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Magang EMK, Kamga RMN, Telleria J, Tichit M, Crouzols A, Kaboré J, Hardy D, Bouaka CUT, Jamonneau V, Rotureau B, Kuete V, Bart JM, Simo G. Prevalence of blood and skin trypanosomes in domestic and wild fauna from two sleeping sickness foci in Southern Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011528. [PMID: 37498955 PMCID: PMC10411957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although studies on African Trypanosomiases revealed a variety of trypanosome species in the blood of various animal taxa, animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and anatomical niches such as skin have been overlooked in most epidemiological settings. This study aims to update epidemiological data on trypanosome infections in animals from human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci of Cameroon. Blood and skin snips were collected from 291 domestic and wild animals. DNA was extracted from blood and skin snips and molecular approaches were used to identify different trypanosomes species. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to confirm trypanosome infections in skin snips. PCR revealed 137 animals (47.1%) with at least one trypanosome species in the blood and/or in the skin. Of these 137 animals, 90 (65.7%) and 32 (23.4%) had trypanosome infections respectively in the blood and skin. Fifteen (10.9%) animals had trypanosome infections in both blood and skin snip. Animals from the Campo HAT focus (55.0%) were significantly (X2 = 17.6; P< 0.0001) more infected than those (29.7%) from Bipindi. Trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon were present in 27.8% of animals while T. vivax, T. congolense forest type and savannah type were detected in 16.5%, 10.3% and 1.4% of animals respectively. Trypanosoma b. gambiense infections were detected in the blood of 7.6% (22/291) of animals. No T. b. gambiense infection was detected in skin. This study highlights the presence of several trypanosome species in the blood and skin of various wild and domestic animals. Skin appeared as an anatomical reservoir for trypanosomes in animals. Despite methodological limitations, pigs, sheep, goats and wild animals were confirmed as potential reservoirs of T. b. gambiense. These animal reservoirs must be considered for the designing of control strategies that will lead to sustainable elimination of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Melaine Kemta Magang
- Molecular Parasitology & Entomology Sub-unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
| | - Rolin Mitterran Ndefo Kamga
- Molecular Parasitology & Entomology Sub-unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jenny Telleria
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Tichit
- Histopathology Platform, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - David Hardy
- Histopathology Platform, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Parasitology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Victor Kuete
- Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology & Entomology Sub-unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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Moh KO, Luka SA, Ndams IS, Lawal IA, Sani D, Obeta SS, Oderinde GP, Dingwoke EJ, Adamude FA, Ubhenin AE, Umar S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of a type K1 strain Trypanosoma evansi isolate from Nigerian cattle: An evaluation of the therapeutic effects of compounds from Brassica oleracea on the histopathology of infected wister rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 33:101424. [PMID: 36660764 PMCID: PMC9843214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis can be improved by studying the genetics of bovine trypanosomes. Pathogenic animal trypanosomes are a major impediment to livestock production, with negative economic consequences spreading beyond Sub-Saharan Africa to subtropical regions of Northern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America. An atypical K1 strain of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) isolates from infected cattle in Nigeria was analyzed. The therapeutic effect of phenolic-rich compounds on the histopathology of wistar rats infected with the K1 strain was studied. Methods The K1 strain T. evansi was analyzed molecularly using PCR and sequence analysis of the Spacer-1 ribosomal RNA gene. To assess the evolutionary relationship, this was phylogenetically compared to other species studied in different parts of the world. Thirty adult male wistar rats were divided into six groups of five each. Animals in group A served as the standard control (not infected). Group B animals were infected but not treated. Group C animals were infected and given 3.5 mg/kg body weight of the standard drug diminazene aceturate. Animals in groups D, E, and F were infected and treated with phenolic-rich compounds isolated from Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The phytochemicals were extracted using standard analytical procedures, and GCMS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic-rich compounds. The animals were given 0.2 mg/ml trypanosome intraperitoneally, diluted with normal saline. The vital organs of the animals were harvested and histologically examined. Results The nested PCR amplification of the trypanosome's ITS-1 region revealed a DNA amplicon of 627 base pairs. The rRNA nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number MN462960. Basic Local Alignment search of the obtained ITS-1 rRNA sequences revealed that the K1 strain trypanosome and other strains from different regions have an evolutionary relationship. The phenolic-rich compounds had protective effects on the organs of infected animals, resulting in a decrease in parasitemia levels. They have anti-trypanosome activities at the minimum and maximum effective doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Conclusions The K1 strain T. evansi was isolated from naturally infected cattle in this study. The results indicate that phenolic-rich compounds have anti trypanosoma activities capable of healing organ damage caused by trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Onyekachi Moh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria,Corresponding author. Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Sodangi Abdulkarim Luka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Iliya Shehu Ndams
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Idris Alao Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Dahiru Sani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Sunday Obeta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Gbenga Peter Oderinde
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Emeka John Dingwoke
- UNESCO-International Center for Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Amin Adamude
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Abraham Ehinomhen Ubhenin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Saifullahi Umar
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
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Vourchakbé J, Tiofack AAZ, Kante ST, Barka PA, Simo G. Prevalence of pathogenic trypanosome species in naturally infected cattle of three sleeping sickness foci of the south of Chad. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279730. [PMID: 36584086 PMCID: PMC9803169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a diversity of trypanosome species have been detected in various animal taxa from human African trypanosomosis (HAT) foci, cattle trypanosomosis has not been addressed in HAT foci of west and central African countries including Chad. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pathogenic trypanosome species in cattle from three HAT foci of the south of Chad. Blood samples were collected from 1466 randomly selected cattle from HAT foci of Mandoul, Maro, and Moïssala in the south of Chad. For each animal, the sex, age and body condition were recorded. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was used to search Trypanosoma brucei gambiense antibodies while the capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) test and PCR-based methods enabled to detect and identify trypanosome species. From the 1466 cattle, 45 (3.1%) were positive to RDT. The prevalence of trypanosome infections revealed by CTC and PCR-based method were respectively 2.7% and 11.1%. Trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon were dominant (6.5%) followed by T. congolense savannah (2.9%), T. congolense forest (2.5%) and T. vivax (0.8%). No animal was found with DNA of human infective trypanosome (T. b. gambiense). The overall prevalence of trypanosome infections was significantly higher in animal from the Maro HAT focus (13.8%) than those from Mandoul (11.1%) and Moïssala HAT foci (8.0%). This prevalence was also significantly higher in animal having poor body condition (77.5%) than those with medium (11.2%) and good (0.5%) body condition. The overall prevalence of single and mixed infections were respectively 9.4% and 1.6%. This study revealed natural infections of several pathogenic trypanosome species in cattle from different HAT foci of Chad. It showed similar transmission patterns of these trypanosome species and highlighted the need of developing control strategies for animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) with the overarching goal of improving animal health and the economy of smallholder farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Vourchakbé
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Doba, Doba, Chad
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Arnol Auvaker Zebaze Tiofack
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Sartrien Tagueu Kante
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Padja Abdoul Barka
