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Gao Y, Huo Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang H. Complete NMR assignment of cyclic octapeptide CTAP. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:467-469. [PMID: 24911419 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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2
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Borics A, Mallareddy JR, Timári I, Kövér KE, Keresztes A, Tóth G. The Effect of Pro2 Modifications on the Structural and Pharmacological Properties of Endomorphin-2. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8418-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300836n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological
Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521,
H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jayapal R. Mallareddy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological
Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521,
H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Timári
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin E. Kövér
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological
Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521,
H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Géza Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological
Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521,
H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Mallareddy JR, Borics A, Keresztes A, Kövér KE, Tourwé D, Tóth G. Design, synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and structure-activity study of novel endomorphin analogues with multiple structural modifications. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1462-72. [PMID: 21287991 DOI: 10.1021/jm101515v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on new proteolytically stable, pharmacologically active endomorphin analogues, incorporating Dmt(1), Achc(2), pFPhe(4), or βMePhe(4) unnatural amino acids. Consistent with earlier results, it was found that the analogues carrying Dmt(1) and Achc(2) residues displayed the highest μ-opioid receptor affinities, depending upon the configuration of the incorporated Achc(2). Combination of such derivatives with pFPhe(4) or βMePhe(4) yielded further compounds with variable binding potencies. Combined application of Dmt(1), cis-(1S,2R)Achc(2), and pFPhe(4) (compound 16) resulted in the most potent analogue. Ligand stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding assays indicated that the analogues retained their agonist activities and opioid receptor specificities. NMR and molecular modeling studies of the analogues containing βMePhe(4) or pFPhe(4) confirmed the predominance of bent structures, however, it is apparent that bent structures are energetically more favored than random/extended structures for all studied compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayapal Reddy Mallareddy
- Institute of Biochemistry , Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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5
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Structural comparison of μ-opioid receptor selective peptides confirmed four parameters of bioactivity. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 28:495-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Prasad S, Mathur A, Sharma R, Gupta N, Ahuja R, Jaggi M, Singh AT, Mukherjee R. Octapeptide Analogs of Somatostatin Containing α,α-Dialkylated Amino Acids with Potent Anticancer Activity. Int J Pept Res Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-005-9005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Møller LN, Stidsen CE, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Somatostatin receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2003; 1616:1-84. [PMID: 14507421 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1972, Brazeau et al. isolated somatostatin (somatotropin release-inhibiting factor, SRIF), a cyclic polypeptide with two biologically active isoforms (SRIF-14 and SRIF-28). This event prompted the successful quest for SRIF receptors. Then, nearly a quarter of a century later, it was announced that a neuropeptide, to be named cortistatin (CST), had been cloned, bearing strong resemblance to SRIF. Evidence of special CST receptors never emerged, however. CST rather competed with both SRIF isoforms for specific receptor binding. And binding to the known subtypes with affinities in the nanomolar range, it has therefore been acknowledged to be a third endogenous ligand at SRIF receptors. This review goes through mechanisms of signal transduction, pharmacology, and anatomical distribution of SRIF receptors. Structurally, SRIF receptors belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled (GPC) receptors, sharing the characteristic seven-transmembrane-segment (STMS) topography. Years of intensive research have resulted in cloning of five receptor subtypes (sst(1)-sst(5)), one of which is represented by two splice variants (sst(2A) and sst(2B)). The individual subtypes, functionally coupled to the effectors of signal transduction, are differentially expressed throughout the mammalian organism, with corresponding differences in physiological impact. It is evident that receptor function, from a physiological point of view, cannot simply be reduced to the accumulated operations of individual receptors. Far from being isolated functional units, receptors co-operate. The total receptor apparatus of individual cell types is composed of different-ligand receptors (e.g. SRIF and non-SRIF receptors) and co-expressed receptor subtypes (e.g. sst(2) and sst(5) receptors) in characteristic proportions. In other words, levels of individual receptor subtypes are highly cell-specific and vary with the co-expression of different-ligand receptors. However, the question is how to quantify the relative contributions of individual receptor subtypes to the integration of transduced signals, ultimately the result of collective receptor activity. The generation of knock-out (KO) mice, intended as a means to define the contributions made by individual receptor subtypes, necessarily marks but an approximation. Furthermore, we must now take into account the stunning complexity of receptor co-operation indicated by the observation of receptor homo- and heterodimerisation, let alone oligomerisation. Theoretically, this phenomenon adds a novel series of functional megareceptors/super-receptors, with varied pharmacological profiles, to the catalogue of monomeric receptor subtypes isolated and cloned in the past. SRIF analogues include both peptides and non-peptides, receptor agonists and antagonists. Relatively long half lives, as compared to those of the endogenous ligands, have been paramount from the outset. Motivated by theoretical puzzles or the shortcomings of present-day diagnostics and therapy, investigators have also aimed to produce subtype-selective analogues. Several have become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Neisig Møller
- Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Cowell SM, Balse-Srinivasan PM, Ahn JM, Hruby VJ. Design and synthesis of peptide antagonists and inverse agonists for G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Enzymol 2002; 343:49-72. [PMID: 11665587 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)43127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Cowell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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9
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Falb E, Salitra Y, Yechezkel T, Bracha M, Litman P, Olender R, Rosenfeld R, Senderowitz H, Jiang S, Goodman M. A bicyclic and hsst2 selective somatostatin analogue: design, synthesis, conformational analysis and binding. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3255-64. [PMID: 11711301 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A backbone bridged and disulfide bridged bicyclic somatostatin analogue, compound 1 (PTR-3205), was designed and synthesized by solid-phase methodology. The binding of compound 1 to the five different somatostatin receptors, expressed in CHO or COS-7 cells, indicate a high degree of selectivity towards hsstr2. The three-dimensional structure of this compound has been determined in DMSO-d(6) and in water by 1H NMR and by molecular dynamics simulations. Similar backbone conformations were observed in both solvents. We have established direct evidence that the backbone of this bicyclic somatostatin analogue assumes a 'folded' conformation in solution, where the lactam ring extends roughly in the plane of the beta-turn. The pharmacophoric region Phe-(D)-Trp-Lys-Thr of compound 1 is in accord with that of both the Veber compound L-363,301 (Merck) and sandostatin. We believe that the enhanced selectivity towards the hsst2 receptor, in comparison with other analogues, is due to its large hydrophobic region, composed of the lactam ring and the Phe side chains at positions 1 and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Falb
- Peptor Ltd., Kiryat Weizmann 16, Rehovot 76326, Israel
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Janecka A, Zubrzycka M, Janecki T. Somatostatin analogs. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2001; 58:91-107. [PMID: 11532069 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a hypothalamic peptide hormone that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone, glucagon, insulin, gastrin and secretin, and also plays a role in neural transmission. Because of its wide range of possible clinical applications hundreds of somatostatin analogs have been synthesized and bioassayed to date. This review gives a historical perspective, summarizing approximately 30 years of research on somatostatin. The main focus is on the structure-activity relationships and conformational studies of the last generation of somatostatin agonists and their selectivity for five somatostatin receptor subtypes. Achievements in the synthesis of nonpeptide somatostatin analogs, as well as the first somatostatin antagonists, are also discussed. Finally, the use of a cyclic somatostatin scaffold to design ligands for other G-protein-coupled receptors, such as opioid and melanocortin receptors, is mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Janecka
- Department of General Chemistry, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
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11
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Abstract
Peptide and protein biological activities depend on their three dimensionals structures in the free state and when interacting with their receptors/acceptors. The backbone conformations such as alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn, and so forth provide critical templates for the three-dimensional structure, but the overall shape and intrinsic stereoelectronic properties of the peptide or protein important for molecular recognition, signal transduction, enzymatic specificity, immunomodulation, and other biological effects depend on arrangement of the side chain groups in three-dimensional chi space (their chi 1, chi 2, etc. torsional angles). In this paper we explore approaches to the de novo design of polypeptides and peptidomimetics with biased or specific conformational/topographical properties in chi space. We consider computational and experimental methods that can be used to examine the effects of specific structural modifications in constraining side chain groups of amino acid residues and their similarities in chi space to the natural amino acids to evaluate what sort of mimetics are likely to mimic normal amino acids. We then examine some of the asymmetric synthetic methods that are being developed to obtain the amino acid mimetics. Finally, we consider selected examples in the literature where these specialized amino acids have been incorporated in biologically active peptides and the specific insights they have provided regarding the topographical requirements for bioactive peptide potency, selectivity, and other biochemical and pharmacological properties. Constraints in chi space show great promise as useful tools in peptide, protein, and peptidomimetic de novo design of structures and pharmacophores with specific stereostructural, biochemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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Abstract
