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Caldart ET, Sevá ADP, Pinto-Ferreira F, Pereira Pachoal AT, de Oliveira JS, Cortela IDB, Bernardes JC, Freire RL, Mistsuka-Breganó R, Navarro IT. American cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with degradation of native forest, regardless of economic, social and infrastructure vulnerability. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 68:327-343. [PMID: 33340442 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a notifiable dermatozoonosis with relevant morbidity. The present study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of cases of ACL reported in Northern Paraná (2007-2016), as well as to georeference and analyse the influence of economic, social and environmental variables. Data from ACL notification forms were obtained and the patients' houses were georeferenced. Descriptive statistics, calculations of disease incidence and proportion of vegetation cover by municipality, spatial analysis, multiple linear regression and vulnerability analysis by census sector (CS) were performed. One thousand four hundred fifty-one cases of ACL were reported in the 89 municipalities of four regional health (RH). The average incidence of cases per 10,000 inhabitants was as follows: 11.58, 8.79, 4.92 and 4.03 in 18thRH, 15thRH, 16thRH and 17thRH. Peaks of incident cases were observed in 2008, 2012 and 2015. There was a statistically significant difference between the HR when comparing the proportions of the variables gender, age, education level, area of residence, clinical form, diagnostic criteria, response to treatment and drug used in case of failure. It was observed that the lower the proportion of remaining Atlantic Forest, the greater the incidence of ACL in the municipality. With regard to clusters analysis, treatment abandonment clusters were observed in the 15thRH and mucous form clusters were observed in the 15thRH, 16thRH and 17thRH. The vulnerability analysis by CS allowed us to observe a statistically significant difference in all vulnerability indicators: economic and social in 15thRH and 17thRH; home infrastructure in 15thRH and 18thRH, urban infrastructure in 15thRH and 18thRH and compound vulnerability index in 15thRH and 18thRH. However, the most vulnerable areas did not always have the highest number of cases. The data presented demonstrate that preventive and health education measures must be mainly directed to areas of greater degradation of native forest; regardless of the vulnerability situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloiza Teles Caldart
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pinto-Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Silva de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Isadora de Britto Cortela
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Correa Bernardes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Regina Mistsuka-Breganó
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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2
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Ruy PDC, Monteiro-Teles NM, Miserani Magalhães RD, Freitas-Castro F, Dias L, Aquino Defina TP, Rosas De Vasconcelos EJ, Myler PJ, Kaysel Cruz A. Comparative transcriptomics in Leishmania braziliensis: disclosing differential gene expression of coding and putative noncoding RNAs across developmental stages. RNA Biol 2019; 16:639-660. [PMID: 30689499 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1574161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a worldwide public health problem caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Leishmania braziliensis is the most important species responsible for tegumentary leishmaniases in Brazil. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the success of this parasite is urgently needed. An in-depth study on the modulation of gene expression across the life cycle stages of L. braziliensis covering coding and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) was missing and is presented herein. Analyses of differentially expressed (DE) genes revealed that most prominent differences were observed between the transcriptomes of insect and mammalian proliferative forms (6,576 genes). Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated stage-specific enriched biological processes. A computational pipeline and 5 ncRNA predictors allowed the identification of 11,372 putative ncRNAs. Most of the DE ncRNAs were found between the transcriptomes of insect and mammalian proliferative stages (38%). Of the DE ncRNAs, 295 were DE in all three stages and displayed a wide range of lengths, chromosomal distributions and locations; many of them had a distinct expression profile compared to that of their protein-coding neighbors. Thirty-five putative ncRNAs were submitted to northern blotting analysis, and one or more hybridization-positive signals were observed in 22 of these ncRNAs. This work presents an overview of the L. braziliensis transcriptome and its adjustments throughout development. In addition to determining the general features of the transcriptome at each life stage and the profile of protein-coding transcripts, we identified and characterized a variety of noncoding transcripts. The novel putative ncRNAs uncovered in L. braziliensis might be regulatory elements to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia De Cássia Ruy
- a Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Natália Melquie Monteiro-Teles
- a Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rubens Daniel Miserani Magalhães
- a Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Felipe Freitas-Castro
- a Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Leandro Dias
- a Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Tania Paula Aquino Defina
- a Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Peter J Myler
- b Center for Infectious Disease Research , Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Angela Kaysel Cruz
