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Warrier V, Chamberlain SR, Thomas SA, Bowden-Jones H. Genetics of gambling disorder and related phenotypes: The potential uses of polygenic and multifactorial risk models to enable early detection and improve clinical outcomes. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:16-20. [PMID: 38224367 PMCID: PMC10988411 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gambling Disorder (GD) is an impactful behavioural addiction for which there appear to be underpinning genetic contributors. Twin studies show significant GD heritability results and intergenerational transmission show high rates of transmission. Recent developments in polygenic and multifactorial risk prediction modelling provide promising opportunities to enable early identification and intervention for at risk individuals. People with GD often have significant delays in diagnosis and subsequent help-seeking that can compromise their recovery. In this paper we advocate for more research into the utility of polygenic and multifactorial risk modelling in GD research and treatment programs and rigorous evaluation of its costs and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Shane A. Thomas
- Vice Chancellor's Office and Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Australia
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
- National Problem Gambling Clinic & National Centre for Gaming Disorders, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Patel RS, Krause-Hauch M, Kenney K, Miles S, Nakase-Richardson R, Patel NA. Long Noncoding RNA VLDLR-AS1 Levels in Serum Correlate with Combat-Related Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Depression Symptoms in US Veterans. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1473. [PMID: 38338752 PMCID: PMC10855201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 75% of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are mild (mTBI) and military service members often experience repeated combat-related mTBI. The chronic comorbidities concomitant with repetitive mTBI (rmTBI) include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or neurological dysfunction. This study sought to determine a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression signature in serum samples that correlated with rmTBI years after the incidences. Serum samples were obtained from Long-Term Impact of Military-Relevant Brain-Injury Consortium Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium (LIMBIC CENC) repository, from participants unexposed to TBI or who had rmTBI. Four lncRNAs were identified as consistently present in all samples, as detected via droplet digital PCR and packaged in exosomes enriched for CNS origin. The results, using qPCR, demonstrated that the lncRNA VLDLR-AS1 levels were significantly lower among individuals with rmTBI compared to those with no lifetime TBI. ROC analysis determined an AUC of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.6124 to 0.8741; p = 0.0012). The optimal cutoff for VLDLR-AS1 was ≤153.8 ng. A secondary analysis of clinical data from LIMBIC CENC was conducted to evaluate the psychological symptom burden, and the results show that lncRNAs VLDLR-AS1 and MALAT1 are correlated with symptoms of depression. In conclusion, lncRNA VLDLR-AS1 may serve as a blood biomarker for identifying chronic rmTBI and depression in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha S. Patel
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veteran’s Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.S.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Meredith Krause-Hauch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Kimbra Kenney
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Shannon Miles
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veteran’s Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.S.P.); (S.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Risa Nakase-Richardson
- Chief of Staff Office, James A. Haley Veteran’s Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Niketa A. Patel
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veteran’s Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.S.P.); (S.M.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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Harada T, Kanamori S, Baba T, Takano A, Nomura K, Villaroman A, Rey FI, Peralta J, Shirasaka T. Sociodemographic profiles and determinants of relapse risks among people with substance use disorders in the Philippines: A survey in community and residential care settings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 251:110924. [PMID: 37633130 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use is a major social and health issue in the Philippines. Former president Rodrigo Duterte prioritized combating illicit drugs, and the government launched an anti-drug campaign. People with substance use disorders (SUD) receive treatment and care in the community or residential treatment at Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers (TRCs) established by the Department of Health. However, since the content and quality of service are not sufficient, there is an urgent need for improvement. To this end, it is necessary to understand demographic characteristics, the severity of drug use, and treatment needs of this population. METHODS We conducted a questionnaire survey of people with SUD in the community (n=308) and all TRC patients (n=1770) to obtain their demographic profiles. We also used the Drug Abuse Screening Test-20 (DAST-20) and the Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS). RESULTS Based on DAST-20 scores, the severity of dependence was not well-matched to the care provided; 12.4% of the community sample was in the severe or substantial categories and 14.2% of the TRC sample was in the low category. The TRC sample had a significantly higher relapse risk than the community sample, which was associated with a lower educational attainment level and comorbid alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS It is important to use standardized psychometric tools to match treatment with the severity of drug dependence. In addition, a wide variety of medical and social services need to be provided based on consideration of treatment needs to improve the well-being of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Harada
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shogo Kanamori
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Baba
- National Center for Global Hearth and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takano
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nomura
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Alfonso Villaroman
- Treatment and Rehabilitation Center Bicutan, Department of Health, the Philippines
| | - Frederick I Rey
- Department of Political Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, the Philippines
| | - Jasmin Peralta
- Treatment and Rehabilitation Center Cebu, Department of Health, Cebu City, the Philippines
| | - Tomohiro Shirasaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Kwak MJ, Kim WY, Jung SH, Chung YJ, Kim JH. Differential transcriptome profile underlying risky choice in a rat gambling task. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:845-857. [PMID: 36094860 PMCID: PMC9872528 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proper measurement of expected risk is important for making rational decisions, and maladaptive decision making may underlie various psychiatric disorders. However, differentially expressed genetic profiling involved in this process is still largely unknown. A rodent version of the gambling task (rGT) has been developed to measure decision-making by adopting the same principle of Iowa Gambling Task in humans. In the present study, we examined using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique whether there are differences in gene expression profiles in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) when rats make different choices toward risk in rGT. METHODS Rats were trained in a touch screen chamber to learn the relationships between 4 different light signals on the window of the screen and accompanied reward outcomes or punishments set up with different magnitudes and probabilities. Once they showed a stabilized pattern of preference upon free choice, rats were classified into risk-averse or risk-seeking groups. After performing the rGT, rats were decapitated, the mPFC and the NAc was dissected out, and NGS was performed with the total RNA extracted. RESULTS We found that 477 and 36 genes were differentially expressed (approximately 75 and 83% out of them were downregulated) in the mPFC and the NAc, respectively, in risk-seeking compared to risk-averse rats. Among those, we suggested a few top ranked genes that may contribute to promoting risky choices. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insights into transcriptional components underlying risky choices in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Ji Kwak
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Wha Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 06591, South Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 06591, South Korea,Precision Medicine Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 06591, South Korea,Corresponding authors. E-mail: , ,
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 06591, South Korea,Precision Medicine Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 06591, South Korea,Department of Microbiology, IRCGP, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 06591, South Korea,Corresponding authors. E-mail: , ,
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea,Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea,Corresponding authors. E-mail: , ,
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5
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A review of the genetic basis of problematic Internet use. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Solé-Morata N, Baenas I, Etxandi M, Granero R, Forcales SV, Gené M, Barrot C, Gómez-Peña M, Menchón JM, Ramoz N, Gorwood P, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S. The role of neurotrophin genes involved in the vulnerability to gambling disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6925. [PMID: 35484167 PMCID: PMC9051155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence about the involvement of genetic factors in the development of gambling disorder (GD) has been assessed. Among studies assessing heritability and biological vulnerability for GD, neurotrophin (NTF) genes have emerged as promising targets, since a growing literature showed a possible link between NTF and addiction-related disorders. Thus, we aimed to explore the role of NTF genes and GD with the hypothesis that some NTF gene polymorphisms could constitute biological risk factors. The sample included 166 patients with GD and 191 healthy controls. 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from NTFs (NGF, NGFR, NTRK1, BDNF, NTRK2, NTF3, NTRK3, NTF4, CNTF and CNTFR) were selected and genotyped. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype constructions were analyzed, in relationship with the presence of GD. Finally, regulatory elements overlapping the identified SNPs variants associated with GD were searched. The between groups comparisons of allele frequencies indicated that 6 SNPs were potentially associated with GD. Single and multiple-marker analyses showed a strong association between both NTF3 and NTRK2 genes, and GD. The present study supports the involvement of the NTF family in the aetiopathogenesis of GD. An altered cross-regulation of different NTF members signalling pathways might be considered as a biological vulnerability factor for GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Solé-Morata
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, c/Feixa Llarga S/N, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, c/Feixa Llarga S/N, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Etxandi
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, c/Feixa Llarga S/N, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sonia V Forcales
- Serra Húnter Programme, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Spain
| | - Manel Gené
- Genetic Lab, Forensic and Legal Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Barrot
- Genetic Lab, Forensic and Legal Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, c/Feixa Llarga S/N, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, c/Feixa Llarga S/N, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain.,Ciber of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramoz
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Team Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Team Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, c/Feixa Llarga S/N, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, c/Feixa Llarga S/N, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain. .,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain. .,Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain.
