1
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Saidu M, Krstić G, Barta A, Hunyadi A, Berkecz R, Gallah US, Cholke K, Gertsch J, Rédei D, Hohmann J. Euphane and Tirucallane Triterpenes with Trypanocidal Activity from Euphorbia desmondii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:2281-2291. [PMID: 39276089 PMCID: PMC11443485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation of Euphorbia desmondii resulted in the isolation of 15 previously undescribed triterpenoids (desmondiins A, C-P) and 8 already described compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The compounds were identified as tirucallane and euphane triterpenes based on 7-keto-8-ene, 11-keto-8-ene, or 7,11-diketo-8-ene skeletons. Additionally, the selective trypanocidal activities of these compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated. Desmondiins A, C, D, F, H, and M exhibited IC50 values in the range of 3-5 μM, and selectivity indices between 5-9, against T. cruzi epimastigotes over the host cell (RAW264.7 macrophages). Furthermore, desmondiin A efficiently inhibited amastigote replication in host cells (IC50 = 2.5 ± 0.3 μM), which was comparable to that of the positive control, benznidazole (3.6 ± 0.4 μM). Overall, the isolated euphane and tirucallane triterpenoids could act as antichagasic lead scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad
Bello Saidu
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gordana Krstić
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- University
of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anita Barta
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Hunyadi
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of
Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Umar Shehu Gallah
- Bioresource
Department, National Research Institute
for Chemical Technology (NARICT), Zaria, 1052, Nigeria
| | - Kaushavi Cholke
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dóra Rédei
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- HUN-REN-USZ
Biologically Active Natural Products Research Group, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Lipiński O, Sonani RR, Dubin G. Crystal structure of glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma cruzi, a potential molecular target in Chagas disease. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:629-638. [PMID: 39052317 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798324006594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It bears a significant global health burden with limited treatment options, thus calling for the development of new and effective drugs. Certain trypanosomal metabolic enzymes have been suggested to be druggable and valid for subsequent inhibition. In this study, the crystal structure of glycerol kinase from T. cruzi, a key enzyme in glycerol metabolism in this parasite, is presented. Structural analysis allowed a detailed description of the glycerol binding pocket, while comparative assessment pinpointed a potential regulatory site which may serve as a target for selective inhibition. These findings advance the understanding of glycerol metabolism in eukaryotes and provide a solid basis for the future treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Lipiński
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ravi R Sonani
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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3
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Veraldi S, Nazzaro G. Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Dermatol Pract Concept 2024; 14:dpc.1402a81. [PMID: 38810055 PMCID: PMC11135968 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1402a81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianluca Nazzaro
- SC Dermatologia, IRCCS Foundation, Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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4
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Berhe H, Kumar Cinthakunta Sridhar M, Zerihun M, Qvit N. The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:227. [PMID: 38399281 PMCID: PMC10892537 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are both neglected tropical diseases that affect millions of people around the world. Leishmaniasis is currently the second most widespread vector-borne parasitic disease after malaria. The World Health Organization records approximately 0.7-1 million newly diagnosed leishmaniasis cases each year, resulting in approximately 20,000-30,000 deaths. Also, 25 million people worldwide are at risk of Chagas disease and an estimated 6 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine are currently used to treat leishmaniasis. Also, nifurtimox and benznidazole are two drugs currently used to treat Chagas disease. These drugs are associated with toxicity problems such as nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, in addition to resistance problems. As a result, the discovery of novel therapeutic agents has emerged as a top priority and a promising alternative. Overall, there is a need for new and effective treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, as the current drugs have significant limitations. Peptide-based drugs are attractive due to their high selectiveness, effectiveness, low toxicity, and ease of production. This paper reviews the potential use of peptides in the treatment of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Several studies have demonstrated that peptides are effective against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, suggesting their use in drug therapy for these diseases. Overall, peptides have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, but more research is needed to fully investigate their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (H.B.); (M.K.C.S.); (M.Z.)