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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Geerts M, Chen Z, Bebronne N, Savill NJ, Schnaufer A, Büscher P, Van Reet N, Van den Broeck F. Deep kinetoplast genome analyses result in a novel molecular assay for detecting Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-specific minicircles. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac081. [PMID: 36285287 PMCID: PMC9582789 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization targeted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) human African trypanosomiasis for elimination of transmission by 2030. Sensitive molecular markers that specifically detect Tbg type 1 (Tbg1) parasites will be important tools to assist in reaching this goal. We aim at improving molecular diagnosis of Tbg1 infections by targeting the abundant mitochondrial minicircles within the kinetoplast of these parasites. Using Next-Generation Sequencing of total cellular DNA extracts, we assembled and annotated the kinetoplast genome and investigated minicircle sequence diversity in 38 animal- and human-infective trypanosome strains. Computational analyses recognized a total of 241 Minicircle Sequence Classes as Tbg1-specific, of which three were shared by the 18 studied Tbg1 strains. We developed a minicircle-based assay that is applicable on animals and as specific as the TgsGP-based assay, the current golden standard for molecular detection of Tbg1. The median copy number of the targeted minicircle was equal to eight, suggesting our minicircle-based assay may be used for the sensitive detection of Tbg1 parasites. Annotation of the targeted minicircle sequence indicated that it encodes genes essential for the survival of the parasite and will thus likely be preserved in natural Tbg1 populations, the latter ensuring the reliability of our novel diagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Geerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zihao Chen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicholas J Savill
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Achim Schnaufer
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Somda MB, N'Djetchi MK, Kaboré J, Ilboudo H, Dama E, Boma S, Courtin F, Poinsignon A, Bengaly Z, Remoué F, Belem AMG, Bucheton B, Jamonneau V, Koffi M. Evaluation of antibody responses to tsetse fly saliva in domestic animals in the sleeping sickness endemic foci of Bonon and Sinfra, Côte d'Ivoire. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100773. [PMID: 36041808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
After intensive control efforts, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) was declared eliminated in Côte d'Ivoire as a public health problem in December 2020 and the current objective is to achieve the interruption of the transmission (zero cases). Reaching this objective could be hindered by the existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma (T.) brucei (b.) gambiense. In the framework of a study led in 2013 to assess the role of domestic animals in the epidemiology of HAT in the two last active foci from Côte d'Ivoire (Bonon and Sinfra), plasmas were sampled from four species of domestic animals for parasitological (microscopic examination by the buffy coat technique (BCT)), serological (immune trypanolysis (TL)) and molecular (specific PCR: TBR for T. brucei s.l., TCF for T. congolense forest type, TVW for T. vivax and PCR for T. b. gambiense) testing. In order to improve the understanding of the involvement/role of these animals in the transmission of T. b. gambiense, we have quantified in this study the IgG response to whole saliva extracts of Glossina palpalis gambiensis in order to perform an association analysis between anti-saliva responses and the positivity of diagnostic tests. Cattle and pigs had significantly higher rates of anti-tsetse saliva responses compared to goats and sheep (p < 0.01). In addition, the anti-tsetse saliva responses were strongly associated with the parasitology (BCT+), serology (TL+) and PCR (TBR+ and TCF+) results (p < 0.001). These associations indicate a high level of contacts between the positive/infected animals and tsetse flies. Our findings suggest that protecting cattle and pigs against tsetse bites could have a significant impact in reducing transmission of both animal and human trypanosome species, and advocates for a "One health" approach to better control African trypanosomosis in Côte d'Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Université Nazi BONI (UNB), Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale (LASANTROP), 01 BP 1 091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche «maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité (UMaVeB)», 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Martial Kassi N'Djetchi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLoG), Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Université Nazi BONI (UNB), Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale (LASANTROP), 01 BP 1 091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche «maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité (UMaVeB)», 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), 11 BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
| | - Emilie Dama
- Université Nazi BONI (UNB), Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale (LASANTROP), 01 BP 1 091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Soudah Boma
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche «maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité (UMaVeB)», 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 177 INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Poinsignon
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche «maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité (UMaVeB)», 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Franck Remoué
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien Marie Gaston Belem
- Université Nazi BONI (UNB), Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale (LASANTROP), 01 BP 1 091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 177 INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 177 INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), 11 BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
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Boundenga L, Mombo IM, Augustin MO, Barthélémy N, Nzassi PM, Moukodoum ND, Rougeron V, Prugnolle F. Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Diversity in Domestic Animals Reveals the Presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Historical Foci of Human African Trypanosomiasis in Gabon. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090992. [PMID: 36145424 PMCID: PMC9502807 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the Trypanosoma genus. In sub-Saharan Africa, there is a significant threat as many people are at risk of infection. Despite this, HAT is classified as a neglected tropical disease. Over the last few years, several studies have reported the existence of a wide diversity of trypanosome species circulating in African animals. Thus, domestic and wild animals could be reservoirs of potentially dangerous trypanosomes for human populations. However, very little is known about the role of domestic animals in maintaining the transmission cycle of human trypanosomes in central Africa, especially in Gabon, where serious cases of infection are recorded each year, sometimes leading to hospitalization or death of patients. Komo-Mondah, located within Estuaries (Gabonese province), stays the most active HAT disease focus in Gabon, with a mean of 20 cases per year. In this study, we evaluated the diversity and prevalence of trypanosomes circulating in domestic animals using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. We found that 19.34% (53/274) of the domestic animals we studied were infected with trypanosomes. The infection rates varied among taxa, with 23.21% (13/56) of dogs, 16.10% (19/118) of goats, and 21.00% (21/100) of sheep infected. In addition, we have observed a global mixed rate of infections of 20.75% (11/53) among infected individuals. Molecular analyses revealed that at least six Trypanosome species circulate in domestic animals in Gabon (T. congolense, T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, T. theileri, T. vivax, T. brucei (including T. brucei brucei, and T. brucei gambiense)). In conclusion, our study showed that domestic animals constitute important potential reservoirs for trypanosome parasites, including T. brucei gambiense, which is responsible for HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larson Boundenga
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +241-62521281
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
| | | | - Ngoubangoye Barthélémy
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Patrice Makouloutou Nzassi
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, Tropical Ecology Research Institute (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville BP 13354, Gabon
| | - Nancy D. Moukodoum
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6529, South Africa