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7
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Vereczkei A, Barta C, Magi A, Farkas J, Eisinger A, Király O, Belik A, Griffiths MD, Szekely A, Sasvári-Székely M, Urbán R, Potenza MN, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K, Demetrovics Z, Kotyuk E. FOXN3 and GDNF Polymorphisms as Common Genetic Factors of Substance Use and Addictive Behaviors. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050690. [PMID: 35629112 PMCID: PMC9144496 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and phenomenological studies suggest shared underpinnings between multiple addictive behaviors. The present genetic association study was conducted as part of the Psychological and Genetic Factors of Addictions study (n = 3003) and aimed to investigate genetic overlaps between different substance use, addictive, and other compulsive behaviors. Association analyses targeted 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, potentially addictive substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other drugs), and potentially addictive or compulsive behaviors (internet use, gaming, social networking site use, gambling, exercise, hair-pulling, and eating). Analyses revealed 29 nominally significant associations, from which, nine survived an FDRbl correction. Four associations were observed between FOXN3 rs759364 and potentially addictive behaviors: rs759364 showed an association with the frequency of alcohol consumption and mean scores of scales assessing internet addiction, gaming disorder, and exercise addiction. Significant associations were found between GDNF rs1549250, rs2973033, CNR1 rs806380, DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 variants, and the “lifetime other drugs” variable. These suggested that genetic factors may contribute similarly to specific substance use and addictive behaviors. Specifically, FOXN3 rs759364 and GDNF rs1549250 and rs2973033 may constitute genetic risk factors for multiple addictive behaviors. Due to limitations (e.g., convenience sampling, lack of structured scales for substance use), further studies are needed. Functional correlates and mechanisms underlying these relationships should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vereczkei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Csaba Barta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (Z.D.)
| | - Anna Magi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Farkas
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Nyírő Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, 1135 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Eisinger
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Andrea Belik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Anna Szekely
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Mária Sasvári-Székely
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Child Study and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (Z.D.)
| | - Eszter Kotyuk
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
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Spychala KM, Gizer IR, Davis CN, Dash GF, Piasecki TM, Slutske WS. Predicting disordered gambling across adolescence and young adulthood from polygenic contributions to Big 5 personality traits in a UK birth cohort. Addiction 2022; 117:690-700. [PMID: 34342067 PMCID: PMC8810893 DOI: 10.1111/add.15648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous research has demonstrated phenotypical associations between disordered gambling (DG) and Big 5 personality traits, and a twin study suggested that shared genetic influences accounted for a substantial portion of this relation. The present study examined associations between DG and polygenic scores (PSs) for Big 5 traits to measure the shared genetic underpinnings of Big 5 personality traits and DG. DESIGN Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models estimated associations between Big 5 PSs and past-year and life-time assessments of DG in a longitudinally assessed population-based birth cohort. SETTING United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4729 unrelated children of European ancestry from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) with both phenotypical and genetic data. MEASUREMENTS Phenotypical outcomes included past-year assessment of DG using the problem gambling severity index (PGSI) and life-time assessment of DSM-IV pathological gambling symptoms (DPG) across the ages of 17, 20 and 24 years. Polygenic scores were derived for the Big 5 personality traits of agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness and neuroticism using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). FINDINGS PSs for agreeableness [β= - 0.25, standard error (SE) = 0.054, P = 3.031e-6, ΔR2 = 0.008] and neuroticism (β=0.14, SE = 0.046, P = 0.0017, ΔR2 = 0.002) significantly predicted PGSI scores over and above included covariates (i.e. sex and first five ancestral principal components). PSs for agreeableness (β= - 0.20, SE = 0.056, P = 0.00036, ΔR2 = 0.003) and neuroticism, when interactions with age were taken into account (β = 0.29, SE = 0.090, P = 0.002, ΔR2 = 0.004), also predicted DPG scores. CONCLUSIONS Polygenic contributions to low agreeableness and high neuroticism appear to predict two measures of disordered gambling (problem gambling severity index and life-time assessment of DSM-IV pathological gambling symptoms). Polygenic scores for neuroticism interact with age to suggest that the positive association becomes stronger from adolescence through young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyn M. Spychala
- Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Christal N. Davis
- Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Genevieve F. Dash
- Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Thomas M. Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Wendy S. Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
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9
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Abstract
Abstract
Older subjects are susceptible to develop gambling problems, and researchers have attempted to assess the mechanisms underlying the gambling profile in later life. The objective of this study was to identify the main stressful life events (SLE) across the lifespan which have discriminative capacity for detecting the presence of gambling disorder (GD) in older adults. Data from two independent samples of individuals aged 50+ were analysed: N = 47 patients seeking treatment at a Pathological Gambling Outpatient Unit and N = 361 participants recruited from the general population. Sexual problems (p < 0.001), exposure to domestic violent behaviour (p < 0.001), severe financial problems (p = 0.002), alcohol or drug-related problems (p = 0.004) and extramarital sex (p < 0.001) were related to a higher risk of GD, while getting married (p = 0.005), moving to a new home (p = 0.003) and moving to a new city (p = 0.006) decreased the likelihood of disordered gambling. The accumulated number of SLE was not a predictor of the presence of GD (p = 0.732), but patients who met clinical criteria for GD reported higher concurrence of SLE in time than control individuals (p < 0.001). Empirical research highlights the need to include older age groups in evidence-based policies for gambling prevention, because these individuals are at high risk of onset and/or progression of behavioural addiction-related problems such as GD. The results of this study may be useful for developing reliable screening/diagnostic tools and for planning effective early intervention programmes aimed to reduce the harm related to the onset and evolution of problem gambling in older adults.
