these data provide a baseline measure and an opportunity to assess the outcome of future interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1242-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boubacar Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Raymond Kone
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Mafèrinyah, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Mamadou S Barry
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Mafèrinyah, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Becky Emerson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mamadou B Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Oumou Niare
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoul H Beavogui
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Mafèrinyah, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Sekou F Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Paris, France.
| | - Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Niang EHA, Konaté L, Diallo M, Faye O, Dia I. Patterns of insecticide resistance and knock down resistance (kdr) in malaria vectors An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae from sympatric areas in Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:71. [PMID: 26846990 PMCID: PMC4743422 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria vector control in Africa relies on insecticides targeting adult mosquito vectors via insecticide treated nets or indoor residual spraying. Despite the proven efficacy of these strategies, the emergence and rapid rise in insecticide resistance in malaria vectors raises many concerns about their sustainability. Therefore, the monitoring of insecticide resistance is essential for resistance management strategies implementation. We investigated the kdr mutation frequencies in 20 sympatric sites of An. arabiensis Patton, An. coluzzii Coetzee & Wilkerson and An. gambiae Giles and its importance in malaria vector control by evaluating the susceptibility to insecticides in four representative sites in Senegal. Methods Sibling species identification and kdr mutation detection were determined using polymerase chain reaction on mosquitoes collected using pyrethrum sprays collection in 20 sites belonging to two transects with differential insecticide selection pressure. The World Health Organization (WHO) tube test was used to determine phenotypic resistance of An. gambiae s.l. to DDT, deltamethrin, lambdacyholothrin, permethrin, bendiocarb and malathion in four representative sites. Results The L1014F kdr mutation was widely distributed and was predominant in An. gambiae in comparison to An. arabiensis and An. coluzzii. The bioassay tests showed a general trend with a resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and a susceptibility to organophosphate and carbamate according to WHO thresholds. For deltamethrin and permethrin, the two most used insecticides, no significant difference were observed either between the two transects or between mortality rates suggesting no differential selection pressures on malaria vectors. The study of the KD times showed similar trends as comparable levels of resistance were observed, the effect being more pronounced for permethrin. Conclusions Our study showed a widespread resistance of malaria vectors to DDT and pyrethroids and a widespread distribution of the 1014F kdr allele. These combined observations could suggest the involvement of the kdr mutation. The existence of other resistance mechanisms could not be ruled out as a proportion of mosquitoes did not harbour the kdr allele whereas the populations were fully resistant. The susceptibility to carbamate and organophosphate could be exploited as alternative for insecticide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Amadou Niang
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal. .,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.
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Niang A, Epopa PS, Sawadogo SP, Maïga H, Konaté L, Faye O, Dabiré RK, Tripet F, Diabaté A. Does extreme asymmetric dominance promote hybridization between Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae s.s. in seasonal malaria mosquito communities of West Africa? Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:586. [PMID: 26559354 PMCID: PMC4642620 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii are two of the most important malaria vector species in sub-Saharan Africa. These recently-diverged sibling species do not exhibit intrinsic post-zygotic barriers to reproduction and are thought to be separated by strong assortative mating combined with selection against hybrids. At present, little is known about the ecological conditions that determine hybridization and introgression between these cryptic taxa. Methods Swarm segregation and assortative mating were studied in Western Burkina Faso in the villages of Vallée du Kou (VK7) and Soumousso which differed in terms of which sibling species was much rarer than the other, and in Bana where both occurred in similar proportions. Swarms and pairs in copula were collected and genotyped, the proportion of intra and interspecific mating determined, and interspecific sperm transfer checked genetically. Females were collected through larval and adult indoor collections and genotyped or sexed-and-genotyped via a novel multiplex PCR. Results A total of 3,687 males and 220 females were collected and genotyped from 109 swarms. Only 3 swarms were composed of males from both species, and these were from the village of VK7 where An. gambiae s.s. was comparatively rare. Mixed-species pairs captured in copula were only detected in that area and made for 3.62 % and 100 % of mating pairs involving An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. individuals, respectively. The high An. gambiae s.s. cross-mating rate was mirrored by high rates of hybridizations estimated from female larvae and adults indoor collections. This contrasted with Soumousso, where despite being much less common than An. gambiae s.s., An. coluzzii males did not form mixed swarms, females were not found in interspecific swarms or copula and hybridization rates were low in both sibling species. Conclusions These data suggest that ecological conditions leading to rare An. gambiae s.s. in populations dominated by An. coluzzii may promote a breakdown of spatial swarm segregation and assortative mating between the two species. The lower overall hybridization rates observed at the larval and adult indoor stages compared to cross-mating rates support the idea that post-mating selection processes acting against hybrids may occur mostly prior to and/or at the early larval stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Niang
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Patric S Epopa
