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Glozah FN, Tabong PTN, Bazant E, Asampong E, Hornuvo R, Nwameme A, Peprah NY, Chandi GM, Adongo PB, Dako-Gyeke P. Implementation and effectiveness outcomes of Community Health Advocacy Teams to improve long-lasting insecticide net distribution and use in six districts in Ghana: A one-group pre-post-test study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002123. [PMID: 38557578 PMCID: PMC10984411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Malaria remains a leading cause of illness and death especially among children and pregnant women in Ghana. Despite the efforts made by the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP), including distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) to households through periodic Point Mass Distribution (PMD) campaigns and continuous channels (antenatal, schools and postnatal), there is a gap between access and use of LLINs in Ghana. An effective and functional community-based group that would seek to improve the effectiveness of LLIN distribution before, during, after PMD Campaigns and continuous distribution at the community level could help address this gap. This paper assesses the implementation outcomes and short-term effectiveness of the pilot implementation of co-created community health advocacy teams (CHAT) intervention in Ghanaian communities to plan and implement campaigns to increase LLIN use. The study employed a one-group pre-post study design and measured implementation outcomes (acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility) and effectiveness outcomes (LLIN awareness, LLIN access, willingness to purchase LLIN, and LLIN use) among 800 community households. The CHAT intervention was implemented for four months across six districts in the Eastern and Volta regions of Ghana. The data were downloaded directly from REDCap and analyzed statistically (descriptive and McNemar test of association) using SPSS 22 software. After the implementation period, the majority of respondents in all six districts indicated that the CHAT intervention was acceptable (89.8%), appropriate (89.5%), and feasible (90%). Also, there was a significant association between baseline and end-line assessment on all four effectiveness outcome measures. Household members' awareness of, access to, willingness to purchase, and use of LLINs increased significantly over the four-month period that the CHAT intervention was implemented. The study concludes that CHAT is an acceptable, appropriate, and feasible intervention for supporting the National Malaria Programme in LLIN PMD and for engaging in Social and Behaviour Change Communication activities through the continuous channels of distribution. Additionally, the CHAT demonstrates short-term effectiveness outcomes in terms of creating LLIN awareness, providing access to LLIN, and encouraging Ghanaian community members to be willing to purchase and use LLINs. Although the activities of CHAT members were largely voluntary, integration into the existing primary health care system will make it sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin N. Glozah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eva Bazant
- Health Campaign Effectiveness Coalition, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ruby Hornuvo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adanna Nwameme
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Gloria M. Chandi
- Ghana Health Service, Ga North Municipal Health Directorate, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Baba Adongo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Mohammed TI, Yang B, Wang K, Cheng Y. Determination of knowledge, attitude, and practice of Chinese and local people toward malaria prevention in Kano State, Nigeria. J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:2260. [PMID: 37441122 PMCID: PMC10334435 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, malaria is still a major public health issue in the world. Africa remains the most affected continent with the highest number of malaria cases and deaths. Since more than one thousand Chinese citizens are living in Nigeria, an examination of their knowledge, attitude, and practice compared with those of the local people may be essential for malaria prevention. This study adopted cross-sectional research. A total of 137 Chinese people and 299 local people residing in Kano State, Nigeria constituted the study subjects. A questionnaire was used for the collection of data on socio-demography and predictors of attitudes. The Cronbach alpha statistic was used to analyze these data. Insecticide spraying, mosquito repellents, and wearing protective clothing at night are the malaria preventive measures by both the local and Chinese people living in Kano state, Nigeria. However, there is a significant difference (P<0.05) between the two groups, with the duration of stay in Nigeria, the use of mosquitoes, attitude, and practices playing impactful roles among the Chinese people. Hence, Chinese people demonstrated better knowledge and control of malaria transmission and prevention than the local people living in Kano State. In conclusion, attitudes and practices toward malaria diseases are the major causes of the high rate of malaria in Nigeria, particularly in Kano State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafida Imam Mohammed
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu
| | - Bo Yang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu
| | - Kewei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu
- Department of Hospital Infection, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu
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Akello AR, Byagamy JP, Etajak S, Okadhi CS, Yeka A. Factors influencing consistent use of bed nets for the control of malaria among children under 5 years in Soroti District, North Eastern Uganda. Malar J 2022; 21:363. [PMID: 36461059 PMCID: PMC9716664 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of insecticide-treated bed nets has been proven to be effective in reducing malaria transmission in highly endemic areas. Use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has been embraced by many malaria endemic countries. LLINs are up to 95% effective in inhibiting blood feeding, when used consistently even after 7 years. The challenge, however, is enhancing their consistent use, especially by the most vulnerable groups (children under 5 years and pregnant women). The study established factors associated with consistent use of bed nets for malaria control among children under 5 years in Soroti district. METHODS The study employed a cross-sectional design, with multi-stage sampling of households. A total of 400 households (HH) were sampled and the HH head in each household interviewed. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with 7 key informants who were knowledgeable on the subject matter. Data analysis was done using SPSS 17.0 at Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariable levels; after entry and cleaning. Key informants' data were summarized manually; verbatim quotes and text used to reinforce quantitative data in line with objectives. RESULTS Only 56.8% of the 690 children under 5 years used bed nets consistently. The factors affecting consistent bed net use were age of the child, their use of bed nets the previous night, occupation of caretaker, respondents' perceived susceptibility, perceived risk of getting malaria, size and shape of the bed nets. Rectangular nets were difficult to hang daily in huts according to most key informants. CONCLUSION Consistent bed net use among under fives is still below the RBM target of 85% by 2015 and can be enhanced by providing conical bed nets and setting aside a health education programme to emphasize the effectiveness of even one mosquito in spreading malaria at night to the entire household and ability of bed nets to stop transmission better than other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ruth Akello
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, Lira, Uganda.
- Deprtment of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - John Paul Byagamy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, Lira, Uganda
| | - Samuel Etajak
- Deprtment of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Adoke Yeka
- Deprtment of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Moukénet A, Honoré B, Smith H, Moundiné K, Djonkamla WM, Richardson S, Dormbaye M, Ngarasta N, Seck I. Knowledge and social beliefs of malaria and prevention strategies among itinerant Nomadic Arabs, Fulanis and Dagazada groups in Chad: a mixed method study. Malar J 2022; 21:56. [PMID: 35183185 PMCID: PMC8858476 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nomadic populations in Chad are at increased risk of contracting malaria because of their lifestyle. Being highly mobile they are often excluded from disease control programmes, and access to preventive measures and treatment is more difficult. Effective malaria control interventions take account of local modes of transmission, patterns of care-seeking behaviour and community perceptions of cause and prevention practices. There is currently little information about malaria knowledge and perceptions among nomadic groups in Chad, or their awareness of malaria control interventions and this study sought to address this knowledge gap.
Methods
A mixed methods study, including a cross-sectional survey with men and women (n = 78) to determine the level of knowledge and use of malaria prevention strategies among Arabs, Peuls and Dagazada nomadic groups. Three focus group discussions were conducted with women to explore their representation of malaria and knowledge of preventive methods. Key informant interviews were held with leaders of nomadic groups (n = 6) to understand perception of malaria risk among itinerant communities.
Results
Nomads are aware of the risk of malaria, recognize the symptoms and have local explanations for the disease. Reported use of preventive interventions such as Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) for children and Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) of malaria in pregnancy was very low. However, 42.3% of respondents reported owning at least one LLIN and 60% said they slept under an LLIN the night before the survey. In case of a malaria episode, nomads seek clinicians, informal drug sellers in the street or market for self-medication, or traditional medicine depending on their financial means. Interviews with nomad leaders and discussions with women provide key themes on: (i) social representation of malaria risk and (ii) social representation of malaria and (iii) perspectives on malaria prevention and (iv) malaria treatment practices.
Conclusion
The nomadic groups included in this study are aware of risk of malaria and their level of exposure. Local interpretations of the cause of malaria could be addressed through tailored and appropriate health education. Except for LLINs, malaria prevention interventions are not well known or used. Financial barriers lowered access to both mosquito nets and malaria treatment. Reducing the barriers highlighted in this study will improve access to the healthcare system for nomadic groups, and increase the opportunity to create awareness of and improve uptake of SMC and IPT among women and children.