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10
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Contributions of Nicholas Martin to Gambling Disorder Research. Twin Res Hum Genet 2020; 23:127-128. [PMID: 32423511 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2020.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Professor Nicholas G. Martin, from QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute in Brisbane, Australia, is a world leader in the effort to understand the genetic architecture underlying disordered gambling. This article pays tribute to Nick and his almost two decades of gambling research, highlighting his many strengths, ranging from the use of ingenious recruitment approaches, twin study methods, genomewide association studies, to facilitating international collaborations.
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Gass JC, Tiffany ST. Assessment of the Choice Behavior Under Cued Conditions (CBUCC) paradigm as a measure of motivation to smoke under laboratory conditions. Addiction 2020; 115:302-312. [PMID: 31390087 DOI: 10.1111/add.14771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Choice Behavior under Cued Conditions (CBUCC) task uses three indices of tobacco use (consumption, money spent to access a cigarette and latency to reach for a cigarette) to assess motivation to smoke under laboratory conditions. Initial research with this procedure has shown that it can evince cue-specific craving and differential responding for smoking versus a neutral cue. This study aimed to replicate these findings and assess the interaction of cue-specific craving and behavior with abstinence prior to testing. DESIGN A mixed repeated-measures between-groups factorial design was used. Participants attended a morning laboratory session in which they were randomized to remain abstinent or smoke as usual (between-groups factor) and returned in the afternoon to complete CBUCC. In this, participants were exposed to 40 experimental trials. In each trial they were exposed to a cigarette or water cue behind a movable glass door (repeated-measures factor). SETTING University at Buffalo, New York, USA. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 106 daily non-treatment-seeking cigarette smokers, data from 102 were used. MEASUREMENTS On each of 40 trials, participants rated cigarette craving, and behavioral measures from the CBUCC (money spent, latency to access the cue, puff duration) were recorded. FINDINGS Craving and CBUCC behavioral measures showed high internal reliability across trials (Cronbach alphas ranged from 0.88 to 0.98). Craving and money spent were higher in trials with the cigarette cue than the water cue (F(1100) = 45.49, P < 0.001 and F(1100) = 116.26, P < 0.001). Other CBUCC measures did not show a significant effect of cue type. The difference in spending between cigarette and water cues was larger for abstinent participants than non-abstinent participants (F(1100) = 5.0, P = 0.03). Other CBUCC measures did not show a significant interaction between abstinence and cue type. Craving on smoking trials was significantly correlated with cigarette spending (r = 0.54, P < 0.001) in the non-abstinence condition but not in the abstinence condition. CONCLUSIONS Craving and 'money spent' in the Choice Behavior under Cued Conditions task (CBUCC) appears to be responsive to cigarette versus water cues, and money spent appears to show greater difference in responsiveness to cigarette than water cues after abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Gass
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephen T Tiffany
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of Review To address variation in the severity of gambling disorder, this review evaluates the contribution of mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurons to potential behavioral endophenotypes, the influence of individual differences in the dopamine system on gambling and related behaviors, and the possible role for dopaminergic medications in the treatment of gambling disorder. Recent Findings Newer work has suggested that dopaminergic dysfunction can lead to increased reward anticipation and a greater sensitivity to uncertainty, which in turn may drive addictive gambling behaviors. In addition, increased impulsivity, a well-recognized risk factor for gambling disorder, has been linked to dopaminergic dysfunction. More recently, emerging evidence has suggested that dopaminergic medications can influence the discounting of delayed rewards. Summary Dopaminergic drugs that increase the salience of long-term over short-term goals may ameliorate symptoms of impulsive individuals with gambling disorder. More broadly, improved understanding of intermediate behavioral and other phenotypes with a defined neurobiological substrate may allow for personalized treatment of gambling disorder and other psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kayser
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco
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Polygenic Risk Scores for Psychiatric Disorders Reveal Novel Clues About the Genetics of Disordered Gambling. Twin Res Hum Genet 2019; 22:283-289. [PMID: 31608857 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2019.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disordered gambling (DG) is a rare but serious condition that results in considerable financial and interpersonal harms. Twin studies indicate that DG is heritable but are silent with respect to specific genes or pathways involved. Existing genomewide association studies (GWAS) of DG have been substantially underpowered. Larger GWAS of other psychiatric disorders now permit calculation of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) that reflect the aggregated effects of common genetic variants contributing risk for the target condition. The current study investigated whether gambling and DG are associated with PRSs for four psychiatric conditions found to be comorbid with DG in epidemiologic surveys: major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Genotype data and survey responses were analyzed from the Wave IV assessment (conducted in 2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a representative sample of adolescents recruited in 1994-1995 and followed into adulthood. Among participants classified as having European ancestry based on genetic analysis (N = 5215), 78.4% reported ever having gambled, and 1.3% reported lifetime DG. Polygenic risk for BD was associated with decreased odds of lifetime gambling, OR = 0.93 [0.87, 0.99], p = .045, pseudo-R2(%) = .12. The SCZ PRS was associated with increased odds of DG, OR = 1.54 [1.07, 2.21], p = .02, pseudo-R2(%) = .85. Polygenic risk scores for MDD and ADHD were not related to either gambling outcome. Investigating features common to both SCZ and DG might generate valuable clues about the genetically influenced liabilities to DG.
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Abstract
Gambling disorder is characterized by a persistent, recurrent pattern of gambling that is associated with substantial distress or impairment. The prevalence of gambling disorder has been estimated at 0.5% of the adult population in the United States, with comparable or slightly higher estimates in other countries. The aetiology of gambling disorder is complex, with implicated genetic and environmental factors. Neurobiological studies have implicated cortico-striato-limbic structures and circuits in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Individuals with gambling disorder often go unrecognized and untreated, including within clinical settings. Gambling disorder frequently co-occurs with other conditions, particularly other psychiatric disorders. Behavioural interventions, particularly cognitive-behavioural therapy but also motivational interviewing and Gamblers Anonymous, are supported in the treatment of gambling disorder. No pharmacological therapy has a formal indication for the treatment of gambling disorder, although placebo-controlled trials suggest that some medications, such as opioid-receptor antagonists, may be helpful. Given the associations with poor quality of life and suicide, improved identification, prevention, policy and treatment efforts are needed to help people with gambling disorder.