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Simon P Sawadogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Hamidou Maïga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Mitri C, Markianos K, Guelbeogo WM, Bischoff E, Gneme A, Eiglmeier K, Holm I, Sagnon N, Vernick KD, Riehle MM. The kdr-bearing haplotype and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae: genetic correlation and functional testing. Malar J 2015; 14:391. [PMID: 26445487 PMCID: PMC4596459 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the Anophelesgambiae species complex are primary vectors of human malaria in Africa. It is known that a large haplotype shared between An. gambiae and Anophelescoluzzii by introgression carries point mutations of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene para, including the L1014F kdr mutation associated with insensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides. Carriage of L1014F kdr is also correlated with higher susceptibility to infection with Plasmodium falciparum. However, the genetic mechanism and causative gene(s) underlying the parasite susceptibility phenotype are not known. Methods Mosquitoes from the wild Burkina Faso population were challenged by feeding on natural P. falciparum gametocytes. Oocyst infection phenotypes were determined and were tested for association with SNP genotypes. Candidate genes in the detected locus were prioritized and RNAi-mediated gene silencing was used to functionally test for gene effects on P. falciparum susceptibility. Results A genetic locus, Pfin6, was identified that influences infection levels of P. falciparum in mosquitoes. The locus segregates as a ~3 Mb haplotype carrying 65 predicted genes including the para gene. The haplotype carrying the kdr allele of para is linked to increased parasite infection prevalence, but many single nucleotide polymorphisms on the haplotype are also equally linked to the infection phenotype. Candidate genes in the haplotype were prioritized and functionally tested. Silencing of para did not influence P. falciparum infection, while silencing of a predicted immune gene, serine protease ClipC9, allowed development of significantly increased parasite numbers. Conclusions Genetic variation influencing Plasmodium infection in wild Anopheles is linked to a natural ~3 megabase haplotype on chromosome 2L that carries the kdr allele of the para gene. Evidence suggests that para gene function does not directly influence parasite susceptibility, and the association of kdr with infection may be due to tight linkage of kdr with other gene(s) on the haplotype. Further work will be required to determine if ClipC9 influences the outcome of P. falciparum infection in nature, as well as to confirm the absence of a direct influence by para. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0924-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mitri
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Kyriacos Markianos
- Program in Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Emmanuel Bischoff
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Awa Gneme
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Karin Eiglmeier
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Inge Holm
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - N'Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12081-6. [PMID: 26324912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510801112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance poses a significant and increasing threat to the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. We present a novel method of insecticide application based on netting treated with an electrostatic coating that binds insecticidal particles through polarity. Electrostatic netting can hold small amounts of insecticides effectively and results in enhanced bioavailability upon contact by the insect. Six pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles mosquito strains from across Africa were exposed to similar concentrations of deltamethrin on electrostatic netting or a standard long-lasting deltamethrin-coated bednet (PermaNet 2.0). Standard WHO exposure bioassays showed that electrostatic netting induced significantly higher mortality rates than the PermaNet, thereby effectively breaking mosquito resistance. Electrostatic netting also induced high mortality in resistant mosquito strains when a 15-fold lower dose of deltamethrin was applied and when the exposure time was reduced to only 5 s. Because different types of particles adhere to electrostatic netting, it is also possible to apply nonpyrethroid insecticides. Three insecticide classes were effective against strains of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, demonstrating that electrostatic netting can be used to deploy a wide range of active insecticides against all major groups of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Promising applications include the use of electrostatic coating on walls or eave curtains and in trapping/contamination devices. We conclude that application of electrostatically adhered particles boosts the efficacy of WHO-recommended insecticides even against resistant mosquitoes. This innovative technique has potential to support the use of unconventional insecticide classes or combinations thereof, potentially offering a significant step forward in managing insecticide resistance in vector-control operations.
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Cisse MBM, Keita C, Dicko A, Dengela D, Coleman J, Lucas B, Mihigo J, Sadou A, Belemvire A, George K, Fornadel C, Beach R. Characterizing the insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae in Mali. Malar J 2015; 14:327. [PMID: 26296644 PMCID: PMC4546276 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs), key components of the national malaria control strategy of Mali, is threatened by vector insecticide resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the level of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations from Mali against four classes of insecticide recommended for IRS: organochlorines (OCs), pyrethroids (PYs), carbamates (CAs) and organophosphates (OPs). Characterization of resistance was done in 13 sites across southern Mali and assessed presence and distribution of physiological mechanisms that included target-site modifications: knockdown resistance (kdr) and altered acetycholinesterase (AChE), and/or metabolic mechanisms: elevated esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and monooxygenases. METHODS The World Health Organization (WHO) tube test was used to determine phenotypic resistance of An. gambiae s.l. to: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (OC), deltamethrin (PY), lambda-cyhalothrin (PY), bendiocarb (CA), and fenitrothion (OP). Identification of sibling species and presence of the ace-1 (R) and Leu-Phe kdr, resistance-associated mutations, were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect increased activity of GSTs, oxidases and esterases. RESULTS Populations tested showed high levels of resistance to DDT in all 13 sites, as well as increased resistance to deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in 12 out of 13 sites. Resistance to fenitrothion and bendiocarb was detected in 1 and 4 out of 13 sites, respectively. Anopheles coluzzii, An. gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis were identified with high allelic frequencies of kdr in all sites where each of the species were found (13, 12 and 10 sites, respectively). Relatively low allelic frequencies of ace-1 (R) were detected in four sites where this assessment was conducted. Evidence of elevated insecticide metabolism, based on oxidase, GSTs and esterase detoxification, was also documented. CONCLUSION Multiple insecticide-resistance mechanisms have evolved in An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis in Mali. These include at least two target site modifications: kdr, and ace-1 (R) , as well as elevated metabolic detoxification systems (monooxygenases and esterases). The selection pressure for resistance could have risen from the use of these insecticides in agriculture, as well as in public health. Resistance management strategies, based on routine resistance monitoring to inform insecticide-based malaria vector control in Mali, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa B M Cisse
- PMI Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Abt Associates, Mali, Cite du Niger. BP: 34, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Chitan Keita
- PMI Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Abt Associates, Mali, Cite du Niger. BP: 34, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Abdourhamane Dicko
- National Malaria Control Programme, Badalabougou, Rue 108 Porte 106, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Dereje Dengela
- PMI Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Abt Associates, 4550 Montgomery Ave, Suite 800 North, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Jane Coleman
- PMI Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Abt Associates, 4550 Montgomery Ave, Suite 800 North, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Bradford Lucas