- a Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
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3
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Sousa R, Andrade VM, Bair T, Ettinger NA, Guimarães L, Andrade L, Guimarães LH, Machado PRL, Carvalho EM, Wilson ME, Schriefer A. Early Suppression of Macrophage Gene Expression by Leishmania braziliensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2464. [PMID: 30374342 PMCID: PMC6196312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is an intracellular parasite that resides mostly in macrophages. Both the parasite genome and the clinical disease manifestations show considerable polymorphism. Clinical syndromes caused by L. braziliensis include localized cutaneous (CL), mucosal (ML), and disseminated leishmaniasis (DL). Our prior studies showed that genetically distinct L. braziliensis clades associate with different clinical types. Herein, we hypothesized that: (1) L. braziliensis induces changes in macrophage gene expression that facilitates infection; (2) infection of macrophages with strains associated with CL (clade B), ML (clade C), or DL (clade A) will differentially affect host cell gene expression, reflecting their different pathogenic mechanisms; and (3) differences between the strains will be reflected by differences in macrophage gene expression after initial exposure to the parasite. Human monocyte derived macrophages were infected with L. braziliensis isolates from clades A, B, or C. Patterns of gene expression were compared using Affymetrix DNA microarrays. Many transcripts were significantly decreased by infection with all isolates. The most dramatically decreased transcripts encoded proteins involved in signaling pathways, apoptosis, or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Some transcripts encoding stress response proteins were up-regulated. Differences between L. braziliensis clades were observed in the magnitude of change, rather than the identity of transcripts. Isolates from subjects with metastatic disease (ML and DL) induced a greater magnitude of change than isolates from CL. We conclude that L. braziliensis enhances its intracellular survival by inhibiting macrophage pathways leading to microbicidal activity. Parasite strains destined for dissemination may exert a more profound suppression than less invasive L. braziliensis strains that remain near the cutaneous site of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Sousa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Andrade
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thomas Bair
- DNA Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas A Ettinger
- Deptartment of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luana Guimarães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laura Andrade
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Guimarães
- Centro de Formação em Saúde, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, VA Medical Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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4
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Silva SC, Guimarães LH, Silva JA, Magalhães V, Medina L, Queiroz A, Machado PRL, Schriefer A. Molecular epidemiology and in vitro evidence suggest that Leishmania braziliensis strain helps determine antimony response among American tegumenary leishmaniasis patients. Acta Trop 2018; 178:34-39. [PMID: 29042262 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimony is the first line drug for treating American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in Brazil. In this country, Leishmania braziliensis causes at least three distinct forms of disease: localized cutaneous (CL), mucosal (ML) and disseminated leishmaniasis (DL). All forms can be found in Corte de Pedra, Northeast Brazil. ML and DL respond poorly to antimony, in contrast to CL. The L. braziliensis population causing ATL in Corte de Pedra is genetically very diverse, with strains of the parasite associating with the clinical form of leishmaniasis. We tested the hypotheses that antimony refractoriness is associated with L. braziliensis genotypes, and that parasites from ML and DL present greater in vitro resistance to antimony than L. braziliensis from CL. Comparison of geographic coordinates of living sites between antimony responders and non-responders by Cusick and Edward́s test showed that refractoriness and responsiveness to the drug were similarly wide spread in the region (p>0.05). Parasites were then genotyped by sequencing a locus starting at position 425,451 on chromosome 28, which is polymorphic among L. braziliensis of Corte de Pedra. Haplotype CC- in CHR28/425,451 was associated with risk of treatment failure among CL patients (Fisheŕs exact test, p=0.03, odds ratio=4.65). This haplotype could not be found among parasites from ML or DL. Finally, sensitivity to antimony was evaluated exposing L. braziliensis promastigotes to increasing concentrations of meglumine antimoniate in vitro. Parasites from ML and DL were more resistant to antimony at doses of 2mg/100μL and beyond than those isolated from CL (Fisher's exact test, p=0.02 and p=0.004, respectively). The intrinsically lower susceptibility of L. brazliensis from ML and DL to antimony parallels what is observed for patients' responsiveness in the field. This finding reinforces that ML and DL patients would benefit from initiating treatment with drugs currently considered as second line, like amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana C Silva
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Guimarães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil; Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Silva
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Viviane Magalhães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lilian Medina
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano Queiroz
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil; Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil.