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5
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Macedo-da-Silva J, Mule SN, Rosa-Fernandes L, Palmisano G. A computational pipeline elucidating functions of conserved hypothetical Trypanosoma cruzi proteins based on public proteomic data. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 138:401-428. [PMID: 38220431 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The proteome is complex, dynamic, and functionally diverse. Functional proteomics aims to characterize the functions of proteins in biological systems. However, there is a delay in annotating the function of proteins, even in model organisms. This gap is even greater in other organisms, including Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of the parasitic, systemic, and sometimes fatal disease called Chagas disease. About 99.8% of Trypanosoma cruzi proteome is not manually annotated (unreviewed), among which>25% are conserved hypothetical proteins (CHPs), calling attention to the knowledge gap on the protein content of this organism. CHPs are conserved proteins among different species of various evolutionary lineages; however, they lack functional validation. This study describes a bioinformatics pipeline applied to public proteomic data to infer possible biological functions of conserved hypothetical Trypanosoma cruzi proteins. Here, the adopted strategy consisted of collecting differentially expressed proteins between the epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigotes stages of Trypanosoma cruzi; followed by the functional characterization of these CHPs applying a manifold learning technique for dimension reduction and 3D structure homology analysis (Spalog). We found a panel of 25 and 26 upregulated proteins in the epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigote stages, respectively; among these, 18 CHPs (8 in the epimastigote stage and 10 in the metacyclic stage) were characterized. The data generated corroborate the literature and complement the functional analyses of differentially regulated proteins at each stage, as they attribute potential functions to CHPs, which are frequently identified in Trypanosoma cruzi proteomics studies. However, it is important to point out that experimental validation is required to deepen our understanding of the CHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Biro M, Hill AL, Cardis M, Pasieka HB, Farhat FZ. Chagas disease reactivation associated with cutaneous vasculitis in a heart transplant patient. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 42:42-44. [PMID: 38034365 PMCID: PMC10681877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Biro
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alison L. Hill
- Department of Dermatology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael Cardis
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Helena B. Pasieka
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Dermatology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
- Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Freba Z. Farhat
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Dermatology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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7
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Ribeiro R, Costa L, Pinto E, Sousa E, Fernandes C. Therapeutic Potential of Marine-Derived Cyclic Peptides as Antiparasitic Agents. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:609. [PMID: 38132930 PMCID: PMC10745025 DOI: 10.3390/md21120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still compromise human health. Some of the currently available therapeutic drugs have limitations considering their adverse effects, questionable efficacy, and long treatment, which have encouraged drug resistance. There is an urgent need to find new, safe, effective, and affordable antiparasitic drugs. Marine-derived cyclic peptides have been increasingly screened as candidates for developing new drugs. Therefore, in this review, a systematic analysis of the scientific literature was performed and 25 marine-derived cyclic peptides with antiparasitic activity (1-25) were found. Antimalarial activity is the most reported (51%), followed by antileishmanial (27%) and antitrypanosomal (20%) activities. Some compounds showed promising antiparasitic activity at the nM scale, being active against various parasites. The mechanisms of action and targets for some of the compounds have been investigated, revealing different strategies against parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.R.); (L.C.); (E.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
| | - Lia Costa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.R.); (L.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.R.); (L.C.); (E.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.R.); (L.C.); (E.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
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8
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Goulart A, Anchieta NF, Sampaio PA, Brazão V, Silva JLD, Portapilla GB, Duarte A, Tezuca DY, Providello MV, Stabile AM, Prado JCD. Cafeteria diet-induced obesity remodels immune response in acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152747. [PMID: 37774598 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a global problem associated with several conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, arthritis and cardiovascular diseases. With the increase in the prevalence of obesity in recent years, mostly in developing countries, it is important to study its impact on various diseases, including infectious illnesses, such as Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Considering that a diet rich in salt, sugar, and fat is associated with obesity, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of cafeteria diet (CAF)-induced obesity on immune responses in T. cruzi-infected rats. METHODS Male Wistar Hannover rats were provided with water and food ad libitum (chow group). The CAF-fed groups received a normal rodent diet or CAF. The animals were intraperitoneally infected with 105 trypomastigote forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi present in the whole blood from a previously infected mouse. RESULTS CAF-fed rats showed a significant increase in visceral adipose tissue weight compared to chow-fed rats. A significant reduction in CD3+ CD4+ helper splenic T cells was observed in obese-infected rats compared to non-obese-infected rats, as well as CD11b and macrophages. In addition, macrophages from obese animals displayed reduced RT1b levels compared to those from control animals. Moreover, INF-γ, an important factor in macrophage activation, was reduced in obese-infected rats compared with their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a CAF can impair the cell-mediated immune response against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Goulart
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, Brazil
| | - Naira Ferreira Anchieta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, Brazil
| | | | - Vânia Brazão
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing - University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Luiz Da Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, Brazil
| | - Gisele Bulhões Portapilla
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, Brazil
| | - Andressa Duarte
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Brazil
| | | | - Maiara Voltarelli Providello
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, Brazil
| | | | - José Clóvis do Prado
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, Brazil
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9
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Tarannum A, Rodríguez-Almonacid CC, Salazar-Bravo J, Karamysheva ZN. Molecular Mechanisms of Persistence in Protozoan Parasites. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2248. [PMID: 37764092 PMCID: PMC10534552 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites are known for their remarkable capacity to persist within the bodies of vertebrate hosts, which frequently results in prolonged infections and the recurrence of diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the event of persistence is of paramount significance to develop innovative therapeutic approaches, given that these pathways still need to be thoroughly elucidated. The present article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the investigation of protozoan persistence in vertebrate hosts. The focus is primarily on the function of persisters, their formation within the host, and the specific molecular interactions between host and parasite while they persist. Additionally, we examine the metabolomic, transcriptional, and translational changes that protozoan parasites undergo during persistence within vertebrate hosts, focusing on major parasites such as Plasmodium spp., Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., and Toxoplasma spp. Key findings of our study suggest that protozoan parasites deploy several molecular and physiological strategies to evade the host immune surveillance and sustain their persistence. Furthermore, some parasites undergo stage differentiation, enabling them to acclimate to varying host environments and immune challenges. More often, stressors such as drug exposure were demonstrated to impact the formation of protozoan persisters significantly. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the persistence of protozoan parasites in vertebrate hosts can reinvigorate our current insights into host-parasite interactions and facilitate the development of more efficacious disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zemfira N. Karamysheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (A.T.); (C.C.R.-A.); (J.S.-B.)
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10
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Abstract
Chagas disease, which is caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a leading neglected tropical disease in the United States. An estimated 240 000 to 350 000 persons in the United States are infected, primarily immigrants from Mexico, Central America, and South America, where the disease is endemic. The parasite is transmitted by the triatomine bug but can also be passed through blood transfusion, via organ transplant, or congenitally. Approximately 30% of infected persons later develop cardiac and/or gastrointestinal complications. Health care providers should consider screening at-risk patients with serologic testing. Early diagnosis and treatment with benznidazole or nifurtimox can help prevent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Hochberg
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University School of Public Health, and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (N.S.H.)
| | - Susan P Montgomery
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (S.P.M.)
