1
|
Glozah FN, Tabong PTN, Bazant E, Asampong E, Hornuvo R, Nwameme A, Peprah NY, Chandi GM, Adongo PB, Dako-Gyeke P. Implementation and effectiveness outcomes of Community Health Advocacy Teams to improve long-lasting insecticide net distribution and use in six districts in Ghana: A one-group pre-post-test study. PLOS Glob Public Health 2024; 4:e0002123. [PMID: 38557578 PMCID: PMC10984411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Malaria remains a leading cause of illness and death especially among children and pregnant women in Ghana. Despite the efforts made by the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP), including distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) to households through periodic Point Mass Distribution (PMD) campaigns and continuous channels (antenatal, schools and postnatal), there is a gap between access and use of LLINs in Ghana. An effective and functional community-based group that would seek to improve the effectiveness of LLIN distribution before, during, after PMD Campaigns and continuous distribution at the community level could help address this gap. This paper assesses the implementation outcomes and short-term effectiveness of the pilot implementation of co-created community health advocacy teams (CHAT) intervention in Ghanaian communities to plan and implement campaigns to increase LLIN use. The study employed a one-group pre-post study design and measured implementation outcomes (acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility) and effectiveness outcomes (LLIN awareness, LLIN access, willingness to purchase LLIN, and LLIN use) among 800 community households. The CHAT intervention was implemented for four months across six districts in the Eastern and Volta regions of Ghana. The data were downloaded directly from REDCap and analyzed statistically (descriptive and McNemar test of association) using SPSS 22 software. After the implementation period, the majority of respondents in all six districts indicated that the CHAT intervention was acceptable (89.8%), appropriate (89.5%), and feasible (90%). Also, there was a significant association between baseline and end-line assessment on all four effectiveness outcome measures. Household members' awareness of, access to, willingness to purchase, and use of LLINs increased significantly over the four-month period that the CHAT intervention was implemented. The study concludes that CHAT is an acceptable, appropriate, and feasible intervention for supporting the National Malaria Programme in LLIN PMD and for engaging in Social and Behaviour Change Communication activities through the continuous channels of distribution. Additionally, the CHAT demonstrates short-term effectiveness outcomes in terms of creating LLIN awareness, providing access to LLIN, and encouraging Ghanaian community members to be willing to purchase and use LLINs. Although the activities of CHAT members were largely voluntary, integration into the existing primary health care system will make it sustainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin N. Glozah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eva Bazant
- Health Campaign Effectiveness Coalition, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ruby Hornuvo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adanna Nwameme
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Gloria M. Chandi
- Ghana Health Service, Ga North Municipal Health Directorate, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Baba Adongo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dake S, Bonful HA, Ganu V, Puplampu P, Asamoah A, Arthur HA, Mwintuu L, Asampong E, Kretchy IA, Anum A. Coping strategies among adolescents and young adults living with HIV/AIDS in Accra-Ghana. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2350. [PMID: 38012649 PMCID: PMC10683146 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living with HIV/AIDS is remarkably stressful and has an adverse effect on one's physical and mental health. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy has led to an increased number of children with perinatal acquired HIV who are living into adolescence and adulthood. Developing strategies to cope with HIV becomes imperative, especially among these adolescents. The study determined the factors that influence coping strategies among adolescents living with HIV. METHODS An analytic cross-sectional design was used. A total of 154 adolescents aged 10-19 years living with HIV were systematically sampled at the Fevers Unit of Korle Bu Teaching Hospital from June to December, 2021. The adolescent version of the KidCope tool was used to assess the choice of coping strategies. Stata 16 was used to determine associations between independent variables and the coping strategies identified. Only variables that were significant at p = 0.1 or less in the crude model were used to run the adjusted regression model. The level of significance was set at p = 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 19.2 ± 0.45 years with 51.9% (80/154) of participants being males. A majority, 57.1% of the participants employed positive coping strategies with 87.0% (135/154) using cognitive restructuring strategy. In an adjusted linear regression model, participants coping strategies were significantly associated with their educational level (p = 0.04) and presence of both parents as caregivers (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Participants largely adopted positive coping strategies in managing the disease. Factors that influenced the choice of coping strategies were higher levels of education and the presence of both parents as caregivers. The importance of a good social support structure and pursuing further education needs to be emphasized in counselling adolescents living with HIV as it promotes the choice of positive coping strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selom Dake
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Harriet Affran Bonful
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Vincent Ganu
- Department of Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Peter Puplampu
- Department of Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alexander Asamoah
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Public Health Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Hannah Ama Arthur
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linus Mwintuu
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene A Kretchy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adote Anum
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okyere J, Bediako VB, Ackah JA, Acheampong E, Owusu BA, Agbemavi W, Nwameme AU, Kamau EM, Asampong E. RTS,S/AS01 E vaccine defaults in Ghana: a qualitative exploration of the perspectives of defaulters and frontline health service providers. Malar J 2023; 22:260. [PMID: 37674197 PMCID: PMC10483715 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Ghana has a good track record in the Expanded Programme on Immunization, there are substantial challenges with regards to subsequent vaccinations, particularly after the first year of life of the child. Given that the last dose of the RTS, S/AS01E vaccine against malaria is administered at 24 months, there is a high likelihood of default. Hence, it is imperative to understand the dynamics and reasons for the defaults to enable the development of effective implementation strategies. This study explored why caregivers default on the RTS, S/AS01E vaccine from the perspective of health service providers and caregivers. METHODS This study employed an exploratory, descriptive approach. Using a purposive sampling technique, caregivers who defaulted and health service providers directly involved in the planning and delivery of the RTS, S/AS01E vaccine at the district level were recruited. A total of five health service providers and 30 mothers (six per FGD) participated in this study. Data analysis was done using NVivo-12 following Collaizi's thematic framework for qualitative analysis. The study relies on the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. RESULTS Reasons for defaulting included the overlap of timing of the last dose and the child starting school, disrespectful attitudes of some health service providers, concerns about adverse side effects and discomforts, travel out of the implementing district, the perception that the vaccines are too many, and lack of support from partners. CONCLUSION To reduce the occurrence of defaulting on the RTS, S/AS01E vaccine programme, stakeholders must reconsider the timing of the last dose of the vaccine. The schedule of the RTS, S/AS01E vaccine should be aligned with the established EPI schedule of Ghana. This will significantly limit the potential of defaults, particularly for the last dose. Also, the findings from this study underscore a need to encourage male partner involvement in the RTS, S/AS01E vaccine programme. Health promotion programmes could be implemented to raise caregivers' awareness of potential adverse reactions and discomforts-this is necessary to prepare the caregiver for the vaccine process psychologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Okyere
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Vincent Bio Bediako
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- The Graduate Group in Demography, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Josephine Akua Ackah
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Wonder Agbemavi
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- School of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Edward Mberu Kamau