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5
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Galina L, Dalberto PF, Borges Martinelli LK, Roth CD, Michel Pinto AF, Villela AD, Bizarro CV, Machado P, Saraiva Macedo Timmers LF, Norberto de Souza O, Marcelino de Carvalho Filho E, Basso LA, Santos DS. Biochemical, thermodynamic and structural studies of recombinant homotetrameric adenylosuccinate lyase fromLeishmania braziliensis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and structural data suggested that His197and Ser322residues play a role inLbASL catalysis.
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6
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Guimarães LH, Queiroz A, Silva JA, Silva SC, Magalhães V, Lago EL, Machado PRL, Bacellar O, Wilson ME, Beverley SM, Carvalho EM, Schriefer A. Atypical Manifestations of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Region Endemic for Leishmania braziliensis: Clinical, Immunological and Parasitological Aspects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005100. [PMID: 27906988 PMCID: PMC5131895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has become progressively more frequent in Corte de Pedra, Northeast Brazil. Herein we characterize clinical presentation, antimony response, cytokine production and parasite strains prevailing in ACL. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Between 2005 and 2012, 51 ACL (cases) and 51 temporally matched cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) subjects (controls) were enrolled and followed over time in Corte de Pedra. Clinical and therapeutic data were recorded for all subjects. Cytokine secretion by patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with soluble parasite antigen in vitro, and genotypes in a 600 base-pair locus in chromosome 28 (CHR28/425451) of the infecting L. (V.) braziliensis were compared between the two groups. ACL presented significantly more lesions in head and neck, and higher rate of antimony failure than CL. Cytosine-Adenine substitutions at CHR28/425451 positions 254 and 321 were highly associated with ACL (p<0.0001). In vitro stimulated ACL PBMCs produced lower levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.0002) and TNF (p <0.0001), and higher levels of IL-10 (p = 0.0006) and IL-17 (p = 0.0008) than CL PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE ACL found in Northeast Brazil is caused by distinct genotypes of L. (V.) braziliensis and presents a cytokine profile that departs from that in classical CL patients. We think that differences in antigenic contents among parasites may be in part responsible for the variation in cytokine responses and possibly immunopathology between CL and ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Guimarães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
- Centro de Formação em Saúde, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas, Brazil
| | - Adriano Queiroz
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Silva
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Silvana C. Silva
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane Magalhães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ednaldo L. Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto L. Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mary E. Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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7
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Medina LS, Souza BA, Queiroz A, Guimarães LH, Lima Machado PR, M Carvalho E, Wilson ME, Schriefer A. The gp63 Gene Cluster Is Highly Polymorphic in Natural Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Populations, but Functional Sites Are Conserved. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163284. [PMID: 27648939 PMCID: PMC5029894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
GP63 or leishmanolysin is the major surface protease of Leishmania spp. involved in parasite virulence and host cell interaction. As such, GP63 is a potential target of eventual vaccines against these protozoa. In the current study we evaluate the polymorphism of gp63 in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolated from two sets of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) cases from Corte de Pedra, Brazil, including 35 cases diagnosed between 1994 and 2001 and 6 cases diagnosed between 2008 and 2011. Parasites were obtained from lesions by needle aspiration and cultivation. Genomic DNA was extracted, and 405 bp fragments, including sequences encoding the putative macrophage interacting sites, were amplified from gp63 genes of all isolates. DNA amplicons were cloned into plasmid vectors and ten clones per L. (V.) braziliensis isolate were sequenced. Alignment of cloned sequences showed extensive polymorphism among gp63 genes within, and between parasite isolates. Overall, 45 different polymorphic alleles were detected in all samples, which could be segregated into two clusters. Cluster one included 25, and cluster two included 20 such genotypes. The predicted peptides showed overall conservation below 50%. In marked contrast, the conservation at segments with putative functional domains approached 90% (Fisher’s exact test p<0.0001). These findings show that gp63 is very polymorphic even among parasites from a same endemic focus, but the functional domains interacting with the mammalian host environment are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian S. Medina