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Bahk YY, Cho SH, Park S, Kwon J, Kan H, Kim M, Na BK, Hong SJ, Kwon HW, Kim TS. Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Endemic Vivax Malaria in Inhabitants and Patients in Two Cities of Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2020. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:595-605. [PMID: 34974666 PMCID: PMC8721300 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the knowledges, attitudes and perceptions of different populations is key for public health policy makers. Here, a survey was performed on knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about malaria diagnosis, prevention, control, and treatment. The 407 survey participants included both uninfected inhabitants and patients from 2 cities (Gimpo- and Paju-si) of Northern Gyeonggi-do, known as high-risk areas for vivax malaria. We used community-based study design and non-probability sampling method using the primary data. Association between variables were tested using χ2-tests. In general, the information on malaria reported by the participants in this study was unsystematic and included inaccurate details. The knowledge of malaria symptoms, identified as headache, chills and fever, was high, but the surveyed community lacks knowledge of the specific medications used for malaria treatment, with a large number of respondents having no knowledge of any form of medication. Survey questions with high correct answer rates included questions about easy treatment of malaria in Korea, the high daytime activity of malaria-borne mosquitoes, and the infection risk posed by outdoor activities. However, a large portion of the respondents was unable to provide simple medical and biological information about the disease. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practical behavior of the surveyed community with respect to malaria and the implications reported here could be applicable to other malaria endemic areas in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478,
Korea
| | | | - Sookkyung Park
- Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Jeongran Kwon
- Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Hyesu Kan
- Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, and Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Sung Jong Hong
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012,
Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012,
Korea
- Department of Biological Science and Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012,
Korea
- Corresponding authors (; )
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012,
Korea
- Corresponding authors (; )
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Bawuah A, Ampaw S. Ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets under Ghana's National Malaria Control Program: What are the correlates? Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:1593-1608. [PMID: 34637176 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ghana's National Malaria Control Program distributes free insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) as a malaria control measure. Some households with the ITN do not use it, however. This paper explores the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of ITN ownership and use among Ghanaian families. METHODS Data on 5741 households were obtained from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey. The survey is a nationally representative survey that obtains data on malaria-related issues. Negative binomial and Tobit regressions were applied to achieve the study's objectives. RESULTS Residence (rural-urban), wealth, and administrative region emerged as the most important predictors of ITN ownership and usage in Ghana. The results favoured rural and non-Greater Accra residents. However, wealth had a contrasting association with ITN ownership and use. Whereas affluent households owned more ITNs than the extremely poor, the latter used them more. Also, age and household size were significant for ITN ownership. Both variables had a nonlinear (inverted U-shaped) relationship with ITN ownership. In contrast, the proportion of household members under 5 and the bed net-to-household size ratio were positive and statistically significant determinants of ITN use. CONCLUSION The study highlights the need to effectively target the poor, especially in rural areas, for ITNs under the NMCP instead of universal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bawuah
- School of Economics, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Samuel Ampaw
- School of Economics, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
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Manzano-Nunez R, Restrepo-Holguin DF, Posso D, López AL, Gómez OA. The overlooked value of training in self-administration of medication in Leishmania care: observations from the San Raffaele hospital ship humanitarian medical mission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:283-285. [PMID: 34453159 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Manzano-Nunez
- Barco Hospital San Raffaele, Cali 760001, Colombia.,Fundación Italo-Colombiana del Monte Tabor, Cali 760001, Colombia.,Clinical Research Center, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali 760001, Colombia
| | - Daniel F Restrepo-Holguin
- Barco Hospital San Raffaele, Cali 760001, Colombia.,Fundación Italo-Colombiana del Monte Tabor, Cali 760001, Colombia
| | - Diego Posso
- Barco Hospital San Raffaele, Cali 760001, Colombia.,Fundación Italo-Colombiana del Monte Tabor, Cali 760001, Colombia
| | - Ana-Lucía López
- Barco Hospital San Raffaele, Cali 760001, Colombia.,Fundación Italo-Colombiana del Monte Tabor, Cali 760001, Colombia
| | - Oscar Arley Gómez
- Barco Hospital San Raffaele, Cali 760001, Colombia.,Fundación Italo-Colombiana del Monte Tabor, Cali 760001, Colombia
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Ayeni GO, Olagbegi OM, Nadasan T, Abanobi OC, Daniel EO. Factors Influencing Compliance with The Utilization of Effective Malaria Treatment and Preventive Measures in Wulu, South Sudan. Ethiop J Health Sci 2021; 30:501-512. [PMID: 33897210 PMCID: PMC8054463 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v30i4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High incidence of malaria disease in South Sudan may be largely due to poor/non-compliance with effective treatment and preventive measures. This study examined factors limiting/enhancing compliance with the utilization of known and effective malaria treatment and preventive measures in Wulu, South Sudan. Methods A case-control study involving 396 respondents was conducted. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to elicit information regarding socio-demographics and factors influencing compliance with using available treatment and preventive measures for malaria. Result Respondents diagnosed with malaria reported lack of insecticide treated nets (51.5%) and forgetfulness (16.6%) as reasons for not using insecticide treated nets. About 26% of them lacked the knowledge of insecticide treated net's usefulness, while 57.5% of them did not consider it necessary to have door/window barriers. About 44% of all respondents forgot to take prescribed drugs at the right time while 14.5% of them did not complete drug prescriptions because they felt relief of symptoms. There were significant associations between identified factors of compliance to treatment/preventive measures and occurrence of malaria (all at p = 0.001). Having insecticide treated nets (OR: 5.78; CI: 3.46–9.00), awareness of its benefits (OR: 8.76; CI: 3.02–25.37), being taught on its use (OR: 3.35; CI: 2.17–5.18) and understanding of its use (OR: 3.80; CI: 2.01–7.20) were significantly associated with year-round utilization of insecticide treated nets. Conclusion Poor access to and knowledge of malaria treatment, control and preventive measures are leading barriers to their effective utilization in Wulu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oladapo M Olagbegi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thayananthee Nadasan
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Okwuoma C Abanobi
- Department of Public Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O Daniel
- Department of Public Health School of Public Health, Texila American University Georgetown, Guyana, South America
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Carrel M, Kim S, Mwandagalirwa MK, Mvuama N, Bala JA, Nkalani M, Kihuma G, Atibu J, Diallo AO, Goel V, Thwai KL, Juliano JJ, Emch M, Tshefu A, Parr JB. Individual, household and neighborhood risk factors for malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo support new approaches to programmatic intervention. Health Place 2021; 70:102581. [PMID: 34020231 PMCID: PMC8328915 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) remains one of the countries most impacted by malaria despite decades of control efforts, including multiple mass insecticide treated net (ITN) distribution campaigns. The multi-scalar and complex nature of malaria necessitates an understanding of malaria risk factors over time and at multiple levels (e.g., individual, household, community). Surveillance of households in both rural and urban settings over time, coupled with detailed behavioral and geographic data, enables the detection of seasonal trends in malaria prevalence and malaria-associated behaviors as well as the assessment of how the local environments within and surrounding an individual's household impact malaria outcomes. METHODS Participants from seven sites in Kinshasa Province, DRC were followed for over two years. Demographic, behavioral, and spatial information was gathered from enrolled households. Malaria was assessed using both rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and seasonal trends were assessed. Hierarchical regression modeling tested associations between behavioral and environmental factors and positive RDT and PCR outcomes at individual, household and neighborhood scales. RESULTS Among 1591 enrolled participants, malaria prevalence did not consistently vary seasonally across the sites but did vary by age and ITN usage. Malaria was highest and ITN usage lowest in children ages 6-15 years across study visits and seasons. Having another member of the household test positive for malaria significantly increased the risk of an individual having malaria [RDT: OR = 4.158 (2.86-6.05); PCR: OR = 3.37 (2.41-4.71)], as did higher malaria prevalence in the 250 m neighborhood around the household [RDT: OR = 2.711 (1.42-5.17); PCR: OR = 4.056 (2.3-7.16)]. Presence of water within close proximity to the household was also associated with malaria outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting non-traditional age groups, children >5 years old and teenagers, and deploying household- and neighborhood-focused interventions may be effective strategies for improving malaria outcomes in high-burden countries like the DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Carrel
- Department of Geographical & Sustainability Sciences, 305 Jessup Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA.
| | - Seungwon Kim
- Department of Geographical & Sustainability Sciences, 305 Jessup Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA.
| | - Melchior Kashamuka Mwandagalirwa
- Department of Epidemiology, CB7435, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Ecole de Sante Publique, Faculte de Medecine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, USA.
| | - Nono Mvuama
- Ecole de Sante Publique, Faculte de Medecine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, USA.
| | - Joseph A Bala
- Ecole de Sante Publique, Faculte de Medecine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, USA.
| | - Marthe Nkalani
- Ecole de Sante Publique, Faculte de Medecine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, USA.
| | - Georges Kihuma
- Ecole de Sante Publique, Faculte de Medecine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, USA.
| | - Joseph Atibu
- Ecole de Sante Publique, Faculte de Medecine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, USA.
| | - Alpha Oumar Diallo
- Department of Epidemiology, CB7435, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Varun Goel
- Department of Geography, CB3220, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Kyaw L Thwai
- Department of Epidemiology, CB7435, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Department of Epidemiology, CB7435, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, CB#7030, 130 Mason Farm Road, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Michael Emch
- Department of Geography, CB3220, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Antoinette Tshefu
- Ecole de Sante Publique, Faculte de Medecine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, USA.
| | - Jonathan B Parr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, CB#7030, 130 Mason Farm Road, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Ng'ang'a PN, Aduogo P, Mutero CM. Long lasting insecticidal mosquito nets (LLINs) ownership, use and coverage following mass distribution campaign in Lake Victoria basin, Western Kenya. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1046. [PMID: 34078333 PMCID: PMC8173981 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the most widely used malaria prevention and control intervention in Africa. However, their effectiveness may vary depending on their local geographic coverage, ownership and use at household level. This study aimed at assessing LLINs ownership and use following mass distribution campaign in western Kenya. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2017. A total of 160 households were randomly selected from 16 villages. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on households’ knowledge on malaria, LLINs ownership, utilization and their perceived benefits. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 for windows. Variables were presented as proportions and associations between variables tested using Pearson’s chi-square test. Results Malaria was reported to be the most frequently occurring disease (87.5%) in the area. Children under 5 years of age were reported to be at higher risks of malaria infection (28.6%). Around 31% of the respondents reported to have at least one member of the household sick with malaria a week before the interview. Commonly cited signs and symptoms of malaria were; fever (24.1%), headache (17.7%), vomiting (14.5%) feeling cold (12.6%) and loss of appetite (10%). There were 382 reported LLINs among 753 occupants in the 160 households surveyed. The average LLIN ownership was 2.4 nets per household and 1.97 persons per LLIN. Among the surveyed households, 96.9% owned at least one LLIN and 64.1% owned at least one LLIN for every two people. Among those who owned LLINs, 98.1% reported using them the previous night. Ownership per household ranged from 0 to 6 with a mean of 2.39. More than three quarter of the nets were acquired through free mass distribution campaigns and 80% were acquired less than 6 months prior to the survey. Conclusion Despite high net coverage and use, a number of households experienced malaria episodes in the study area. There is need to investigate the likelihood of outdoor malaria transmission and assess the physical integrity of the existing LLINs and their insecticidal effectiveness in protecting household members against malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11062-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Ng'ang'a
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya. .,School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Polycarp Aduogo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clifford M Mutero
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC),, Private Bag X363, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Baktayan NA, Assabri AM, Farea BA, Farea AA. Knowledge & Utilization of Long Lasting Impregnated Nets among Housewives in Al Moneera City and Al Koozi Villages, Hodieda Governorate, Republic of Yemen 2007. Health (London) 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2021.133025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Zerdo Z, Van Geertruyden JP, Massebo F, Biresaw G, Shewangizawu M, Tunje A, Chisha Y, Yohanes T, Bastiaens H, Anthierens S. Parents' perception on cause of malaria and their malaria prevention experience among school-aged children in Kutcha district, Southern Ethiopia; qualitative study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239728. [PMID: 33048941 PMCID: PMC7553332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION School-aged children become a highly vulnerable group for malaria, yet they are less likely to use malaria prevention interventions. Previous studies exploring perception on cause of malaria mainly focused on pregnant mothers or parents of children under age five years. Exploring parent's perception on cause of malaria and their experiences on the prevention of malaria and associated challenges among school-aged children is important to develop a malaria prevention education package for school-aged children to reduce malaria and malaria related morbidities among school-aged children. METHODS A descriptive qualitative study is conducted in Kutcha district by recruiting 19 parents of school-aged children for semi-structured interviews, 6 key informants and 6 focus group discussion which consists of parents, health development army and health extension workers. A semi-structured interview guide is used to guide the interview process. The collected data is analyzed thematically with a focus on the three major areas of concern: perceived cause of malaria, experience of malaria prevention and challenges of bed net use for prevention of malaria. RESULTS Five causes of malaria were identified, namely hunger, mosquito bite, exposure to hot sunshine, poor sanitation and hygiene and eating some sweet foods and unripe maize. Participants perceived that eating sweet foods and unripe maize lead to enlargement of the spleen that ends in malaria while poor hygiene and sanitation leads to either development of the ova of mosquito and the landing of the housefly to contaminate food for consumption. The experiences of malaria prevention were largely influenced by their perceived cause of malaria. The malaria prevention measures undertaken by parents were vectors control measures, homemade herbal remedies and restricting children from eating sweet foods. The challenges of malaria prevention by using bed nets were related to a negative attitude, sleeping behaviors of children; use of bed nets for unintended purposes, shortage of bed nets and delays in the distribution of bed nets. CONCLUSION There were misconceptions about the cause of malaria and associated experiences of malaria prevention. Control of malaria among school-aged children need health education targeting the challenges and correcting identified misconceptions by parents in Kutcha district and in other similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Zerdo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Global Health Institute, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Gelila Biresaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Misgun Shewangizawu