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) at the World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dako-Gyeke P, Hornuvo R, Glozah FN, Asampong E, Tabong PTN, Nwameme A, Chandi GM, Peprah NY, Gittelman D, Adongo PB. Pilot implementation of community health advocacy teams to improve the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide net distribution through both campaigns and continuous channels in Ghana: a qualitative study of opportunities and barriers to implementation. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1133151. [PMID: 37583887 PMCID: PMC10423875 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1133151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Ghana, the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) distributes long-lasting insecticide net (LLIN) to households for free through the periodic point mass distribution (PMD) campaign and continuous distribution to populations most vulnerable to malaria. It is known that the existence of effective and functional community-based groups could influence positive behaviours regarding health interventions promoted through health campaigns. However, there is no evidence of functional community-based groups that aim to improve the effectiveness of LLIN distribution campaigns by transitioning into primary healthcare delivery. This study aimed to explore the opportunities and barriers to the pilot implementation of co-created community health advocacy teams (CHATs) to improve the effectiveness of LLIN distribution through both campaigns and continuous channels in Ghana. Methods A qualitative research approach was used among 43 CHAT members across six communities in the Eastern and Volta regions of Ghana. The CHAT constitutes significant community actors whose roles are centred on key elements of community/social mobilisation and capacity building, all nested in social and behaviour change communication (SBCC) strategies. The CHATs were pilot implemented in all study communities for 4 months after which we identified opportunities and barriers during implementation. CHAT members participated in six focus group discussions which were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically using the NVivo 13. Results CHATs were instrumental in sensitising community members through SBCC strategies. Moreover, there were changes in the behaviour of community members who were receptive towards and participated in CHAT activities. Community members were accurately informed about malaria (e.g., causes and preventive measures). However, the CHAT experienced barriers during implementation, including a lack of financial support to aid in transportation, organisation of meetings, and outreach activities. Additionally, the level of participation by CHAT members in activities and the medium of communication among members were key areas of concern. Conclusion The CHATs would be instrumental in promoting LLINs' use during and after PMD campaigns through community outreaches. It is therefore necessary to provide resources to support their operations and a good network to address communication barriers. Finally, continuous capacity strengthening of CHAT members by the NMCP is important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ruby Hornuvo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Franklin N. Glozah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adanna Nwameme
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gloria. M. Chandi
- Ghana Health Service, Ga North Municipal Health Directorate, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - David Gittelman
- Health Campaign Effectiveness Coalition, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Philip B. Adongo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Appiah MA, Arthur JA, Gborgblorvor D, Asampong E, Kye-Duodu G, Kamau EM, Dako-Gyeke P. Barriers to tuberculosis treatment adherence in high-burden tuberculosis settings in Ashanti region, Ghana: a qualitative study from patient's perspective. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1317. [PMID: 37430295 PMCID: PMC10332032 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite having an effective community-based Directly Observed Therapy Short-course (DOTS) strategy for tuberculosis (TB) care, treatment adherence has been a major challenge in many developing countries including Ghana. Poor adherence results in discontinuity of treatment and leads to adverse treatment outcomes which pose an increased risk of drug resistance. This study explored barriers to TB treatment adherence and recommended potential patient-centered strategies to improve treatment adherence in two high-burden TB settings in the Ashanti region of Ghana. METHODS The study was conducted among TB patients who defaulted on treatment in the Obuasi Municipal and Obuasi East districts in the Ashanti region. A qualitative phenomenology approach was used to explore the barriers to TB treatment adherence. Purposive sampling was adopted to select study participants with different sociodemographic backgrounds and experiences with TB care. Eligible participants were selected by reviewing the medical records of patients from health facility TB registers (2019-2021). Sixty-one (61) TB patients met the eligibility criteria and were contacted via phone call. Out of the 61 patients, 20 were successfully reached and consented to participate. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants using a semi-structured interview guide. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were imported into Atlas.ti version 8.4 software and analyzed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS Food insecurity, cost of transportation to the treatment center, lack of family support, income insecurity, long distance to the treatment center, insufficient knowledge about TB, side effect of drugs, improvement in health after the intensive phase of the treatment regimen, and difficulty in accessing public transportation were the main co-occurring barriers to treatment adherence among the TB patients. CONCLUSION The main barriers to TB treatment adherence identified in this study reveal major implementation gaps in the TB programme including gaps related to social support, food security, income security, knowledge, and proximity to treatment centers. Hence, to improve treatment adherence there is a need for the government and the National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) to collaborate with different sectors to provide comprehensive health education, social and financial support as well as food aid to TB patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delphine Gborgblorvor
- District Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Obuasi East, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- School of Public Health, Greater Accra Region, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Gideon Kye-Duodu
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Edward Mberu Kamau
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) at World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- School of Public Health, Greater Accra Region, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Asampong E, Kamau EM, Teg-Nefaah Tabong P, Glozah F, Nwameme A, Opoku-Mensah K, Amankwa B, Dako-Gyeke P. Capacity building through comprehensive implementation research training and mentorship: an approach for translating knowledge into practice. Global Health 2023; 19:35. [PMID: 37231446 PMCID: PMC10211293 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implementation research (IR) is increasingly gaining popularity as the act of carrying an intention into effect. It is thus an important approach to addressing individual practices, policies, programmes and other technologies to solving public health problems. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to experience public health problems which could be addressed using implementation research. These countries however fall behind prioritizing implementation research due to the disorganized approach used to providing knowledge about the value and scope of implementation research. This paper seeks to explain steps taken to resolve this by capacity strengthening activities through a comprehensive implementation research training and mentorship programme which was informed by needs assessment. METHODS The roll-out of the comprehensive implementation research training and mentorship was done in phases, including engaging the implementation research community through TDR Global, competency building for programme officers and ethical review board/committee members, and practical guidance to develop an implementation research proposal. The Bloom taxonomy guided the training whilst the Kirkpatrick Model was used for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the capacity building. RESULTS The findings identified critical areas of mentors and how mentorship should be structured and the most effective ways of delivering mentorship. These findings were used to develop a mentorship guide in IR. The mentorship guidance is to be used as a check-tool for mentoring participants during trainings as part of the package of resources in implementation research. It is also to be used in equipping review board members with knowledge on ethical issues in implementation research. CONCLUSION The approach for providing comprehensive implementation research training and mentorship for programme personnel has provided an opportunity for both potential mentors and mentees to make inputs into developing a mentorship guidance for LMICs. This guidance would help address mentorship initiation and implementation challenges in IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Edward Mberu Kamau
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO, The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Franklin Glozah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Adanna Nwameme
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Opoku-Mensah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Belynda Amankwa
- United Nations Development Programme, Ghana Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nwameme A, Dako-Gyeke P, Asampong E, Allotey P, Reidpath DD, Certain E, Vahedi M, Ross B, Maher D, Launois P. Improving understanding of disease control implementation research through a mooc with participants from low- and middle-income countries: Evaluating participant reactions and learning. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011139. [PMID: 36961830 PMCID: PMC10075403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases developed a massive open online course (MOOC) on implementation research with a focus on infectious diseases of poverty (IDPs) to reinforce the explanation of implementation research concepts through real case studies. The target MOOC participant group included public health officers, researchers and students. By reshaping institutions and building resilience in communities and systems, implementation research will allow progress towards universal health coverage and sustainable development goals. This study evaluates learners' knowledge in implementation research after completing the MOOC using anonymous exit survey responses. Of the almost 4000 enrolled in the two sessions of the MOOC in 2018, about 30% completed all five modules and the assessments, and were awarded certificates. The majority of the participants were early to mid-career professionals, under the age of 40, and from low- and middle-income countries. They were slightly more likely to be men (56%) with a Bachelor or a Master's degree. Participants were public health researchers (45%), public health officers (11%) or students (11%). On completion of the course, an exit survey revealed that 80.9% of respondents indicated significant improvement to strong and very strong implementation research knowledge. This evaluation clearly shows the usefulness of the MOOC on implementation research for reaching out to field researchers and public health practitioners who are facing problems in the implementation of control programmes in low- and middle-income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adanna Nwameme
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Pascale Allotey
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IGIH), UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Daniel D Reidpath