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruno Araújo Souza
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano Queiroz
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Guimarães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Lima Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz (Fiocruz), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mary Edythe Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa and the VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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8
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NOVO SPC, LELES D, BIANUCCI R, ARAUJO A. THE PROCESS OF Leishmania INFECTION - DISEASE AND NEW PERSPECTIVES OF PALEOPARASITOLOGY. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:45. [PMID: 27253747 PMCID: PMC4880002 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) are causative agents of leishmaniasis, a complex disease with variable clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity, constituting, in some countries, a serious public health problem. The origin and evolution of leishmaniasis has been under discussion regarding some clinical and parasitological aspects. After the introduction of paleoparasitology, molecular methods and immunodiagnostic techniques have been applied allowing the recovery of parasite remains, as well as the diagnosis of past infections in humans and other hosts. The dating of archaeological samples has allowed the parasitological analysis in time and space. This manuscript presents the state of the art of leishmaniasis and prospects related to paleoparasitology studies and their contribution to the evolutionary and phylogenetic clarification of parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, and the leishmaniasis caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shênia Patrícia Corrêa NOVO
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio
Arouca, ENSP, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, DCB, Laboratório de
Paleoparasitologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail:
| | - Daniela LELES
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Departamento de Microbiologia e
Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasito. Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail:
| | - Raffaella BIANUCCI
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Laboratory of
Physical Anthropology, University of Turin. Italy
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of
Biosciences, University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway
- Anthropologie bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Aix-Marseille
Université, 15, boulevard Pierre Dramard, Faculté de Médecine-Nord, Marseille, France.
E-mail:
| | - Adauto ARAUJO
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio
Arouca, ENSP, Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa, DENSP, Laboratório de
Paleoparasitologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail:
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9
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Ferreira LT, Gomes AHDS, Pereira-Chioccola VL. GENOTYPE CHARACTERIZATION OF Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis ISOLATED FROM HUMAN AND CANINE BIOPSIES WITH AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015. [PMID: 26200968 PMCID: PMC4544252 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) can be caused by Leishmania
(Viannia) braziliensis complex. The evolution of ATL initially results
in lesions and can develop into disseminated or diffuse forms. The genetic
diversity of L. (V.) braziliensis in some endemic areas of Brazil
has been poorly studied, such as in the state of São Paulo. This study analyzed
the genetic diversity of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates collected
from patients and dogs with LTA from the state of São Paulo. Methods: Leishmaniasis diagnosis was determined by PCR. The 132 biopsies were collected in
different regions of Sao Paulo State, Brazil (36 municipalities). The genetic
characterization of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates was tested by
RFLP-PCR using DNA extracted from biopsies. The primer set amplified a specific
region of Leishmania internal transcribed spacers of the
ribosomal DNA locus. Results: Of the 132 samples, 52 (40%) were completely genotyped by RFLP-PCR (44 from human
patients and eight from dogs). The results showed nine distinct patterns. The
majority of the genotyped samples were from Sorocaba (30), and the others were
distributed among 14 other municipalities. The first pattern was more frequent (29
samples), followed by pattern 2 (nine samples) and pattern 3 (three samples).