- Department of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Abayneh Tunje
- Department of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Yilma Chisha
- Department of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Yohanes
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hilde Bastiaens
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sibyl Anthierens
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Farea BA, Muharram AA, Baktayan NA, Assabri AM, Farea AA, Alsada MA. Impact of Health Education on KAP towards Malaria among Basic Schools Pupils in Taiz Governorate. Republic of Yemen 2013: Pre and Post Intervention Study. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.124027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Farea BA, Assabri AM, Aljasari AN, Farea AA, Baktayan NA. Effect of Health Education on Knowledge Attitude Practice towards Malaria among Basic Schools Pupils in Taiz. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.129093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Malede A, Aemero M, Gari SR, Kloos H, Alemu K. Barriers of persistent long-lasting insecticidal nets utilization in villages around Lake Tana, Northwest Ethiopia: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1303. [PMID: 31619208 PMCID: PMC6796332 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The use of LLINs is an effective approach to reducing transmission. Persistent use of LLINs is determined by numerous factors. Quantitative studies have assessed LLIN ownership and utilization, but the behavioral, socio-cultural, socioeconomic and net distribution contexts that impact their use have not been examined in depth. This study aimed to explore barriers of persistent LLIN use among communities around Lake Tana. Methods Twenty-three community residents who owned LLINs (15) or not (8) during the study period and 38 key informants were interviewed from April to June 2017. Phenomenological study was employed to explore the local contexts and factors that influence persistent use of LLINs. Individuals were purposefully selected to capture different views. Community residents were selected based on their permanent residence and LLIN use experience. Key informants were health extension workers, local leaders, students, and health professionals. The data were managed using QSR International NVivo Version 10 software and coded, and themes were identified. Results Killing ability of nets against arthropods other than mosquitoes reportedly made use of LLINs a favored malaria prevention method despite their ineffectiveness after 3 months. Conical nets were preferred due to their compatibility with varied sleeping structures. Numerous factors influenced persistent use, notably erroneous perceptions about LLINs, malaria and mosquitoes; bedbug infestation; inconvenience; unintended uses; distribution problem of nets; and socio-cultural and economic factors. Unintended uses were often associated with local needs and seldom linked with social issues and deficiencies in information about malaria and LLINs. Collateral benefits were considered important, principally in terms of disinfestation of bedbugs. Conclusions Non-persistent LLIN use was associated with inconvenient bed net design and early damage; non-potency of the insecticide against other arthropods; facilitation of bedbug infestation; unintended uses; wrong perceptions about malaria, mosquitoes, and LLINs; and inadequate follow-up regarding LLINs utilization. Distribution of conical nets and provision of adequate information on LLINs and malaria may promote persistent use. Using an insecticide that also kills arthropods other than mosquitoes may reduce unintended uses and increase persistent use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmamaw Malede
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mulugeta Aemero
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical & Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Helmut Kloos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kassahun Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Knowledge, attitude and practice towards malaria among symptomatic patients attending Tumbi Referral Hospital: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220501. [PMID: 31381600 PMCID: PMC6681959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite significant improvement in prevention and control over the past decades malaria remains a significant public health concern in Tanzania with 93% of the population being at risk. To prevent malaria infection and promote malaria free zones, understanding the community’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward malaria control are essential. This study therefore aimed at determining the levels of understanding, and attitudes, as well as socio-cultural aspects of malaria prevention and treatment-seeking behaviours among suspected malaria patients. Methods This study was a hospital based cross-sectional study, in which patients attending Tumbi Referral Hospital with symptoms and signs that warrant inclusion of suspicion of malaria, were recruited. We used a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire to collect participants’ demographic characteristics, as well as information on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards malaria infection. Data were analysed using Stata Version 12.1. Results We enrolled a total of 295 respondents of which 179 (60.68%) were females. Participants’ ages ranged from 1–91 years, with a mean of 31.4 years. Seventy-nine (26.8%) patients reported having malaria in the previous 28 days, with 57 (72.2%) being laboratory confirmed. Only 52 (65.8%) individuals reported taking prescribed medications for malaria. A total of 277 (93.90%) were aware of malaria, and 264 (95.31%) knew that it is transmitted by mosquito. Nearly all participants (263, 94.95%), identified sleeping under bed nets to be protective against malaria. About half of the respondents either agreed 63 (22.74%) or strongly agreed 62 (22.38%) that malaria can be transmitted like the common cold. Self-reported mosquito net use was 88.09% (244). Conclusion Despite the endemicity of malaria in our study site, patients had adequate knowledge, encouraging attitudes, and good practices related to malaria prevention and control.
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Socioeconomic determinants of community knowledge and practice in relation to malaria in high- and low-transmission areas of central India. J Biosoc Sci 2019; 52:317-329. [PMID: 31296270 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932019000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken with an aim of exploring community knowledge and treatment practices related to malaria and their determinants in high- and low-transmission areas of central India. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out between August 2015 and January 2016 in two high- and two low-malaria-endemic districts of central India. A total of 1470 respondents were interviewed using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Respondents residing in high-transmission areas with higher literacy levels, and of higher socioeconomic status, were found to practise more modern preventive measures than those living in low-transmission areas with low literacy levels and who were economically poor. Level of literacy, socioeconomic status and area (district) of residence were found to be the main factors affecting people's knowledge of malaria aetiology and clinical features, and prevention and treatment practices, in this community in central India.
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Edwards HM, Sriwichai P, Kirabittir K, Prachumsri J, Chavez IF, Hii J. Transmission risk beyond the village: entomological and human factors contributing to residual malaria transmission in an area approaching malaria elimination on the Thailand-Myanmar border. Malar J 2019; 18:221. [PMID: 31262309 PMCID: PMC6604376 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A mixed methods study was conducted to look at the
magnitude of residual malaria transmission (RMT) and factors contributing to low (< 1% prevalence), but sustained transmission in rural communities on the Thai–Myanmar border. Methods A cross-sectional behaviour and net survey, observational surveys and entomological collections in both villages and forested farm huts frequented by community members for subsistence farming practices were conducted. Results Community members frequently stayed overnight at subsistence farm huts or in the forest. Entomological collections showed higher biting rates of primary vectors in forested farm hut sites and in a more forested village setting compared to a village with clustered housing and better infrastructure. Despite high levels of outdoor biting, biting exposure occurred predominantly indoors, particularly for non-users of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Risk of biting exposure was exacerbated by sub-optimal coverage of LLINs, particularly in subsistence farm huts and in the forest. Furthermore, early waking hours when people had left the safety of their nets coincided with peaks in biting in later morning hours. Conclusions Entomological and epidemiological findings suggest drivers and modulators of sustained infection prevalence in the area to be: higher mosquito abundance in forested areas where LLINs were used less frequently or could not be used; late sleeping and waking times coinciding with peak biting hours; feeding preferences of Anopheles taking them away from contact with LLIN and indoor residual spraying (IRS), e.g. exophagy and zoophagy; non-use of LLIN and use of damaged/torn LLIN; high population movement across the border and into forested areas thereby increasing risk of exposure, decreasing use of protection and limiting access to healthcare; and, Plasmodium vivax predominance resulting in relapse(s) of previous infection. The findings highlight gaps in current intervention coverage beyond the village setting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2852-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Edwards
- Department of Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Malaria Consortium Asia, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kirakorn Kirabittir
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Prachumsri
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Irwin F Chavez
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Department of Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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DePina AJ, Dia AK, de Ascenção Soares Martins A, Ferreira MC, Moreira AL, Leal SV, Pires CM, Moreira JMG, Tavares MF, da Moura AJF, Pereira JM, Faye O, Seck I, Niang EHA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices about malaria in Cabo Verde: a country in the pre-elimination context. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:850. [PMID: 31262268 PMCID: PMC6604228 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria in Cape Verde is unstable, with a sporadic and seasonal transmission of low endemicity. In this sense, the community perceptions regarding malaria transmission, their attitudes and practices against the disease are very important to understand and to better develop the best strategical policies to achieve malaria elimination goal. This study aim to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of Cape Verdean population about malaria, a country in the elimination step of disease. Methods A cross-sectional malaria KAP Survey was performed at the household level. A structured open questionnaire was developed and applied to residents of randomly selected households from 5 islands and 15 municipalities in Cape Verde. Correlation analyses were performed using a logistic regression model to determine the factors that are associated with the complete knowledge of the population about malaria. Results A total of 1953 fully completed questionnaires were analysed, with majority of questionnaires administered in Santiago island (68.3%), mainly in the capital city of Praia, 38.43%. About 88% of the population knew the correct form of transmission, 96% had knowledge that the entire population is at risk of malaria and identified the main symptoms. Regarding the attitudes, 58% seek treatment atthe nearest health structure upon the apparition of the symptoms, 64% in the first 24 h and 88% within the first 48 h. More than 97% have heard about mosquito nets but only 19% used it. In practice, 53% use coils, 45% rely on household sprays and 43% have benefited from IRS. About 90% received information about malaria from media, mainly the TV and the radio (83 and 43%, respectively). In summary, 54% of the population has complete knowledge of the disease. Conclusion The population of Cape Verde has a high level of knowledge about malaria, including its transmission, main symptoms and preventive and control measures. However, some gaps and misunderstandings have been noticed and contribute to the insufficient community involvement in actions against malaria. Therefore, is necessary to increase the knowledge of the population, leading to their full ownership and participation in community actions to contribute to the malaria elimination in the country. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7130-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson José DePina
- Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie, de la Santé et de l'Environnement (ED-SEV), Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. .,Programa de Pré-Eliminação do Paludismo, CCS-SIDA. Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Avenida Cidade Lisboa, Prêdio Bô Casa, 1° Andar; CP, 855, Praia, Cabo Verde.
| | - Abdoulaye Kane Dia
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Maria Celina Ferreira
- Unidade de Seguimento e Avaliação, CCS-SIDA. Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - António Lima Moreira
- Programa Nacional de Luta contra o Paludismo, Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Silvania Veiga Leal
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Praia, Cabo Verde.,Unidade de Unidade Microbiologia Médica; Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecílio Mendes Pires
- Laboratório de Análises Clínica, Hospital Regional de Santiago Norte, Assomada, Cabo Verde
| | | | - Maria Filomena Tavares
- Rede Nacional de Laboratório, Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | | | - José Manuel Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde.,Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ibrahima Seck
- Institut de Santé et Développement, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - El Hadji Amadou Niang
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Awareness and Malaria Prevention Practices in a Rural Community in the Ho Municipality, Ghana. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2019; 2019:9365823. [PMID: 31239838 PMCID: PMC6556342 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9365823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is no doubt a burden on both the financial and human resources of Ghana. In this study, we examined the awareness of malaria prevention practices among indigenes of Godokpe, a rural community in the Ho Municipality of Ghana. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional survey that used a self-developed questionnaire recruited 246 residents of Godokpe who were aged 18 years and above using a systematic sampling technique. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data into descriptive and analytical statistics. The descriptive statistics comprised frequency, percentage, and means. Also, analytical statistics of cross tabulation was conducted considering a p<0.05 at a 95% Confidence Interval to be statistically significant. Findings About 54% and 20% of the respondents, respectively, had satisfactory and good levels of knowledge on malaria prevention. The methods used in malaria prevention included mosquito coils (72%), cleaning and prevention of water stagnation (62%), mosquito spray (54%), and mosquito net (59%). Also, malaria treatment methods mostly used were quinine (70%) and chloroquine (50.4%). The major sources of information on malaria were television (74%), health professionals (66%), schools (62%), family/friends (60%), and the Internet (51%). Conclusion School children showed good understanding of malaria and its vectors. There is, therefore, the need to increase the empowerment of teachers with appropriate health information including malaria so that they can continue to deliver malaria information to the pupils.