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11
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Oranges T, Veraldi S, Granieri G, Fidanzi C, Janowska A, Dini V, Romanelli M. Parasites causing cutaneous wounds: Theory and practice from a dermatological point of view. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106332. [PMID: 35092728 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of parasites can infest open wounds, or cause wounds due to the effects of the infestation. Parasitic infestations can involve the skin and subcutaneous tissues, with various clinical manifestations. In case of cutaneous wounds related to infestations, protozoa, helminths and arthropods are the main groups of parasites involved and emerging new aspects have been recently reported. Treating the wound correctly is fundamental in these patients in order to reduce the development of pathological scars and prevent complications. In particular, a gentle debridement for devitalized/infested tissue removal, the appropriate use of topical antiseptics and dressings such as hydrogel, hydrocolloids and antimicrobial dressings can be useful to control superinfections, moisture balance, inflammation and to promote edge proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Oranges
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Dermatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giammarco Granieri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Cristian Fidanzi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Agata Janowska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Valentina Dini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Marco Romanelli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy.
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12
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Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:64. [PMID: 35183235 PMCID: PMC8858479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp. (among which are the agents of sleeping sickness, the human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]), Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax (causing “Nagana” or animal African trypanosomosis [AAT]), Trypanosoma evansi (“Surra”) and Trypanosoma equiperdum (“Dourine”), and Trypanosoma cruzi, a Stercorarian trypanosome, etiological agent of the American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Diagnostic methods for detecting zoonotic trypanosomes causing Chagas disease and HAT in animals, as well as a diagnostic method for detecting animal trypanosomes in humans (the so-called “atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes” [a-HT]), including T. evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi (a rat parasite), are also reviewed. Our goal is to present an integrated view of the various diagnostic methods and techniques, including those for: (i) parasite detection; (ii) DNA detection; and (iii) antibody detection. The discussion covers various other factors that need to be considered, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic methods, critical cross-reactions that may be expected among Trypanosomatidae, additional complementary information, such as clinical observations and epizootiological context, scale of study and logistic and cost constraints. The suitability of examining multiple specimens and samples using several techniques is discussed, as well as risks to technicians, in the context of specific geographical regions and settings. This overview also addresses the challenge of diagnosing mixed infections with different Trypanosoma species and/or kinetoplastid parasites. Improving and strengthening procedures for diagnosing animal trypanosomoses throughout the world will result in a better control of infections and will significantly impact on “One Health,” by advancing and preserving animal, human and environmental health.
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13
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Poncini CV, Benatar AF, Gomez KA, Rabinovich GA. Galectins in Chagas Disease: A Missing Link Between Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, Inflammation, and Tissue Damage. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:794765. [PMID: 35046919 PMCID: PMC8762303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite causative agent of Chagas disease, affects about seven million people worldwide, representing a major global public health concern with relevant socioeconomic consequences, particularly in developing countries. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles of galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins, in modulating both T. cruzi infection and immunoregulation. Specifically, we focus on galectin-driven circuits that link parasite invasion and inflammation and reprogram innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding the dynamics of galectins and their β-galactoside-specific ligands during the pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection and elucidating their roles in immunoregulation, inflammation, and tissue damage offer new rational opportunities for treating this devastating neglected disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina V. Poncini
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular e Inmunopatología de Infecciones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Medica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F. Benatar
- Servicio de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina A. Gomez
- Laboratorio de Biología e Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Liu F, Chen Z, Ye Z, Liu N. The Olfactory Chemosensation of Hematophagous Hemipteran Insects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:703768. [PMID: 34434117 PMCID: PMC8382127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.703768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most abundant insect orders on earth, most Hemipteran insects are phytophagous, with the few hematophagous exceptions falling into two families: Cimicidae, such as bed bugs, and Reduviidae, such as kissing bugs. Many of these blood-feeding hemipteran insects are known to be realistic or potential disease vectors, presenting both physical and psychological risks for public health. Considerable researches into the interactions between hemipteran insects such as kissing bugs and bed bugs and their human hosts have revealed important information that deepens our understanding of their chemical ecology and olfactory physiology. Sensory mechanisms in the peripheral olfactory system of both insects have now been characterized, with a particular emphasis on their olfactory sensory neurons and odorant receptors. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies of both kissing bugs (including Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), focusing on their chemical ecology and peripheral olfactory systems. Potential chemosensation-based applications for the management of these Hemipteran insect vectors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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15