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Okello I, Mafie E, Eastwood G, Nzalawahe J, Mboera LEG. African Animal Trypanosomiasis: A Systematic Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors and Drug Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1099-1143. [PMID: 35579072 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) a parasitic disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa causing tremendous loses. Sub-Saharan continental estimation of mean prevalence in both large and small domestic animals, risk factors, tsetse and non-tsetse prevalence and drug resistance is lacking. A review and meta-analysis was done to better comprehend changes in AAT prevalence and drug resistance. Publish/Perish software was used to search and extract peer-reviewed articles in Google scholar, PubMed and CrossRef. In addition, ResearchGate and African Journals Online (AJOL) were used. Screening and selection of articles from 2000-2021 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles 304 were retrieved; on domestic animals 192, tsetse and non-tsetse vectors 44, risk factors 49 and trypanocidal drug resistance 30. Prevalence varied by, host animals in different countries, diagnostic methods and species of Trypanosoma. Cattle had the highest prevalence with Ethiopia and Nigeria leading, T. congolense (11.80-13.40%) and T. vivax (10.50-18.80%) being detected most. This was followed by camels and pigs. Common diagnostic method used was buffy coat microscopy. However; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CATT and ELISA had higher detection rates. G. pallidipes caused most infections in Eastern regions while G. palpalis followed by G. mortisans in Western Africa. Eastern Africa reported more non-tsetse biting flies with Stomoxys leading. Common risk factors were, body conditions, breed type, age, sex and seasons. Ethiopia and Nigeria had the highest trypanocidal resistance 30.00-35.00% and highest AAT prevalence. Isometamidium and diminazene showed more resistance with T. congolense being most resistant species 11.00-83.00%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Okello
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eliakunda Mafie
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Köster PC, Renelies-Hamilton J, Dotras L, Llana M, Vinagre-Izquierdo C, Prakas P, Sneideris D, Dashti A, Bailo B, Lanza M, Jiménez-Mejías A, Muñoz-García C, Muadica AS, González-Barrio D, Rubio JM, Fuentes I, Ponce-Gordo F, Calero-Bernal R, Carmena D. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Intestinal and Blood Parasites in Wild Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus) in Senegal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113291. [PMID: 34828022 PMCID: PMC8614354 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Western chimpanzees are currently listed as a Critically Endangered subspecies. Human encroachment has taken a toll on this great ape due to fragmented habitat and the exchange of pathogens. This epidemiological study investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of intestinal and blood parasites in faecal samples from wild chimpanzees living in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve, Senegal. We paid special attention to potential human-driven sources of infection and transmission pathways. Potential diarrhoea-causing protist parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica) were detected at low infection rates (and densities) or absent, whereas commensals (Entamoeba dispar) or protist of uncertain pathogenicity (Blastocystis sp.) were far more abundant. We detected Sarcocystis spp. in chimpanzee faeces. Blood protist parasites such as Plasmodium spp. and Trypanosoma brucei spp. (the etiological agents of malaria and sleeping sickness, respectively, in humans) were also found at low prevalences, but microfilariae of the nematode Mansonella perstans were frequently found. Molecular analyses primarily revealed host-adapted species/genotypes and an apparent absence of gastrointestinal clinical manifestations in infected chimpanzees. Zoonotic events of still unknown frequency and directionality may have taken part between wild chimpanzees and humans sharing natural habitats and resources. Abstract Wild chimpanzee populations in West Africa (Pan troglodytes verus) have dramatically decreased as a direct consequence of anthropogenic activities and infectious diseases. Little information is currently available on the epidemiology, pathogenic significance, and zoonotic potential of protist species in wild chimpanzees. This study investigates the occurrence and genetic diversity of intestinal and blood protists as well as filariae in faecal samples (n = 234) from wild chimpanzees in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve, Senegal. PCR-based results revealed the presence of intestinal potential pathogens (Sarcocystis spp.: 11.5%; Giardia duodenalis: 2.1%; Cryptosporidium hominis: 0.9%), protist of uncertain pathogenicity (Blastocystis sp.: 5.6%), and commensal species (Entamoeba dispar: 18.4%; Troglodytella abrassarti: 5.6%). Entamoeba histolytica, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Balantioides coli were undetected. Blood protists including Plasmodium malariae (0.4%), Trypanosoma brucei (1.3%), and Mansonella perstans (9.8%) were also identified. Sanger sequencing analyses revealed host-adapted genetic variants within Blastocystis, but other parasitic pathogens (C. hominis, P. malariae, T. brucei, M. perstans) have zoonotic potential, suggesting that cross-species transmission between wild chimpanzees and humans is possible in areas where both species overlap. Additionally, we explored potential interactions between intestinal/blood protist species and seasonality and climate variables. Chimpanzees seem to play a more complex role on the epidemiology of pathogenic and commensal protist and nematode species than initially anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Justinn Renelies-Hamilton
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Laia Dotras
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal; (L.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Manuel Llana
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal; (L.D.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Petras Prakas
- Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.P.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Marta Lanza
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Alejandra Jiménez-Mejías
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Carlota Muñoz-García
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Aly S. Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, Quelimane 106, Mozambique
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - José M. Rubio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- Salud Veterinaria y Zoonosis (SALUVET), Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.C.-B.); (D.C.)
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.-B.); (D.C.)
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Scarim CB, de Farias RL, Chiba DE, Chin CM. Insight into Recent Drug Discoveries against Trypanosomatids and Plasmodium spp Parasites: New Metal-based Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2334-2381. [PMID: 34533436 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210917114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds of metal-based compounds can act as pharmacophore groups in several ligands to treat various diseases, including tropical infectious diseases (TID). In this review article, we investigate the contribution of these moieties to medicinal inorganic chemistry in the last seven years against TID, including American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness), leishmania, and malaria. The most potent metal-based complexes are displayed and highlighted in figures, tables and graphics; according to their pharmacological activities (IC50 > 10µM) against Trypanosomatids and Plasmodium spp parasites. We highlight the current progresses and viewpoints of these metal-based complexes, with a specific focus on drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Renan Lira de Farias
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Eidy Chiba
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Chung Man Chin
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
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Fetene E, Leta S, Regassa F, Büscher P. Global distribution, host range and prevalence of Trypanosoma vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:80. [PMID: 33494807 PMCID: PMC7830052 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is one of the diseases threatening the health and productivity of livestock in Africa and Latin America. Trypanosoma vivax is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies; however, the parasite has also acquired the ability to be transmitted mechanically by hematophagous dipterans. Understanding its distribution, host range and prevalence is a key step in local and global efforts to control the disease. METHODS The study was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A systematic literature search was conducted on three search engines, namely PubMed, Scopus and CAB Direct, to identify all publications reporting natural infection of T. vivax across the world. All the three search engines were screened using the search term Trypanosoma vivax without time and language restrictions. Publications on T. vivax that met our inclusion criteria were considered for systematic review and meta-analysis. RESULT The study provides a global database of T. vivax, consisting of 899 records from 245 peer-reviewed articles in 41 countries. A total of 232, 6277 tests were performed on 97 different mammalian hosts, including a wide range of wild animals. Natural infections of T. vivax were recorded in 39 different African and Latin American countries and 47 mammalian host species. All the 245 articles were included into the qualitative analysis, while information from 186 cross-sectional studies was used in the quantitative analysis mainly to estimate the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence estimates of T. vivax in domestic buffalo, cattle, dog, dromedary camel, equine, pig, small ruminant and wild animals were 30.6%, 6.4%, 2.6%, 8.4%, 3.7%, 5.5%, 3.8% and 12.9%, respectively. Stratified according to the diagnostic method, the highest pooled prevalences were found with serological techniques in domesticated buffalo (57.6%) followed by equine (50.0%) and wild animals (49.3%). CONCLUSION The study provides a comprehensive dataset on the geographical distribution and host range of T. vivax and demonstrates the potential of this parasite to invade other countries out of Africa and Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyerusalem Fetene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Fikru Regassa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,FDRE Ministry of Agriculture, P.O.Box 62347/3735, Addia Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