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edith Certain
- Consultant, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mahnaz Vahedi
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bella Ross
- Learning Design and Digital Innovation, Monash College, Docklands, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dermot Maher
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Launois
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konlan KD, Asampong E, Dako-Gyeke P, Glozah FN. Burnout and allostatic load among health workers engaged in human resourced-constrained hospitals in Accra, Ghana. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1163. [PMID: 36104695 PMCID: PMC9473471 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burnout syndrome is a psycho-social disorder which develops in an individual exposed to chronic stress on the job. Health workers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are at increased risk of burnout due to job-related challenges. Burnout does not only affect the job performance of employees, but could result in dysregulation of multiple physiological systems (allostatic load) in victims and predispose them to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study examined the association between burnout and allostatic load among health workers engaged in human resourced-constrained hospitals in Accra, Ghana. Method This study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 1264 health workers (clinicians and non-clinicians) from three public hospitals in Accra, Ghana who were recruited using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The participants completed a questionnaire which collected general and burnout information. In addition, each participant’s anthropometric; biochemical and hemodynamic indices were measured. The allostatic load in the participants was determined using eleven (11) biomarkers from the neuro-endocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic and anthropometric measures. The relationship between burnout and allostatic overload (high allostatic load) was determined at the bivariate and multivariable levels. The data analysis was done with the aid of Stata 15.0 at a 95% confidence level. Results The prevalence of burnout was 20.57%, higher in non-clinicians than clinicians (26.74% vs 15.64, p < 0.001). Also, non-clinical participants had higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization than the clinical participants. Over a quarter (26.27%) of the participants had allostatic overload manifesting as high allostatic load. Furthermore, for a one unit increase in overall burnout, the odds of experiencing allostatic overload was increased by 17.59 times (AOR = 17.59, 95% CI: 11.7-26.4) as compared to those without burnout and similar findings were found for the individual components of burnout syndrome with high allostatic load. Conclusion Burnout among health workers is associated with multi-system physiological dysregulation manifesting as high allostatic load; a major risk factor for NCDs. It is recommended that measures aimed at reducing burnout and allostatic overload such as structured psychological counseling and healthy lifestyle patterns are recommended for health workers engaged in stressful work settings to reduce their risk of NCDs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Konlan KD, Asampong E, Dako-Gyeke P, Glozah FN. Burnout syndrome among healthcare workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Accra, Ghana. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268404. [PMID: 35709139 PMCID: PMC9202923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increased the workload of health workers particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa predisposing them to extra job-related stress and its associated job-related burnout. Burnout reduces the number, distribution and productivity of health workers. This study sought to determine personal and job-related characteristics of health workers in Accra, Ghana that influenced their experience of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,264 health workers recruited from three public hospitals in Accra, Ghana between March to November, 2020. The participants were recruited using a proportionate stratified sampling technique and completed a pre-tested questionnaire that collected information on socio-demographic and job-related factors. Also, the questionnaire assessed participants' level of resilience and job-related burnout. Pearson's chi-square test was used to determine the association between burnout and the socio-demographic as well as job-related factors. However, for variables with observations less than six, a Fisher's exact test, was used to determine the associations. After the binary analysis, multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the strength of association between the socio-demographic as well as job-related factors and burnout. Data analyses were conducted at a significant level (alpha 0.05) and power of 95% confidence with the aid of Stata 15.0. RESULTS The prevalence of burnout among the participants was 20.57% with non-clinicians displaying higher burnout compared to clinicians (26.74&% v 15.64%, p< 0.001). Health workers with 1-5 years working experience were 26.81 more likely to experience burnout (AOR = 26.81, CI = 6.37-112.9). Night shifts defined as shifts between 8:00pm to 8:00am was associated with the 1.86 odds of experiencing burnout (OR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.33-2.61; p<0.001). Also, participants of the primary level facility were 3.91 times more likely (AOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 2.39-6.41) to experience burnout on the job. Similarly, participants with additional jobs were 1.14 times more likely (AOR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.75-1.74) to experience burnout. In addition, participants harboring intentions of leaving their current jobs were 4.61 times more likely (AOR = 4.61, 95% CI = 2.73-7.78) to experience burnout. Furthermore, participants with perceived high workload were 2.38 times more likely (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.40-4.05) to experience burnt-out on the job. CONCLUSION There is high prevalence of burnout among health workers in Accra particularly during the onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic. Working on night shifts and at the primary level of healthcare is significantly associated with increased odds of experiencing burnout.We recommend shift rotation for staff and adequate resource provision for primary level hospitals. The high burnout in this study could be influenced by other factors such as the grief caused by multiple losses and also the limited supportive resources for health workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Dodam Konlan
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Franklin N. Glozah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite progress made to expand access to health service in Ghana, inequities still exist. Social innovations have been developed as community-engaged solutions to decrease inequities. METHODS In partnership with a multistakeholder group, our social innovation team organised a crowdsourcing contest to identify health innovations in Ghana. Informed by a WHO-Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases framework, we organised a six-stage crowdsourcing challenge. RESULTS In all, 13 innovations were received in the contest, while 2 innovations were rejected after initial screening. The 11 innovations were reviewed by a panel of four independent expert judges. Inter-rated reliability index (kappa) was 0.86. Following the review of the average score, five top innovations were recognised. These submissions can be put into three main themes: technology and strengthening (eg, mHealth for cervical cancer screening, video directly observed therapy), inclusiveness and reaching the marginalised (people with disability and infertility) and data utilisation for project improvement (seasonal calendar to reduce morbidity and mortality of children under 5 for malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia). CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study shows that solutions to local problems exist. Therefore, policymakers, the government and development partners should support the scale-up of such innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Opoku-Mensah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Phyllis Awor
- Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- IGHID, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Glozah F, Asampong E, Tabong PTN, Nwameme A, Hornuvo R, Chandi M, Peprah NY, Adongo P, Dako-Gyeke P. Creating interventions to transition long-lasting insecticide net distribution in Ghana. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063121. [PMID: 35649610 PMCID: PMC9161095 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mass long-lasting insecticide net (LLIN) distribution campaigns are rolled out, as a part of the Ghana Malaria Strategic plan (2021-2025) which seeks to protect at least 80% of the population at risk with effective malaria prevention interventions. Although the mass LLIN distribution campaign indicates a comprehensive stakeholder engagement approach, it does not systematically transition into the basic primary healthcare structures within the Ghana Health Services. This paper presents the process and outcome of creating an innovative social intervention, which focuses on community mobilisation and capacity building of community health officers. METHODS This study employed a concurrent triangulation mixed methods approach conducted across six districts in Eastern and Volta regions, Ghana. Findings were synthesised, grouped and further distilled to guide the participatory cocreation workshops. Cocreation involved participatory learning in action technique which is a practical, adaptive research strategy which enabled diverse groups and individuals to learn, work and act together in a cooperative manner. RESULTS The results suggest the establishment of a Community Health Advocacy Team (CHAT). This would be necessary in efforts aimed at transitioning LLIN distribution campaign in communities. The role of the CHAT would be centred on key elements of community/social mobilisation and capacity building, all nested in a social and behaviour change communication strategies. CONCLUSION The research team is in the process of assessing the acceptability and feasibility of the CHAT intervention with all stakeholders in the various communities. Assessment of the effectiveness of the CHAT intervention would be done at a later time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Glozah
- Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Adanna Nwameme
- Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Ruby Hornuvo
- Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Philip Adongo
- Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tabong PTN, Opoku Mensah K, Asampong E. Preparation for COVID-19 vaccines rollout: Interventions to increase trust, acceptability, and uptake in West African countries. Int J Health Plann Manage 2022; 37:1221-1228. [PMID: 35104374 PMCID: PMC9015502 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The approval of COVID‐19 vaccines for use has come as a relief to West Africa and world. However, concerns raised about the vaccines in America and Europe have created anxiety among some citizens in Africa. These concerns are likely to affect the acceptance, and uptake of the COVID‐19 vaccines in West Africa. Methods Guided by the principles of effective community engagement, this research reviewed typical case studies of past vaccination exercises to document concerns, challenges and lessons learnt. These were then used to propose pre‐immunisation interventions in West Africa to increase the COVID‐19 vaccines acceptance and uptake. Results Concerns about safety can undermine the rollout of the COVID‐19 vaccines. These concerns can be addressed through effective community engagement. Community leaderships could be engaged through courtesy calls, workshops and durbars to sensitise them on immunisation. Engaging the scientific community can help build trust and reduce concerns about vaccine safety. In vaccines rollout, managing misinformation is important and the media can play a critical role in addressing these in their reportage. In addition, social media is an effective monitoring tool for vaccine‐related misinformation. Conclusion The analysis underscores the need for more community engagement before the importation and deployment of COVID‐19 vaccines in West Africa. Experiences from community responses to previous vaccination exercises for emerging and remerging infectious diseases should inform the current efforts and enhance the process to achieve high uptake and reduce vaccine hesitancy. Concerns about safety have often undermined the rollout of new vaccines High COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy has been reported across the world Effective local community engagement strategies can reduce vaccine hesitancy Social media is an effective monitoring tool for vaccine‐related misinformation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Opoku Mensah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Asampong E, Ibrahim A, Sensoy-Bahar O, Kumbelim K, Yaro PB, McKay MM, Ssewamala FM. Adaptation and Implementation of the Multiple-Family Group Intervention in Ghana. Psychiatr Serv 2021; 72:571-577. [PMID: 33430647 PMCID: PMC9805812 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health system in Ghana is severely underequipped to meet the needs of children with behavioral health problems. A substantial treatment gap exists among individuals with behavioral challenges, necessitating the implementation of an evidence-based intervention to address child behavioral challenges in Ghana. This article presents learning opportunities from the adaptation and initiation process of an evidence-based approach, the multiple-family group (MFG) intervention, aimed at addressing child behavioral challenges in northern Ghana. METHODS The MFG intervention will be tested and implemented in three schools selected through a clustered randomization process, with 60 child-caregiver dyads per school. Each school will be assigned to MFG delivery by parent peers, MFG delivery by School Health Education Program (SHEP) coordinators, or an intervention where students are supplied only with mental health wellness materials and educational supports. The providers will be assessed on a fidelity measure. RESULTS The approach of engaging stakeholders in Ghana is anticipated to prove challenging because multiple partners are involved in MFG implementation. Participants are expected to actively participate, however, given some changes to the protocol to adapt it to the Ghanaian context, including the types of MFG facilitators and sample size. Other anticipated challenges include obtaining permission from key partners such as the education authorities, timing of the study within the academic calendar in Ghana, and meeting the high expectations of school authorities for the study. NEXT STEPS The MFG intervention will be delivered by parent peers and SHEP coordinators at the selected schools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Asampong
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra (Asampong, Ibrahim); Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis (Sensoy-Bahar, McKay, Ssewamala); BasicNeeds, Tamale, Ghana (Kumbelim, Yaro)
| | - Abdallah Ibrahim
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra (Asampong, Ibrahim); Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis (Sensoy-Bahar, McKay, Ssewamala); BasicNeeds, Tamale, Ghana (Kumbelim, Yaro)
| | - Ozge Sensoy-Bahar
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra (Asampong, Ibrahim); Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis (Sensoy-Bahar, McKay, Ssewamala); BasicNeeds, Tamale, Ghana (Kumbelim, Yaro)
| | - Kingsley Kumbelim
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra (Asampong, Ibrahim); Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis (Sensoy-Bahar, McKay, Ssewamala); BasicNeeds, Tamale, Ghana (Kumbelim, Yaro)
| | - Peter B Yaro
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra (Asampong, Ibrahim); Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis (Sensoy-Bahar, McKay, Ssewamala); BasicNeeds, Tamale, Ghana (Kumbelim, Yaro)
| | - Mary M McKay
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra (Asampong, Ibrahim); Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis (Sensoy-Bahar, McKay, Ssewamala); BasicNeeds, Tamale, Ghana (Kumbelim, Yaro)
| | - Fred M Ssewamala
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra (Asampong, Ibrahim); Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis (Sensoy-Bahar, McKay, Ssewamala); BasicNeeds, Tamale, Ghana (Kumbelim, Yaro)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Douno M, Asampong E, Magassouba N, Fichet-Calvet E, Almudena MS. Hunting and consumption of rodents by children in the Lassa fever endemic area of Faranah, Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009212. [PMID: 33730025 PMCID: PMC7968712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of the Ebola outbreak, human-animal contact has gained importance for zoonotic transmission surveillance. In Faranah (Upper Guinea), daily life is intertwined with rodents, such as the Natal multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis; a reservoir for Lassa virus (LASV). However, this contact is rarely perceived as a health risk by residents, although Lassa fever (LF) is known to be endemic to this region. Conversely, these observations remain a great concern for global health agendas. Drawing on ethnographic research involving interviews, focus group discussions, participant observations, and informal discussions over four months, we first identified factors that motivated children to hunt and consume rodents in Faranah villages, and thereafter, explored the knowledge of LF infection in children and their parents. Furthermore, we studied two dimensions of human-rodent encounters: 1) space-time of interaction and 2) factors that allowed the interaction to occur and their materiality. This approach allowed us to contextualize child-rodent contacts beyond domestic limits in the fallow fields, swamps, and at other times for this practice. A close look at these encounters provided information on rodent trapping, killing, and manipulation of cooking techniques and the risk these activities posed for the primary transmission of LASV. This research facilitated the understanding of children's exposure to M. natalensis during hunting sessions and the importance of rodent hunting, which is a part of their boyish identity in rural areas. Determination of when, where, why, and how children, rodents, and environments interacted allowed us to understand the exposures and risks important for human and animal surveillance programs in the Lassa-endemic region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Douno
- Projet des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Centre de Recherche en Virologie, Université de Conakry, Guinée
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - N’Faly Magassouba
- Projet des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Centre de Recherche en Virologie, Université de Conakry, Guinée
| | | | - Marí Sáez Almudena
- Center for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Asiimwe N, Tabong PTN, Iro SA, Noora CL, Opoku-Mensah K, Asampong E. Stakeholders perspective of, and experience with contact tracing for COVID-19 in Ghana: A qualitative study among contact tracers, supervisors, and contacts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247038. [PMID: 33571296 PMCID: PMC7877738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghana confirmed the first two cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection on 12th March 2020. Following this, the government introduced routine and enhanced contact tracing to identify, quarantine, and test contacts for COVID-19. This study, therefore, intends to document the experiences of contact tracers, their supervisors, during COVID-19 containment in Ghana. METHODS Purposive sampling was used to select twenty-seven (27) participants; sixteen contact tracers, six supervisors, and five contacts of COVID-19 cases for an in-depth interview using a topic guide. These interviews were conducted on a phone or face-to-face basis whilst maintaining physical distancing protocol. All these were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Then, QSR NVivo 12 was used to analyse the data thematically. RESULTS Contact tracers were selected based on their professional background and surveillance experience with other infectious diseases. They were trained before the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the country and before deployment. Deployment of contact tracers was in pairs to monitor contacts daily through physical visits or over the phone. Their activities included educating contacts about the condition, filling the symptoms diary, and providing psychological support. Contacts for COVID-19 were identified through case investigation, and their monitoring is done once a day despite the twice-daily requirement. Wherever a case was confirmed, enhanced contact tracing within a 2km radius was done. Furthermore, it was reported that some contacts were not adhering to the self-quarantine. In addition to this, other challenges included; unstable provision of PPEs and remuneration, refusal of some contact to test, delays in receiving test results, and poor coordination of the whole process. CONCLUSIONS The study concludes that contact tracing was generally perceived to be helpful in COVID-19 containment in Ghana. However, adhering to self-quarantine protocol had many challenges for both contact tracers and the contacts. Improving coordination and quick release of test results to contacts is necessary for COVID-19 containment. Lastly, the supply of Personal Protection Equipment and motivation needs to be addressed to help position the country well for effective contact tracing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nashira Asiimwe