- PMI Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Abt Associates, 4550 Montgomery Ave, Suite 800 North, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Jules Mihigo
- President's Malaria Initiative USAID, ACI2000, Rue 243, Porte 297-BP 34, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Aboubacar Sadou
- President's Malaria Initiative USAID, ACI2000, Rue 243, Porte 297-BP 34, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Allison Belemvire
- President's Malaria Initiative USAID, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Kristen George
- President's Malaria Initiative USAID, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Christen Fornadel
- President's Malaria Initiative USAID, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Raymond Beach
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
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Mosqueira B, Soma DD, Namountougou M, Poda S, Diabaté A, Ali O, Fournet F, Baldet T, Carnevale P, Dabiré RK, Mas-Coma S. Pilot study on the combination of an organophosphate-based insecticide paint and pyrethroid-treated long lasting nets against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors in Burkina Faso. Acta Trop 2015; 148:162-9. [PMID: 25959771 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A pilot study to test the efficacy of combining an organophosphate-based insecticide paint and pyrethroid-treated Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLINs) against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vector mosquitoes was performed in a real village setting in Burkina Faso. Paint Inesfly 5A IGR™, comprised of two organophosphates (OPs) and an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR), was tested in combination with pyrethroid-treated LLINs. Efficacy was assessed in terms of mortality for 12 months using Early Morning Collections of malaria vectors and 30-minute WHO bioassays. Resistance to pyrethroids and OPs was assessed by detecting the frequency of L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations and Ace-1(R)G119S mutation, respectively. Blood meal origin was identified using a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The combination of Inesfly 5A IGR™ and LLINs was effective in killing 99.9-100% of malaria vector populations for 6 months regardless of the dose and volume treated. After 12 months, mortality rates decreased to 69.5-82.2%. The highest mortality rates observed in houses treated with 2 layers of insecticide paint and a larger volume. WHO bioassays supported these results: mortalities were 98.8-100% for 6 months and decreased after 12 months to 81.7-97.0%. Mortality rates in control houses with LLINs were low. Collected malaria vectors consisted exclusively of Anopheles coluzzii and were resistant to pyrethroids, with a L1014 kdr mutation frequency ranging from 60 to 98% through the study. About 58% of An. coluzzii collected inside houses had bloodfed on non-human animals. Combining Inesfly 5A IGR™ and LLINs yielded a one year killing efficacy against An. coluzzii highly resistant to pyrethroids but susceptible to OPs that exhibited an anthropo-zoophilic behaviour in the study area. The results obtained in a real setting supported previous work performed in experimental huts and underscore the need to study the impact that this novel strategy may have on clinical malaria and malaria exposure in children in a similar area of high pyrethroid resistance in South-Western Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mosqueira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Dieudonné D Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso.
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso.
| | - Serge Poda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso.
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso.
| | - Ouari Ali
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso.
| | - Florence Fournet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Thierry Baldet
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pierre Carnevale
- Immeuble Le Majoral, Avenue de la Tramontane, 34420 Portiragnes Plage, France.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso.
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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Koama B, Namountougou M, Sanou R, Ndo S, Ouattara A, Dabiré RK, Malone D, Diabaté A. The sterilizing effect of pyriproxyfen on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: physiological impact on ovaries development. Malar J 2015; 14:101. [PMID: 25880844 PMCID: PMC4355148 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult females An. gambiae were exposed in 3 min cone test to treated nets with PPF before or after they were blood fed. The effects of PPF on ovaries development, females oviposition and eggs hatching were assessed. Both unfed and fed mosquitoes exposed to PPF exhibited nearly complete inhibition of fecundity (70-100%) and fertility (90-100%). After females have been exposed once to PPF, the sterilizing effect on their fecundity was observed over 3 consecutive blood meals suggesting that PPF might have an irreversible sterilizing effect. Observation of the ovaries of exposed females to PPF under microscope revealed that the ovaries failed to develop even after several blood meals. The combination of PPF to pyrethroids on bednets could provide better malaria control tool and prevent the further development and spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayili Koama
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. .,Universite Polytechnique de Bobo, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Roger Sanou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Sévérin Ndo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Abdoulaye Ouattara
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - David Malone
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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Adaptive introgression in an African malaria mosquito coincident with the increased usage of insecticide-treated bed nets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:815-20. [PMID: 25561525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418892112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal species adapt to changes in their environment, including man-made changes such as the introduction of insecticides, through selection for advantageous genes already present in populations or newly arisen through mutation. A possible alternative mechanism is the acquisition of adaptive genes from related species via a process known as adaptive introgression. Differing levels of insecticide resistance between two African malaria vectors, Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae, have been attributed to assortative mating between the two species. In a previous study, we reported two bouts of hybridization observed in the town of Selinkenyi, Mali in 2002 and 2006. These hybridization events did not appear to be directly associated with insecticide-resistance genes. We demonstrate that during a brief breakdown in assortative mating in 2006, A. coluzzii inherited the entire A. gambiae-associated 2L divergence island, which includes a suite of insecticide-resistance alleles. In this case, introgression was coincident with the start of a major insecticide-treated bed net distribution campaign in Mali. This suggests that insecticide exposure altered the fitness landscape, favoring the survival of A. coluzzii/A. gambiae hybrids, and provided selection pressure that swept the 2L divergence island through A. coluzzii populations in Mali. We propose that the work described herein presents a unique description of the temporal dynamics of adaptive introgression in an animal species and represents a mechanism for the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in this important vector of human malaria in Africa.