Patterns 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were composed of two samples each and pattern 5 of one
sample. Conclusion: These results suggest that polymorphic strains of L. (V.)
braziliensis circulate in the state of São Paulo. These data agree
with studies from other regions of Brazil, showing great variability among the
natural populations of endemic foci.
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10
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Carvalho LP, Passos S, Schriefer A, Carvalho EM. Protective and pathologic immune responses in human tegumentary leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:301. [PMID: 23060880 PMCID: PMC3463898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in the recent years have advanced the knowledge of how host and parasite factors contribute to the pathogenesis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. Polymorphism within populations of Leishmania from the same species has been documented; indicating that infection with different strains may lead to distinct clinical pictures and can also interfere in the response to treatment. Moreover, detection of parasite genetic tags for the precise identification of strains will improve diagnostics and therapy against leishmaniasis. On the host side, while a predominant Th1 type immune response is important to control parasite growth, it does not eradicate Leishmania and, in some cases, does not prevent parasite dissemination. Evidence has accumulated showing the participation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as macrophages, in the pathology associated with L. braziliensis, L. guayanensis, and L. major infection. The discovery that a large percentage of individuals that are infected with Leishmania do not develop disease will help to understand how the host controls Leishmania infection. As these individuals have a weaker type 1 immune response than patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, it is possible that control of parasite replication in these individuals is dependent, predominantly, on innate immunity, and studies addressing the ability of neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells to kill Leishmania should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil ; Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia) Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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11
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Association between an emerging disseminated form of leishmaniasis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strain polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:4028-34. [PMID: 23035200 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02064-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causes three main types of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), and disseminated leishmaniasis (DL). All forms are observed among individuals of Corte de Pedra, Brazil. We previously used random amplified markers to identify a multiclonal population among L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from ATL patients, defining parasite clades associated with different clinical syndromes. Herein we compared sequences of random amplified markers to identify genotypes of L. (V.) braziliensis recovered from lesions of CL, ML, and DL patients. Six polymorphic genomic loci were sequenced from 35 parasite isolates. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions-deletions (indels) at each locus allowed us to segregate the L. (V.) braziliensis population according to haplotypes. Several SNPs, indels, and haplotypes were significantly associated with an increased risk of DL. Molecular genotyping may provide markers to identify L. (V.) braziliensis strains likely to cause this emerging, hard-to-treat form of ATL.
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12
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Sardinha JFJ, Tarlé RG, Fava VM, Francio AS, Ramos GB, Ferreira LCDL, Schriefer NAB, Mira MT, Talhari S. Genetic risk factors for human susceptibility to infections of relevance in dermatology. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 86:708-15. [PMID: 21987137 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the pre-microbiological era, it was widely accepted that diseases, today known to be infectious, were hereditary. With the discovery of microorganisms and their role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, it was suggested that exposure to the pathogen was enough to explain infection. Nowadays, it is clear that infection is the result of a complex interplay between pathogen and host, therefore dependant on the genetic make-up of the two organisms. Dermatology offers several examples of infectious diseases in different stages of understanding of their molecular basis. In this review, we summarize the main advances towards dissecting the genetic component controlling human susceptibility to infectious diseases of interest in dermatology. Widely investigated diseases such as leprosy and leishmaniasis are discussed from the genetic perspective of both host and pathogen. Others, such as rare mycobacterioses, fungal infections and syphilis, are presented as good opportunities for research in the field of genetics of infection.