The discovery of endogenous opioid peptides 25 years ago opened up a new chapter in efforts to understand the origins and control of pain, its relationships to other biological functions, including inflammatory and other immune responses, and the relationships of opioid peptides and their receptors to a variety of undesirable or toxic side effects often associated with the nonpeptide opiates such as morphine including addiction, constipation, a variety of neural toxicities, tolerance, and respiratory depression. For these investigations the need for potent and highly receptor selective agonists and antagonists has been crucial since they in principle allow one to distinguish unequivocally the roles of the different opioid receptors (mu, delta, and kappa) in the various biological and pathological roles of the opioid peptides and their receptors. Conformational and topographical constraint of the linear natural endogenous opioid peptides has played a major role in developing peptide ligands with high selectivity for mu, delta, and kappa receptors, and in understanding the conformational, topographical, and stereoelectronic structural requirements of the opioid peptides for their interactions with opioid receptors. In turn, this had led to insights into the three-dimensional pharmacophore for opioid receptors. In this article we review and discuss some of the developments that have led to potent, selective, and stable peptide and peptidomimetic ligands that are highly potent and selective, and that have delta agonist, mu antagonist, and kappa agonist biological activities (other authors in this issue will discuss the development of other types of activities and selectivities). These have led to ligands that provide unique insight into opioid pharmacophores and the critical roles opioid ligands and receptor scan play in pain, addiction, and other human maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Burden JE, Davis P, Porreca F, Spatola AF. Synthesis and biological activities of position one and three transposed analogs of the opioid peptide YKFA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:3441-6. [PMID: 10617088 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyr-c[D-Lys-Phe-Ala], YKFA, is a potent opioid peptide analog with subnanomolar IC50s toward mu and delta receptors. Transposing Phe and Tyr, a modification found to promote mu antagonist activity in opioid/somatostatin hybrids, gave surprisingly high mu agonist activities for several related analogs, considering the lack of a 1-position hydroxyl function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, KY 40292 USA
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14
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Hruby VJ, Slate CA. Amino acid mimetics and design of peptidomimetics for opioid and melanocortin receptors: General perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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15
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Benedetti E, Isernia C, Nastri F, Pedone C, Saviano M, Mierke DF, Melchiorri P, Negri L, Potenza RL, Severini C, Erspamer V. Conformational Analysis by NMR and Distance-Geometry Techniques of Deltorphin Analogs. European J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199811)1998:11<2279::aid-ejoc2279>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Hruby VJ, Han G, Hadley ME. Design and bioactivities of melanotropic peptide agonists and antagonists: Design based on a conformationally constrained somatostatin template. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Melacini G, Zhu Q, Goodman M. Multiconformational NMR analysis of sandostatin (octreotide): equilibrium between beta-sheet and partially helical structures. Biochemistry 1997; 36:1233-41. [PMID: 9063871 DOI: 10.1021/bi962497o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a detailed conformational analysis by 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 300 K) and molecular modeling of the octapeptide D-Phe1-Cys2-Phe3-D-Trp4-Lys5-Thr6-Cys7+ ++-Thr8-ol (disulfide bridged) known as sandostatin (or SMS 201-995 or octreotide) with both somatostatin-like and opioid-like bioactivities. This is the initial report on sandostatin showing that attempts to explain all NMR data using a single average conformation reveal several important inconsistencies including severe violations of mutually exclusive backbone-to-backbone NOEs. The inconsistencies are solved by assuming an equilibrium between antiparallel beta-sheet structures and conformations in which the C-terminal residues form a 3(10) helix-like fold (helical ensemble). This conformational equilibrium is consistent with previous X-ray diffraction investigations which show that sandostatin can adopt both the beta-sheet and the 3(10) helix-like secondary structure folds. In addition, indications of a conformational equilibrium between beta-sheet and helical structures are also found in solvent systems different from DMSO-d6 and for other highly bioactive analogs of sandostatin. In these cases a proper multiconformational NMR refinement is important in order to avoid conformational averaging artifacts. Finally, using the known models for somatostatin-like and opioid-like bioactivities of sandostatin analogs, the present investigation shows the potentials of the proposed structures for the design of novel sandostatin-based conformationally restricted peptidomimetics. These analogs are expected to refine the pharmacophore models for sandostatin bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0343, USA
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18
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Bonner GG, Davis P, Stropova D, Ferguson R, Yamamura HI, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Opioid peptides: simultaneous delta agonism and mu antagonism in somatostatin analogues. Peptides 1997; 18:93-100. [PMID: 9114458 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(96)00242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Four isomers of the Somatostatin analogue H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP) were made with beta-MePhe in position 1 and assayed for opioid binding in rat brain, biological activity in MVD and GPI bioassays, and antinociception in mouse warm-water tail flick assays. The analogues displayed varying potencies and biological activities including: simultaneous delta receptor agonism/mu receptor antagonism, mu receptor antagonism, and delta receptor agonism. These analogues demonstrated that the N-terminal residue is important for receptor potency/selectivity and signal transduction. These analogues my represent leads to therapeutic agents that yield analgesia via delta agonist effects, yet lack side effects associated with mu activity.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Brain/metabolism
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- Ileum/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Molecular Structure
- Opioid Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Opioid Peptides/chemistry
- Opioid Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
- Somatostatin/pharmacology
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Bonner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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