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Silva APB, Santos JMM, Martins AJ. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:450. [PMID: 25292318 PMCID: PMC4283120 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. One of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. The voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) is the target of pyrethroids and DDT insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultural and veterinary importance, such as anophelines. It has been reported that the presence of a few non-silent point mutations in the NaV gene are associated with pyrethroid resistance, termed as 'kdr' (knockdown resistance) for preventing the knockdown effect of these insecticides. The presence of these mutations, as well as their effects, has been thoroughly studied in Anopheles mosquitoes. So far, kdr mutations have already been detected in at least 13 species (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles paraliae, Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles albimanus) from populations of African, Asian and, more recently, American continents. Seven mutational variants (L1014F, L1014S, L1014C, L1014W, N1013S, N1575Y and V1010L) were described, with the highest prevalence of L1014F, which occurs at the 1014 site in NaV IIS6 domain. The increase of frequency and distribution of kdr mutations clearly shows the importance of this mechanism in the process of pyrethroid resistance. In this sense, several species-specific and highly sensitive methods have been designed in order to genotype individual mosquitoes for kdr in large scale, which may serve as important tolls for monitoring the dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in natural populations. We also briefly discuss investigations concerning the course of Plasmodium infection in kdr individuals. Considering the limitation of insecticides available for employment in public health campaigns and the absence of a vaccine able to brake the life cycle of the malaria parasites, the use of pyrethroids is likely to remain as the main strategy against mosquitoes by either indoor residual spraying (IR) and insecticide treated nets (ITN). Therefore, monitoring insecticide resistance programs is a crucial need in malaria endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula B Silva
- />Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Joselita Maria M Santos
- />Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Ademir J Martins
- />Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dabiré RK, Namountougou M, Diabaté A, Soma DD, Bado J, Toé HK, Bass C, Combary P. Distribution and frequency of kdr mutations within Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations and first report of the ace.1 G119S mutation in Anopheles arabiensis from Burkina Faso (West Africa). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101484. [PMID: 25077792 PMCID: PMC4117487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An entomological survey was carried out at 15 sites dispersed throughout the three eco-climatic regions of Burkina Faso (West Africa) in order to assess the current distribution and frequency of mutations that confer resistance to insecticides in An. gambiae s.l. populations in the country. Both knockdown (kdr) resistance mutation variants (L1014F and L1014S), that confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, were identified concomitant with the ace-1 G119S mutation confirming the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms in the An. gambiae complex in Burkina Faso. Compared to the last survey, the frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation appears to have remained largely stable and relatively high in all species. In contrast, the distribution and frequency of the L1014S mutation has increased significantly in An. gambiae s.l. across much of the country. Furthermore we report, for the first time, the identification of the ace.1 G116S mutation in An. arabiensis populations collected at 8 sites. This mutation, which confers resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, has been reported previously only in the An. gambiae S and M molecular forms. This finding is significant as organophosphates and carbamates are used in indoor residual sprays (IRS) to control malaria vectors as complementary strategies to the use of pyrethroid impregnated bednets. The occurrence of the three target-site resistance mutations in both An. gambiae molecular forms and now An. arabiensis has significant implications for the control of malaria vector populations in Burkina Faso and for resistance management strategies based on the rotation of insecticides with different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roch K. Dabiré
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail:
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dieudonné D. Soma
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Joseph Bado
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hyacinthe K. Toé
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bass
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Patrice Combary
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Weetman D, Steen K, Rippon EJ, Mawejje HD, Donnelly MJ, Wilding CS. Contemporary gene flow between wild An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:345. [PMID: 25060488 PMCID: PMC4124135 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In areas where the morphologically indistinguishable malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae Giles and An. arabiensis Patton are sympatric, hybrids are detected occasionally via species-diagnostic molecular assays. An. gambiae and An. arabiensis exhibit both pre- and post-reproductive mating barriers, with swarms largely species-specific and male F1 (first-generation) hybrids sterile. Consequently advanced-stage hybrids (back-crosses to parental species), which would represent a route for potentially-adaptive introgression, are expected to be very rare in natural populations. Yet the use of one or two physically linked single-locus diagnostic assays renders them indistinguishable from F1 hybrids and levels of interspecific gene flow are unknown. Methods We used data from over 350 polymorphic autosomal SNPs to investigate post F1 gene flow via patterns of genomic admixture between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis from eastern Uganda. Simulations were used to investigate the statistical power to detect hybrids with different levels of crossing and to identify the hybrid category significantly admixed genotypes could represent. Results A range of admixture proportions were detected for 11 field-collected hybrids identified via single-locus species-diagnostic PCRs. Comparison of admixture data with simulations indicated that at least seven of these hybrids were advanced generation crosses, with backcrosses to each species identified. In addition, of 36 individuals typing as An. gambiae or An. arabiensis that exhibited outlying admixture proportions, ten were identified as significantly mixed backcrosses, and at least four of these were second or third generation crosses. Conclusions Our results show that hybrids detected using standard diagnostics will often be hybrid generations beyond F1, and that in our study area around 5% (95% confidence intervals 3%-9%) of apparently ‘pure’ species samples may also be backcrosses. This is likely an underestimate because of rapidly-declining detection power beyond the first two backcross generations. Post-F1 gene flow occurs at a far from inconsequential rate between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, and, especially for traits under strong selection, could readily lead to adaptive introgression of genetic variants relevant for vector control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-345) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Craig S Wilding