- Pharmaceautical Society of Uganda, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stanley Amogu Iro
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles Lwanga Noora
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Opoku-Mensah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sensoy Bahar O, Ssewamala FM, Ibrahim A, Boateng A, Nabunya P, Neilands TB, Asampong E, McKay MM. Anzansi family program: a study protocol for a combination intervention addressing developmental and health outcomes for adolescent girls at risk of unaccompanied migration. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2020; 6:190. [PMID: 33372647 PMCID: PMC7720564 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that 11% of children (ages 5 to 17) worldwide are child laborers. ILO recently drew attention to migrant child laborers as an underreported, but more vulnerable group to adverse outcomes relative to children working locally. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) continues to be the continent with the highest rates of child labor, with Ghana registering one of the highest incidence rates at 22%, including unaccompanied child migrants engaged in labor. Adolescent girls make up the majority of unaccompanied rural-to-urban migrants in search of better economic opportunities. Studies document the myriad of serious threats to health and emotional well-being experienced by adolescent girls who migrate to engage in child labor. These threats underline the urgent need for theoretically informed preventive interventions, specifically tailored to address the root causes of female child migrant labor and the needs of girls from economically insecure families and communities. METHODS A two-arm cluster randomized control trial will be conducted to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of ANZANSI (family economic empowerment + multiple family groups) among 100 adolescent girls and their caregivers in the Northern Region of Ghana. Ten schools will be randomly selected from a list of eligible schools, and randomized to one of two study arms: (1) control arm (n = 5 schools, n = 50 adolescent-caregiver dyads); (2) treatment arm (n = 5 schools, n = 50 adolescent-caregiver dyads) receiving ANZANSI over a 9-month period. Adolescents (ages 11 to 14) in the same school will be assigned to the same study condition to avoid contamination. DISCUSSION The primary aim of the study is to address the urgent need for theoretically and empirically informed interventions that prevent adolescent girls' unaccompanied rural-to-urban migration for child labor. Existing programs are not preventive and primarily target children who already migrated to the city and are living and working on the streets. This study is one of the first studies to pilot test a combination intervention, integrating family economic empowerment targeting household poverty with multiple family groups addressing family cohesion and perceptions on gender norms, child education/labor, all of which are factors, when combined, force girls to drop out of school and migrate. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ; NCT04231669 ; Registered January 18, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Sensoy Bahar
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Fred M Ssewamala
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | | | - Alice Boateng
- Department of Social Work, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Proscovia Nabunya
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, LA, USA
| | | | - Mary M McKay
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yaro PB, Asampong E, Tabong PTN, Anaba SA, Azuure SS, Dokurugu AY, Nantogmah FA. Stakeholders' perspectives about the impact of training and sensitization of traditional and spiritual healers on mental health and illness: A qualitative evaluation in Ghana. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2020; 66:476-484. [PMID: 32370576 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020918284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prayer camps and traditional healers have emerged recently as alternative sources of mental health care in Ghana. To increase their knowledge and collaboration between formal and informal mental health care providers, training and sensitization was organized for them. AIMS This study aimed at assessing beneficiaries' views about the impact of this intervention. METHODS We adopted narrative approach to qualitative enquiry using purposive sampling strategy to recruit formal and informal mental health care providers in Ghana for an in-depth interview. We analyzed the data thematically using QSR NVivo 12. RESULTS Participants enhanced their knowledge about mental health and illness. They reported increased collaboration between formal and informal health care providers. Community psychiatric nurses (CPNs) give injections to patients instead of chaining and using shackles as was initially practiced. There are also regular visits by CPNs to traditional and spiritual healers to discuss the care of the mentally ill patients in their facilities. CONCLUSION There has been an increased collaboration among healers of mental illness resulting in quick recovery of patients who seek care at traditional and spiritual healers. There is also abolition of chaining and using of shackles by these healers, with increasing respect for the human rights of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dako-Gyeke P, Asampong E, Afari E, Launois P, Ackumey M, Opoku-Mensah K, Dery S, Akweongo P, Nonvignon J, Aikins M. Capacity building for implementation research: a methodology for advancing health research and practice. Health Res Policy Syst 2020; 18:53. [PMID: 32487176 PMCID: PMC7268492 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-020-00568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implementation research is increasingly being recognised as an important discipline seeking to maximise the benefits of evidence-based interventions. Although capacity-building efforts are ongoing, there has been limited attention on the contextual and health system peculiarities in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, given the challenges encountered during the implementation of health interventions, the field of implementation research requires a creative attempt to build expertise for health researchers and practitioners simultaneously. With support from the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, we have developed an implementation research short course that targets both researchers and practitioners. This paper seeks to explain the course development processes and report on training evaluations, highlighting its relevance for inter-institutional and inter-regional capacity strengthening. METHODS The development of the implementation research course curriculum was categorised into four phases, namely the formation of a core curriculum development team, course content development, internal reviews and pilot, and external reviews and evaluations. Five modules were developed covering Introduction to implementation research, Methods in implementation research, Ethics and quality management in implementation research, Community and stakeholder engagement, and Dissemination in implementation research. Course evaluations were conducted using developed tools measuring participants' reactions and learning. RESULTS From 2016 to 2018, the IR curriculum has been used to train a total of 165 researchers and practitioners predominantly from African countries, the majority of whom are males (57%) and researchers/academics (79.4%). Participants generally gave positive ratings (e.g. integration of concepts) for their reactions to the training. Under 'learnings', participants indicated improvement in their knowledge in areas such as identification of implementation research problems and questions. CONCLUSION The approach for training both researchers and practitioners offers a dynamic opportunity for the acquisition and sharing of knowledge for both categories of learners. This approach was crucial in demonstrating a key characteristic of implementation research (e.g. multidisciplinary) practically evident during the training sessions. Using such a model to effectively train participants from various low- and middle-income countries shows the opportunities this training curriculum offers as a capacity-building tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Edwin Afari
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Mercy Ackumey
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kwabena Opoku-Mensah
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Dery
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patricia Akweongo
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Justice Nonvignon
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Moses Aikins
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Asiedu N, Kretchy I, Asampong E. Psycho-behavioral factors associated with neurocognitive performance among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Accra, Ghana. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:487-596. [PMID: 33163015 PMCID: PMC7609089 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that almost half of all people living with HIV have some form of neurocognitive impairment, but few studies have looked at the risk of neurocognitive impairment and its associated factors in Ghana, due in part to limited resources for such testing. OBJECTIVES To examine neurocognitive performance in a group of Ghanaians living with HIV and possible factors that contribute to their performance. METHODS One hundred and four patients were assessed using a selection of brief non-invasive neuropsychological assessments as well as the International HIV Dementia Scale. Psycho-behavioural factors (alcohol use, depression, and medication adherence) as well as demographic characteristics and functional daily activities were assessed to determine their association with neurocognitive performance, using linear regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses. RESULT About 48% of the participants met the criteria for risk of neurocognitive impairment. Age, education, and symptoms of depression were found to be significantly associated with the risk of impairment. CONCLUSION Some people living with HIV showed risk of neurocognitive impairment, which was significantly associated with education, age and depressive symptoms. It is therefore important to consider routine neurocognitive screening in HIV management to recognize any risks for early interventions.