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15
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Davis CN, Slutske WS, Martin NG, Agrawal A, Lynskey MT. Genetic and environmental influences on gambling disorder liability: a replication and combined analysis of two twin studies. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1705-1712. [PMID: 30160223 PMCID: PMC6395556 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling disorder (GD), recognized in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 5 (DSM-5) as a behavioral addiction, is associated with a range of adverse outcomes. However, there has been little research on the genetic and environmental influences on the development of this disorder. This study reports results from the largest twin study of GD conducted to date. METHODS Replication and combined analyses were based on samples of 3292 (mean age 31.8, born 1972-79) and 4764 (mean age 37.7, born 1964-71) male, female, and unlike-sex twin pairs from the Australian Twin Registry. Univariate biometric twin models estimated the proportion of variation in the latent GD liability that could be attributed to genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factors, and whether these differed quantitatively or qualitatively for men and women. RESULTS In the replication study, when using a lower GD threshold, there was evidence for significant genetic (60%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 45-76%) and unique environmental (40%; 95% CI 24-56%), but not shared environmental contributions (0%; 95% CI 0-0%) to GD liability; this did not significantly differ from the original study. In the combined analysis, higher GD thresholds (such as one consistent with DSM-5 GD) and a multiple threshold definitions of GD yielded similar results. There was no evidence for quantitative or qualitative sex differences in the liability for GD. CONCLUSIONS Twin studies of GD are few in number but they tell a remarkably similar story: substantial genetic and unique environmental influences, with no evidence for shared environmental contributions or sex differences in GD liability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael T. Lynskey
- King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
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Huggett SB, Winiger EA, Corley RP, Hewitt JK, Stallings MC. Alcohol use, psychiatric disorders and gambling behaviors: A multi-sample study testing causal relationships via the co-twin control design. Addict Behav 2019; 93:173-179. [PMID: 30716592 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human laboratory studies and twin research investigating relationships between alcohol use/pathology and gambling generally have yielded contradictory results, sometimes suggesting causal relationships and common genetic risk factors. 2860 individuals (mean age: 25.60, s.d = 3.21, 50.62% female) from separate clinical (n = 636) and community based (twin) samples (n = 2224) were used to assess associations between past year alcohol use and frequency of past year gambling behaviors (gambling frequency). After adjustment for demographic and psychiatric covariates, individual-level analyses detected that increased alcohol use was associated with more frequent gambling behaviors in twin and clinical samples. Co-twin control models were then used to test potential causal (direct) relationships between alcohol use and gambling frequency. Controlling for all covariates and shared genetic/environmental factors, we found increased alcohol use directly predicted more frequent gambling behaviors (consistent with causality). Our study also suggests shared genetic and/or environmental risk factors contribute to the association between increased alcohol use and frequent gambling behavior, a finding that may be more pronounced in males. The present study helps bridge the gap between twin research and human laboratory studies on gambling and alcohol use and corroborates findings across community and clinical samples. Overall, our findings support both common risk factors between alcohol use and gambling as well as a direct relationship between alcohol use and gambling frequency. Recognizing these dual processes could prove useful for gambling-related prevention/intervention programs.
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Slutske WS, Piasecki TM, Deutsch AR, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Potential Causal Influence of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Disordered Gambling: Evidence From a Multilevel Discordant Twin Design. Clin Psychol Sci 2019; 7:582-596. [PMID: 31106041 PMCID: PMC6521693 DOI: 10.1177/2167702618812700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The quality of the neighborhood in which one lives has been linked to disordered gambling (DG), but whether this reflects a causal relation has not yet been empirically examined. Participants were 3,450 Australian twins who completed assessments of past-year DG and personality and for whom census-derived indicators of disadvantage were used to characterize their neighborhood. Multilevel models were employed to estimate within-twin-pair and betweentwin-pair effects of neighborhood disadvantage on DG, with the within-twin-pair effect representing a potentially causal association and the between-twin-pair effect representing a noncausal association. There was robust evidence for a potentially causal (as well as a non-causal) effect of neighborhood disadvantage on DG (in contrast, parallel analyses of past-year alcohol use disorder failed to find evidence of a potentially causal effect). These results support efforts focused on identifying the active ingredients contributing to the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on DG and developing interventions to limit their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Center of Excellence in Gambling Research, University of Missouri
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Center of Excellence in Gambling Research, University of Missouri
| | | | - Dixie J Statham
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, Birtinya, Australia
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Potenza MN. Clinical neuropsychiatric considerations regarding nonsubstance or behavioral addictions. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 29302225 PMCID: PMC5741111 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2017.19.3/mpotenza] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, non-substance-use behaviors like gambling, gaming, and sex have received greater consideration as possible foci of addictions. In this article, I will review the recent history and current status of non-substance or behavioral addictions. A main focus will involve gambling and gambling disorder, given that the latter is currently the sole non-substance addictive disorder described in the main text of the current (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Internet gaming disorder, currently in the DSM-5 section addressing conditions that may need additional research, will also be considered, as will the concept of Internet addiction. Compulsive sexual behaviors (including problematic pornography use) will be considered, particularly with respect to how behavioral addictions may be considered in the forthcoming 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center, the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Connecticut, USA
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19
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van Holst RJ, Sescousse G, Janssen LK, Janssen M, Berry AS, Jagust WJ, Cools R. Increased Striatal Dopamine Synthesis Capacity in Gambling Addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:1036-1043. [PMID: 28728675 PMCID: PMC6698370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that dopamine plays an important role in the pathophysiology of pathological gambling is pervasive. However, there is little to no direct evidence for a categorical difference between pathological gamblers and healthy control subjects in terms of dopamine transmission in a drug-free state. Here we provide evidence for this hypothesis by comparing dopamine synthesis capacity in the dorsal and ventral parts of the striatum in 13 pathological gamblers and 15 healthy control subjects. METHODS This was achieved using [18F]fluoro-levo-dihydroxyphenylalanine dynamic positron emission tomography scans and striatal regions of interest that were hand-drawn based on visual inspection of individual structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. RESULTS Our results show that dopamine synthesis capacity was increased in pathological gamblers compared with healthy control subjects. Dopamine synthesis was 16% higher in the caudate body, 17% higher in the dorsal putamen, and 17% higher in the ventral striatum in pathological gamblers compared with control subjects. Moreover, dopamine synthesis capacity in the dorsal putamen and caudate head was positively correlated with gambling distortions in pathological gamblers. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results provide empirical evidence for increased striatal dopamine synthesis in pathological gambling.