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Diema Konlan K, Japiong M, Dodam Konlan K, Afaya A, Salia SM, Kombat JM. Utilization of Insecticide Treated Bed Nets (ITNs) among Caregivers of Children under Five Years in the Ho Municipality. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2019; 2019:3693450. [PMID: 31057607 PMCID: PMC6463554 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3693450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ghana, attempts to control malaria through antimalarial medications are currently threatened by the emergence and spread of drug resistant malaria parasites. This, together with the increasing incidence of malaria, has heightened the need for a more effective method of controlling the spread. The use of Insecticide Treated Bed Net (ITN) has been recognised as an effective measure in the prevention of malaria. OBJECTIVE/PURPOSE In this study, we examined the utilisation of ITN among caregivers of children under five years in Ho municipality of Ghana. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited 283 household representatives through a multistage sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data and was analyzed using STATA version 14. Descriptive and inferential statistics were adopted in presenting the data. RESULTS Ownership of ITN was higher (80.7%) than its utilisation (41.7%). The age of caregiver was strongly associated with the utilisation of ITN (AOR=2.00, 95% CI=0.00, 0.02, p<0.001) among children less than five years. Caregivers aged 26-35 were 49% times less likely to use an ITN as compared to those aged between 17 and 25 and the difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION In order to ensure a high ITN coverage and utilisation, there is the need for continuous distribution of ITNs to households. Households should be sensitized to use the nets to prevent the continuous spread of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Diema Konlan
- Department of Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Milipaak Japiong
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB31, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Agani Afaya
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Solomon Mohammed Salia
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Joseph M. Kombat
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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Ayanore MA, Tetteh J, Ameko A, Axame WK, Alhassan RK, Adoliba Ayanore A, Mogre V, Owusu-Agyei S. Reproductive-Age Women's Knowledge and Care Seeking for Malaria Prevention and Control in Ghana: Analysis of the 2016 Malaria Indicator Survey. J Trop Med 2019; 2019:2316375. [PMID: 30891071 PMCID: PMC6390249 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2316375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, requiring individual and environmental level controls to prevent its adverse morbidity effects. This study examined reproductive-aged women's knowledge and care-seeking practices for malaria prevention and control in Ghana. METHODS The 2016 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey data for reproductive-age women was analysed (n=5,150). Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to determine factors associated with reproductive-aged women's knowledge and care-seeking practices for malaria. RESULTS 62.3%, 81.3%, and 64.6% knowledge levels on causes, signs/symptoms, and prevention of malaria were found, respectively, among respondents. Age, wealth and educational status, religion, region, and place of residence (rural) were found to significantly influence respondents' knowledge of causes, signs/symptoms, and care-seeking practices for malaria. A 15% differential among Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) awareness and use was found. Increasing age (≥35 years) was associated with increasing knowledge of malaria. Regional variations were observed to significantly influence knowledge of malaria treatment. CONCLUSION Though ownership of ITNs and knowledge of malaria prevention were high, it did not necessarily translate into use of ITNs. Thus, there is a need to intensify education on the importance and the role of ITNs use in the prevention of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe campus, Ghana
| | - John Tetteh
- Centre for Health Policy Advocacy, Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa), Ghana
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe campus, Ghana
| | - Asiwome Ameko
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe campus, Ghana
| | - Wisdom Kudzo Axame
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe campus, Ghana
| | - Robert Kaba Alhassan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Augustine Adoliba Ayanore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Victor Mogre
- Department of Health Professions Education and Innovative Learning, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Vilay P, Nonaka D, Senamonty P, Lao M, Iwagami M, Kobayashi J, Hernandez PM, Phrasisombath K, Kounnavong S, Hongvanthong B, Brey PT, Kano S. Malaria prevalence, knowledge, perception, preventive and treatment behavior among military in Champasak and Attapeu provinces, Lao PDR: a mixed methods study. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:11. [PMID: 30700970 PMCID: PMC6347756 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major health problem in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) with high transmission in remote and forest areas, particularly in the South. The military is at risk of malaria infection especially those deployed in forest areas. This study determined the prevalence of malaria infection and assessed knowledge, perception, and preventive and treatment behavior regarding malaria among military personnel in two southern provinces in Lao PDR. Methods Quantitative and qualitative approaches were undertaken in Champasak and Attapeu provinces in 2017. From 313 military personnel, quantitative data were collected through questionnaire-based interviews and blood samples used for parasite detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Qualitative data were collected through 7 focus group discussions and 17 in-depth interviews among 49 military personnel. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to assess the association between malaria infection and participant characteristics. Content analysis for qualitative data was performed to explore perception and treatment behaviors regarding malaria. Results The prevalence of malaria infection was 11.2% (Plasmodium falciparum: 1.3%, Plasmodium vivax: 9.3% and mixed infections: 0.6%). Many participants understood that malaria is transmitted through mosquito bites, although they did not necessarily know the name of vector mosquitoes (Anopheles). Surprisingly, more than a half also believed that malaria is transmitted through drinking stream water. One-third of the participants used long-lasting insecticidal nets. Due to limited supply, participants were often unable to use mosquito repellent and coils when necessary. Because participants were unable to receive timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment for malaria in their camps, they commonly practiced self-treatment using antibiotics, painkillers, and/or traditional medicines. They only go to a healthcare facility through their supervisor if their conditions worsen. Conclusions The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria was conspicuous among military in forest areas. Many participants believed that malaria is transmitted not only by mosquito bites but also from drinking stream water. Preventive equipment was often insufficient. Self-treatment was practiced before referring to healthcare facility. To further prevent military from contracting malaria, the National Malaria Control Program and military body should provide adequate and suitable health education, protective equipment, and on-site malaria case management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoutnalong Vilay
- 1Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan.,2Center of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- 1Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan.,SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Phosadeth Senamonty
- Military Institute of Diseases Prevention, Department of Military Medical, Ministry of Defense, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Malayvanh Lao
- Military Institute of Diseases Prevention, Department of Military Medical, Ministry of Defense, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Moritoshi Iwagami
- SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,5Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan.,6Institut Pasteur du Laos, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- 1Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan.,SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Paul Michael Hernandez
- 1Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan.,7Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, 1000 Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Sengchanh Kounnavong
- SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,9Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Bouasy Hongvanthong
- 2Center of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Paul T Brey
- SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,6Institut Pasteur du Laos, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Shigeyuki Kano
- SATREPS Project for Parasitic Diseases, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,5Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan
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Abstract
Malaria infection is one of the major causes of deaths in the African continent. The high burden of malaria in Africa is due to P. falciparum, which adapts and cospecializes with Anopheles gambiae, the most effective and widespread malaria vector. Since 2000, the incidence of malaria has been reduced by 17% and malaria mortality rates by 26%. However, the rate of decline has stalled and even reversed in some regions since 2014. In 2017 as described by the latest World malaria report, 219 million malaria cases were reported, up from 2017 million cases reported in 2016 in 91 countries, and the global tally of malaria deaths reached 435,000 deaths, compared with 451,000 estimated deaths in 2016. Despite these achievements, the African region continues to account for about 92% of malaria cases and deaths worldwide. Therefore, it is important to master the current situation of malaria in Africa to see how to better plan its elimination. In this chapter, we present the current situation and prospective means to improve it, including a salutogenesis approach.
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Nyaaba GN, Masana L, Aikins ADG, Stronks K, Agyemang C. Lay community perceptions and treatment options for hypertension in rural northern Ghana: a qualitative analysis. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023451. [PMID: 30498042 PMCID: PMC6278795 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adherence to hypertension treatment is a major public health challenge for low and middle-income countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. One potential reason could be the discordance between lay and medical explanatory models of hypertension and its treatment. Understanding community perceptions and practices may contribute to improving hypertension control as they present insights into psychosocial and cultural factors that shape individual behaviour. We explore community perceptions regarding hypertension and its treatment in rural northern Ghana and how they differ from medical understanding. DESIGN This was a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to collect data, which were analysed using a thematic approach. SETTING A multisite study conducted in four rural communities in two regions of northern Ghana. PARTICIPANTS We conducted 16 semi-structured interviews and eight focus group discussions with community leaders and members, respectively. RESULTS Three major themes were identified: community perceptions, treatment options and community support for people with hypertension. Community perceptions about hypertension include hypertension perceived as excess blood in the body and associated with spiritual or witchcraft attacks. Traditional medicine is perceived to cure hypertension completely with concurrent use of biomedical and traditional medicines encouraged in rural communities. Community members did not consider themselves at risk of developing hypertension and reported having inadequate information on how to provide social support for hypertensive community members, which they attributed to low literacy and poverty. CONCLUSION There is a substantial mismatch between communities' perceptions and medical understanding of hypertension and its treatment. These perceptions partly result from structural factors and social norms shaped by collective processes and traditions that shape lay beliefs and influence individual health behaviour. Socioeconomic factors also thwart access to information and contribute to inadequate social support for persons with hypertension. These findings highlight the need for a public health approach to hypertension control targeting families and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude Nsorma Nyaaba
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Masana
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Anthropology Research Centre, University of Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ama de-Graft Aikins
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Karien Stronks
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Moshi IR, Manderson L, Ngowo HS, Mlacha YP, Okumu FO, Mnyone LL. Outdoor malaria transmission risks and social life: a qualitative study in South-Eastern Tanzania. Malar J 2018; 17:397. [PMID: 30373574 PMCID: PMC6206631 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Behaviour changes in mosquitoes from indoor to outdoor biting result in continuing risk of malaria from outdoor activities, including routine household activities and occasional social and cultural practices and gatherings. This study aimed to identify the range of social and cultural gatherings conducted outdoors and their associated risks for mosquito bites. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages in the Kilombero Valley from November 2015 to March 2016. Observations, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were conducted. The recorded data were transcribed and translated from Swahili to English. Thematic content analysis was used to identify perspectives on the importance of various social and cultural gatherings that incidentally expose people to mosquito bites and malaria infection. Results Religious, cultural and social gatherings involving the wider community are conducted outdoors at night till dawn. Celebrations include life course events, religious and cultural ceremonies, such as Holy Communion, weddings, gatherings at Easter and Christmas, male circumcision, and rituals conducted to please the gods and to remember the dead. These celebrations, at which there is minimal use of interventions to prevent bites, contribute to individual satisfaction and social capital, helping to maintain a cohesive society. Bed net use while sleeping outdoors during mourning is unacceptable, and there is minimal use of other interventions, such as topical repellents. Long sleeve clothes are used for protection from mosquito bites but provide less protection. Conclusion Gatherings and celebrations expose people to mosquito bites. Approaches to prevent risks of mosquito bites and disease management need to take into account social, cultural and environmental factors. Area specific interventions may be expensive, yet may be the best approach to reduce risk of infection as endemic countries work towards elimination. Focusing on single interventions will not yield the best outcomes for malaria prevention as social contexts and vector behaviour vary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene R Moshi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. .,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Lenore Manderson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Yeromin P Mlacha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Sokoine University of Agriculture, Pest Management Centre, P.O. Box 3110, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ladislaus L Mnyone