Collapse
|
20
|
Langmagne S, Tenkorang EY, Asampong E, Osafo J, Bingenheimer JB. Approaches to Regulating Adolescent Sexual Behavior in Ghana: Qualitative Evidence from Somanya and Adidome. Arch Sex Behav 2018; 47:1779-1790. [PMID: 29616424 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article examines perceptions of why HIV infection is severe among adolescents in Somanya and less so in Adidome-two seemingly similar communities in Ghana-through analysis of the social control measures employed by these communities to regulate adolescent sexual initiation. Using focus group discussions with parents and caregivers of adolescent children, the study found that parents in Somanya and Adidome used different regulatory mechanisms to influence adolescent sexual initiation. While parents in Somanya relied largely on parental monitoring, parents in Adidome depended more on a combination of neighborhood monitoring and community barriers (informal rules) to control adolescent sexual onset. The study findings showed that contextual factors (socioeconomic and cultural) shaped the social realities of people in these two communities accounting for the differences in HIV prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Langmagne
- Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada.
| | - Eric Y Tenkorang
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Osafo
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Asampong E, Dako–Gyeke M, Oduro R. Caregivers' views on stigmatization and discrimination of people affected by leprosy in Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006219. [PMID: 29377890 PMCID: PMC5805356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is a condition that has long been associated with stigma and discrimination, even when infected persons have been cured. This paper describes stigma and discrimination as viewed by caregivers who are associated with people affected by leprosy in Ghana. METHODS A qualitative interview with semi-structured interviews were conducted for twenty caregivers. RESULTS Findings indicated that caregivers were of the view that people affected by leprosy in Ghana are stigmatized and discriminated against by the larger society thus making their movements and interactions restricted to the Leprosarium. Besides, employments opportunities are unavailable to them thus making them exposed to financial challenges. The livelihood Empowerment Against poverty (LEAP) money given them is not sufficient for their daily upkeep. CONCLUSION People affected by leprosy in Ghana are stigmatized and therefore find it difficult to interact freely with the public. The associated physical deformities with the disease also tend to impede their ability to relate to the general public. The LEAP cash given to people affected by leprosy is helpful however, it could be enhanced to keep pace with prevailing economic conditions in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mavis Dako–Gyeke
- Department of Social Work, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Razak Oduro
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Adongo PB, Tabong PTN, Asampong E, Ansong J, Robalo M, Adanu RM. Health workers perceptions and attitude about Ghana's preparedness towards preventing, containing, and managing Ebola Virus Disease. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:266. [PMID: 28403852 PMCID: PMC5389014 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus is highly infectious and the disease can be very fatal. The World Health Organization has declared the 2014-2015 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. In response to this, preparations were made in various health facilities and entry points across Ghana. This study explored health workers perceptions, and attitude about Ghana's preparedness towards preventing and containing Ebola Virus Disease. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study in five (5) of the ten (10) regions in Ghana. Five focus group discussions (N = 44) were conducted among nurses; one in each region. In addition, ten (10) health workers (2 in each region) who are members of regional Ebola Virus Disease task force were recruited and interviewed. In the Greater Accra, Volta and Western regions that have ports, six (6) port health officials: two in each of these regions were also interviewed. The interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the transcripts with the aid of NVivo 10 software. RESULTS The results of this study showed that Ghanaian health workers perceived the screening at various ports as important and ongoing but felt that the screenings at in-land ports were being undermined by the use of unapproved routes. Training of health workers was also being carried out in all the regions, however, there was a general perception among 33 out of 44 nurses that majority of health workers have not received training on Ebola Virus Disease prevention and management. Logistical challenges were also reported as some health facilities did not have adequate Personal Protective Equipment. In facilities where equipment was available, they were stored in places which are not easily accessible to health workers at all times of the day. Human resource preparation was also perceived to be a challenge as health workers (38/44 of nurses) generally expressed fear and unwillingness to work in Ebola treatment centres in the event of an outbreak in Ghana. CONCLUSIONS Our study concludes that preparatory work for Ebola Virus Disease prevention and containment in Ghana is perceived as inadequate by health workers. Ghana needs to strengthen preparation in the area of training of health workers, provision and accessibility of Personal Protective Equipment and incentives for health workers to better position her to contain and manage any Ebola Virus Disease outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baba Adongo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joana Ansong
- World Health Organization Country Office for Ghana, P.O. Box M.B.142, Accra, Ghana
| | - Magda Robalo
- World Health Organization Country Office for Ghana, P.O. Box M.B.142, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard M Adanu
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dako-Gyeke M, Asampong E, Oduro R. Stigmatisation and discrimination: Experiences of people affected by leprosy in Southern Ghana. LEPROSY REV 2017. [DOI: 10.47276/lr.88.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
24
|
Dako-Gyeke M, Asampong E, Oduro R. Stigmatisation and discrimination: Experiences of people affected by leprosy in Southern Ghana. LEPROSY REV 2017; 88:58-74. [PMID: 30188092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease, poses a serious public health concern due to its impact on the wellbeing of affected people. This study, which was set in Ghana, explored stigmatisation and discrimination experiences of people affected by leprosy resident at the Weija Leprosarium in Accra. METHODOLOGY Using a qualitative research methodology, 26 participants were purposively selected and in-depth interviews conducted. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and categorised based on the objectives of the study. FINDINGS The findings revealed that participants experienced stigma and discrimination from their families, friends, healthcare providers and community members. Evidence showed that whereas some participants anticipated stigma and discrimination from prospective employers, others internalised the negative beliefs associated with the disease and gave up searching for jobs. Moreover, the findings indicated that participants were not willing to reintegrate into their communities since they considered the Leprosarium a safe haven. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study, we conclude that people affected by leprosy included in this study experienced stigmatisation and discrimination. We therefore suggest that efforts aimed at reducing and in the long run curing the stigma of leprosy must be contextualised and scaled up. Also, implications are discussed for social work and public health practices.
Collapse
|
25
|
Srigboh RK, Basu N, Stephens J, Asampong E, Perkins M, Neitzel RL, Fobil J. Multiple elemental exposures amongst workers at the Agbogbloshie electronic waste (e-waste) site in Ghana. Chemosphere 2016; 164:68-74. [PMID: 27580259 PMCID: PMC5048578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is growing worldwide and raising a number of environmental health concerns. One of the largest e-waste sites is Agbogbloshie (Ghana). While several toxic elements have been reported in Agbogbloshie's environment, there is limited knowledge of human exposures there. The objectives of this study were to characterize exposures to several essential (copper, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc) and toxic (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead) elements in the urine and blood of male workers (n = 58) at Agbogbloshie, as well as females (n = 11) working in activities that serve the site, and to relate these exposures to sociodemographic and occupational characteristics. The median number of years worked at the site was 5, and the average worker indicated being active in 6.8 tasks (of 9 key e-waste job categories). Additionally, we categorized four main e-waste activities (in brackets % of population self-reported main activity): dealing (22.4%), sorting (24.1%), dismantling (50%), and burning (3.4%) e-waste materials. Many blood and urinary elements (including essential ones) were within biomonitoring reference ranges. However, blood cadmium (1.2 μg/L median) and lead (6.4 μg/dl; 67% above U.S. CDC/NIOSH reference level), and urinary arsenic (38.3 μg/L; 39% above U.S. ATSDR value) levels were elevated compared to background populations elsewhere. Workers who burned e-waste tended to have the highest biomarker levels. The findings of this study contribute to a growing body of work at Agbogbloshie (and elsewhere) to document that individuals working within e-waste sites are exposed to a number of toxic elements, some at potentially concerning levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kofi Srigboh
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Niladri Basu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Judith Stephens
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Marie Perkins
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard L Neitzel