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13
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Villaseñor-Cardoso MI, Salaiza N, Delgado J, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L, Pérez-Torres A, Becker I. Mast cells are activated by Leishmania mexicana LPG and regulate the disease outcome depending on the genetic background of the host. Parasite Immunol 2011; 30:425-34. [PMID: 18507782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory effect of mast cells on the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis is unclear. We report a comparative analysis of TLR2 membrane expression, TNF-α, IL-10 and MIP-1α production, and granule release of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) from susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice, stimulated in vitro with Leishmania mexicana lipophosphoglycan (LPG). We studied the kinetics of mast cell degranulation and parasite numbers in lesions of both mouse strains infected with L. mexicana. We found that BMMCs of C57BL/6 mice expressed more TLR2 and produced higher levels of both cytokines and MIP-1α, whereas BALB/c BMMCs significantly augmented their granule release. Lesions of BALB/c mice showed higher levels of degranulated mast cells at 3 h of infection, whereas after 3 days of infection, the number of degranulated mast cells in C57BL/6 was higher than in BALB/c lesions. Throughout infection, BALB/c mice harboured more parasites. The regulatory effect of mast cells seems to depend on the genetic background of the host: mast cells of BALB/c mice facilitate disease progression due to an augmented inflammatory response early in the infection, whereas mast cells of C57BL/6 mice produce cytokines that regulate inflammation and maintain an elevated number of immune cells in the lesions, promoting disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Villaseñor-Cardoso
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
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14
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Brajão de Oliveira K, Reiche EMV, Kaminami Morimoto H, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Estevão D, Pontello R, Franco Nasser T, Watanabe MAE. Analysis of the CC chemokine receptor 5 delta32 polymorphism in a Brazilian population with cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34:27-32. [PMID: 17214851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) show a vigorous T-cell immune response against Leishmania braziliensis. Because the Th response is associated with inflammation, the non-functional CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) may rely in a less severe inflammatory state. The aim of this study was to investigate the CCR5 gene in a Brazilian population with leishmaniasis compared with healthy control subjects and to determine the progression from cutaneous to MCL in the Delta32 allele carriers. Among 100 patients with Montenegro skin test and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) values positive for leishmaniasis, there were 32% women and 68% men. The patients were 89% CCR5/CCR5, 10% CCR5/Delta32, and 1% Delta32/Delta32, while healthy subjects showed a 91% incidence of CCR5/CCR5, 8% of CCR5/Delta32, and 1% of Delta32/Delta32. The CCR5/CCR5 patients (89%) showed a large spectrum of clinical manifestations, where 22.47% had active mucous lesions and 77.53% had cutaneous lesions. In this work, the Delta32 allele carriers (10%) showed only cutaneous manifestations when compared with wild-type individuals. Finally, with regard to the Delta32 allele carriers, a less severe spectrum of clinical manifestations was observed in comparison with wild-type individuals. Although a lack of mucocutaneous lesions was evident among Delta32 allele carriers, the number of individuals studied was small. Therefore, further investigations are needed to elucidate the role of CCR5 in the clinical aspects of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Brajão de Oliveira
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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15
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Faria DR, Gollob KJ, Barbosa J, Schriefer A, Machado PRL, Lessa H, Carvalho LP, Romano-Silva MA, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO. Decreased in situ expression of interleukin-10 receptor is correlated with the exacerbated inflammatory and cytotoxic responses observed in mucosal leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 2006; 73:7853-9. [PMID: 16299275 PMCID: PMC1307048 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.7853-7859.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with Leishmania braziliensis can lead to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). We hypothesize that the intense tissue destruction observed in ML is a consequence of an uncontrolled exacerbated inflammatory immune response, with cytotoxic activity. For the first time, this work identifies the cellular sources of inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, the expression of effector molecules, and the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) receptor in ML and CL lesions by using confocal microscopy. ML lesions displayed a higher number of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing cells than did CL lesions. In both ML and CL, CD4+ cells represented the majority of IFN-gamma-producing cells, followed by CD8+ cells and CD4- CD8- cells. The numbers of tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive cells, as well as those of IL-10-producing cells, were similar in ML and CL lesions. The effector molecule granzyme A showed greater expression in ML than in CL lesions, while inducible nitric oxide synthase did not. Finally, the expression of IL-10 receptor was lower in ML than in CL lesions. Thus, our data identified distinct cytokine and cell population profiles for CL versus ML patients and provide a possible mechanism for the development of ML disease through the demonstration that low expression of IL-10 receptor is present in conjunction with a cytotoxic and inflammatory profile in ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R Faria