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Sokoine University of Agriculture, Pest Management Centre, P.O. Box 3110, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Abekah-Nkrumah G, Issiaka S, Virgil L, Ermel J. A review of the process of knowledge transfer and use of evidence in reproductive and child health in Ghana. Health Res Policy Syst 2018; 16:75. [PMID: 30075725 PMCID: PMC6090619 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-018-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The paper carries out a situational analysis to examine the production, dissemination and utilisation of reproductive and child health-related evidence to inform policy formulation in Ghana’s health sector. Methods The study used Wald’s model of knowledge production, transfer and utilisation as a conceptual model to collect relevant data via interviews and administration of questionnaire to a network of persons who either previously or currently hold policy-relevant positions in Ghana’s health sector. Additional data was also gathered through a scoping review of the knowledge transfer and research utilisation literature, existing reproductive and child health policies, protocols and guidelines and information available on the websites of relevant institutions in Ghana’s health sector. Results The findings of the study suggest that the health sector in Ghana has major strengths (strong knowledge production capacity, a positive environment for the promotion of evidence-informed policy) and opportunities (access to major donors who have the resources to fund good quality research and access to both local and international networks for collaborative research). What remains a challenge, however, is the absence of a robust institutional-wide mechanism for collating research needs and communicating these to researchers, communicating research findings in forms that are friendlier to policy-makers and the inability to incorporate funding for research into the budget of the health sector. Conclusion The study concludes, admonishing the Ministry of Health and its agencies to leverage on the existing strengths and opportunities to address the identified challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Abekah-Nkrumah
- Department of Public Administration and Health Services Management, University of Ghana Business School, P. O. Box 72, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Sombié Issiaka
- West African Health Organisation, 01 BP 153, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Lokossou Virgil
- West African Health Organisation, 01 BP 153, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Johnson Ermel
- West African Health Organisation, 01 BP 153, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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Israel OK, Fawole OI, Adebowale AS, Ajayi IO, Yusuf OB, Oladimeji A, Ajumobi O. Caregivers' knowledge and utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets among under-five children in Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria. Malar J 2018; 17:231. [PMID: 29914488 PMCID: PMC6006692 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) has been associated with reduction of malaria incidence, especially among children. The 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey revealed Osun State had the least proportion (5.7%) of under-five children (U5) who slept under LLIN the night before the survey. A study was conducted to assess caregivers' knowledge about LLIN, utilization of LLIN and factors influencing LLIN use among U5 in Osun State, Nigeria. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1020 mothers/caregivers of U5 selected from six communities in Osun State using a multistage sampling technique. A pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, mothers' knowledge about LLIN, ownership and utilization of LLIN and factors influencing use of LLIN in U5. Questions on knowledge about LLIN were scored and categorized into good (scored ≥ 5) and poor (score < 5) knowledge out of a maximum obtainable score of seven. Utilization of LLIN was defined as the proportion of U5 who slept under net the night before the survey. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi square test and logistic regression at α < 0.05. Transcripts from focus group discussions (FGD) were analysed for emerging themes related to caregivers' perspectives on utilization and factors affecting use of LLIN among U5. RESULTS Majority of the respondents 588 (58.3%) fall between age 25-34 years, with a mean age of 30.0 ± 6.3 years. All were aware of LLIN but only 76.1% had good knowledge and 59.0% reported use of LLIN among their U5. Reported barriers to utilizing LLIN were; heat (96.4%), reactions to the chemical (75.5%) and unpleasant odour (41.3%). These were corroborated at FGD. Those with formal education [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.4; 95% CI 1.0-2.1] and those with good knowledge of LLIN (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.5) were more likely to use LLIN than their counterparts without formal education and those with poor knowledge of LLIN respectively. CONCLUSIONS The level of knowledge of respondents about LLIN was high and the utilization of LLIN among U5 was above average, however, it is still far below the 80% target. Efforts should be made to further improve utilization of LLIN through intensified promotion and health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyi K Israel
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria. .,Department of Community Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olufunmilayo I Fawole
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ayo S Adebowale
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - IkeOluwapo O Ajayi
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oyindamola B Yusuf
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria.,Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Abisola Oladimeji
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Ajumobi
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP), Abuja, Nigeria.,National Malaria Programme, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Assan A, Takian A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rahimiforoushani A, Nematolahi S. Knowledge, attitude, and practice about malaria: Socio-demographic implications for malaria control in rural Ghana. J Public Health Policy 2018; 38:445-463. [PMID: 28883528 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-017-0088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite continuing international attention to malaria prevention, the disease remains a global public health problem. We investigated socio-demographic factors influencing knowledge, attitudes, and practices about malaria in rural Ghana. Our survey looked at 354 households. Mean knowledge score was higher among individuals with a history of volunteers having visited their households to educate them about malaria; families with 4-6 members; and males. Households with at least one under-five-aged child also had significantly higher knowledge scores. Households with at least one pregnant woman evinced a positive attitude towards malaria prevention. National malaria control strategies have achieved positive results in the fight against malaria. Nonetheless, multipronged community-based health strategies that integrate malaria programs and population growth control initiatives may be able to reach by 2030 the sustainable development goal of eliminating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Assan
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences-International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Health Innovation, Impact Hub Accra, Accra, Ghana
| | - Amirhossein Takian
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences-International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Global Health and Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2nd Floor, New Building, Poursina Ave., Tehran, Iran. .,Health Equity Research Centre (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Departments of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimiforoushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Nematolahi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Doda Z, Solomon T, Loha E, Gari T, Lindtjørn B. A qualitative study of use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for intended and unintended purposes in Adami Tullu, East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Malar J 2018; 17:69. [PMID: 29409511 PMCID: PMC5801687 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria poses a significant public health threat globally, across Africa and in Ethiopia. The use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is currently a proven prevention mechanism. Evidence is building on what happens to LLINs following mass distribution campaigns, with mixed results from different studies, some reporting very low use for intended purposes, others an encouraging level of using for intended purposes. In Ethiopia, between 2005 and 2015, about 64 million LLINs were distributed through periodic mass campaigns with the aims to achieve 100% coverage and 80% utilization. However, studies from rural Ethiopia showed variable LLINs coverage and utilization rate. The MalTrial Project, a collaborative venture between Hawassa University, Ethiopia and NROAID, Norway, has started a trial project in 2014 in Adami Tullu District of central Ethiopia. Quantitative surveys have established evidence on LLINs ownership and utilization, but the behavioural, sociocultural and socioeconomic dynamics of why LLINs’ use for intended purposes is low or why they are employed for other purposes remained elusive. The present qualitative study, building on the quantitative findings and framework, therefore, attempted to fill gaps in these areas using qualitative methods in selected localities of the district. Methods The study employed 7 focus groups, 16 individual interviews and observation to undertake data collection in January 2017. The data were analysed using NVivo Version 11 (QSR International) to transcribe, code and identify themes using thematic analysis approach. Results The study found out that certain households were more likely to use nets for intended needs in proper ways; a range of factors, notably socio-cultural and poverty, highly influence users’ ideas about the right ways and decisions to use and care for the nets; knowledge gaps and wrong perception exist regarding the purposes and life cycle of the nets; LLINs are employed for repurposed uses once they are considered non-viable, old, or lose their physical integrity; existence of misuse was acknowledged and understood as wrong; and values about gender roles further shape uses, misuses and repurposed use of the nets. Conclusions Behavioural, socio-cultural, economic and ecological conditions coupled with deficiencies in perceived bed net design and distribution policies; weak education, communication and social support structures were important in understanding and accounting for why a low level of intended use and a rampant misuse and repurposed use in Adami Tullu community of Ethiopia. A major nexus to address in order to improve intended use of LLINs lies, first and foremost, in economic poverty and socio-cultural factors that underlie much of the misuse and repurposed use of the nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Doda
- College of Social Sciences & Humanities, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 005, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Tarekegn Solomon
- School of Public and Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Eskindir Loha
- School of Public and Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Taye Gari
- School of Public and Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Kanyangarara M, Hamapumbu H, Mamini E, Lupiya J, Stevenson JC, Mharakurwa S, Chaponda M, Thuma PE, Gwanzura L, Munyati S, Mulenga M, Norris DE, Moss WJ. Malaria knowledge and bed net use in three transmission settings in southern Africa. Malar J 2018; 17:41. [PMID: 29351795 PMCID: PMC5775538 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. Despite increasing availability, the use of ITNs remains limited in some settings. Poor malaria knowledge is a barrier to the widespread use of ITNs. The goal of this study was to assess the levels of malaria knowledge and evaluate factors associated with bed net use among individuals residing in three regions of southern Africa with different levels of malaria transmission and control. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 7535 residents recruited from 2066 households in Mutasa District, Zimbabwe (seasonal malaria transmission), Choma District, Zambia (low transmission) and Nchelenge District, Zambia (high transmission), between March 2012 and March 2017. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, malaria-related knowledge and use of preventive measures. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess determinants of bed net use. Results Most of the 3836 adult participants correctly linked mosquito bites to malaria (85.0%), mentioned at least one malaria symptom (95.5%) and knew of the benefit of sleeping under an ITN. Bed net ownership and use were highest in Choma and Nchelenge Districts and lowest in Mutasa District. In multivariate analyses, knowledge of ITNs was associated with a 30–40% increased likelihood of bed net use after adjusting for potential confounders across all sites. Other factors significantly associated with bed net use were age, household size and socioeconomic status, although the direction, strength and size of association varied by study site. Importantly, participants aged 5–14 years had reduced odds of sleeping under a bed net compared to children younger than 5 years. Conclusion Relevant knowledge of ITNs translated into the expected preventive behaviour of sleeping under a bed net, underscoring the need for continued health messaging on malaria prevention. The implementation and delivery of malaria control and elimination interventions needs to consider socioeconomic equity gaps, and target school-age children to ensure access to and improve utilization of ITNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufaro Kanyangarara
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Edmore Mamini
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - James Lupiya
- Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Macha, Choma District, Zambia.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Mike Chaponda
- Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Philip E Thuma
- Macha Research Trust, Macha, Choma District, Zambia.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lovemore Gwanzura
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Shungu Munyati
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Modest Mulenga
- Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Douglas E Norris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William J Moss