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20
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Christensen DR. A review of opioid-based treatments for gambling disorder: an examination of treatment outcomes, cravings, and individual differences. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2018.1470662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren R. Christensen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta Gambling Research Institute , Lethbridge, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Should excessive and problematic engagement in nonsubstance use behaviors be mental disorders? The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) repositioned gambling disorder in the substance use disorders section and introduced Internet gaming disorder in the research appendix; the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is also considering it. This article outlines pros and cons of considering behavioral addictions as mental disorders and also reviews the DSM-5 decision-making processes. It focuses on three conditions: gambling disorder, Internet gaming disorder (IGD), and Internet addiction (IA). We detail assessment methods and prevalence rates for these conditions and outline psychiatric comorbidities, demographic and biological risk factors, and promising treatment approaches. We also briefly discuss other putative behavioral addictions: eating/food, sex, exercise, shopping, and tanning "addictions." Overall, data are inconclusive, and consistent terminology and methodology are needed to define and evaluate these conditions more fully prior to considering them mental disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology
- Behavior, Addictive/etiology
- Behavior, Addictive/genetics
- Behavior, Addictive/therapy
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/epidemiology
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/etiology
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/genetics
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/therapy
- Gambling/epidemiology
- Gambling/etiology
- Gambling/genetics
- Gambling/therapy
- Humans
- Internet
- Video Games
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Petry
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 16032-3944, USA; , ,
| | - Kristyn Zajac
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 16032-3944, USA; , ,
| | - Meredith K Ginley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 16032-3944, USA; , ,
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22
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Potenza MN. Clinical neuropsychiatric considerations regarding nonsubstance or behavioral addictions. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 19:281-291. [PMID: 29302225 PMCID: PMC5741111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, non-substance-use behaviors like gambling, gaming, and sex have received greater consideration as possible foci of addictions. In this article, I will review the recent history and current status of non-substance or behavioral addictions. A main focus will involve gambling and gambling disorder, given that the latter is currently the sole non-substance addictive disorder described in the main text of the current (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Internet gaming disorder, currently in the DSM-5 section addressing conditions that may need additional research, will also be considered, as will the concept of Internet addiction. Compulsive sexual behaviors (including problematic pornography use) will be considered, particularly with respect to how behavioral addictions may be considered in the forthcoming 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center, the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Connecticut, USA
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23
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Pedram P, Zhai G, Gulliver W, Zhang H, Sun G. Two novel candidate genes identified in adults from the Newfoundland population with addictive tendencies towards food. Appetite 2017; 115:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Nautiyal KM, Okuda M, Hen R, Blanco C. Gambling disorder: an integrative review of animal and human studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1394:106-127. [PMID: 28486792 PMCID: PMC5466885 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD), previously called pathological gambling and classified as an impulse control disorder in DSM-III and DSM-IV, has recently been reclassified as an addictive disorder in the DSM-5. It is widely recognized as an important public health problem associated with substantial personal and social costs, high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, poor physical health, and elevated suicide rates. A number of risk factors have been identified, including some genetic polymorphisms. Animal models have been developed in order to study the underlying neural basis of GD. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the risk factors, disease course, and pathophysiology. A focus on a phenotype-based dissection of the disorder is included in which known neural correlates from animal and human studies are reviewed. Finally, current treatment approaches are discussed, as well as future directions for GD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Nautiyal
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mayumi Okuda
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rene Hen
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Carlos Blanco
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland
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Biochemical Diagnosis in Substance and Non-substance Addiction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:169-202. [PMID: 29098673 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An optimal biochemical marker for addiction would be some easily traced molecules in body specimens, which indicates indulgent addictive behaviors, or susceptibility to certain addictive stimuli. In this chapter, we discussed existing literature about possible biomarkers, and classified them into three categories: origin forms and metabolites of substances, markers from biochemical responses to certain addiction, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers suggesting susceptibility to addiction. In every category, we examined studies concerning certain type of addiction one by one, with focuses mainly on opiates, psychostimulants, and pathological gambling. Several promising molecules were highlighted, including those of neurotrophic factors, inflammatory factors, and indicators of vascular injury, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers such as serum miRNAs. DNA methylation signatures and signal nucleotide polymorphism of candidate gene underlying the addiction.
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26
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Slutske WS, Deutsch AR, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Local area disadvantage and gambling involvement and disorder: Evidence for gene-environment correlation and interaction. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 124:606-22. [PMID: 26147321 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that local area characteristics (such as disadvantage and gambling outlet density) and genetic risk factors are associated with gambling involvement and disordered gambling. These 2 lines of research were brought together in the present study by examining the extent to which genetic contributions to individual differences in gambling involvement and disorder contributed to being exposed to, and were also accentuated by, local area disadvantage. Participants were members of the national community-based Australian Twin Registry who completed a telephone interview in which the past-year frequency of gambling and symptoms of disordered gambling were assessed. Indicators of local area disadvantage were based on census data matched to the participants' postal codes. Univariate biometric model-fitting revealed that exposure to area disadvantage was partially explained by genetic factors. Bivariate biometric model-fitting was conducted to examine the evidence for gene-environment interaction while accounting for gene-environment correlation. These analyses demonstrated that: (a) a small portion of the genetic propensity to gamble was explained by moving to or remaining in a disadvantaged area, and (b) the remaining genetic and unique environmental variation in the frequency of participating in electronic machine gambling (among men and women) and symptoms of disordered gambling (among women) was greater in more disadvantaged localities. As the gambling industry continues to grow, it will be important to take into account the multiple contexts in which problematic gambling behavior can emerge-from genes to geography-as well as the ways in which such contexts may interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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27
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Karaca S, Saleh A, Canan F, Potenza MN. Comorbidity between Behavioral Addictions and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Systematic Review. Int J Ment Health Addict 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-016-9660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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28
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Yang BZ, Balodis IM, Lacadie CM, Xu J, Potenza MN. A Preliminary Study of DBH (Encoding Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase) Genetic Variation and Neural Correlates of Emotional and Motivational Processing in Individuals With and Without Pathological Gambling. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:282-92. [PMID: 27194378 PMCID: PMC5387779 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Corticostriatal-limbic neurocircuitry, emotional and motivational processing, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems and genetic factors have all been implicated in pathological gambling (PG). However, allelic variants of genes influencing dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitters have not been investigated with respect to the neural correlates of emotional and motivational states in PG. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) converts dopamine to norepinephrine; the T allele of a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1611115 (C-1021T) in the DBH gene is associated with less DBH activity and has been linked to emotional processes and addiction. Here, we investigate the influence of rs1611115 on the neural correlates of emotional and motivational processing in PG and healthy comparison (HC) participants. Methods While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, 18 PG and 25 HC participants, all European Americans, viewed gambling-, sad-, and cocaine-related videotapes. Analyses focused on brain activation differences related to DBH genotype (CC/T-carrier [i.e., CT and TT]) and condition (sad/gambling/cocaine). Results CC participants demonstrated greater recruitment of corticostriatal-limbic regions, relative to T-carriers. DBH variants were also associated with altered corticostriatal-limbic activations across the different videotape conditions, and this association appeared to be driven by greater activation in CC participants relative to T-carriers during the sad condition. CC relative to T-carrier subjects also reported greater subjective sadness to the sad videotapes. Conclusions Individual differences in genetic composition linked to aminergic function contribute significantly to emotional regulation across diagnostic groups and warrant further investigation in PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Iris M. Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cheryl M. Lacadie