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Vourchakbé J, Tiofack ZAA, Kante TS, Mpoame M, Simo G. Molecular identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in naturally infected pigs, dogs and small ruminants confirms domestic animals as potential reservoirs for sleeping sickness in Chad. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:63. [PMID: 33206595 PMCID: PMC7673351 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has been targeted for zero transmission to humans by 2030. Animal reservoirs of gambiense-HAT could jeopardize these elimination goals. This study was undertaken to identify potential host reservoirs for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense by detecting its natural infections in domestic animals of Chadian HAT foci. Blood samples were collected from 267 goats, 181 sheep, 154 dogs, and 67 pigs. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) were performed to search for trypanosomes. DNA was extracted from the buffy coat, and trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon as well as T. b. gambiense were identified by PCR. Of 669 blood samples, 19.4% were positive by RDT and 9.0% by CTC. PCR revealed 150 animals (22.4%) with trypanosomes belonging to Trypanozoon, including 18 (12%) T. b. gambiense. This trypanosome was found in all investigated animal species and all HAT foci. Between animal species or villages, no significant differences were observed in the number of animals harboring T. b. gambiense DNA. Pigs, dogs, sheep and goats appeared to be potential reservoir hosts for T. b. gambiense in Chad. The identification of T. b. gambiense in all animal species of all HAT foci suggests that these animals should be considered when designing new control strategies for sustainable elimination of HAT. Investigations aiming to decrypt their specific role in each epidemiological setting are important to achieve zero transmission of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zebaze Arnol Auvaker Tiofack
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Tagueu Sartrien Kante
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mbida Mpoame
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
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Vourchakbé J, Tiofack AAZ, Mbida M, Simo G. Trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of Chad. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:323. [PMID: 32576240 PMCID: PMC7310289 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Equine trypanosomiases are complex infectious diseases with overlapping clinical signs defined by their mode of transmission. Despite their economic impacts, these diseases have been neglected by the scientific community, the veterinary authorities and regulatory organizations. To fill the observed knowledge gap, we undertook the identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies naturally infecting horses and donkeys within the Chadian sleeping sickness focus. The objective of the study was to investigate the potential role of these domestic animals as reservoirs of the human-infective Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Method Blood samples were collected from 155 donkeys and 131 horses in three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci in Chad. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) test were used to search for trypanosome infections. DNA was extracted from each blood sample and different trypanosome species and subspecies were identified with molecular tools. Results From 286 blood samples collected, 54 (18.9%) and 36 (12.6%) were positive for RDT and CTC, respectively. PCR revealed 101 (35.3%) animals with trypanosome infections. The Cohen’s kappa coefficient used to evaluate the concordance between the diagnostic methods were low; ranging from 0.09 ± 0.05 to 0.48 ± 0.07. Trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon were the most prevalent (29.4%), followed by T. congolense forest (11.5%), Trypanosoma congolense savannah (4.9%) and Trypanosoma vivax (4.5%). Two donkeys and one horse from the Maro HAT focus were found with T. b. gambiense infections. No significant differences were observed in the infection rates of different trypanosomes between animal species and HAT foci. Conclusions This study revealed several trypanosome species and subspecies in donkeys and horses, highlighting the existence of AAT in HAT foci in Chad. The identification of T. b. gambiense in donkeys and horses suggests considering these animals as potential reservoir for HAT in Chad. The presence of both human-infective and human non-infective trypanosomes species highlights the need for developing joint control strategies for HAT and AAT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Vourchakbé
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.,Department of Chemistry-Biology-Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Doba, PO Box 03, Doba, Chad
| | - Arnol Auvaker Z Tiofack
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mpoame Mbida
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in naturally infected dogs in Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:420. [PMID: 31455430 PMCID: PMC6712790 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal trypanosomosis is endemic in Nigeria, while the human disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is rarely reported nowadays after efforts to bring it under control in the 20th century. The University of Nigeria Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UNVTH) is a reference centre located within the Nsukka area and serves Enugu and neighboring states, Benue, Kogi, Anambra and Delta. Among dogs presented to the UNVTH with canine trypanosomosis, T. brucei is frequently reported as the causative agent. However, this is by morphological identification under the microscope, which does not allow distinction of human-infective (T. b. gambiense) and non-human-infective (T. b. brucei) subspecies. Here, we used subspecies-specific PCR tests to distinguish T. b. gambiense and T. b. brucei. Methods Blood samples were collected on FTA cards from 19 dogs presenting with clinical signs of trypanosomosis at the UNVTH from January 2017 to December 2018. All dogs had a patent parasitaemia. DNA was extracted from the FTA cards using Chelex 100 resin and used as template for PCR. Results All infections were initially identified as belonging to subgenus Trypanozoon using a generic PCR test based on the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the ribosomal RNA locus and a PCR test specific for the 177 bp satellite DNA of subgenus Trypanozoon. None of the samples were positive using a specific PCR test for T. evansi Type A kinetoplast DNA minicircles. Further PCR tests specific for T. b. gambiense based on the TgsGP and AnTat 11.17 genes revealed that two of the dogs harboured T. b. gambiense. In addition to trypanosomes of subgenus Trypanozoon, T. congolense savannah was identified in one dog using a species-specific PCR test for this taxon. Conclusions Nineteen dogs presenting with canine African trypanosomosis at UNVTH were infected with trypanosomes of the T. brucei group and in two cases the trypanosomes were further identified to subspecies T. b. gambiense using specific PCR tests. Thus T. b. gambiense is one of the parasites responsible for canine African trypanosomosis in the Nsukka area of Nigeria and represents a serious danger to human health.
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Ebhodaghe F, Ohiolei J, Isaac C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (1986 to 2018). Acta Trop 2018; 188:118-131. [PMID: 30179607 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The appraisal of the disease burden of African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) in some livestock at country level could invite a re-evaluation of trypanosomiasis-control strategy. This study thus estimates small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries. It also describes Trypanosoma species prevalence in small ruminants and pigs and attempts identification of factors explaining between-study variations in prevalence. Articles reporting animal trypanosomiasis prevalence in sheep, goats, and pigs in countries within sub-Saharan Africa were retrieved from different databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and African Journal Online) and reference lists of relevant literatures. A total of 85 articles from 13 countries published between 1986 and 2018 were included in the analysis. Overall random-effects meta-analytic mean prevalence estimates were: 7.67% (95% CI: 5.22-10.49), 5.84% (95% CI: 3.81-8.23), and 19.46% (95% CI: 14.61-24.80) respectively, for sheep, goats, and pigs with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = >95.00%. p < 0.0001) noted between studies. Ovine, caprine, and porcine prevalence were highest in Tanzania (91.67%. 95% CI: 76.50-99.84), Equatorial Guinea (27%. 95% CI: 0-81.09), and Cameroon (47%. 95% CI: 29.67-66.06), respectively. Trypanosoma brucei s. l., T. vivax, and T. congolense were the most prevalent in the livestock. Trypanosoma brucei subspecies (T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense) occurred in all three livestock being mostly prevalent in pigs. Country of study was a significant predictor of trypanosomiasis prevalence in each livestock in addition to time and sample size for caprine hosts, diagnostic technique for both caprine and ovine hosts, and sample size for porcine hosts. The pattern of animal trypanosomiasis prevalence in the studied livestock reflects their susceptibility to trypanosomal infections and tsetse fly host feeding preferences. In conclusion, sheep, goats, and especially pigs are reservoirs of human infective trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa; consequently, their inclusion in sleeping sickness control programmes could enhance the goal of the disease elimination.