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Medkour H, Amona I, Akiana J, Laidoudi Y, Davoust B, Bitam I, Lafri I, Levasseur A, Diatta G, Sokhna C, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Barciela A, Gorsane S, Banga-Mboko H, Raoult D, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Bacterial Infections in Humans and Nonhuman Primates from Africa: Expanding the Knowledge. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:227-248. [PMID: 34211344 PMCID: PMC8223552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and other primates creates exceptionally high potential for pathogen exchange. The surveillance of pathogens in primates plays an important role in anticipating possible outbreaks. In this study, we conducted a molecular investigation of pathogenic bacteria in feces from African nonhuman primates (NHPs). We also investigated the pathogens shared by the human population and gorillas living in the same territory in the Republic of Congo. In total, 93% of NHPs (n=176) and 95% (n=38) of humans were found to carry at least one bacterium. Non-pallidum Treponema spp. (including T. succinifaciens, T. berlinense, and several potential new species) were recovered from stools of 70% of great apes, 88% of monkeys, and 79% of humans. Non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium spp. were also common in almost all NHP species as well as in humans. In addition, Acinetobacter spp., members of the primate gut microbiota, were mainly prevalent in human and gorilla. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. were highly present in humans (82%) and gorillas (66%) stool samples in Congo, but were absent in the other NHPs, therefore suggesting a possible gorillas-humans exchange. Particular attention will be necessary for enteropathogenic bacteria detected in humans such as Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella spp. (including S. typhi/paratyphi), Staphyloccocus aureus, and Tropheryma whipplei, some of which were also present in gorillas in the same territory (S. aureus and T. whipplei). This study enhances our knowledge of pathogenic bacteria that threaten African NHPs and humans by using a non-invasive sampling technique. Contact between humans and NHPs results in an exchange of pathogens. Ongoing surveillance, prevention, and treatment strategies alone will limit the spread of these infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI,
Marseille, France,PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute,
University Constantine, El Khroub, Algeria,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
DVM Hacène Medkour, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385
Marseille Cedex 05, France; , ORCID
iD: 0000-0002-5208-2576; Dr. Oleg Mediannikov, IHU Méditerranée Infection,
19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France;
, ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-2008
| | - Inestin Amona
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME,
Marseille, France,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien
NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Akiana
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Brazzaville,
Republic of the Congo
| | - Younes Laidoudi
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI,
Marseille, France,PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute,
University Constantine, El Khroub, Algeria
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI,
Marseille, France
| | - Idir Bitam
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME,
Marseille, France,Superior School of Food Sciences and Food Industries,
Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ismail Lafri
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME,
Marseille, France,Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida
1, Blida, Algeria,Laboratory of Biotechnology related to Animal
Reproduction (LBRA), University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI,
Marseille, France
| | - Georges Diatta
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME,
Marseille, France,IRD VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME,
Marseille, France,IRD VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | - R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar
- IRD VITROME, Dakar, Senegal,Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative
Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Amanda Barciela
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo
Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
| | - Slim Gorsane
- Direction interarmées du Service de santé des armées
des Forces Françaises stationnées à Djibouti
| | - Henri Banga-Mboko
- Ecole Nationale d’Agronomie et de Foresterie,
Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI,
Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME,
Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI,
Marseille, France,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
DVM Hacène Medkour, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385
Marseille Cedex 05, France; , ORCID
iD: 0000-0002-5208-2576; Dr. Oleg Mediannikov, IHU Méditerranée Infection,
19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France;
, ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-2008
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16
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Oliveira WRPD, Romero-Sandoval K, Magalhães TS, Giannotti MA, Tyring SK, Costa PVAD. Lobular panniculitis of the thigh as the only cutaneous manifestation of reactivation of Chagas disease in a renal transplant patient: a case report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e0269-2020. [PMID: 33759915 PMCID: PMC8008848 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0269-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) has been reported. The patient presented with a 2-week history of two painful erythematous, infiltrated plaques with central ulceration and necrotic crust on the left thigh. She had a history of chronic indeterminate Chagas disease (CD) and had received a kidney transplant before 2 months. Skin biopsies revealed lobular panniculitis with intracellular amastigote forms of T. cruzi. The patient was diagnosed with CD reactivation. Treatment with benznidazole significantly improved her condition. CD reactivation should be suspected in SOTRs living in endemic areas with clinical polymorphism of skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Romero-Sandoval
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Dermatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tiara Souza Magalhães
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Dermatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Abrantes Giannotti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Dermatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Stephen Keith Tyring