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julius Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yu EA, Akormedi M, Asampong E, Meyer CG, Fobil JN. Informal processing of electronic waste at Agbogbloshie, Ghana: workers’ knowledge about associated health hazards and alternative livelihoods. Glob Health Promot 2016; 24:90-98. [DOI: 10.1177/1757975916631523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This study was conducted to investigate the electronic waste workers’ knowledge about the potential health hazards associated with their work as well as the livelihood alternatives that they would prefer if they were given the opportunity. Methods: A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted to gather empirical information on e-waste workers’ knowledge about the potential hazards associated with their work and the livelihood alternatives to e-waste recycling with a sample consisting of twenty all-male electronic waste workers at the Agbogbloshie scrap metal yard in Accra, Ghana. Results: Electronic waste workers at Agbogbloshie were found to be exposed to a variety of injuries and illnesses. The workers’ knowledge of the association between their health status and their work was generally poor. Apart from the physical injuries, they did not believe their work played any negative role in their health conditions. They preferred occupations such as farming or professional driving located in the northern region of Ghana to be closer to their families. Conclusions: The study concludes that the low knowledge level of the workers on the hazards that are associated with their work has implications for them accepting technologies to protect them and the natural environment from contamination. It is therefore imperative for any intervention to consider the current low level of knowledge and actively educate the workers to raise their awareness level, taking into account the provision of opportunities for workers to acquire applicable skills for future employment in other fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Yu
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Christian G. Meyer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ibrahim A, Aryeetey GC, Asampong E, Dwomoh D, Nonvignon J. Erratic electricity supply (Dumsor) and anxiety disorders among university students in Ghana: a cross sectional study. Int J Ment Health Syst 2016; 10:17. [PMID: 26941834 PMCID: PMC4776439 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-016-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ghana is currently experiencing electricity supply crisis that is believed to have some impact on the mental wellbeing of the population, especially among university students that have become increasingly dependent on uninterrupted electricity supply to fully function academically. There is no known study that explores the link between infrequent electricity supply and generalized anxiety disorders in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to explore that link and determine the proportion of university students whose anxiety levels may be influenced by the electricity supply crisis that the country is experiencing at the moment. Methods This exploratory study used the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) to conduct the study on the University of Ghana campus. The likelihood ratio (LR) test and Fisher’s Exact tests were used to determine any association between the electricity supply crisis and anxiety levels among students. Unadjusted odds ratio and corresponding confidence intervals were estimated and ordinal logistic regression technique was used for the effect of covariates on anxiety. Results Overall, nearly 26 % of students interviewed felt nervous, anxious or on edge almost every day due to the erratic power supply. The proportion of students determined to be classified having minimal, mild, moderate and severe anxiety due to the erratic power supply was 24.2, 30.7, 22.1 and 23.1 % respectively. Students were significantly more likely to be anxious if the frequency of power outage increased (OR 1.36; CI 1.23–1.49). Conclusions Our finding in this study suggests that although the erratic power supply does not allude to any clinical confirmation of the students having anxiety disorders, it does point to a fact that even in a resource-poor country like Ghana, where constant supply of electricity is not always guaranteed, students may not be entirely immune to the health and well-being implications of failures in some sectors of the economy such as power supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Ibrahim
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Genevieve Cecilia Aryeetey
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Duah Dwomoh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Justice Nonvignon
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Asampong E, Dwuma-Badu K, Stephens J, Srigboh R, Neitzel R, Basu N, Fobil JN. Health seeking behaviours among electronic waste workers in Ghana. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1065. [PMID: 26474859 PMCID: PMC4609051 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic waste workers are prone to various illnesses and injuries from numerous hazards thus the need for them to seek health care. The aim of this study was to describe health-seeking behavior, and social and other factors affecting this behavior, among electronic waste workers at Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted and analyzed qualitatively from a grounded theory perspective. RESULTS Workers experienced various kinds of ailments. These included physical injuries, chest and respiratory tract associated symptoms, malaria, headaches, body pains and stomach discomfort. They reported seeking health care from multiple sources, and the main determinants of health seeking behaviour were severity of illness, perceived benefit of treatment, accessibility of service, quality of service, ease of communication with service provider and cost of health care. CONCLUSION Multiple sources of health care were used by the e-waste workers. As cost was a major barrier to accessing formal health care, most of the workers did not subscribe to health insurance. Since enrollment in health insurance is low amongst the workers, education campaigns on the need to register with the National Health Insurance Scheme would facilitate access to formal health care and could result in improved health outcomes among e-waste workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social & Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Judith Stephens
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Richard Neitzel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kretchy IA, Owusu-Daaku FT, Danquah SA, Asampong E. A psychosocial perspective of medication side effects, experiences, coping approaches and implications for adherence in hypertension management. Clin Hypertens 2015; 21:19. [PMID: 26893929 PMCID: PMC4750803 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-015-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined whether psychosocial variables influenced patients' perception and experience of side effects of their medicines, how they coped with these experiences and the impact on medication adherence behaviour. METHODS A hospital-based mixed methods study using quantitative and qualitative approaches was conducted with hypertensive patients. Participants were asked about side effects, medication adherence, common psychological symptoms and coping mechanisms with the aid of standard questionnaires and an interview guide. RESULTS The experiences of side effects-such as palpitations, frequent urination, recurrent bouts of hunger, erectile dysfunction, dizziness, cough, physical exhaustion-were categorized as no/low (39.75 %), moderate (53.0 %) and high (7.25 %). Significant relationships between depression (x (2) = 24.21, p < 0.0001), anxiety (x (2) = 42.33, p < 0.0001), stress (x (2) = 39.73, p < 0.0001) and side effects were observed. A logistic regression model using the adjusted results for this association is reported-depression [OR = 1.9 (1.03-3.57), p = 0.04], anxiety [OR = 1.5 (1.22-1.77), p ≤ 0.001] and stress [OR = 1.3 (1.02-1.71), p = 0.04]. Side effects significantly increased the probability of individuals to be non-adherent [OR = 4.84 (95 % CI 1.07-1.85), p = 0.04] with social factors, media influences and attitudes of primary care givers further explaining this relationship. Personal adoption of medication modifying strategies, espousing the use of complementary and alternative treatments and interventions made by clinicians were the main forms of coping with side effects. DISCUSSION Results from this study show that, in addition to a biomedical approach, the experience of side effects has biological, social and psychological interrelations. The results offer more support for the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to healthcare where all forms of expertise are incorporated into health provision and patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Kretchy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Frances T Owusu-Daaku
- Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
In low- and middle-income countries, perinatal depression (PND) has been associated with poor infant health outcomes, including frequency of infant diarrheal episodes, preterm delivery and low birth weight, and discontinuation or problems breastfeeding. Yet little is known about the awareness or expression of PND depression in Ghana. A total of 12 in-depth key-informant interviews were conducted with women who had experienced PND within the previous two-and-a-half years. Three focus-group discussions were conducted with new mothers (n = 11), grandmothers (n = 8), and fathers (n = 9) for contextual and supporting information. 'Thinking too much' was the term most commonly used to describe PND. The women saw their distress as caused largely by poverty, lack of social support, and domestic problems. Women sought help through family and religious organizations, rather than through medical services. Problems producing breast milk or breastfeeding were nearly universal complaints and suggest significant effects on infant health in the study area. These results present evidence to support the increasing consensus that depression presents in similar and disabling ways across cultures and contexts. This formative qualitative data is required to tailor depression prevention or treatment interventions to this particular socio-cultural context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Scorza
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | | | - Milton L Wainberg
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yarney L, Mba C, Asampong E. Qualitative study on the socio-cultural determinants of care of children orphaned by AIDS in the Ashanti and Eastern regions of Ghana. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:6. [PMID: 25595035 PMCID: PMC4439733 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-014-1332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost three decades after the discovery of HIV and AIDS in Ghana, the most obvious impact of the disease is the growing orphan crisis affecting most families and communities, especially in areas that the prevalence of HIV has exceeded the epidemic's threshold of 5%. Studies have indicated that these orphans usually experience a wide range of problems which include education, nutrition, physical and sexual abuse, emotional and psychological distress, stigma and discrimination, among others The aim of the study was to examine the social, cultural, and traditional norms and practices that influence the care of children orphaned by AIDS in Ghana. METHODS The study employed focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews to generate information on the socio-cultural factors that impact orphan care in the Ashanti and Eastern regions of Ghana. RESULTS The findings indicated that the cultural practices that influence how well an AIDS orphan is taken care of by their caregivers include traditional rituals, ceremonies, and norms like funeral rites, marriage and naming ceremonies, festivals, inheritance, polygyny, and puberty rites. The social factors mentioned to affect orphan care significantly were: excessive alcohol drinking, and tobacco and drug use, dressing with fashion, night club attendance, market days, stigma and discrimination, among others. CONCLUSION It is recommended that though some cultural and traditional practices are deeply rooted in communities and cannot be done away completely, orphan care policies on interventions should take into account these factors to mitigate their effects on the care of orphans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Yarney