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Machado MGM, Ferreira CMR, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Thiazole, thio and semicarbazone derivatives against tropical infective diseases: Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:378-395. [PMID: 30453246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazole, thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone moieties are privileged scaffolds (acting as primary pharmacophores) in many compounds that are useful to treat several diseases, mainly tropical infectious diseases. In this review article, we critically analyzed the contribution of these scaffolds to medicinal chemistry in the last five years, focusing on tropical infectious diseases, such as Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. We also present perspectives for their use in drug design in order to contribute to the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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N’Djetchi MK, Ilboudo H, Koffi M, Kaboré J, Kaboré JW, Kaba D, Courtin F, Coulibaly B, Fauret P, Kouakou L, Ravel S, Deborggraeve S, Solano P, De Meeûs T, Bucheton B, Jamonneau V. The study of trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in two human African trypanosomiasis foci of Côte d'Ivoire identifies pigs and cattle as potential reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005993. [PMID: 29045405 PMCID: PMC5662240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Important control efforts have led to a significant reduction of the prevalence of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Côte d’Ivoire, but the disease is still present in several foci. The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense may explain disease persistence in these foci where animal breeding is an important source of income but where the prevalence of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in both Bonon and Sinfra HAT endemic foci. Methodology/Principal findings 552 domestic animals (goats, pigs, cattle and sheep) were included. Blood samples were tested for trypanosomes by microscopic observation, species-specific PCR for T. brucei sl, T. congolense, T. vivax and subspecies-specific PCR for T. b. gambiense and T. b. gambiense immune trypanolysis (TL). Infection rates varied significantly between animal species and were by far the highest in pigs (30%). T. brucei s.l was the most prevalent trypanosome species (13.7%) followed by T. congolense. No T. b. gambiense was identified by PCR while high TL positivity rates were observed using T. b. gambiense specific variants (up to 27.6% for pigs in the Bonon focus). Conclusion This study shows that domestic animals are highly infected by trypanosomes in the studied foci. This was particularly true for pigs, possibly due to a higher exposure of these animals to tsetse flies. Whereas T. brucei s.l. was the most prevalent species, discordant results were obtained between PCR and TL regarding T. b. gambiense identification. It is therefore crucial to develop better tools to study the epidemiological role of potential animal reservoir for T. b. gambiense. Our study illustrates the importance of “one health” approaches to reach HAT elimination and contribute to AAT control in the studied foci. In Africa, significant efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) over the past three decades have drastically reduced the prevalence of the disease and elimination seems today an achievable goal. However, potential animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense may compromise this ambitious objective. In the Bonon and Sinfra HAT endemic foci in Côte d’Ivoire, no recent data are available about the prevalence of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT). The aim of this study was to identify trypanosomes circulating in domestic animals in these two HAT foci using serological, parasitological and molecular tools. We showed that T. brucei s.l. and T. congolense were the most prevalent trypanosome species and that pigs and cattle were the most infected animals. Discordant results were observed between the T. b. gambiense specific molecular and serological tools and the presence of an animal reservoir for T. b. gambiense remains unclear. Nevertheless, improved control strategies can be proposed based on this study to reach HAT elimination and contribute to AAT control in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Kassi N’Djetchi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Justin Windingoudi Kaboré
- Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Bamoro Coulibaly
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Pierre Fauret
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Lingué Kouakou
- Programme National d’Elimination de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Sophie Ravel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Solano
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry De Meeûs
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Capewell P, Cren-Travaillé C, Marchesi F, Johnston P, Clucas C, Benson RA, Gorman TA, Calvo-Alvarez E, Crouzols A, Jouvion G, Jamonneau V, Weir W, Stevenson ML, O'Neill K, Cooper A, Swar NRK, Bucheton B, Ngoyi DM, Garside P, Rotureau B, MacLeod A. The skin is a significant but overlooked anatomical reservoir for vector-borne African trypanosomes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27653219 PMCID: PMC5065312 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mammalian skin in harbouring and transmitting arthropod-borne protozoan parasites has been overlooked for decades as these pathogens have been regarded primarily as blood-dwelling organisms. Intriguingly, infections with low or undetected blood parasites are common, particularly in the case of Human African Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. We hypothesise, therefore, the skin represents an anatomic reservoir of infection. Here we definitively show that substantial quantities of trypanosomes exist within the skin following experimental infection, which can be transmitted to the tsetse vector, even in the absence of detectable parasitaemia. Importantly, we demonstrate the presence of extravascular parasites in human skin biopsies from undiagnosed individuals. The identification of this novel reservoir requires a re-evaluation of current diagnostic methods and control policies. More broadly, our results indicate that transmission is a key evolutionary force driving parasite extravasation that could further result in tissue invasion-dependent pathology. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17716.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Capewell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christelle Cren-Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Marchesi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Johnston
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Clucas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Benson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Taylor-Anne Gorman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Estefania Calvo-Alvarez
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - William Weir
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M Lynn Stevenson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry O'Neill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Paul Garside
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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18
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Takeet MI, Peters SO, Fagbemi BO, De Donato M, Takeet VO, Wheto M, Imumorin IG. Phylogeny of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected cattle in Nigeria by analysis of repetitive and ribosomal DNA sequences. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1235-40. [PMID: 27174432 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In continuing efforts to better understand the genetics of bovine trypanosomosis, we assessed genetic diversity of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected Nigerian cattle using repetitive DNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 of rDNA sequences and compared these sequences to species from other countries. The length of repetitive DNA sequences in both species ranged from 161 to 244 bp and 239 to 240 bp for T. brucei and T. evansi, respectively, while the ITS1 rDNA sequences length range from 299 to 364 bp. The mean GC content of ITS1 rDNA sequences was 33.57 %, and that of repetitive sequences were 39.9 and 31.1 % for T. brucei and T. evansi, respectively. Result from sequence alignment revealed both T. brucei and T. evansi repetitive DNA sequences to be more polymorphic than ITS1 rDNA sequences, with moderate points of deletion and insertions. T. brucei separated into two clades when subjected to phylogenetic analysis. T. evansi repetitive DNA sequences clustered tightly within the T. brucei clade while the ITS1 rDNA sequences of T. brucei were clearly separated from T. theileri and T. vivax individually used as outgroups. This study suggest that ITS1 rDNA sequences may not be suitable for phylogenetic differentiation of the Trypanozoon group and also suggest that T. evansi may be a phenotypic variant of T. brucei which may have potential implications in designing prevention and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Takeet
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Sunday O Peters
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, 30149, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin O Fagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marcos De Donato
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, Universidad de Oriente, Cumana, Venezuela
| | - Vivian O Takeet
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Mathew Wheto
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ikhide G Imumorin
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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19
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Simo G, Rayaisse JB. Challenges facing the elimination of sleeping sickness in west and central Africa: sustainable control of animal trypanosomiasis as an indispensable approach to achieve the goal. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:640. [PMID: 26671582 PMCID: PMC4681034 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiases are infectious diseases caused by trypanosomes. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) remains an important threat for livestock production in some affected areas whereas human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is targeted for elimination in 2020. In West and Central Africa, it has been shown that the parasites causing these diseases can coexist in the same tsetse fly or the same animal. In such complex settings, the control of these diseases must be put in the general context of trypanosomiasis control or "one health" concept where the coordination of control operations will be beneficial for both diseases. In this context, implementing control activities on AAT will help to sustain HAT control. It will also have a positive impact on animal health and economic development of the regions. The training of inhabitants on how to implement and sustain vector control tools will enable a long-term sustainability of control operations that will lead to the elimination of HAT and AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustave Simo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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20