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Madani A, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Davoodi SH, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Jaberhashemi SA, Zare M, Aghamolaei T. Household knowledge and practices concerning malaria and indoor residual spraying in an endemic area earmarked for malaria elimination in Iran. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:600. [PMID: 29212553 PMCID: PMC5719751 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) is a key intervention for reducing the burden of malaria infection. Effectiveness and success of this strategy are to a considerable extent dependent on knowledge and practice of the target community regarding the IRS. Iran has entered the malaria elimination phase, and IRS has been considered as the main strategy for malaria vector control. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the household knowledge and practices about malaria and IRS in Bashagard County, one of the malaria-endemic areas in the southeast of Iran. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 420 households in Bashagard County. The participants who were selected using a two-stage randomized cluster sampling procedure were subjected to a tested structured questionnaire. During the survey, direct observations were made concerning the use of IRS as well as housing conditions. The data were coded and analysed using SPSS version 19. Results Knowledge levels about malaria as a disease and the mosquito as its vector were high and of equal magnitude (85.5% and 85.4%, respectively), while knowledge levels of IRS were even higher (91.6%). The main source of households’ information about malaria and IRS was primarily community health workers (73.3%). Despite positive perceptions towards IRS only 26.7% of respondents had sprayed their houses which is lower than the WHO targeted coverage of 80%. Respiratory disorders and headache (33.3%), food contamination (24.9%), discolouring of inner house walls (17.7%), difficulty in furniture’s movement (13.8%), and unpleasant odour (10.4%) were the main reasons for IRS refusal. Conclusion There is a discrepancy between knowledge about symptoms and the transmission route of malaria and control practices related to IRS use. Therefore, IRS campaigns accompanied with education for behaviour change should be considered to ensure householders’ participation and cooperation in the IRS programme. Moreover, continuous evaluation and monitoring of IRS as well as conducting more surveys on knowledge, attitude, and practices are recommended to improve malaria control measures and to identify indicators for effective, successful, and sustainable malaria elimination programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulhossain Madani
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Moussa Soleimani-Ahmadi
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. .,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 79145-3838, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Sayed Hossein Davoodi
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 79145-3838, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Zare
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Teamur Aghamolaei
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Makungu C, Stephen S, Kumburu S, Govella NJ, Dongus S, Hildon ZJL, Killeen GF, Jones C. Informing new or improved vector control tools for reducing the malaria burden in Tanzania: a qualitative exploration of perceptions of mosquitoes and methods for their control among the residents of Dar es Salaam. Malar J 2017; 16:410. [PMID: 29020970 PMCID: PMC5637339 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of malaria prevention with long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying is limited by emerging insecticide resistance, evasive mosquito behaviours that include outdoor biting, sub-optimal implementation and inappropriate use. New vector control interventions are required and their potential effectiveness will be enhanced if existing household perceptions and practices are integrated into intervention design. METHODS This qualitative descriptive study used focus groups discussions, in-depth interviews and photovoice methods to explore mosquito control perceptions and practices among residents in four study sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. RESULTS Mosquitoes were perceived as a growing problem, directly attributed to widespread environmental deterioration and lack of effective mosquito control interventions. Malaria and nuisance biting were perceived as the main problem caused by mosquitoes. Breeding sites were clearly distinguished from resting sites but residents did not differentiate between habitats producing malaria vector mosquitoes and others producing mostly nuisance mosquitoes. The most frequently mentioned protection methods in the wealthiest locations were bed nets, aerosol insecticide sprays, window screens, and fumigation, while bed nets were most frequently mentioned and described as 'part of the culture' in the least wealthy locations. Mosquito-proofed housing was consistently viewed as desirable, but considered unaffordable outside wealthiest locations. Slapping and covering up with clothing were most commonly used to prevent biting outdoors. Despite their utility outdoors, topical repellents applied to the skin were considered expensive, and viewed with suspicion due to perceived side effects. Improving the local environment was the preferred method for preventing outdoor biting. Affordability, effectiveness, availability, practicality, as well as social influences, such as government recommendations, socialization and internalization (familiarization and habit) were described as key factors influencing uptake. CONCLUSIONS Outdoor transmission is widely accepted as an obstacle to malaria elimination. Larval source management, targeting both malaria vectors and nuisance-biting mosquitoes, is the preferred method for mosquito control among the residents of Dar es Salaam and should be prioritized for development alongside new methods for outdoor personal protection. Even if made available, effective and affordable, these additional interventions may require time and user experience to achieve positive reputations and trustworthiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Makungu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Stephania Stephen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Salome Kumburu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nicodem J. Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Stefan Dongus
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L35QA UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zoe Jane-Lara Hildon
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gerry F. Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L35QA UK
| | - Caroline Jones
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Nyavor KD, Kweku M, Agbemafle I, Takramah W, Norman I, Tarkang E, Binka F. Assessing the ownership, usage and knowledge of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) in Malaria Prevention in the Hohoe Municipality, Ghana. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 28:67. [PMID: 29255537 PMCID: PMC5724734 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.28.67.9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria remains one of the top five killer diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and its burden is skewed towards pregnant women and children under five. Insecticide Treated Bed-Net (ITN) usage is considered one of the most cost-effective, preventive interventions against malaria. This study sought to assess ownership, usage, effectiveness, knowledge, access and availability of ITNs among mothers with children under five in the Hohoe municipality. Methods In August 2010 a cross-sectional survey was carried out in 30 communities, selected using the WHO 30 cluster sampling technique. In the selected communities, mothers/caregivers with children under five years were selected using the snowball method. Data were collected through questionnaires and direct observation of ITN. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data collected. Results A total of 450 mothers/caregivers were interviewed and their mean age was 30 ± 7 years. ITN ownership was 81.3%, and usage was 66.4%. The majority (97.8%) of the mothers/caregivers said ITNs were effective for malaria prevention. Awareness about ITNs was high (98.7%) and the majority (52.9%) had heard about ITNs from Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Clinic and antenatal care ANC clinic (33.6%). Over 60% of the ITNs were acquired through free distribution at RCH clinics, clinic and home distribution during mass immunization sessions. The majority of the mothers/caregivers (78.6%) knew the signs and symptoms of malaria, what causes malaria (82.2%) and who is most at risk (90%). Conclusion Behaviour change communication strategies on ITN use may need to be further targeted to ensure full use of available ITNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Kweku
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta region, Ghana
| | - Isaac Agbemafle
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta region, Ghana
| | - Wisdom Takramah
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta region, Ghana
| | - Ishmael Norman
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta region, Ghana.,Institute for Security, Disaster and Emergency Studies, Sandpiper Place, Langma, Central Region, Ghana
| | - Elvis Tarkang
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta region, Ghana.,HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Network, Cameroon, Kumba, South-West region, Cameroon
| | - Fred Binka
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta region, Ghana
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore how socio-cultural beliefs and practices could influence the knowledge, attitude and perception of insecticide-treated net (ITN) use in the control of malaria amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were gathered using interviews and documentary review. Framework analysis was applied to classify emerging themes and the findings interpreted using the health belief model.
Findings
The findings showed that the pregnant women had appreciable knowledge, both the positive and negative attitudes and the perceptions of insecticide treated nets. To most of them, sleeping under an ITN would not affect pregnancy/cause abortion, but rather prevent mosquito bites and associated malaria.
Research limitations/implications
The limitations include the sample size of participants and health facilities used. Lack of application of a quantitative research method meant that the authors could not quantify the findings to ensure generalisation to the entire population.
Practical implications
The findings suggest that health policy makers, implementers and health professionals need to appreciate the perception and the attitude of pregnant women when designing policy guidelines for the malaria control programme.
Social implications
This paper helps to elucidate on how socio-cultural beliefs and practices could influence the knowledge, attitude and perception of ITN usage amongst both pregnant women and people in malaria endemic communities.
Originality/value
This paper suggests that health policy makers, implementers and health professionals have to devise strategies to address socio-cultural beliefs and practices in the scaling up of malaria control programmes.
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Stoler J, Awandare GA. Febrile illness diagnostics and the malaria-industrial complex: a socio-environmental perspective. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:683. [PMID: 27855644 PMCID: PMC5114833 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global prioritization of single-disease eradication programs over improvements to basic diagnostic capacity in the Global South have left the world unprepared for epidemics of chikungunya, Ebola, Zika, and whatever lies on the horizon. The medical establishment is slowly realizing that in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly urban areas, up to a third of patients suffering from acute fever do not receive a correct diagnosis of their infection. MAIN BODY Malaria is the most common diagnosis for febrile patients in low-resource health care settings, and malaria misdiagnosis has soared due to the institutionalization of malaria as the primary febrile illness of SSA by international development organizations and national malaria control programs. This has inadvertently created a "malaria-industrial complex" and historically obstructed our complete understanding of the continent's complex communicable disease epidemiology, which is currently dominated by a mélange of undiagnosed febrile illnesses. We synthesize interdisciplinary literature from Ghana to highlight the complexity of communicable disease care in SSA from biomedical, social, and environmental perspectives, and suggest a way forward. CONCLUSION A socio-environmental approach to acute febrile illness etiology, diagnostics, and management would lead to substantial health gains in Africa, including more efficient malaria control. Such an approach would also improve global preparedness for future epidemics of emerging pathogens such as chikungunya, Ebola, and Zika, all of which originated in SSA with limited baseline understanding of their epidemiology despite clinical recognition of these viruses for many decades. Impending ACT resistance, new vaccine delays, and climate change all beckon our attention to proper diagnosis of fevers in order to maximize limited health care resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stoler
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
- Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Ovadje L, Nriagu J. Multi-dimensional knowledge of malaria among Nigerian caregivers: implications for insecticide-treated net use by children. Malar J 2016; 15:516. [PMID: 27769249 PMCID: PMC5073728 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor malaria knowledge can negatively impact malaria control programmes. This study evaluates knowledge distribution in the domains of causation, transmission, vulnerability, symptoms, and treatment of malaria. It assesses the association between a caregiver’s knowledge about malaria and ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) by children. Methods Some 1939 caregivers of young children were recruited through a school-based survey in two Nigerian states. A 20-item, multi-dimensional survey instrument was developed and used to rank each caregiver’s knowledge in five dimensions (cause, transmission, vulnerability, symptoms, treatment of malaria). Scores for each domain were used to create an aggregate knowledge score for each caregiver. The outcome measures were ITN ownership, and ITN use the night and week before the study. Regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between caregiver’s knowledge (individual domains and aggregate score) and ownership and use of ITN after controlling for likely confounders. Results The main predictor of ITN use was ITN ownership (r = 0.653; p < 0.001); however, ownership only explains 43 % of variance in net use. Total knowledge index for the study population was significantly associated with both ITN ownership (r = 0.122; p = 0.001) and use (r = 0.095; p = 0.014). The spectrum of caregiver’s knowledge of malaria and its causes captured in the various domains was, however, found to be poor. Fifty percent of the respondents knew that malaria is transmitted by female mosquitoes and 65 % still believe that too much exposure to the sun is a risk factor for malaria. Knowledge of populations most vulnerable to malaria (83 %) and knowledge of malaria transmission (32 %) were the domains with the highest and lowest average correct answers. Conclusions There is a need to improve ITN coverage in Nigeria as ITN ownership was associated with ITN use. Additionally, treating knowledge as a multi-dimensional phenomenon revealed that a lot of misperceptions about malaria still exist. Distribution of ITNs through the public/private sector may need to be augmented with tailored behavioural change communication to dispel myths and improve the multi-dimensional knowledge of malaria in the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Ovadje