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Dermatology. Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pedro Victor Alcantara da Costa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Dermatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Infections with Trypanosoma cruzi are usually lifelong despite generating a strong adaptive immune response. Identifying the sites of parasite persistence is therefore crucial to understanding how T. cruzi avoids immune-mediated destruction. However, this is a major technical challenge, because the parasite burden during chronic infections is extremely low. Here, we describe an integrated approach involving comprehensive tissue processing, ex vivo imaging, and confocal microscopy, which allowed us to visualize infected host cells in murine tissue with exquisite sensitivity. Using bioluminescence-guided tissue sampling, with a detection level of <20 parasites, we showed that in the colon, smooth muscle myocytes in the circular muscle layer are the most common infected host cell type. Typically, during chronic infections, the entire colon of a mouse contains only a few hundred parasites, often concentrated in a small number of cells each containing >200 parasites, which we term mega-nests. In contrast, during the acute stage, when the total parasite burden is considerably higher and many cells are infected, nests containing >50 parasites are rarely found. In C3H/HeN mice, but not BALB/c mice, we identified skeletal muscle as a major site of persistence during the chronic stage, with most parasites being found in large mega-nests within the muscle fibers. Finally, we report that parasites are also frequently found in the skin during chronic murine infections, often in multiple infection foci. In addition to being a site of parasite persistence, this anatomical reservoir could play an important role in insect-mediated transmission and have implications for drug development.IMPORTANCE Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, the most important parasitic infection in Latin America. Major pathologies include severe damage to the heart and digestive tract, although symptoms do not usually appear until decades after infection. Research has been hampered by the complex nature of the disease and technical difficulties in locating the extremely low number of parasites. Here, using highly sensitive imaging technology, we reveal the sites of parasite persistence during chronic-stage infections of experimental mice at single-cell resolution. We show that parasites are frequently located in smooth muscle cells in the circular muscle layer of the colon and that skeletal muscle cells and the skin can also be important reservoirs. This information provides a framework for investigating how the parasite is able to survive as a lifelong infection, despite a vigorous immune response. It also informs drug development strategies by identifying tissue sites that must be accessed to achieve a curative outcome.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Koff
- From the Sections of Infectious Disease (A.K., M.M., M.G.) and Cardiovascular Medicine (T.A.), the Division of Internal Medicine (A.K., M.M., M.G., T.A.), and the Department of Pathology (S.D.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Maricar Malinis
- From the Sections of Infectious Disease (A.K., M.M., M.G.) and Cardiovascular Medicine (T.A.), the Division of Internal Medicine (A.K., M.M., M.G., T.A.), and the Department of Pathology (S.D.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Santiago Delgado
- From the Sections of Infectious Disease (A.K., M.M., M.G.) and Cardiovascular Medicine (T.A.), the Division of Internal Medicine (A.K., M.M., M.G., T.A.), and the Department of Pathology (S.D.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Matthew Grant
- From the Sections of Infectious Disease (A.K., M.M., M.G.) and Cardiovascular Medicine (T.A.), the Division of Internal Medicine (A.K., M.M., M.G., T.A.), and the Department of Pathology (S.D.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- From the Sections of Infectious Disease (A.K., M.M., M.G.) and Cardiovascular Medicine (T.A.), the Division of Internal Medicine (A.K., M.M., M.G., T.A.), and the Department of Pathology (S.D.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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19
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Medkour H, Varloud M, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. New Molecular Approach for the Detection of Kinetoplastida Parasites of Medical and Veterinary Interest. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E356. [PMID: 32131458 PMCID: PMC7143920 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastids are protozoa containing a range of ubiquitous free_living species-pathogens of invertebrates, vertebrates and even some plants. Some of them are causative agents of canine vector-borne diseases. Their diagnosis is often missing in a gold standard. Here, we proposed a molecular approach for the diagnosis and study of Kinetoplastida. The TaqMan qPCR assays target the following genes: 24Sa LSU of Kinetoplastida, 28S LSU of Leishmania/ Trypanosoma spp., 5.8S rRNA of Trypanosoma spp., 18S SSU of Leishmania spp., kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) of L. donovani complex and kDNA of L. infantum, were designed, validated for their sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) in silico and in vitro using a panel of known DNAs. They were then used to screen 369 blood samples (358 dogs, 2 equids, 9 monkeys). In addition, new 28S LSU primer sets are presented to use for Kinetoplastida's identification by PCR/sequencing. All qPCRs showed consistently high analytical sensitivities and reproducibility. They detect approximately 0.01 parasite/ mL blood for the kDNA based- qPCRs and at least a single cell-equivalent of rDNA for the other systems. Based on the sequencing results, after screening, Se and Sp were: 0. 919 and 0.971, 0.853 and 0.979, 1.00 and 0.987, 0.826 and 0.995 for all of Kinetoplastida, Leishmania/ Trypanosoma, Trypanosoma, Leishmania spp. specific qPCRs, respectively. kDNA based qPCRs were more sensitive and specific (Se: 1.00; Sp: 0.997). PCR/sequencing allowed the detection of Kinetoplastids in animal blood samples such as L. infantum, L. guyanensis, T. congolense, T. evansi and Bodo spp. The molecular approach proposed here is useful for epidemiological studies, fundamental research such as screening for new Kinetoplastida species, diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up. In addition, researchers are free to choose the molecular tools adapted to their aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (B.D.)
- UMR Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub 25100, Algeria
| | | | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (B.D.)
- UMR Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (B.D.)