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Alhaji NB, Kabir J. Influence of Pastoralists' Sociocultural Activities on Tsetse-Trypanosome-Cattle Reservoir Interface: The Risk of Human African Trypanosomiasis in North-Central Nigeria. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:271-80. [PMID: 26355707 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated socio-cultural characteristics of pastoralists that influenced on the tsetse-trypanosome-cattle reservoir interface thereby predisposing them to HAT in Niger State, North-central Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional survey of adult pastoral herders, aged 30 years and above, and conducted between October 2012 and February 2013. A face-to-face structured questionnaire was administered on the pastoralists nested in 96 cattle herds with questions focused on pastoralists' socio-cultural activities and behavioral practices related to HAT risk. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used to describe the obtained data. A total of 384 pastoralists participated, with mean age of 49.6 Â ± 10.76 SD years. Male respondents constituted 86.7% of gender, while pastoralists of age group 40-49 years constituted 35.4% of respondents. About 59.4% of the pastoralists had knowledge about HAT and its symptoms and only 33.9% of them believed that cattle served as reservoir of HAT trypanosome. Knowledge/belief levels of the pastoralists about African trypanosomiasis occurrence in humans and animals were statistically significant. Males were four times more likely to be exposed to HAT (OR = 3.67; 95% CI: 1.42, 9.52); age group 60-69 was also four times more likely to be exposed (OR = 3.59; 95% CI: 1.56, 8.28); and nomadic pastoralists were two times more likely to be exposed to HAT (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.37, 3.14). All cultural practices significantly influenced exposure to HAT with extensive husbandry system three times more likely to predisposed pastoralists to HAT (OR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.65, 6.24). Socio-cultural characteristics of pastoralists influenced exposure to HAT risk and, therefore, there is a need to sensitize them to bring changes to their socio-cultural practices and perceptions to achieve effective and long term sustainable HAT control. Elimination strategies of parasites in animals and vectors should be considered to avoid reintroduction from animal reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Alhaji
- Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (NFELTP), Asokoro-Abuja, Nigeria.,Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Minna, Nigeria
| | - J Kabir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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21
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Cordon-Obras C, Rodriguez YF, Fernandez-Martinez A, Cano J, Ndong-Mabale N, Ncogo-Ada P, Ndongo-Asumu P, Aparicio P, Navarro M, Benito A, Bart JM. Molecular evidence of a Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sylvatic cycle in the human african trypanosomiasis foci of Equatorial Guinea. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:765. [PMID: 26257727 PMCID: PMC4513237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambiense trypanosomiasis is considered an anthroponotic disease. Consequently, control programs are generally aimed at stopping transmission of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense) by detecting and treating human cases. However, the persistence of numerous foci despite efforts to eliminate this disease questions this strategy as unique tool to pursue the eradication. The role of animals as a reservoir of T. b. gambiense is still controversial, but could partly explain maintenance of the infection at hypo-endemic levels. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of T. b. gambiense in wild animals in Equatorial Guinea. The infection rate ranged from 0.8% in the insular focus of Luba to more than 12% in Mbini, a focus with a constant trickle of human cases. The parasite was detected in a wide range of animal species including four species never described previously as putative reservoirs. Our study comes to reinforce the hypothesis that animals may play a role in the persistence of T. b. gambiense transmission, being particularly relevant in low transmission settings. Under these conditions the integration of sustained vector control and medical interventions should be considered to achieve the elimination of gambiense trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cordon-Obras
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez Neyra Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorge Cano
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Nicolas Ndong-Mabale
- Centro de Referencia para el Control de Endemias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Policarpo Ncogo-Ada
- Centro de Referencia para el Control de Endemias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Pedro Ndongo-Asumu
- Centro de Referencia para el Control de Endemias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Pilar Aparicio
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez Neyra Granada, Spain
| | - Agustin Benito
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez Neyra Granada, Spain ; Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
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22
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The journey towards elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: not far, nor easy. Parasitology 2015; 141:748-60. [PMID: 24709291 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Considering the epidemic situation of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) at the end of the twentieth century, the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners strengthened disease control and surveillance. Over the last 15 years, the activities implemented through the National Control Programmes have brought gambiense HAT under control and now its elimination is deemed as an achievable goal. In 2012, WHO targeted gambiense HAT for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. The final goal will be the sustainable disease elimination by 2030, defined as the interruption of the transmission of gambiense HAT. The elimination is considered feasible, because of the epidemiological vulnerability of the disease, the current state of control, the availability of strategies and tools and international commitment and political will. Integration of activities in the health system is needed to ensure the sustainability of the elimination. The development of user-friendly diagnostic and treatment tools will facilitate the integration process. Adequate funding is needed to implement activities, but also to support research that will make the elimination sustainable. A long-term commitment by donors is needed and ownership of the process by endemic countries is critical.
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23
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Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is a chronic form of the disease present in western and central Africa, and by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which is an acute disease located in eastern and southern Africa. The rhodesiense form is a zoonosis, with the occasional infection of humans, but in the gambiense form, the human being is regarded as the main reservoir that plays a key role in the transmission cycle of the disease. The gambiense form currently assumes that 98% of the cases are declared; the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most affected country, with more than 75% of the gambiense cases declared. The epidemiology of the disease is mediated by the interaction of the parasite (trypanosome) with the vectors (tsetse flies), as well as with the human and animal hosts within a particular environment. Related to these interactions, the disease is confined in spatially limited areas called “foci”, which are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in remote rural areas. The risk of contracting HAT is, therefore, determined by the possibility of contact of a human being with an infected tsetse fly. Epidemics of HAT were described at the beginning of the 20th century; intensive activities have been set up to confront the disease, and it was under control in the 1960s, with fewer than 5,000 cases reported in the whole continent. The disease resurged at the end of the 1990s, but renewed efforts from endemic countries, cooperation agencies, and nongovernmental organizations led by the World Health Organization succeeded to raise awareness and resources, while reinforcing national programs, reversing the trend of the cases reported, and bringing the disease under control again. In this context, sustainable elimination of the gambiense HAT, defined as the interruption of the transmission of the disease, was considered as a feasible target for 2030. Since rhodesiense HAT is a zoonosis, where the animal reservoir plays a key role, the interruption of the disease’s transmission is not deemed feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Franco
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pere P Simarro
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdoulaye Diarra
- World Health Organization, Inter Country Support Team for Central Africa, Regional Office for Africa, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jean G Jannin
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Rogé S, Van Nieuwenhove L, Meul M, Heykers A, Brouwer de Koning A, Bebronne N, Guisez Y, Büscher P. Recombinant antigens expressed in Pichia pastoris for the diagnosis of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3006. [PMID: 25032684 PMCID: PMC4102443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening tests for gambiense sleeping sickness, such as the CATT/T. b. gambiense and a recently developed lateral flow tests, are hitherto based on native variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs), namely LiTat 1.3 and LiTat 1.5, purified from highly virulent trypanosome strains grown in rodents. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have expressed SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) fusion proteins of the immunogenic N-terminal part of these antigens in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The secreted recombinant proteins were affinity purified with yields up to 10 mg per liter cell culture. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The diagnostic potential of each separate antigen and a mixture of both antigens was confirmed in ELISA on sera from 88 HAT patients and 74 endemic non-HAT controls. Replacement of native antigens in the screening tests for sleeping sickness by recombinant proteins will eliminate both the infection risk for the laboratory staff during antigen production and the need for laboratory animals. Upscaling production of recombinant antigens, e.g. in biofermentors, is straightforward thus leading to improved standardisation of antigen production and reduced production costs, which on their turn will increase the availability and affordability of the diagnostic tests needed for the elimination of gambiense HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Rogé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Liesbeth Van Nieuwenhove