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jiansong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,CASAColumbia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Corresponding author: Marc N. Potenza, MD, PhD; Connecticut Mental Health Center, Room S-104, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Phone: +1 203 974 7365; Fax: +1 203 974 7366; E-mail:
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30
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Hess JL, Kawaguchi DM, Wagner KE, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. The influence of genes on "positive valence systems" constructs: A systematic review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:92-110. [PMID: 26365619 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) proposed an approach toward the deconstruction of psychiatric nosology under the research domain criteria (RDoC) framework. The overarching goal of RDoC is to identify robust, objective measures of behavior, emotion, cognition, and other domains that are more closely related to neurobiology than are diagnoses. A preliminary framework has been constructed, which has connected molecules, genes, brain circuits, behaviors, and other elements to dimensional psychiatric constructs. Although the RDoC framework has salience in emerging studies, foundational literature that pre-dated this framework requires synthesis and translation to the evolving objectives and nomenclature of RDoC. Toward this end, we review the candidate-gene association, linkage, and genome-wide studies that have implicated a variety of loci and genetic polymorphisms in selected Positive Valence Systems (PVS) constructs. Our goal is to review supporting evidence to currently listed genes implicated in this domain and novel candidates. We systematically searched and reviewed literature based on keywords listed under the June, 2011, edition of the PVS matrix on the RDoC website (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/positive-valence-systems-workshop-proceedings.shtml), which were supplemented with de novo keywords pertinent to the scope of our review. Several candidate genes linked to the PVS framework were identified from candidate-gene association studies. We also identified novel candidates with loose association to PVS traits from genome-wide studies. There is strong evidence suggesting that PVS constructs, as currently conceptualized under the RDoC initiative, index genetically influenced traits; however, future research, including genetic epidemiological, and psychometric analyses, must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Hess
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Daniel M Kawaguchi
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Kayla E Wagner
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Departmentof Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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Banz BC, Yip SW, Yau YHC, Potenza MN. Behavioral addictions in addiction medicine: from mechanisms to practical considerations. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 223:311-28. [PMID: 26806783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress has been made in our understanding of nonsubstance or "behavioral" addictions, although these conditions and their most appropriate classification remain debated and the knowledge basis for understanding the pathophysiology of and treatments for these conditions includes important gaps. Recent developments include the classification of gambling disorder as a "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder" in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder in Section 3 of DSM-5. This chapter reviews current neuroscientific understandings of behavioral addictions and the potential of neurobiological data to assist in the development of improved policy, prevention, and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Banz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yvonne H C Yau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Child Study Center, and CASA Columbia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Higgins GA, Allyn-Feuer A, Athey BD. Epigenomic mapping and effect sizes of noncoding variants associated with psychotropic drug response. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1565-83. [PMID: 26340055 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To provide insight into potential regulatory mechanisms of gene expression underlying addiction, analgesia, psychotropic drug response and adverse drug events, genome-wide association studies searching for variants associated with these phenotypes has been undertaken with limited success. We undertook analysis of these results with the aim of applying epigenetic knowledge to aid variant discovery and interpretation. METHODS We applied conditional imputation to results from 26 genome-wide association studies and three candidate gene-association studies. The analysis workflow included data from chromatin conformation capture, chromatin state annotation, DNase I hypersensitivity, hypomethylation, anatomical localization and biochronicity. We also made use of chromatin state data from the epigenome roadmap, transcription factor-binding data, spatial maps from published Hi-C datasets and 'guilt by association' methods. RESULTS We identified 31 pharmacoepigenomic SNPs from a total of 2024 variants in linkage disequilibrium with lead SNPs, of which only 6% were coding variants. Interrogation of chromatin state using our workflow and the epigenome roadmap showed agreement on 34 of 35 tissue assignments to regulatory elements including enhancers and promoters. Loop boundary domains were inferred by association with CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor) and cohesin, suggesting proximity to topologically associating domain boundaries and enhancer clusters. Spatial interactions between enhancer-promoter pairs detected both known and previously unknown mechanisms. Addiction and analgesia SNPs were common in relevant populations and exhibited large effect sizes, whereas a SNP located in the promoter of the SLC1A2 gene exhibited a moderate effect size for lithium response in bipolar disorder in patients of European ancestry. SNPs associated with drug-induced organ injury were rare but exhibited the largest effect sizes, consistent with the published literature. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that an in silico bioinformatics-based approach using integrative analysis of a diversity of molecular and morphological data types can discover pharmacoepigenomic variants that are suitable candidates for further validation in cell lines, animal models and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Pharmacogenomic Science, Assurex Health, Inc., Mason, OH, USA
| | - Ari Allyn-Feuer
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brian D Athey
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Guillot CR, Fanning JR, Liang T, Berman ME. COMT Associations with Disordered Gambling and Drinking Measures. J Gambl Stud 2015; 31:513-24. [PMID: 24390676 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-013-9434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disordered gambling and alcohol dependence are influenced by unique and shared genetic factors. Although the evidence is mixed, some research has linked catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 (or COMT Val158Met) to the development of gambling or drinking problems; however, no molecular genetic study has jointly examined gambling and drinking problems. Furthermore, the majority of past studies examined gambling or drinking problems using a case-control design. The purpose of the current study was to examine associations of COMT rs4680 with dimensionally and categorically measured gambling and drinking problems in a nonclinical sample (139 Caucasian adults). The current study found that COMT rs4680 was related to both dimensionally and categorically measured gambling and drinking problems. It appears that the COMT Met/Met genotype may be a genetic risk factor that contributes to the development of both gambling and drinking problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Guillot
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar St CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA,
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COMT genotype, gambling activity, and cognition. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 68:371-6. [PMID: 26028545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies of adults with problem gambling indicate impairments across multiple cognitive domains. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays a unique role in the regulation of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, and has been implicated in the cognitive dysfunction evident in problem gambling. This study examined adults with varying levels of gambling behavior to determine whether COMT genotype was associated with differences in gambling symptoms and cognitive functioning. 260 non-treatment-seeking adults aged 18-29 years with varying degrees of gambling behavior provided saliva samples for genotyping COMT val158met (rs4680). All subjects underwent clinical evaluations and neurocognitive assessment of decision-making, working memory, and impulsivity. The Val/Val COMT genotype was associated with the largest percentage of subjects with gambling disorder (31.8%), a rate significantly different from the Val/Met (13.2%) group (p = 0.001). The Val/Val COMT group was also associated with significantly more gambling disorder diagnostic criteria being met, greater frequency of gambling behavior, and significantly worse cognitive performance on the Cambridge Gamble Task (risk adjustment and delay aversion) and the Spatial Working Memory task (total errors). This study adds to the growing literature on the role of COMT in impulsive behaviors by showing that the Val/Val genotype was associated with specific clinical and cognitive elements among young adults who gamble, in the absence of differences on demographic measures and other cognitive domains. Future work should consider using genotyping to explore whether certain polymorphisms predict subsequent development of impulsive behaviors including gambling disorder, and treatment outcomes.