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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16
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Schriefer A, Schriefer ALF, Góes-Neto A, Guimarães LH, Carvalho LP, Almeida RP, Machado PR, Lessa HA, de Jesus AR, Riley LW, Carvalho EM. Multiclonal Leishmania braziliensis population structure and its clinical implication in a region of endemicity for American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:508-14. [PMID: 14688132 PMCID: PMC343999 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.508-514.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Corte de Pedra (CP), northeastern Brazil, Leishmania braziliensis causes three distinct forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). To test the hypothesis that strain polymorphism may be involved in this disease spectrum and accurately characterize the parasite population structure in CP, we compared one L. major, two non-CP L. braziliensis, one CP L. amazonensis, and 45 CP L. braziliensis isolates, obtained over a 10-year period from localized cutaneous, mucosal, and disseminated leishmaniasis patients, with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Electrophoretic profiles were mostly unique across species. All typing protocols revealed polymorphism among the 45 CP L. braziliensis isolates, which displayed eight different RAPD patterns and greater than 80% overall fingerprint identity, attesting to the adequacy of the tools to assess strain variability in CP's geographically limited population of parasites. The dendrogram based on the sum of RAPD profiles of each isolate unveiled nine discrete typing units clustered into five clades. Global positioning showed extensive overlap of these clades in CP, precluding geographic sequestration as the mechanism of the observed structuralization. Finally, all forms of ATL presented a statistically significant difference in their frequencies among the clades, suggesting that L. braziliensis genotypes may be accompanied by specific disease manifestation after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia and Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador/Bahia, Brazil.
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17
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Bacellar O, Lessa H, Schriefer A, Machado P, Ribeiro de Jesus A, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Carvalho EM. Up-regulation of Th1-type responses in mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6734-40. [PMID: 12438348 PMCID: PMC132996 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.12.6734-6740.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine profile produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to leishmania antigens and the ability of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) to modulate the immune response were evaluated in 21 mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Patients with mucosal disease exhibited increased gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion and decreased IL-10 secretion compared to patients with classical cutaneous leishmaniasis. CD4(+) Th1 cells were the main source of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production in mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Evaluation of cytokine gene expression in PBMC of these patients showed that there was strong up-regulation of IFN-gamma transcripts upon stimulation with leishmania antigen, in contrast to the baseline levels of IL-10 mRNA. IL-10 suppressed IFN-gamma production by 48% in cell cultures from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and by 86% in cell cultures from healthy subjects stimulated with purified protein derivative, whereas in similar conditions IL-10 suppressed IFN-gamma production by 19% in cell cultures from mucosal leishmaniasis patients stimulated with leishmania antigen. TGF-beta suppressed IFN-gamma levels to a greater extent in healthy subjects than in mucosal leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. These data indicate that a poorly modulated T-cell response in mucosal leishmaniasis patients leads to production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, as well as a decreased ability of IL-10 and TGF-beta to modulate this response. These abnormalities may be the basis for the pathological findings observed in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia do Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Azulay RD, Queiroz CM, Ferreira AM, de Oliveira-Neto MP. An interesting outbreak of leishmaniasis in a family in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Int J Dermatol 2001; 40:79-80. [PMID: 11277964 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.00967-2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Braun-Falco O, Plewig G, Wolff HH, Burgdorf WHC. Protozoan Diseases. Dermatology 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-97931-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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