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Chuks Mba
- Association of African Universities, Accra, Ghana.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dako-Gyeke M, Dako-Gyeke P, Asampong E. Experiences of stigmatization and discrimination in accessing health services: voices of persons living with HIV in Ghana. Soc Work Health Care 2015; 54:269-285. [PMID: 25760492 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2015.1005268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on Earnshaw and Chaudoir's HIV stigma framework, this study explored the experiences of persons living with HIV and AIDS regarding stigmatization and discrimination in accessing health services. Using a qualitative research methodology, 42 participants were purposively recruited during support group meetings of persons living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) at Amasaman in Accra, Ghana. Four focus group discussions (n = 22) and 10 in-depth interviews were conducted. Discussions and interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and categorized based on the objectives of the study. The findings indicated that PLWHAs had knowledge of stigma that was experienced through enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma mechanisms. Evidence showed that PLWHA did not experience stigma and discrimination when they accessed services at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, the largest hospital in Ghana. However, the situation was different when they accessed services at other public health facilities. Based on the findings, implications are discussed for policy, social work, and public health practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mavis Dako-Gyeke
- a Department of Social Work , University of Ghana , Legon , Accra , Ghana
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Osafo J, Asampong E, Langmagne S, Ahiedeke C. Perceptions of parents on how religion influences adolescents' sexual behaviours in two Ghanaian communities: implications for HIV and AIDS prevention. J Relig Health 2014; 53:959-71. [PMID: 23440475 PMCID: PMC3795971 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-013-9689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of religion in the sexual behaviours of adolescents, the views of parents who are key agents of socialization were examined from two south-eastern communities in Ghana. Focus Group interviews were conducted with mothers (and female caregivers) of adolescents and one with fathers (and male caregivers) of adolescents. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Findings indicated that parents from one community perceived religion as playing a double-edged role in adolescents' sexual behaviours as on one hand it played a protective role by restraining adolescents from risky sexual behaviours; on the other hand it disparaged the existing traditional measures that regulated adolescents' sexual behaviour. However, parents from the other community found a collaborative interface between the existing social control measures-communal socialization and proscriptive morality with religious ethics. Religious socialization, social capital theory and the concept of social suffering are used to explain some of the findings of this study. Implications for HIV and AIDS education and prevention are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Osafo
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana,
| | - Sussan Langmagne
- Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada,
| | - Clement Ahiedeke
- Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Akormedi M, Asampong E, Fobil JN. Working conditions and environmental exposures among electronic waste workers in Ghana. Int J Occup Environ Health 2014; 19:278-86. [PMID: 24588034 DOI: 10.1179/2049396713y.0000000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate and describe informal e-waste recycling and working conditions at Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana. METHODS We conducted in-depth interviews which were qualitatively analysed from a grounded theory perspective. RESULTS Workers obtained e-waste from the various residential areas in Accra, then dismantled and burned them in open air to recover copper, aluminum, steel, and other products for sale to customers on-site or at the nearby Agbogbloshie market. The processers worked under unhealthy conditions often surrounded by refuse and human excreta without any form of protective gear and were thus exposed to frequent burns, cuts, and inhalation of highly contaminated fumes. We observed no form of social security/support system for the workers, who formed informal associations to support one another in times of difficulty. CONCLUSIONS e-waste recycling working conditions were very challenging and presented serious hazards to worker health and wellbeing. Formalizing the e-waste processing activities requires developing a framework of sustainable financial and social security for the e-waste workers, including adoption of low-cost, socially acceptable, easy-to-operate, and cleaner technologies that would safeguard the health of the workers and the general public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Akormedi
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Asampong E, Osafo J, Bingenheimer JB, Ahiadeke C. Adolescents and parents' perceptions of best time for sex and sexual communications from two communities in the Eastern and Volta Regions of Ghana: implications for HIV and AIDS education. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2013; 13:40. [PMID: 24070548 PMCID: PMC3849363 DOI: 10.1186/1472-698x-13-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Adolescents and parents’ differ in their perceptions regarding engaging in sexual activity and protecting themselves from pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The views of adolescents and parents from two south-eastern communities in Ghana regarding best time for sex and sexual communications were examined. Methods Focus Group interviews were conducted with parents and adolescents (both In-school and Out-of school) from two communities (Somanya and Adidome) in the Eastern and Volta regions of Ghana with epidemiological differentials in HIV infection. Results Findings showed parents and adolescents agree that the best timing for sexual activity amongst adolescents is determined by socioeconomic viability. In practice however, there were tensions between adolescents and parents crystallized by spoilt generation and physiological drive ideologies. Whilst one community relied on a more communal approach in controlling their children; the other relied on a confrontational approach. Sex-talk is examined as a measure to reduce these tensions, and children in both communities were ambivalent over sexual communication between their parents and themselves. Parents from the two communities however differed in their perceptions. Whilst parents in one community attributed reduced teenage pregnancies to sex education, those in the other community indicated a generalized adolescents’ sexual activeness manifested in the perceived widespread delinquency in the community. Conclusion Parents in both communities reported significant barriers to parents-adolescents sexual communication. Parents in both communities should be educated to discuss the broader issues on sexuality that affects adolescents and their reproductive health needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Ghana.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yarney J, Donkor A, Opoku SY, Yarney L, Agyeman-Duah I, Abakah AC, Asampong E. Characteristics of users and implications for the use of complementary and alternative medicine in Ghanaian cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy: a cross- sectional study. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:16. [PMID: 23331546 PMCID: PMC3565863 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background There is widespread use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in Ghana, driven by cultural consideration and paradigm to disease causation. Whether there is concurrent use of conventional medicine and CAM in cancer patients is unknown. This study investigates the prevalence, pattern and predictors of CAM use in cancer patients. Overlapping toxicity, sources of information, and whether users inform their doctor about CAM use is examined. Method Cross-sectional study using a questionnaire administered to cancer patients, who were receiving radiotherapy and or chemotherapy or had recently completed treatment at a single institution was used. Results Ninety eight patients participated in the study with a mean age of 55.5 (18–89), made up of 51% females. Married individuals formed 56% of the respondents, whilst 49% had either secondary or tertiary education. Head and neck cancer patients were 15.3%, breast (21.4%), abdomen/pelvic cancers constituted (52%).Seventy seven (78.6%) patients received radiotherapy only, 16.3% received radiation and chemotherapy and 5.3% had chemotherapy only. Ninety five patients were diagnosed of cancer within the past 24 months,73.5% were CAM users as follows; massage(66.3%), herbal(59.2%), mega vitamins(55.1%), Chinese medicine(53.1%),and prayer(42.9%). Sixty eight percent were treated with curative intent. Overlapping toxicity was reported. Majority (83.3%) of users had not informed their doctor about CAM use. On univariate analysis, female (p=0.004) and palliative patients, p=0.032 were more likely to be CAM users. Multivariate analysis identified female (p<0.01), as significant for use, whilst head and neck site was significant for non use (p<0.028). Young, married and highly educated individuals are more likely to use CAM. Friends and Media are the main sources of information on CAM. There was increase in CAM use after the diagnosis of cancer mainly for Chinese Medicine and vitamins. Conclusion There is high CAM usage among Cancer patients, comparable to use in the general population, there is concurrent use of CAM and conventional medicine with reported overlapping toxicity but without informing Oncologist about use. Women and palliative patients are more likely to use CAM. Doctor patient communication on herbal-radiotherapy and drug treatment interaction needs to be strengthened. Standardization and regulation of CAM use is paramount.
Collapse
|