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Lobo DSS, Aleksandrova L, Knight J, Casey DM, el-Guebaly N, Nobrega JN, Kennedy JL. Addiction-related genes in gambling disorders: new insights from parallel human and pre-clinical models. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1002-10. [PMID: 25266122 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological research supports the characterization of disordered gambling (DG) as a behavioral addiction. Recently, an animal model of gambling behavior was developed (rat gambling task, rGT), expanding the available tools to investigate DG neurobiology. We investigated whether rGT performance and associated risk gene expression in the rat's brain could provide cross-translational understanding of the neuromolecular mechanisms of addiction in DG. We genotyped tagSNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in 38 addiction-related genes in 400 DG and 345 non-DG subjects. Genes with P<0.1 in the human association analyses were selected to be investigated in the animal arm to determine whether their mRNA expression in rats was associated with the rat's performance on the rGT. In humans, DG was significantly associated with tagSNPs in DRD3 (rs167771) and CAMK2D (rs3815072). Our results suggest that age and gender might moderate the association between CAMK2D and DG. Moderation effects could not be investigated due to sample power. In the animal arm, only the association between rGT performance and Drd3 expression remained significant after Bonferroni correction for 59 brain regions. As male rats were used, gender effects could not be investigated. Our results corroborate previous findings reporting the involvement of DRD3 receptor in addictions. To our knowledge, the use of human genetics, pre-clinical models and gene expression as a cross-translation paradigm has not previously been attempted in the field of addictions. The cross-validation of human findings in animal models is crucial for improving the translation of basic research into clinical treatments, which could accelerate neurobiological and pharmacological investigations in addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S S Lobo
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Aleksandrova
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Knight
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D M Casey
- Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - N el-Guebaly
- Division of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J N Nobrega
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J L Kennedy
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Napier TC, Corvol JC, Grace AA, Roitman JD, Rowe J, Voon V, Strafella AP. Linking neuroscience with modern concepts of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30:141-9. [PMID: 25476402 PMCID: PMC4318759 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may experience impulse control disorders (ICDs) when on dopamine agonist therapy for their motor symptoms. In the last few years, a rapid growth of interest for the recognition of these aberrant behaviors and their neurobiological correlates has occurred. Recent advances in neuroimaging are helping to identify the neuroanatomical networks responsible for these ICDs, and together with psychopharmacological assessments are providing new insights into the brain status of impulsive behavior. The genetic associations that may be unique to ICDs in PD are also being identified. Complementing human studies, electrophysiological and biochemical studies in animal models are providing insights into neuropathological mechanisms associated with these disorders. New animal models of ICDs in PD patients are being implemented that should provide critical means to identify efficacious therapies for PD-related motor deficits while avoiding ICD side effects. Here, we provide an overview of these recent advances, with a particular emphasis on the neurobiological correlates reported in animal models and patients along with their genetic underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Celeste Napier
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- UPMC, APHP, ICM, INSERM CIC-1422 and UMRS 1027, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jamie D. Roitman
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - James Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio P. Strafella
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit - E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital and Research Institute, UHN & Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Addiction professionals and the public are recognizing that certain nonsubstance behaviors--such as gambling, Internet use, video-game playing, sex, eating, and shopping--bear resemblance to alcohol and drug dependence. Growing evidence suggests that these behaviors warrant consideration as nonsubstance or "behavioral" addictions and has led to the newly introduced diagnostic category "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders" in DSM-5. At present, only gambling disorder has been placed in this category, with insufficient data for other proposed behavioral addictions to justify their inclusion. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of behavioral addictions, describes treatment considerations, and addresses future directions. Current evidence points to overlaps between behavioral and substance-related addictions in phenomenology, epidemiology, comorbidity, neurobiological mechanisms, genetic contributions, responses to treatments, and prevention efforts. Differences also exist. Recognizing behavioral addictions and developing appropriate diagnostic criteria are important in order to increase awareness of these disorders and to further prevention and treatment strategies.