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Jerome Nriagu
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Elmosaad YM, Elhadi M, Khan A, Malik EM, Mahmud I. Communication for behavioural impact in enhancing utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets among mothers of under-five children in rural North Sudan: an experimental study. Malar J 2016; 15:509. [PMID: 27756314 PMCID: PMC5070147 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Sudan. The entire population is at risk of contracting malaria to different levels. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of communication for behavioural impact (COMBI) strategy in enhancing the utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) among mothers of under-five children in rural areas. Methods A randomized community trial was conducted in rural area of Kosti locality, White Nile State, Sudan, among mothers of under-five children, from January 2013 to February 2014. A total of 761 mothers from 12 villages were randomly selected, 412 mothers from intervention villages and 349 were from comparison villages. Results The knowledge of mothers, in intervention villages, about malaria vector, personal protective measures (PPM) against malaria, and efficacy of LLINs was significantly increased from 86.9 to 97.3 %; 45.9 to 92 % and 77.7 to 96.1 % respectively. Knowledge about usefulness of PPM, types of mosquito nets and efficacy of LLINs was significantly higher in intervention villages compared to comparison villages (p < 0.05), (η2 = 0.64). Mothers in intervention villages increasingly perceived, post-intervention, that malaria was a serious disease (99.3 %), a preventable disease (98.8 %) and also LLINs as an effective intervention in malaria prevention (92.2 %). This resulted in an increase in the utilization rate of LLINs from 19.2 to 82.8 % in intervention villages compared to comparison villages (p < 0.05) [OR = 4.6, 95 %, CI = (3.72–5.72)], (η2 = 0.64). The average of mothers’ knowledge about malaria was increased by 64 % (η2 = 0.64), the use of LLINs was increased by 79 % (η2 = 0.79) and a positive attitude towards malaria was 2.25 times higher in intervention villages than among mothers in the comparison villages. Conclusions These results established the usefulness of COMBI strategy for increasing awareness about malaria, developing a positive perception towards malaria prevention and, increasing the utilization of LLINs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1551-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda Elhadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Gezira University, Wadmadni, Sudan
| | - Asif Khan
- College of Public Health & Health Informatics, Qassim University, Bukayriah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ilias Mahmud
- College of Public Health & Health Informatics, Qassim University, Bukayriah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Mutua EN, Bukachi SA, Bett BK, Estambale BA, Nyamongo IK. Lay knowledge and management of malaria in Baringo county, Kenya. Malar J 2016; 15:486. [PMID: 27653949 PMCID: PMC5031295 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria, a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by female anopheline mosquitoes, is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and loss in productivity in humans. Baringo County is prone to seasonal transmissions of malaria mostly in the rainy seasons. Methods This cross-sectional study used a mixed methods approach to collect data on knowledge and lay management of malaria. A questionnaire survey was administered to 560 respondents while qualitative data was collected through 20 focus group discussions in four ecological zones covering Baringo North, Baringo South and Marigat sub-Counties of Baringo County. Analyses were done through summary and inferential statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. Results The study communities were knowledgeable of malaria signs, symptoms, cause and seasonality but this biomedical knowledge co-existed with other local perceptions. This knowledge, however, did not influence their first (p = 0.77) or second choice treatments (p = 0.49) and compliance to medication (p = 0.84). Up to 88 % of respondents reported having suffered from malaria. At the onset of a suspected malaria case community members reported the following: 28.9 % visited a health facility, 37.2 % used analgesics, 26.6 % herbal treatments, 2.2 % remnant malaria medicines, 2.2 % over the counter malaria medicines, 1 % traditional healers and 1.8 % other treatments. Nearly all respondents (97.8 %) reported visiting a health facility for subsequent treatments. Herbal treatments comprised of infusions and decoctions derived from roots, barks and leaves of plants believed to have medicinal value. Compliance to conventional malaria treatment regime was, however, identified as a challenge in malaria management. Quick relief from symptoms, undesirable qualities like drug bitterness and bad smell, undesirable side-effects, such as nausea and long regimen of treatment were some of the contributors to non-compliance. Men and women exhibited different health-seeking behaviours based on the cultural expectations of masculinity, femininity, gender roles and acceptability of health services. Conclusions While knowledge of malaria is important in identifying the disease, it does not necessarily lead to good management practice. Treatment-seeking behaviour is also influenced by perceived cause, severity of disease, timing, anticipated cost of seeking treatment and gender, besides the availability of both traditional and conventional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna N Mutua
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Salome A Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Bernard K Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Benson A Estambale
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210, Bondo, 40601, Kenya
| | - Isaac K Nyamongo
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
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Seyoum A, Urgessa K, Gobena T. Community knowledge and the role of health extension workers on integrated diseases among households in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2016; 9:135-42. [PMID: 27445510 PMCID: PMC4936810 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia constitutes approximately 1% of the world’s population but it contributes to 7% of the world’s HIV/AIDS cases. Malaria is the most important disease of humans in terms of mortality, morbidity, and long-term effects upon quality of life, especially in Ethiopia. Despite the ongoing efforts and progress in fighting HIV/AIDS and malaria, these diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the country. In this study, we assessed community knowledge and the role of health extension workers on integrated diseases among households in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based multistage stratified cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2014 among six woredas of the East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The data were collected from 2,319 households using structured questionnaires. A total of 12 well trained data collectors conducted a face-to-face interview with the head female of each household. The data entered on Epi-Data version 3 were then exported for analysis on STATA version 11. Results Multivariable logistic regression showed that among the 1,967 (92.7%) study participants who scored above the mean value in regard to the overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, study participants who could read/write (adjusted odd ratios [AOR] =2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–5.61, P=0.021) and worked as a daily laborer (AOR =0.40, 95% CI: 0.17–0.91, P=0.029) were significantly associated with comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Meanwhile, out of the 2,172 eligible study participants for the malaria interview, 934 (43%) scored above the mean in regard to the overall knowledge about malaria. Rural residents (AOR =0.27, 95% CI: 0.17–0.44, P<0.005), >45 years of age (AOR =1.44, 95% CI: 1.04–1.99, P=0.030), and single marital status (AOR =3.81, 95% CI: 1.97–7.37, P<0.005) were significantly associated with comprehensive knowledge about malaria. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, health extension workers’ number of monthly regular visits of each household was high, with the overall knowledge of study participants regarding malaria was unsatisfactory, unlike the overall knowledge of study participants regarding HIV/AIDS, which is very high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tesfaye Gobena
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Gupta RK, Raina SK, Shora TN, Jan R, Sharma R, Hussain S. A household survey to assess community knowledge, attitude and practices on malaria in a rural population of Northern India. J Family Med Prim Care 2016; 5:101-7. [PMID: 27453852 PMCID: PMC4943114 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.184632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An extensive search on PubMed reveals very little in terms of evidence regarding the current knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of the population in general and rural population, in particular, in this part of the country. Therefore, a study was conducted with the aim to assess the communities' knowledge of malaria transmission, recognition of signs and symptoms, treatment seeking. MATERIALS AND METHODS A stratified two-stage design was used to conduct a house-to-house survey using a semi-structured questionnaire in RS Pura block of Jammu District of Jammu and Kashmir State in North India. RESULTS A total of 300 households were included in the study. However, data on 4 households was found to be incomplete at the time of analysis and, therefore, were excluded. Out of 296 study participants interviewed 65.5% were males, while 34.5% females. All of the study participants (100%) had heard of malaria, and the main source of their information was television/newspaper. 92.5% of the study population considered malaria to be a serious health problem, thus reflecting their attitude to the disease. Regarding practices, 71.6% of the study participants preferred going to doctors at government hospitals for malaria treatment, and 56% were willing to seek medical help in <24 h in case of a child has a febrile episode. CONCLUSIONS Results revealed that KAP among respondents were reasonably good and key sociocultural, and related indicators need to be identified as a part of malaria elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Raina
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. RPGMC, Tanda, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tajali N. Shora
- Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rayaz Jan
- Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Renu Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Clouston SAP, Yukich J, Anglewicz P. Social inequalities in malaria knowledge, prevention and prevalence among children under 5 years old and women aged 15-49 in Madagascar. Malar J 2015; 13 Suppl 1:499. [PMID: 26651615 PMCID: PMC4676822 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 15 % of all deaths in Africa among children under five years old are due to malaria, a preventable and treatable disease. A prevailing sociological theory holds that resources (including knowledge, money, power, prestige, or beneficial social connections) are particularly relevant when diseases are susceptible to effective prevention. This study examines the role of socioeconomic inequalities by broadly predicting malaria knowledge and use of preventive technology among women aged 15-49, and malaria among children aged 6-59 months in Madagascar. METHODS Data came from women aged 15-49 years (N = 8279) interviewed by Madagascar's 2011/2013 Malaria Indicator Studies, and their children aged under five years (N = 7644). Because geographic location may be associated with socioeconomic factors and exposure to malaria, multilevel models were used to account for unobserved geographic and administrative variation. Models also account for observed social, economic, demographic, and seasonal factors. RESULTS Prevalence among children four years old and younger was 7.8 %. Results showed that both mother's education and household wealth strongly influence knowledge about and efforts to prevent and treat malaria. Analyses also revealed that the prevalence of malaria among children aged 6-59 months was determined by household wealth (richest vs poorest: OR = 0.25, 95 % CI [0.10, 0.64]) and maternal education (secondary vs none: OR = 0.51, 95 % CI [0.28, 0.95]). CONCLUSIONS Malaria may be subject to socio-economic forces arising from a broad set of behavioural and geographic determinants, even after adjusting for geographic risk factors and seasonality. Nearly 21 % of the sample lacked primary schooling. To improve malaria reduction efforts, broad-based interventions may need to attack inequalities to ensure that knowledge, prevention and treatment are improved among those who are most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A P Clouston
- Program in Public Health and Department of Preventive, Population and Family Medicine, Stony Brook University, 101 Nichols Rd., Health Sciences Center #3-071, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Josh Yukich
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., Ste. 2301, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Phil Anglewicz
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., Ste. 2210, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Pylypchuk Y, Norton SW. Preventing Malaria among Children in Zambia: The Role of Mother's Knowledge. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2015; 24:1389-1402. [PMID: 25113076 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a devastating disease in Zambia, responsible for about 13% of deaths among children under age 5. Lack of malaria-specific knowledge has been commonly assumed to be an important barrier to engagement in behaviors that prevent malaria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that accounts for the endogeneity of maternal knowledge in household's ownership of insecticide-treated nets (ITN), child's use of ITN, and household's protection against mosquitos (HSP). We account for the endogeneity of maternal knowledge through discrete factor and standard instrumental variable estimators. We find significant causal effects of maternal knowledge on the child's use of ITN and HSP but no significant effect on ownership of ITN. The causal effects of maternal knowledge on the use of ITN and HSP are strikingly larger in magnitude than the effects in the reduced form models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Pylypchuk
- Social and Scientific Systems, Rockville, MD, USA
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel W Norton
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Whittaker M, Smith C. Reimagining malaria: five reasons to strengthen community engagement in the lead up to malaria elimination. Malar J 2015; 14:410. [PMID: 26474852 PMCID: PMC4608300 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although community engagement has been recognized as an important element of public health since the Alma Ata declaration, in practice community engagement has played a marginal role within malaria control programmes. As more countries move toward elimination, malaria elimination programmes will need to reimagine malaria in a number of ways. An important element of this will be to re-conceptualize and better strategize community engagement, which will become increasingly important for programme success as countries near elimination. This commentary intends to begin a conversation on re-imagining community engagement in an elimination setting, by outlining five ways that community engagement should be strengthened and re-strategized in the lead up to malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Whittaker