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
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White MT, Lwetoijera D, Marshall J, Caron-Lormier G, Bohan DA, Denholm I, Devine GJ. Negative cross resistance mediated by co-treated bed nets: a potential means of restoring pyrethroid-susceptibility to malaria vectors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95640. [PMID: 24788951 PMCID: PMC4006834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spray programs for malaria control are entirely dependent on pyrethroid insecticides. The ubiquitous exposure of Anopheles mosquitoes to this chemistry has selected for resistance in a number of populations. This threatens the sustainability of our most effective interventions but no operationally practicable way of resolving the problem currently exists. One innovative solution involves the co-application of a powerful chemosterilant (pyriproxyfen or PPF) to bed nets that are usually treated only with pyrethroids. Resistant mosquitoes that are unaffected by the pyrethroid component of a PPF/pyrethroid co-treatment remain vulnerable to PPF. There is a differential impact of PPF on pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible mosquitoes that is modulated by the mosquito's behavioural response at co-treated surfaces. This imposes a specific fitness cost on pyrethroid-resistant phenotypes and can reverse selection. The concept is demonstrated using a mathematical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. White
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Marshall
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A. Bohan
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle ECOLDUR, Dijon, France
| | - Ian Denholm
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gregor J. Devine
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Assogba BS, Djogbénou L, Saizonou J, Diabaté A, Dabiré RK, Moiroux N, Gilles JR, Makoutodé M, Baldet T. Characterization of swarming and mating behaviour between Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles melas in a sympatry area of Benin. Acta Trop 2014; 132 Suppl:S53-63. [PMID: 24113221 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The swarm structure of two sibling species, Anopheles gambiae coluzzii and Anopheles melas, was characterize to explore the ecological and environmental parameters associated with the formation of swarms and their spatial distribution. Swarms and breeding sites were searched and sampled between January and December 2010, and larval and adult samples were identified by PCR. During the dry season, 456 swarms of An. gambiae s.l. were sampled from 38 swarm sites yielding a total of 23,274 males and 76 females. Of these 38 swarming sites, 18 were composed exclusively of An. gambiae coluzzii and 20 exclusively of An. melas, presenting clear evidence of reproductive swarm segregation. The species makeup of couples sampled from swarms also demonstrated assortative mating. The swarm site localization was close to human dwellings in the case of the An. gambiae coluzzii and on salt production sites for An. melas. At the peak of the rainy season, swarms of An. melas were absent. These findings offer evidence that the ecological speciation of these two sibling species of mosquitoes is associated with spatial swarm segregation and assortative mating, providing strong support for the hypothesis that mate recognition is currently maintaining adaptive differentiation and promoting ecological speciation. Further studies on the swarming and mating systems of An. gambiae, with the prospect of producing a predictive model of swarm distribution, are needed to inform any future efforts to implement strategies based on the use of GMM or SIT.
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Bossou AD, Mangelinckx S, Yedomonhan H, Boko PM, Akogbeto MC, De Kimpe N, Avlessi F, Sohounhloue DCK. Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of plant essential oils from Benin against Anopheles gambiae (Giles). Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:337. [PMID: 24298981 PMCID: PMC3866997 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance in sub-Saharan Africa and especially in Benin is a major public health issue hindering the control of the malaria vectors. Each Anopheles species has developed a resistance to one or several classes of the insecticides currently in use in the field. Therefore, it is urgent to find alternative compounds to conquer the vector. In this study, the efficacies of essential oils of nine plant species, which are traditionally used to avoid mosquito bites in Benin, were investigated. Methods Essential oils of nine plant species were extracted by hydrodistillation, and their chemical compositions were identified by GC-MS. These oils were tested on susceptible “kisumu” and resistant “ladji-Cotonou” strains of Anopheles gambiae, following WHO test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes. Results Different chemical compositions were obtained from the essential oils of the plant species. The major constituents identified were as follows: neral and geranial for Cymbopogon citratus, Z-carveol, E-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol and E-p-mentha-2,8-dienol for Cymbopogon giganteus, piperitone for Cymbopogon schoenanthus, citronellal and citronellol for Eucalyptus citriodora, p-cymene, caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol for Eucalyptus tereticornis, 3-tetradecanone for Cochlospermum tinctorium and Cochlospermum planchonii, methyl salicylate for Securidaca longepedunculata and ascaridole for Chenopodium ambrosioides. The diagnostic dose was 0.77% for C. citratus, 2.80% for E. tereticornis, 3.37% for E. citriodora, 4.26% for C. ambrosioides, 5.48% for C. schoenanthus and 7.36% for C. giganteus. The highest diagnostic doses were obtained with S. longepedunculata (9.84%), C. tinctorium (11.56%) and C. planchonii (15.22%), compared to permethrin 0.75%. A. gambiae cotonou, which is resistant to pyrethroids, showed significant tolerance to essential oils from C. tinctorium and S. longepedunculata as expected but was highly susceptible to all the other essential oils at the diagnostic dose. Conclusions C. citratus, E. tereticornis, E. citriodora, C. ambrosioides and C. schoenanthus are potential promising plant sources for alternative compounds to pyrethroids, for the control of the Anopheles malaria vector in Benin. The efficacy of their essential oils is possibly based on their chemical compositions in which major and/or minor compounds have reported insecticidal activities on various pests and disease vectors such as Anopheles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 2009, Bénin.