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magali Meul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annick Heykers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annette Brouwer de Koning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Guisez
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Cordon-Obras C, Cano J, González-Pacanowska D, Benito A, Navarro M, Bart JM. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense adaptation to different mammalian sera is associated with VSG expression site plasticity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85072. [PMID: 24376866 PMCID: PMC3871602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection is widely considered an anthroponosis, although it has also been found in wild and domestic animals. Thus, fauna could act as reservoir, constraining the elimination of the parasite in hypo-endemic foci. To better understand the possible maintenance of T. b. gambiense in local fauna and investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation, we generated adapted cells lines (ACLs) by in vitro culture of the parasites in different mammalian sera. Using specific antibodies against the Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs) we found that serum ACLs exhibited different VSG variants when maintained in pig, goat or human sera. Although newly detected VSGs were independent of the sera used, the consistent appearance of different VSGs suggested remodelling of the co-transcribed genes at the telomeric Expression Site (VSG-ES). Thus, Expression Site Associated Genes (ESAGs) sequences were analysed to investigate possible polymorphism selection. ESAGs 6 and 7 genotypes, encoding the transferrin receptor (TfR), expressed in different ACLs were characterised. In addition, we quantified the ESAG6/7 mRNA levels and analysed transferrin (Tf) uptake. Interestingly, the best growth occurred in pig and human serum ACLs, which consistently exhibited a predominant ESAG7 genotype and higher Tf uptake than those obtained in calf and goat sera. We also detected an apparent selection of specific ESAG3 genotypes in the pig and human serum ACLs, suggesting that other ESAGs could be involved in the host adaptation processes. Altogether, these results suggest a model whereby VSG-ES remodelling allows the parasite to express a specific set of ESAGs to provide selective advantages in different hosts. Finally, pig serum ACLs display phenotypic adaptation parameters closely related to human serum ACLs but distinct to parasites grown in calf and goat sera. These results suggest a better suitability of swine to maintain T. b. gambiense infection supporting previous epidemiological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cordon-Obras
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Cano
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores González-Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Agustin Benito
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Rutto JJ, Osano O, Thuranira EG, Kurgat RK, Odenyo VAO. Socio-economic and cultural determinants of human african trypanosomiasis at the Kenya - Uganda transboundary. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2186. [PMID: 23638206 PMCID: PMC3636132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kenya and Uganda have reported different Human African Trypanosomiasis incidences in the past more than three decades, with the latter recording more cases. This cross-sectional study assessed the demographic characteristics, tsetse and trypanosomiasis control practices, socio-economic and cultural risk factors influencing Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.) infection in Teso and Busia Districts, Western Kenya and Tororo and Busia Districts, Southeast Uganda. A conceptual framework was postulated to explain interactions of various socio-economic, cultural and tsetse control factors that predispose individuals and populations to HAT. METHODS A cross-sectional household survey was conducted between April and October 2008. Four administrative districts reporting T.b.r and lying adjacent to each other at the international boundary of Kenya and Uganda were purposely selected. Household data collection was carried out in two villages that had experienced HAT and one other village that had no reported HAT case from 1977 to 2008 in each district. A structured questionnaire was administered to 384 randomly selected household heads or their representatives in each country. The percent of respondents giving a specific answer was reported. Secondary data was also obtained on socio-economic and political issues in both countries. RESULTS Inadequate knowledge on the disease cycle and intervention measures contributed considerable barriers to HAT, and more so in Uganda than in Kenya. Gender-associated socio-cultural practices greatly predisposed individuals to HAT. Pesticides-based crop husbandry in the 1970's reportedly reduced vector population while vegetation of coffee and banana's and livestock husbandry directly increased occurrence of HAT. Livestock husbandry practices in the villages were strong predictors of HAT incidence. The residents in Kenya (6.7%) applied chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapeutic controls against trypanosomiasis to a larger extent than Uganda (2.1%). CONCLUSION Knowledge on tsetse and its control methods, culture, farming practice, demographic and socio-economic variables explained occurrence of HAT better than landscape features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Jemeli Rutto
- Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kikuyu, Kenya.
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Takeet MI, Fagbemi BO, De Donato M, Yakubu A, Rodulfo HE, Peters SO, Wheto M, Imumorin IG. Molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:555-61. [PMID: 23245680 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to survey pathogenic trypanosome infection in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. In 411 animals sampled, microscopy detected 15.1% positive infection of at least one of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma vivax, while PCR detected 63.7% positive infections of at least one of those species and Trypanosoma evansi. PCR detected 4.4%, 48.7%, 26.0% and 0.5% respectively of T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax and T. evansi infections. All of the T. congolense detected were savannah-type, except for two forest-type infections. Prevalence of mixed infections was 13.9%, being primarily co-infection by T. congolense and T. vivax while prevalence of mixed infections by T. evansi, T. vivax and T. congolense was 1.5%. Microscopy showed poor sensitivity but specificity greater than 94%. Infection rates were much higher in Southern than in Northern Nigeria. Infections were lowest in N'dama compared to Muturu, Sokoto Gudali and White Fulani breeds. Animals with T. vivax monoinfection and mixed infections showed significantly lower packed cell volume (PCV) values. Those infected with any Trypanosoma species with <200 parasites/μl showed higher PCV values than those infected with >200 parasites/μl. The new finding of savannah- and forest-type T. congolense in Nigeria and the relatively high abundance of mixed infections are of significant clinical relevance. This study also suggests that T. congolense is the most prevalent species in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Takeet
- Dept. of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Balyeidhusa ASP, Kironde FAS, Enyaru JCK. Apparent lack of a domestic animal reservoir in Gambiense sleeping sickness in northwest Uganda. Vet Parasitol 2011; 187:157-67. [PMID: 22245071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role played by domestic animals in the transmission of gambiense Human African Trypanosomosis remains uncertain. Northwest Uganda is endemic for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Of the 3267 blood samples from domestic animals in four counties examined by hematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT), 210 (6.4%) were positive for trypanosomes. The prevalence of animal trypanosomosis was estimated at 13.8% in Terego County, 4.2% in East Moyo County, 3.1% in Koboko County, and zero in West Moyo County. The trypanosome infection rates varied from 0.2% in goats, 3.5% in dogs, 5.0% in sheep, 7.5% in cattle, to 15.5% in pigs. DNA was extracted from the blood samples by Chelex method, Sigma and Qiagen DNA extraction Kits. A total of 417(12.8%) DNA samples tested positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using T. brucei species specific primers (TBR) indicating that the DNA was of Trypanozoon trypanosomes while 2850 (87.2%) samples were TBR-PCR negative. The T. brucei infection rates based on TBR-PCR were highest in pigs with 21.7%, followed by cattle (14.5%), dogs (12.4%), sheep (10.8%), and lowest in goats with 3.2%, which indicated that pigs were most bitten by infected tsetse than other domestic animals. TBR-PCR detected 6.3% more infected domestic animals that had been missed, and confirmed the 6.4% cases detected by HCT in the field. Statistical analysis done using one-way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test (Prism version 5.0) showed no significant difference in trypanosome infections among domestic animals using both HCT and TBR-PCR techniques in the different counties (Confidence Interval of 95%, p-values >0.05). All the 417 trypanosome DNA samples were negative by PCR using two sets of primers specific for the T. b. gambiense specific glycoprotein gene and serum resistance associated gene of T. b. rhodesiense, indicating that they were probably not from the two human infective trypanosomes. Polymerase chain reaction using primers based on ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 region (ITS-PCR) resolved the 417 DNA of trypanosome samples into 323 (77.5%) as single trypanosome infections due to T. brucei and 39 (9.4%) mixed infections but missed detecting 55 (13.1%) samples, possibly because of the low sensitivity of ITS-PCR as compared to TBR-PCR. The 31 mixed infections were due to T. brucei (T.b) and T. vivax (T.v); while 8 mixed infections were of T. congolense (T.c) and T. brucei but no mixed trypanosome infections with T. congolense, T. brucei, and T. vivax were detected. Statistical analysis done using one way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test (Prism version 5.0) to compare single and mixed trypanosome infections showed no significant difference in trypanosome infections due to single (T.v, T.b, T.c) and mixed (T.v+T.b; T.v+T.c; T.b+T.c; T.v+T.b+T.c) trypanosome species among domestic animals in the different counties using ITS-PCR technique (Confidence Interval of 95%, p-values >0.05). It was concluded that domestic animals in northwest Uganda were probably not reservoirs of T. b. gambiense and there was no infection, as yet, with T. b. rhodesiense parasites.