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Weinstock J, Rash CJ. Clinical and Research Implications of Gambling Disorder in DSM-5. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2014; 1:159-165. [PMID: 26885470 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-014-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders contains significant changes related to the diagnosis of gambling problems. These changes include the renaming of the disorder from pathological gambling to gambling disorder, reclassification of gambling disorder from an impulse control disorder to an addictive disorder, removal of the illegal acts criterion, lowering diagnostic threshold to endorsement of four criteria, and recognizing that the course of the disorder is no longer chronic for all diagnosed. This paper reviews the rationale and research support for these changes. Implications of the new revisions for both research and clinical practice are reviewed, including a discussion about future directions for research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla J Rash
- Calhoun Cardiovascular Center - Division of Behavioral Health, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3944
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Gray JC, MacKillop J. Genetic basis of delay discounting in frequent gamblers: examination of a priori candidates and exploration of a panel of dopamine-related loci. Brain Behav 2014; 4:812-21. [PMID: 25365808 PMCID: PMC4212112 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delay discounting is a behavioral economic index of impulsivity that reflects preferences for small immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards. It has been consistently linked to pathological gambling and other forms of addictive behavior, and has been proposed to be a behavioral characteristic that may link genetic variation and risk of developing addictive disorders (i.e., an endophenotype). Studies to date have revealed significant associations with polymorphisms associated with dopamine neurotransmission. The current study examined associations between delay discounting and both previously linked variants and a novel panel of dopamine-related variants in a sample of frequent gamblers. METHODS Participants were 175 weekly gamblers of European ancestry who completed the Monetary Choice Questionnaire to assess delay discounting preferences and provided a DNA via saliva. RESULTS In a priori tests, two loci previously associated with delayed reward discounting (rs1800497 and rs4680) were not replicated, however, the long form of DRD4 VNTR was significantly associated with lower discounting of delayed rewards. Exploratory analysis of the dopamine-related panel revealed 11 additional significant associations in genes associated with dopamine synthesis, breakdown, reuptake, and receptor function (DRD3, SLC6A3, DDC, DBH, and SLC18A2). An aggregate genetic risk score from the nominally significant loci accounted for 17% of the variance in discounting. Mediational analyses largely supported the presence of indirect effects between the associated loci, delay discounting, and pathological gambling severity. CONCLUSIONS These findings do not replicate previously reported associations but identify several novel candidates and provide preliminary support for a systems biology approach to understand the genetic basis of delay discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Gray
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia
| | - James MacKillop
- Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Spanagel R. Convergent functional genomics in addiction research - a translational approach to study candidate genes and gene networks. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:18. [PMID: 25505662 PMCID: PMC4230431 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent functional genomics (CFG) is a translational methodology that integrates in a Bayesian fashion multiple lines of evidence from studies in human and animal models to get a better understanding of the genetics of a disease or pathological behavior. Here the integration of data sets that derive from forward genetics in animals and genetic association studies including genome wide association studies (GWAS) in humans is described for addictive behavior. The aim of forward genetics in animals and association studies in humans is to identify mutations (e.g. SNPs) that produce a certain phenotype; i.e. "from phenotype to genotype". Most powerful in terms of forward genetics is combined quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and gene expression profiling in recombinant inbreed rodent lines or genetically selected animals for a specific phenotype, e.g. high vs. low drug consumption. By Bayesian scoring genomic information from forward genetics in animals is then combined with human GWAS data on a similar addiction-relevant phenotype. This integrative approach generates a robust candidate gene list that has to be functionally validated by means of reverse genetics in animals; i.e. "from genotype to phenotype". It is proposed that studying addiction relevant phenotypes and endophenotypes by this CFG approach will allow a better determination of the genetics of addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Slutske WS, Ellingson JM, Richmond-Rakerd LS, Zhu G, Martin NG. Shared genetic vulnerability for disordered gambling and alcohol use disorder in men and women: evidence from a national community-based Australian Twin Study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16:525-34. [PMID: 23527679 PMCID: PMC3974625 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2013.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disordered gambling (DG) will soon be included along with the substance use disorders in a revised diagnostic category of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 called 'Substance Use and Addictive Disorders'. This was premised in part on the common etiologies of DG and the substance use disorders. Using data from the national community-based Australian Twin Registry, we used biometric model fitting to examine the extent to which the genetic liabilities for DG and alcohol use disorder (AUD) were shared, and whether this differed for men and women. The effect of using categorical versus dimensional DG and AUD phenotypes was explored, as was the effect of using diagnoses based on the DSM-IV and the proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The genetic correlations between DG and AUD ranged from 0.29 to 0.44. There was a significantly larger genetic correlation between DG and AUD among men than women when using dimensional phenotypes. Overall, about one-half to two-thirds of the association between DG and AUD was due to a shared genetic vulnerability. This study represents one of the few empirical demonstrations of an overlap in the genetic risk for DG and another substance-related addictive disorder. More research is needed on the genetic overlap between DG and other substance use disorders, as well as the genetic overlap between DG and other (non-substance-related) psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Limbrick-Oldfield EH, van Holst RJ, Clark L. Fronto-striatal dysregulation in drug addiction and pathological gambling: Consistent inconsistencies? NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 2:385-93. [PMID: 24179792 PMCID: PMC3777686 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in appetitive processing are central to the major psychological theories of addiction, with differential predictions made by the reward deficiency, incentive salience, and impulsivity hypotheses. Functional MRI has become the chief means of testing these predictions, with experiments reliably highlighting disturbances at the level of the striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, and affiliated regions. However, demonstrations of hypo-reactivity and hyper-reactivity of this circuitry in drug addicted groups are reported in approximately equal measure. Similar findings are echoed in the emergent neuroimaging literature on pathological gambling, which has recently witnessed a coming of age. The first aim of this article is to consider some of the methodological aspects of these experiments that could influence the observed direction of group-level effects, including the baseline condition, trial structure and timing, and the nature of the appetitive cues (drug-related, monetary, or primary rewards). The second aim is to highlight the conceptual traction that is offered by pathological gambling, as a model of a ‘toxicity free’ addiction and an illness where tasks of monetary reinforcement afford a more direct mapping to the abused commodity. Our conclusion is that relatively subtle decisions in task design appear capable of driving group differences in fronto-striatal circuitry in entirely opposing directions, even with tasks and task variants that look ostensibly similar. Differentiation between the psychological theories of addiction will require a greater breadth of experimental designs, with more research needed on processing of primary appetitive cues, aversive processing, and in vulnerable/at-risk groups. We outline the current psychological theories of addiction and their predictions. We review recent fMRI literature of substance addictions and appetitive processing. Reasons for opposing results (hyper- vs hypo-active reward regions) are discussed. Recent fMRI findings of appetitive processing in pathological gambling are reviewed. Pathological gambling is suggested as a prototypical addiction for imaging research.
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Lawrence AD, Brooks DJ, Whone AL. Ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicts financial extravagance in Parkinson's disease. Front Psychol 2013; 4:90. [PMID: 23450713 PMCID: PMC3583186 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulse control disorders (ICDs), including disordered gambling, can occur in a significant number of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) receiving dopaminergic therapy. The neurobiology underlying susceptibility to such problems is unclear, but risk likely results from an interaction between dopaminergic medication and a pre-existing trait vulnerability. Impulse control and addictive disorders form part of a broader psychopathological spectrum of disorders, which share a common underlying genetic vulnerability, referred to as externalizing. The broad externalizing risk factor is a continuously varying trait reflecting vulnerability to various impulse control problems, manifested at the overt level by disinhibitory symptoms and at the personality level by antecedent traits such as impulsivity and novelty/sensation seeking. Trait “disinhibition” is thus a core endophenotype of ICDs, and a key target for neurobiological investigation. The ventral striatal dopamine system has been hypothesized to underlie individual variation in behavioral disinhibition. Here, we examined whether individual differences in ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicted individual variation in disinhibitory temperament traits in individuals with PD. Eighteen early-stage male PD patients underwent 6-[18F]Fluoro-l-DOPA (FDOPA) positron emission tomography scanning to measure striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, and completed a measure of disinhibited personality. Consistent with our predictions, we found that levels of ventral, but not dorsal, striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicted disinhibited personality, particularly a propensity for financial extravagance. Our results are consistent with recent preclinical models of vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and addiction proneness, and provide novel insights into the neurobiology of potential vulnerability to impulse control problems in PD and other disorders.
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