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Abuelmaali SA, Elaagip AH, Basheer MA, Frah EA, Ahmed FTA, Elhaj HFA, Seidahmed OME, Weetman D, Mahdi Abdel Hamid M. Impacts of agricultural practices on insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Khartoum State, Sudan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80549. [PMID: 24260414 PMCID: PMC3832379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Agricultural pesticides may play a profound role in selection of resistance in field populations of mosquito vectors. The objective of this study is to investigate possible links between agricultural pesticide use and development of resistance to insecticides by the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in northern Sudan. Methodology/Principal Findings Entomological surveys were conducted during two agricultural seasons in six urban and peri-urban sites in Khartoum state. Agro-sociological data were collected from 240 farmers subjected to semi-structured questionnaires based on knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) surveys. Susceptibility status of An. arabiensis (n=6000) was assessed in all sites and during each season using WHO bioassay tests to DDT, deltamethrin, permethrin, Malathion and bendiocarb. KAP analysis revealed that pesticide application was common practice among both urban and peri-urban farmers, with organophosphates and carbamates most commonly used. Selection for resistance is likely to be greater in peri-urban sites where farmers apply pesticide more frequently and are less likely to dispose of surpluses correctly. Though variable among insecticides and seasons, broad-spectrum mortality was slightly, but significantly higher in urban than peri-urban sites and most marked for bendiocarb, to which susceptibility was lowest. Anopheles arabiensis from all sites showed evidence of resistance or suspected resistance, especially pyrethroids. However, low-moderate frequencies of the L1014F kdr allele in all sites, which was very strongly associated with DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin survivorship (OR=6.14-14.67) suggests that resistance could increase rapidly. Conclusions Ubiquitous multiple-resistance coupled with presence of a clear mechanism for DDT and pyrethroids (kdr L1014F) in populations of An. arabiensis from Khartoum-Sudan suggests careful insecticide management is essential to prolong efficacy. Our findings are consistent with agricultural insecticide use as a source of selection for resistance and argue for coordination between the integrated vector control program and the Ministry of Agriculture to permit successful implementation of rational resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Abuelmaali
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
- * E-mail:
| | - Arwa H. Elaagip
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohammed A. Basheer
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ehab A. Frah
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fayez T. A. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hassabelrasoul F. A. Elhaj
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Osama M. E. Seidahmed
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Mawejje HD, Wilding CS, Rippon EJ, Hughes A, Weetman D, Donnelly MJ. Insecticide resistance monitoring of field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Jinja, eastern Uganda, identifies high levels of pyrethroid resistance. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 27:276-283. [PMID: 23046446 PMCID: PMC3543752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) threatens insecticide-based control efforts, necessitating regular monitoring. We assessed resistance in field-collected An. gambiae s.l. from Jinja, Uganda using World Health Organization (WHO) bioassays. Only An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis (≈70%) were present. Female An. gambiae exhibited extremely high pyrethroid resistance (permethrin LT50 > 2 h; deltamethrin LT50 > 5 h). Female An. arabiensis were resistant to permethrin and exhibited reduced susceptibility to deltamethrin. However, while An. gambiae were DDT resistant, An. arabiensis were fully susceptible. Both species were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion. Kdr 1014S has increased rapidly in the Jinja population of An. gambiae s.s. and now approaches fixation (≈95%), consistent with insecticide-mediated selection, but is currently at a low frequency in An. arabiensis (0.07%). Kdr 1014F was also at a low frequency in An. gambiae. These frequencies preclude adequately-powered tests for an association with phenotypic resistance. PBO synergist bioassays resulted in near complete recovery of pyrethroid susceptibility suggesting involvement of CYP450s in resistance. A small number (0.22%) of An. gambiae s.s. ×An. arabiensis hybrids were found, suggesting the possibility of introgression of resistance alleles between species. The high levels of pyrethroid resistance encountered in Jinja threaten to reduce the efficacy of vector control programmes which rely on pyrethroid-impregnated bednets or indoor spraying of pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig S. Wilding
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Emily J. Rippon
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Angela Hughes
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Aïzoun N, Aïkpon R, Padonou GG, Oussou O, Oké-Agbo F, Gnanguenon V, Ossè R, Akogbéto M. Mixed-function oxidases and esterases associated with permethrin, deltamethrin and bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in the south-north transect Benin, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:223. [PMID: 23919515 PMCID: PMC3750545 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. The current study aimed at an exploring the involvement of detoxifying enzymes in the insecticide phenotype resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l.from Benin, in order to guide future malaria vector control interventions. Methods Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Oueme, Atacora and Alibori provinces. CDC susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed female mosquitoes aged 2–5 days old. CDC bioassays were performed with stock solutions of permethrin (21.5 μg per bottle), deltamethrin (12.5 μg per bottle) and bendiocarb (12.5 μg per bottle). CDC biochemical assays using synergists were also conducted to assess the metabolic resistance. Results The susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae Agbalilame and Kandi populations to permethrin and deltamethrin respectively, increased significantly when synergized by PBO, suggesting an implication of mono-oxygenases in resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to pyrethroid. Esterases may play a role in bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae Tanguieta. Conclusion Synergists partially restored susceptibility to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides and might help mitigate the impact of vector resistance in Anopheles gambiae Agbalilame, Kandi and Tanguieta populations. However, additional vector control tools are needed to further impact on malaria transmission in such settings.This will improve the implementation and management of future control programs against this important malaria vector in Benin and in Africa in general.