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Balmer O, Beadell JS, Gibson W, Caccone A. Phylogeography and taxonomy of Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e961. [PMID: 21347445 PMCID: PMC3035665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterizing the evolutionary relationships and population structure of parasites can provide important insights into the epidemiology of human disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined 142 isolates of Trypanosoma brucei from all over sub-Saharan Africa using three distinct classes of genetic markers (kinetoplast CO1 sequence, nuclear SRA gene sequence, eight nuclear microsatellites) to clarify the evolutionary history of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr) and T. b. gambiense (Tbg), the causative agents of human African trypanosomosis (sleeping sickness) in sub-Saharan Africa, and to examine the relationship between Tbr and the non-human infective parasite T. b. brucei (Tbb) in eastern and southern Africa. A Bayesian phylogeny and haplotype network based on CO1 sequences confirmed the taxonomic distinctness of Tbg group 1. Limited diversity combined with a wide geographical distribution suggested that this parasite has recently and rapidly colonized hosts across its current range. The more virulent Tbg group 2 exhibited diverse origins and was more closely allied with Tbb based on COI sequence and microsatellite genotypes. Four of five COI haplotypes obtained from Tbr were shared with isolates of Tbb, suggesting a close relationship between these taxa. Bayesian clustering of microsatellite genotypes confirmed this relationship and indicated that Tbr and Tbb isolates were often more closely related to each other than they were to other members of the same subspecies. Among isolates of Tbr for which data were available, we detected just two variants of the SRA gene responsible for human infectivity. These variants exhibited distinct geographical ranges, except in Tanzania, where both types co-occurred. Here, isolates possessing distinct SRA types were associated with identical COI haplotypes, but divergent microsatellite signatures. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data provide strong evidence that Tbr is only a phenotypic variant of Tbb; while relevant from a medical perspective, Tbr is not a reproductively isolated taxon. The wide distribution of the SRA gene across diverse trypanosome genetic backgrounds suggests that a large amount of genetic diversity is potentially available with which human-infective trypanosomes may respond to selective forces such as those exerted by drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Balmer
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
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Berrang-Ford L, Lundine J, Breau S. Conflict and human African trypanosomiasis. Soc Sci Med 2011; 72:398-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Parasitic infections previously seen only in developing tropical settings can be currently diagnosed worldwide due to travel and population migration. Some parasites may directly or indirectly affect various anatomical structures of the heart, with infections manifested as myocarditis, pericarditis, pancarditis, or pulmonary hypertension. Thus, it has become quite relevant for clinicians in developed settings to consider parasitic infections in the differential diagnosis of myocardial and pericardial disease anywhere around the globe. Chagas' disease is by far the most important parasitic infection of the heart and one that it is currently considered a global parasitic infection due to the growing migration of populations from areas where these infections are highly endemic to settings where they are not endemic. Current advances in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis offer hope to prevent not only the neurological complications but also the frequently identified cardiac manifestations of this life-threatening parasitic infection. The lack of effective vaccines, optimal chemoprophylaxis, or evidence-based pharmacological therapies to control many of the parasitic diseases of the heart, in particular Chagas' disease, makes this disease one of the most important public health challenges of our time.
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Cordon-Obras C, García-Estébanez C, Ndong-Mabale N, Abaga S, Ndongo-Asumu P, Benito A, Cano J. Screening of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in domestic livestock and tsetse flies from an insular endemic focus (Luba, Equatorial Guinea). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e704. [PMID: 20544031 PMCID: PMC2882337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleeping sickness is spread over 36 Sub-Saharan African countries. In West and Central Africa, the disease is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which produces a chronic clinical manifestation. The Luba focus (Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea) has not reported autochthonous sleeping sickness cases since 1995, but given the complexity of the epidemiological cycle, the elimination of the parasite in the environment is difficult to categorically ensure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The aim of this work is to assess, by a molecular approach (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR), the possible permanence of T. b. gambiense in the vector (Glossina spp.) and domestic fauna in order to improve our understanding of the epidemiological situation of the disease in an isolated focus considered to be under control. The results obtained show the absence of the parasite in peridomestic livestock but its presence, although at very low rate, in the vector. On the other hand, interesting entomological data highlight that an elevated concentration of tsetse flies was observed in two out of the ten villages considered to be in the focus. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that even in conditions of apparent control, a complete parasite clearance is difficult to achieve. Further investigations must be focused on animal reservoirs which could allow the parasites to persist without leading to human cases. In Luba, where domestic livestock are scarcer than other foci in mainland Equatorial Guinea, the epidemiological significance of wild fauna should be assessed to establish their role in the maintenance of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cordon-Obras
- National Centre of Tropical Medicine (Institute of Health Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.
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Genotypic diversity of merozoite surface antigen 1 of Babesia bovis within an endemic population. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 172:107-12. [PMID: 20371255 PMCID: PMC2941823 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genetically distinct strains of a pathogen circulate and compete for dominance within populations of animal reservoir hosts. Understanding the basis for genotypic strain structure is critical for predicting how pathogens respond to selective pressures and how shifts in pathogen population structure can lead to disease outbreaks. Evidence from related Apicomplexans such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium and Theileria suggests that various patterns of population dynamics exist, including but not limited to clonal, oligoclonal, panmictic and epidemic genotypic strain structures. In Babesia bovis, genetic diversity of variable merozoite surface antigen (VMSA) genes has been associated with disease outbreaks, including in previously vaccinated animals. However, the extent of VMSA diversity within a defined population in an endemic area has not been examined. We analyzed genotypic diversity and temporal change of MSA-1, a member of the VMSA family, in individual infected animals within a reservoir host population. Twenty-eight distinct MSA-1 genotypes were identified within the herd. All genotypically distinct MSA-1 sequences clustered into three groups based on sequence similarity. Two thirds of the animals tested changed their dominant MSA-1 genotypes during a 6-month period. Five animals within the population contained multiple genotypes. Interestingly, the predominant genotypes within those five animals also changed over the 6-month sampling period, suggesting ongoing transmission or emergence of variant MSA-1 genotypes within the herd. This study demonstrated an unexpected level of diversity for a single copy gene in a haploid genome, and illustrates the dynamic genotype structure of B. bovis within an individual animal in an endemic region. Co-infection with multiple diverse MSA-1 genotypes provides a basis for more extensive genotypic shifts that characterizes outbreak strains.
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