- UMR Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
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20
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Gutierrez BC, Lammel E, Ramirez MI, González-Cappa SM, Poncini CV. Modulatory Effect of Trypanosoma cruzi Infective Stages in Different Dendritic Cell Populations in vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:20. [PMID: 32175284 PMCID: PMC7057235 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that infects at least 7 million persons in the world (OMS, 2019). In endemic areas, infection normally occurs by vectorial transmission; however, outside, it normally happens by blood and includes congenital transmission. The persistence of T. cruzi during infection suggests the presence of immune evasion mechanisms and the modulation of the anti-parasite response to a profile incapable of eradicating the parasite. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that patrol tissues with a key role in mediating the interface between the innate and adaptive immune response. Previous results from our lab and other groups have demonstrated that T. cruzi modulates the functional properties of DCs, in vitro and in vivo. During vectorial transmission, metacyclic (m) trypomastigotes (Tps) eliminated along with the insect feces reach the mucous membranes or injured skin. When transmission occurs by the hematic route, the parasite stage involved in the infection is the circulating or blood (b) Tp. Here, we studied in vitro the effect of both infective mTp and bTp in two different populations of DCs, bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and XS106, a cell line derived from epidermal DCs. Results demonstrated that the interaction of both Tps imparts a different effect in the functionality of these two populations of DCs, suggesting that the stage of T. cruzi and DC maturation status could define the immune response from the beginning of the ingress of the parasite, conditioning the course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Celeste Gutierrez
- Laboratório de Inmunología Celular e Inmunopatología de Infecciones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (MPaM) UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela Lammel
- Laboratório de Inmunología Celular e Inmunopatología de Infecciones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (MPaM) UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Stella Maris González-Cappa
- Laboratório de Inmunología Celular e Inmunopatología de Infecciones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (MPaM) UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Verónica Poncini
- Laboratório de Inmunología Celular e Inmunopatología de Infecciones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (MPaM) UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Bern C, Messenger LA, Whitman JD, Maguire JH. Chagas Disease in the United States: a Public Health Approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00023-19. [PMID: 31776135 PMCID: PMC6927308 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00023-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, usually transmitted by triatomine vectors. An estimated 20 to 30% of infected individuals develop potentially lethal cardiac or gastrointestinal disease. Sylvatic transmission cycles exist in the southern United States, involving 11 triatomine vector species and infected mammals such as rodents, opossums, and dogs. Nevertheless, imported chronic T. cruzi infections in migrants from Latin America vastly outnumber locally acquired human cases. Benznidazole is now FDA approved, and clinical and public health efforts are under way by researchers and health departments in a number of states. Making progress will require efforts to improve awareness among providers and patients, data on diagnostic test performance and expanded availability of confirmatory testing, and evidence-based strategies to improve access to appropriate management of Chagas disease in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Bern
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Whitman
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James H Maguire
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Rangel-Gamboa L, López-García L, Moreno-Sánchez F, Hoyo-Ulloa I, Vega-Mémije ME, Mendoza-Bazán N, Romero-Valdovinos M, Olivo-Díaz A, Villalobos G, Martínez-Hernández F. Trypanosoma cruzi infection associated with atypical clinical manifestation during the acute phase of the Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:506. [PMID: 31666114 PMCID: PMC6822409 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is transmitted by triatomine insects. Clinical manifestations vary according to the phase of the disease. Cutaneous manifestations are usually observed in the acute phase (chagoma and Romaña’s sign) or after reactivation of the chronic phase by immunosuppression; however, a disseminated infection in the acute phase without immunosuppression has not been reported for CD. Here, we report an unusual case of disseminated cutaneous infection during the acute phase of CD in a Mexican woman. Methods Evaluation of the patient included a complete clinical history, a physical exam, and an exhaustive evaluation by laboratory tests, including ELISA, Western blot and PCR. Results Skin biopsies of a 50-year-old female revealed intracellular parasites affecting the lower extremities with lymphangitic spread in both legs. The PCR tests evaluated biopsy samples obtained from the lesions and blood samples, which showed a positive diagnosis for T. cruzi. Partial sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal DNA correlated with the genetic variant DTU II; however, serological tests were negative. Conclusions We present a case of CD with disseminated skin lesions that was detected by PCR and showed negative serological results. In Mexico, an endemic CD area, there are no records of this type of manifestation, which demonstrates the ability of the parasite to initiate and maintain infections in atypical tissues .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rangel-Gamboa
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lirio López-García
- Private Practice, Dermatología clínica, Lomas Altas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Irma Hoyo-Ulloa
- Departamento de Infectología, Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elisa Vega-Mémije
- Departamento de Dermatopatología, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Mendoza-Bazán
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mirza Romero-Valdovinos
- Departamento de Genética e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Olivo-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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23
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24
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Ferraresso MG, Torre AC, Piva MMM, Barcan L. Chagas disease reactivation: cutaneous manifestations in a transplanted patient. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 93:890-892. [PMID: 30484538 PMCID: PMC6256210 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20187855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is an endemic zoonosis caused by a protozoan agent called Trypanosoma cruzi. It is mainly transmitted by a hematophagous vector, and less frequently by blood transfusion, transplacental and solid organ transplant. In most cases, primary infection is not diagnosed and the disease progresses to a chronic phase. Immunosuppressed patients are a vulnerable population that may present an acute, atypical and severe reactivation of the chronic form of this disease. We hereby report a case of a female patient, who received a renal transplant with immunosuppressive treatment, who was diagnosed with a chagasic hypodermitis secondary to an acute reactivation of a chronic phase of this disease. We describe the clinical features, epidemiological and histopathological findings, treatment and course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Clara Torre
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Laura Barcan
- Infectology section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital
Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kaufer A, Ellis J, Stark D, Barratt J. The evolution of trypanosomatid taxonomy. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:287. [PMID: 28595622 PMCID: PMC5463341 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are protozoan parasites of the class Kinetoplastida predominately restricted to invertebrate hosts (i.e. possess a monoxenous life-cycle). However, several genera are pathogenic to humans, animals and plants, and have an invertebrate vector that facilitates their transmission (i.e. possess a dixenous life-cycle). Phytomonas is one dixenous genus that includes several plant pathogens transmitted by phytophagous insects. Trypanosoma and Leishmania are dixenous genera that infect vertebrates, including humans, and are transmitted by hematophagous invertebrates. Traditionally, monoxenous trypanosomatids such as Leptomonas were distinguished from morphologically similar dixenous species based on their restriction to an invertebrate host. Nonetheless, this criterion is somewhat flawed as exemplified by Leptomonas seymouri which reportedly infects vertebrates opportunistically. Similarly, Novymonas and Zelonia are presumably monoxenous genera yet sit comfortably in the dixenous clade occupied by Leishmania. The isolation of Leishmania macropodum from a biting midge (Forcipomyia spp.) rather than a phlebotomine sand fly calls into question the exclusivity of the Leishmania-sand fly relationship, and its suitability for defining the Leishmania genus. It is now accepted that classic genus-defining characteristics based on parasite morphology and host range are insufficient to form the sole basis of trypanosomatid taxonomy as this has led to several instances of paraphyly. While improvements have been made, resolution of evolutionary relationships within the Trypanosomatidae is confounded by our incomplete knowledge of its true diversity. The known trypanosomatids probably represent a fraction of those that exist and isolation of new species will help resolve relationships in this group with greater accuracy. This review incites a dialogue on how our understanding of the relationships between certain trypanosomatids has shifted, and discusses new knowledge that informs the present taxonomy of these important parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Kaufer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Joel Barratt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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Pinazo MJ, Aldasoro E, Calvo-Cano A, Picado A, Muñoz J, Gascon J. Blood and Tissue Protozoa. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Navarrete-Sandoval RH, Servín-Rojas M. Bug Smash, Bug Splash: A Case Report of an Unusual Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis with a Brief Review of the Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2016; 17:993-996. [PMID: 28031550 PMCID: PMC5215221 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.900539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a chronic parasitosis transmitted by the inoculation of infected triatomine feces into wounds or conjunctival sac, transfusion, congenitally, organ transplantation, and ingestion of contaminated food. The disease is classified into an acute and chronic phase; the latter is a life-long infection that can be asymptomatic or progress to cardiac or digestive complications. CASE REPORT We report a case of acute-phase Chagas disease, transmitted by the splash of gut content from an infected triatomine into the conjunctival mucosa. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of Chagas disease is made by the direct visualization of the parasite in blood smears during the acute phase of the disease; during the chronic phase of the disease the diagnosis is made by the detection of IgG antibodies. Parasitological cure can be achieved in up to 80% of the cases in acute phase of the disease, in contrast with less than 30% during the chronic phase.
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Abstract
SUMMARYChagas disease is a complex zoonosis that affects around 8 million people worldwide. This pathology is caused byTrypanosoma cruzi, a kinetoplastid parasite that shows tremendous genetic diversity evinced in six distinct Discrete Typing Units (TcI-TcVI) including a recent genotype named as TcBat and associated with anthropogenic bats. TcI presents a broad geographical distribution and has been associated with chronic cardiomyopathy. Recent phylogenetic studies suggest the existence of two genotypes (Domestic (TcIDom) and sylvatic TcI) within TcI. The understanding of the course of the infection in different mouse models by these two genotypes is not yet known. Therefore, we infected 126 animals (ICR-CD1, National Institute of Health (NIH) and Balb/c) with two TcIDomstrains and one sylvatic strain for a follow-up period of 60 days. We quantified the parasitaemia, immune response and histopathology observing that the maximum day of parasitaemia was achieved at day 21 post-infection. Domestic strains showed higher parasitaemia than the sylvatic strain in the three mouse models; however in the survival curves Balb/c mice were less susceptible to infection compared with NIH and ICR-CD1. Our results suggest that the genetic background plays a fundamental role in the natural history of the infection and the sympatric TcI genotypes have relevant implications in disease pathogenesis.
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Ocular parasitoses: A comprehensive review. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 62:161-189. [PMID: 27720858 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections of the eyes are a major cause of ocular diseases across the globe. The causative agents range from simple organisms such as unicellular protozoans to complex metazoan helminths. The disease spectrum varies depending on the geographic location, prevailing hygiene, living and eating habits of the inhabitants, and the type of animals that surround them. They cause enormous ocular morbidity and mortality not because they are untreatable, but largely due to late or misdiagnosis, often from unfamiliarity with the diseases produced. We provide an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the ophthalmic parasitoses. Each section describes the causative agent, mode of transmission, geographic distribution, ocular pathologies, and their management for common parasites with brief mention of the ones that are rare.
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Muschietti LV, Ulloa JL. Natural Sesquiterpene Lactones as Potential Trypanocidal Therapeutic Agents: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas’ disease and Human African Trypanosomiasis are parasitic diseases that remain major health problems, mainly among the poorest and the most marginalized communities from Latin America and Africa. The scarcity of effective chemotherapy, due to the low investment in the research and development (R&D) of new drugs, together with a high incidence of side effects, and the emergence of drug resistance phenomena emphasize the urgent need for new prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Over the ages, humans have employed natural products to treat a wide spectrum of diseases. Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has focused on plant research and a large body of evidence has been collected to demonstrate the immense potential of medicinal plants as a source of bioactive compounds and lead molecules. In the field of parasitic diseases, drug development from plants has been successful for the sesquiterpene lactone (STL) artemisinin, which is employed as an antimalarial agent. STLs are a large group of naturally occurring terpenoids derived from plants that mostly belong to the Asteraceae family which exhibit a variety of skeletal arrangements and are the largest and most diverse category of natural products with an α-methylene-λ-lactone motif. STLs display a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antitumor, cytotoxic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, uterus contracting, antimalarial, neurotoxic, antiprotozoal and allergic (contact dermatitis) activities. In this context, the purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of the trypanocidal activity reported for STLs against Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei rhodesiense over the period 1993–2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana V. Muschietti
- Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIMEFA (UBA-CONICET). Junín 956 (1113), CABA, Argentina
| | - Jerónimo L. Ulloa
- Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIMEFA (UBA-CONICET). Junín 956 (1113), CABA, Argentina
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de Oliveira Carneiro da Motta J, de Oliveira KF, Caldas NG, de Lima Nogueira Guimarães A, Carvalho Costa IM, de Paula CDR, Soares Takano GH. Cutaneous presentation of Chagas' disease reactivation in a heart-transplant patient. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:e120-e121. [PMID: 27504862 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - K F de Oliveira
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - N G Caldas
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - I M Carvalho Costa
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - C D R de Paula
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - G H Soares Takano
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase from Trypanosoma cruzi for the management of Chagas disease: an underexplored therapeutic opportunity. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:311-24. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An α-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) was recently discovered, cloned and characterized in the genome of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, a neglected but widespread tropical disease. Inhibition of this α-CAs (TcCA) with anions, sulfonamides, sulfamates, thiols and hydroxamates has been investigated in detail, with several low nanomolar in vitro inhibitors. Although the sulfonamides were the best in vitro inhibitors, they showed no ex vivo anti-T. cruzi activity, due to poor penetration. However, some thiols and hydroxamates acting as low nanomolar TcCA inhibitors also showed significant antitrypanosomal ex vivo activity, making this enzyme an attractive yet underexplored drug target for the management of Chagas disease.