- University of Queensland School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Catherine Smith
- Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Russell CL, Sallau A, Emukah E, Graves PM, Noland GS, Ngondi JM, Ozaki M, Nwankwo L, Miri E, McFarland DA, Richards FO, Patterson AE. Determinants of Bed Net Use in Southeast Nigeria following Mass Distribution of LLINs: Implications for Social Behavior Change Interventions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139447. [PMID: 26430747 PMCID: PMC4591998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) have been distributed as part of the global malaria control strategy. LLIN ownership, however, does not necessarily guarantee use. Thus, even in the ideal setting in which universal coverage with LLINs has been achieved, maximal malaria protection will only be achieved if LLINs are used both correctly and consistently. This study investigated the factors associated with net use, independent of net ownership. Data were collected during a household survey conducted in Ebonyi State in southeastern Nigeria in November 2011 following a statewide mass LLIN distribution campaign and, in select locations, a community-based social behavior change (SBC) intervention. Logistic regression analyses, controlling for household bed net ownership, were conducted to examine the association between individual net use and various demographic, environmental, behavioral and social factors. The odds of net use increased among individuals who were exposed to tailored SBC in the context of a home visit (OR = 17.11; 95% CI 4.45-65.79) or who received greater degrees of social support from friends and family (ptrend < 0.001). Factors associated with decreased odds of net use included: increasing education level (ptrend = 0.020), increasing malaria knowledge level (ptrend = 0.022), and reporting any disadvantage of bed nets (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.23-0.78). The findings suggest that LLIN use is significantly influenced by social support and exposure to a malaria-related SBC home visit. The malaria community should thus further consider the importance of community outreach, interpersonal communication and social support on adoption of net use behaviors when designing future research and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Russell
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Patricia M. Graves
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory S. Noland
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeremiah M. Ngondi
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Masayo Ozaki
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | | | - Deborah A. McFarland
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Amy E. Patterson
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Agnes Scott College, Public Health Department, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
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Pinchoff J, Hamapumbu H, Kobayashi T, Simubali L, Stevenson JC, Norris DE, Colantuoni E, Thuma PE, Moss WJ. Factors Associated with Sustained Use of Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets Following a Reduction in Malaria Transmission in Southern Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:954-60. [PMID: 26324729 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors influencing sustained use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLIN) in areas of declining malaria transmission is critical to sustaining control and may facilitate elimination. From 2008 to 2013, 655 households in Choma District, Zambia, were randomly selected and residents were administered a questionnaire and malaria rapid diagnostic test. Mosquitoes were collected concurrently by light trap. In a multilevel model, children and adolescents of 5-17 years of age were 55% less likely to sleep under LLIN than adults (odds ratio [OR] = 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35, 0.58). LLIN use was 80% higher during the rainy season (OR = 1.8; CI = 1.5, 2.2) and residents of households with three or more nets were over twice as likely to use a LLIN (OR = 2.1; CI = 1.4, 3.1). For every increase in 0.5 km from the nearest health center, the odds of LLIN use decreased 9% (OR = 0.9; CI = 0.88, 0.98). In a second multilevel model, the odds of LLIN use were more than twice high if more than five mosquitoes (anopheline and culicine) were captured in the house compared with households with no mosquitoes captured (OR = 2.1; CI = 1.1, 3.9). LLIN use can be sustained in low-transmission settings with continued education and distributions, and may be partially driven by the presence of nuisance mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Pinchoff
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harry Hamapumbu
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Limonty Simubali
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas E Norris
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Colantuoni
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip E Thuma
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Yimer F, Animut A, Erko B, Mamo H. Past five-year trend, current prevalence and household knowledge, attitude and practice of malaria in Abeshge, south-central Ethiopia. Malar J 2015; 14:230. [PMID: 26037129 PMCID: PMC4464226 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia malaria remains a leading cause of outpatient consultation despite massive control efforts. This study was aimed at analysing 5-year retrospective trend and current prevalence of malaria as well as community knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in Walga Health Centre (WHC) catchment area in Abeshge District, south-central Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional, household survey was conducted to determine malaria prevalence and KAP in December 2013. Further, malaria cases reported from WHC in 2008–2012 were extracted. A multi-stage, random sampling technique was used to select study participants from four kebeles. Of 800 participants, 400 were interviewed to assess their KAP about malaria and the other half were recruited for malaria microscopy. Results Overall, 11,523 (33.8 %) slide-confirmed malaria cases were reported (no fatalities) among 34,060 outpatients diagnosed in 2008–2012. There was successively significant decline in malaria prevalence from 2009 onwards although a significant rise was noticed in 2009 compared to 2008 (p <0.0001). Male malaria suspects (17,626) were significantly higher than of females (16,434) (p = 0.0127) but malaria prevalence was not significantly variable between sexes. Individuals who were ≥15 years constituted 44.9 % of the patients. Although most participants (78.8 %) associated mosquito bites with malaria, the remaining mentioned exposure to rain or body contact with malaria patients as causes of malaria. Mosquito nets, draining stagnant water and indoor residual spraying were the most frequently mentioned malaria preventive measures. In the parasitological survey, a single individual (0.25 %) with mixed Plasmodium falciparum-Plasmodium vivax infections was found. Conclusion Although malaria remains a primary cause of outpatient admission in WHC, the retrospective data showed a significantly declining trend. This together with the very low prevalence in the current parasitological survey suggests the effectiveness of ongoing control interventions in the locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisseha Yimer
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Abebe Animut
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Jankowska MM, Stoler J, Ofiesh C, Rain D, Weeks JR. Agency, access, and Anopheles: neighborhood health perceptions and the implications for community health interventions in Accra, Ghana. Glob Health Action 2015; 8:26492. [PMID: 25997424 PMCID: PMC4440875 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v8.26492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social and environmental factors are increasingly recognized for their ability to influence health outcomes at both individual and neighborhood scales in the developing urban world. Yet issues of spatial heterogeneity in these complex environments may obscure unique elements of neighborhood life that may be protective or harmful to human health. Resident perceptions of neighborhood effects on health may help to fill gaps in our interpretation of household survey results and better inform how to plan and execute neighborhood-level health interventions. Objective We evaluate differences in housing and socioeconomic indicators and health, environment, and neighborhood perceptions derived from the analysis of a household survey and a series of focus groups in Accra, Ghana. We then explore how neighborhood perceptions can inform survey results and ultimately neighborhood-level health interventions. Design Eleven focus groups were conducted across a socioeconomically stratified sample of neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. General inductive themes from the focus groups were analyzed in tandem with data collected in a 2009 household survey of 2,814 women. In-depth vignettes expand upon the three most salient emergent themes. Results Household and socioeconomic characteristics derived from the focus groups corroborated findings from the survey data. Focus group and survey results diverged for three complex health issues: malaria, health-care access, and sense of personal agency in promoting good health. Conclusion Three vignettes reflecting community views about malaria, health-care access, and sense of personal agency in promoting good health highlight the challenges facing community health interventions in Accra and exemplify how qualitatively derived neighborhood-level health effects can help shape health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Jankowska
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA;
| | - Justin Stoler
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Caetlin Ofiesh
- Department of Geography, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Rain
- Department of Geography, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John R Weeks
- Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Serengbe GB, Moyen JM, Fioboy R, Beyam EN, Kango C, Bangue C, Manirakiza A. Knowledge and perceptions about malaria in communities in four districts of the Central African Republic. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:162. [PMID: 25898111 PMCID: PMC4405816 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Implementation of malaria control strategies may face major social and cultural challenges. Hence, understanding local knowledge about malaria helps in designing sustainable community-based malaria control programmes. We designed a pilot survey in communities in the Central African Republic to evaluate recognition of malaria symptoms, perceptions of the causes of malaria and knowledge of key preventive measures. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in four districts. Households were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling, with villages (in Lobaye, Ouham and Ouaka) and boroughs (in Bangui City) as first-stage units and households as second-stage units. A total of 2920 householders were interviewed. Results Most of the respondents attributed malaria to mosquito bites (65.5%), but less than 50% were familiar with the classical symptoms of malaria. Hygiene and sanitation were the most frequently mentioned methods for preventing malaria (81.1%). Despite the relatively high rate of ownership of insecticide-treated nets (72.1%), community perception of these nets as a preventive measure against mosquito bites was very low (6.5%). Conclusions The correct perceptions that mosquitoes cause malaria transmission and of environmental management for prevention are encouraging; however, awareness about the usefulness of insecticide treated-nets for malaria prevention must be raised. This study provided the national malaria control programme with baseline data for planning appropriate health education in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustave Bobossi Serengbe
- University of Bangui, PO Box 1450, Bangui, Central African Republic. .,Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Jean-Methode Moyen
- Malaria Programme Division, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Rosine Fioboy
- Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Edith Narcisse Beyam
- United Nations Population Fund, Bangui, PO Box 873, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Cyriaque Kango
- Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Colette Bangue
- Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic.
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Adebayo AM, Akinyemi OO, Cadmus EO. Knowledge of malaria prevention among pregnant women and female caregivers of under-five children in rural southwest Nigeria. PeerJ 2015; 3:e792. [PMID: 25755925 PMCID: PMC4349050 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The morbidity and mortality from malaria are still unacceptably high in the developing countries, especially among the vulnerable groups like pregnant women and under-five children, despite all control efforts. The knowledge about the preventive measures of malaria is an important preceding factor for the acceptance and use of malaria preventive measures like Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN) by community members. Therefore, this study assessed the knowledge of malaria prevention among caregivers of under-five children and pregnant women in a rural community in Southwest Nigeria. Methodology. This is part of a larger malaria prevention study in rural Southwest Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among pregnant women and caregivers of under-five children in Igbo-Ora, a rural town in Southwest Nigeria using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Information was obtained on knowledge of malaria prevention, and overall composite scores were computed for knowledge of malaria prevention and ITN use. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Associations between variables were tested using a Chi-square with the level of statistical significance set at 5%. Results. Of the 631 respondents, 84.9% were caregivers of under-five children and 67.7% were married. Mean age was 27.7 ± 6.3 years with 53.4% aged between 20 and 29 years. Majority (91.1%) had at least primary school education and 60.2% were traders. Overall, 57.7% had poor knowledge of malaria prevention. A good proportion (83.5%) were aware of the use of ITN for malaria prevention while 30.6% had poor knowledge of its use. Respondents who were younger (<30 years), had at least primary education and earn <10,000/per month had significantly poor knowledge of ITN use in malaria prevention. Majority (60.0%) respondents had poor attitude regarding use of ITNs. Conclusion. This study showed that the knowledge of malaria prevention is still low among under-five caregivers and pregnant women in rural Southwest Nigeria despite current control measures. There is a need for concerted health education intervention to improve the knowledge of rural dwellers regarding malaria prevention, including the use of ITN. This will go a long way to improving the reported low level of ownership and utilization of ITN in the rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji M Adebayo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun O Akinyemi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - Eniola O Cadmus
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
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