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Diabaté A, Bilgo E, Dabiré RK, Tripet F. Environmentally friendly tool to control mosquito populations without risk of insecticide resistance: the Lehmann's funnel entry trap. Malar J 2013; 12:196. [PMID: 23758904 PMCID: PMC3701513 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current malaria control strategies have cut down the malaria burden in many endemic areas, however the emergence and rapid spread of insecticide and drug resistance undermine the success of these efforts. There is growing concern that malaria eradication will not be achieved without the introduction of novel control tools. One approach that has been developed in the last few years is based on house screening to reduce indoor mosquito vector densities and consequently decrease malaria transmission. Here screening and trapping were combined in one tool to control mosquito populations. The trap does not require an insecticide or even an attractant, yet it effectively collects incoming resistant and susceptible mosquitoes and kills them. RESULTS Performance of the funnel entry trap was tested in low and high malaria vector density areas. An overall reduction of 70 to 80% of mosquito density was seen in both. Species and molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae identification indicated no variation in the number of Anopheles arabiensis and the molecular forms of An. gambiae between houses and traps. Mosquitoes collected in the traps and in houses were highly resistant to pyrethroids (0.9 kdr-based mechanism). CONCLUSION There is a global consensus that new intervention tools are needed to cross the last miles in malaria elimination/eradication. The funnel entry trap showed excellent promise in suppressing mosquito densities even in area of high insecticide resistance. It requires no chemicals and is self-operated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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de Souza DK, Koudou BG, Bolay FK, Boakye DA, Bockarie MJ. Filling the gap 115 years after Ronald Ross: the distribution of the Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae s.s from Freetown and Monrovia, West Africa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64939. [PMID: 23741429 PMCID: PMC3669227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It was in Freetown, Sierra Leone, that the malaria mosquito Anopheles coastalis, now known as Anopheles gambiae, was first discovered as the vector of malaria, in 1899. That discovery led to a pioneering vector research in Sierra Leone and neighbouring Liberia, where mosquito species were extensively characterized. Unfortunately, the decade long civil conflicts of the 1990s, in both countries, resulted in a stagnation of the once vibrant research on disease vectors. This paper attempts to fill in some of the gaps on what is now known of the distribution of the sibling species of the An. gambiae complex, and especially the An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s, formerly known as the An. gambiae molecular M and S forms respectively, in the cities of Freetown and Monrovia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dziedzom K. de Souza
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin G. Koudou
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
| | - Fatorma K. Bolay
- Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia
| | - Daniel A. Boakye
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Moses J. Bockarie
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Musasia FK, Isaac AO, Masiga DK, Omedo IA, Mwakubambanya R, Ochieng R, Mireji PO. Sex-specific induction of CYP6 cytochrome P450 genes in cadmium and lead tolerant Anopheles gambiae. Malar J 2013; 12:97. [PMID: 23497268 PMCID: PMC3601984 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles gambiae, one of the main Afro-tropical mosquito vector of malaria, has adapted to heavy metals in its natural habitat, and developed resistance to most conventional insecticides. Investigations were conducted to establish an association between tolerance to cadmium or lead-heavy metals, and expression of specific genes for cytochrome p450 enzymes associated with pyrethroid resistance in the mosquito. METHODS Juvenile aquatic stages of the mosquito were selected for tolerance to cadmiun or lead through chronic exposure of the stages to maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATCs) of the metals. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), three replicates each of male or female cadmium or lead-tolerant individuals and relevant controls were separately screened for expression of CYP6M2, CYP6P3 and CYP6Z1 genes. The variance in expression levels of the genes amongst the treatments was compared by ANOVA statistical tool. RESULTS Expressions of all the genes were significantly lower (P <0.05) in females than in males. Within gender, there 1.3 - 2.3 or 3.1-4.2-fold reduction in expression of the genes in cadmium or lead selected than respective control populations. Expression of all the classes of gene was elevated in cadmium selected female populations relative to their respective controls. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that tolerance to cadmium or lead in the mosquito can influence response in cytochrome p450 genes associated with metabolism of pyrethroids in the mosquito in a sex-specific manner. This can, in turn, affect sensitivity of the mosquito to pyrethroids and other xenobiotics associated with these genes, with potential implications in mosquito vector control operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia K Musasia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alfred O Isaac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene A Omedo
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053–00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ramadhan Mwakubambanya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Richard Ochieng
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Namountougou M, Diabaté A, Etang J, Bass C, Sawadogo SP, Gnankinié O, Baldet T, Martin T, Chandre F, Simard F, Dabiré RK. First report of the L1014S kdr mutation in wild populations of Anopheles gambiae M and S molecular forms in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Acta Trop 2013; 125:123-7. [PMID: 23128044 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations in malaria vector populations in Burkina Faso (West Africa). A cross-sectional survey was conducted at 10 sites all located in cotton cultivation areas which are assumed to be the major insecticide resistance selection foci in Burkina Faso. The hot ligation method was used to detect the two kdr mutations in field collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. samples. For the first time in Burkina Faso the L1014S mutation was identified in both M and S forms of An. gambiae s.s. populations collected from the site of Koupela in the central-eastern region at low frequency. Furthermore, the L1014S mutation was also found in one specimen of An. arabiensis collected from the Dano site. The data generated in this study provides additional evidence of the spread of the L1014S mutation into An. gambiae s.l. populations in West Africa. It is now important to evaluate the role of the L1014S mutation in the pyrethroid resistance phenotype and assess its potential impact on the efficacy of pyrethroid-based control measures in West Africa where several resistance mutations now coexist.