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Duran-Rehbein GA, Vargas-Zambrano JC, Cuéllar A, Puerta CJ, Gonzalez JM. Mammalian cellular culture models of Trypanosoma cruzi infection: a review of the published literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:38. [PMID: 25083732 PMCID: PMC4118624 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular culture infection with Trypanosoma cruzi is a tool used to dissect the biological mechanisms behind Chagas disease as well as to screen potential trypanocidal compounds. Data on these models are highly heterogeneous, which represents a challenge when attempting to compare different studies. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the cell culture infectivity assays performed to date. Scientific journal databases were searched for articles in which cultured cells were infected with any Trypanosoma cruzi strain or isolate regardless of the study’s goal. From these articles the cell type, parasite genotype, culture conditions and infectivity results were extracted. This review represents an initial step toward the unification of infectivity model data. Important differences were detected when comparing the pathophysiology of Chagas disease with the experimental conditions used in the analyzed studies. While Trypanosoma cruzi preferentially infects stromal cells in vivo, most of the assays employ epithelial cell lines. Furthermore, the most commonly used parasite strain (Tulahuen-TcVI) is associated with chagasic cardiomyopathy only in the Southern Cone of South America. Suggestions to overcome these discrepancies include the use of stromal cell lines and parasite genotypes associated with the known characteristics of the natural history of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana Cuéllar
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Concepción Judith Puerta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - John Mario Gonzalez
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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Bolivar-Mejia A, Alarcón-Olave C, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Skin manifestations of arthropod-borne infection in Latin America. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014; 27:288-94. [DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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A guide for screening, diagnosing, and managing Chagas disease in the United States. JAAPA 2013; 26:16-22. [DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000433834.11889.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Pan P, Vermelho AB, Capaci Rodrigues G, Scozzafava A, Tolvanen MEE, Parkkila S, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Cloning, characterization, and sulfonamide and thiol inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1761-71. [PMID: 23391336 DOI: 10.1021/jm4000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An α-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) has been identified, cloned, and characterized from the unicellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The enzyme (TcCA) has a very high catalytic activity for the CO2 hydration reaction, being similar kinetically to the human (h) isoform hCA II, although it is devoid of the His64 proton shuttle. A large number of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides and some 5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles were investigated as TcCA inhibitors. The aromatic sulfonamides were weak inhibitors (K(I) values of 192 nM to 84 μM), whereas some heterocyclic compounds inhibited the enzyme with K(I) values in the range 61.6-93.6 nM. The thiols were the most potent in vitro inhibitors (K(I) values of 21.1-79.0 nM), and some of them also inhibited the epimastigotes growth of two T. cruzi strains in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Fimlab Ltd., School of Medicine and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Medisiinarinkatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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Schmidt SV, Nino-Castro AC, Schultze JL. Regulatory dendritic cells: there is more than just immune activation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:274. [PMID: 22969767 PMCID: PMC3432880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system exists in a delicate equilibrium between inflammatory responses and tolerance. This unique feature allows the immune system to recognize and respond to potential threats in a controlled but normally limited fashion thereby preventing a destructive overreaction against healthy tissues. While the adaptive immune system was the major research focus concerning activation vs. tolerance in the immune system more recent findings suggest that cells of the innate immune system are important players in the decision between effective immunity and induction of tolerance or immune inhibition. Among immune cells of the innate immune system dendritic cells (DCs) have a special function linking innate immune functions with the induction of adaptive immunity. DCs are the primary professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) initiating adaptive immune responses. They belong to the hematopoietic system and arise from CD34(+) stem cells in the bone marrow. Particularly in the murine system two major subgroups of DCs, namely myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) can be distinguished. DCs are important mediators of innate and adaptive immunity mostly due to their remarkable capacity to present processed antigens via major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) to T cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid organs. A large body of literature has been accumulated during the last two decades describing which role DCs play during activation of T cell responses but also during the establishment and maintenance of central tolerance (Steinman et al., 2003). While the concept of peripheral tolerance has been clearly established during the last years, the role of different sets of DCs and their particular molecular mechanisms of immune deviation has not yet fully been appreciated. In this review we summarize accumulating evidence about the role of regulatory DCs in situations where the balance between tolerance and immunogenicity has been altered leading to pathologic conditions such as chronic inflammation or malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne V Schmidt
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
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