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Bigoga JD, Ndangoh DN, Awono-Ambene PH, Patchoke S, Fondjo E, Leke RGF. Pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae from the rubber cultivated area of Niete, South Region of Cameroon. Acta Trop 2012; 124:210-4. [PMID: 22935317 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anti-vector intervention remains the most effective way of controlling malaria. Although in Cameroon and elsewhere focus is on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying, the efficacy of both methods greatly depends on the continuing susceptibility of the vectors to the insecticides used. The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vectors constitute a huge challenge to control programmes. Consequently, routine monitoring and evaluation of vector resistance status to insecticides are mandatory for early detection of resistance should it arise, and effectively planning future anti-vector interventions especially in areas reputed for routine application in agriculture. The WHO bioassay kit was used to determine the susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to seven insecticides belonging to four classes (organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroids) in Niete, an area of intense rubber cultivation in southern forested Cameroon. Species and molecular forms of An. gambiae s.l. as well as the presence of knock down resistance (kdr) mutations were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. All Anopheles tested was identified as An. gambiae s.s. and of the M molecular form. Based on WHO classification, while the mosquitoes were fully (100%) susceptible to malathion and bendiocarb, resistance was confirmed to DDT and the pyrethroids, permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. The other pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cyfluthrin) showed signs of developing resistance. Resistance to DDT and pyrethroids is indicative of existing cross resistance mechanisms between these insecticides. The increase in knockdown times was greater than twofold that of the reference susceptible strain, suggesting the possible involvement of kdr mutations, also confirmed in this study. The findings highlight the need for constant evaluation, re-evaluation and monitoring of the insecticides for malaria vector control in Cameroon. However, bendiocarb and malathion can be used and may require alternation or combination with insecticides of other classes to better manage the occurrence and spread of resistance in Niete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude D Bigoga
- Biotechnology Center, Nkolbisson, Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Namountougou M, Simard F, Baldet T, Diabaté A, Ouédraogo JB, Martin T, Dabiré RK. Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Burkina Faso, West Africa. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189131 PMCID: PMC3506617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria control programs are being jeopardized by the spread of insecticide resistance in mosquito vector populations. The situation in Burkina Faso is emblematic with Anopheles gambiae populations showing high levels of resistance to most available compounds. Although the frequency of insecticide target-site mutations including knockdown resistance (kdr) and insensitive acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1R) alleles has been regularly monitored in the area, it is not known whether detoxifying enzymes contribute to the diversity of resistance phenotypes observed in the field. Here, we propose an update on the phenotypic diversity of insecticide resistance in An. gambiae populations sampled from 10 sites in Burkina Faso in 2010. Susceptibility to deltamethrin, permethrin, DDT, bendiocarb and fenithrotion was assessed. Test specimens (N = 30 per locality) were identified to species and molecular form and their genotype at the kdr and Ace-1 loci was determined. Detoxifying enzymes activities including non-specific esterases (NSEs), oxydases (cytochrome P450) and Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) were measured on single mosquitoes (N = 50) from each test locality and compared with the An. gambiae Kisumu susceptible reference strain. In all sites, mosquitoes demonstrated multiple resistance phenotypes, showing reduced mortality to several insecticidal compounds at the same time, although with considerable site-to-site variation. Both the kdr 1014L and Ace-1R 119S resistant alleles were detected in the M and the S forms of An. gambiae, and were found together in specimens of the S form. Variation in detoxifying enzyme activities was observed within and between vector populations. Elevated levels of NSEs and GSTs were widespread, suggesting multiple resistance mechanisms segregate within An. gambiae populations from this country. By documenting the extent and diversity of insecticide resistance phenotypes and the putative combination of their underlying mechanisms in An. gambiae mosquitoes, our work prompts for new alternative strategies to be urgently developed for the control of major malaria vectors in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Namountougou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, West Africa.
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