1
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Kempson J, Zhao R, Pawluczyk J, Wang B, Zhang H, Hou X, Allen MP, Wu DR, Li P, Yip S, Smith A, Traeger SC, Huang S, Cutrone J, Mukherjee S, Sfouggatakis C, Poss M, Scola PM, Meanwell NA, Carter PH, Mathur A. Challenges with the Synthesis of a Macrocyclic Thioether Peptide: From Milligram to Multigram Using Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS). J Org Chem 2024; 89:6639-6650. [PMID: 38651358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We describe an optimization and scale-up of the 45-membered macrocyclic thioether peptide BMS-986189 utilizing solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Improvements to linear peptide isolation, macrocyclization, and peptide purification were demonstrated to increase the throughput and purification of material on scale and enabled the synthesis and purification of >60 g of target peptide. Taken together, not only these improvements resulted in a 28-fold yield increase from the original SPPS approach, but also the generality of this newly developed SPPS purification sequence has found application in the synthesis and purification of other macrocyclic thioether peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kempson
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bei Wang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hou
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Martin P Allen
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Aaron Smith
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sarah C Traeger
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Stella Huang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jingfang Cutrone
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical and Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chris Sfouggatakis
- Chemical and Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Poss
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Paul M Scola
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Percy H Carter
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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2
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Mukherjee S, Rogers A, Creech G, Hang C, Ramirez A, Dummeldinger M, Brueggemeier S, Mapelli C, Zaretsky S, Huang M, Black R, Peddicord MB, Cuniere N, Kempson J, Pawluczyk J, Allen M, Parsons R, Sfouggatakis C. Process Development of a Macrocyclic Peptide Inhibitor of PD-L1. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6651-6663. [PMID: 38663026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This article outlines the process development leading to the manufacture of 800 g of BMS-986189, a macrocyclic peptide active pharmaceutical ingredient. Multiple N-methylated unnatural amino acids posed challenges to manufacturing due to the lability of the peptide to cleavage during global side chain deprotection and precipitation steps. These issues were exacerbated upon scale-up, resulting in severe yield loss and necessitating careful impurity identification, understanding the root cause of impurity formation, and process optimization to deliver a scalable synthesis. A systematic study of macrocyclization with its dependence on concentration and pH is presented. In addition, a side chain protected peptide synthesis is discussed where the macrocyclic protected peptide is extremely labile to hydrolysis. A computational study explains the root cause of the increased lability of macrocyclic peptide over linear peptide to hydrolysis. A process solution involving the use of labile protecting groups is discussed. Overall, the article highlights the advancements achieved to enable scalable synthesis of an unusually labile macrocyclic peptide by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The sustainability metric indicates the final preparative chromatography drives a significant fraction of a high process mass intensity (PMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Amanda Rogers
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Gardner Creech
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chao Hang
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Dummeldinger
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Shawn Brueggemeier
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Claudio Mapelli
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Serge Zaretsky
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Masano Huang
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Regina Black
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael B Peddicord
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Nicolas Cuniere
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Martin Allen
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Rodney Parsons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chris Sfouggatakis
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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3
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Li X, Wang N, Liu Y, Li W, Bai X, Liu P, He CY. Backbone N-methylation of peptides: Advances in synthesis and applications in pharmaceutical drug development. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106892. [PMID: 37776681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based drugs have garnered considerable attention in recent years owing to their increasingly crucial role in the treatment of diverse diseases. However, the limited pharmacokinetic properties of peptides have hindered their full potential. One prominent strategy for enhancing the druggability of peptides is N-methylation, which involves the addition of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of the peptide backbone. This modification significantly improves the stability, bioavailability, receptor binding affinity and selectivity of peptide drug candidates. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in synthetic methods for N-methylated peptide synthesis, as well as the associated limitations. Moreover, we explore the versatile effects of N-methylation on various aspects of peptide properties. Furthermore, we emphasize the efforts dedicated to N-methylated peptide pharmaceuticals that have successfully obtained marketing approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Central Research Institute, United-Imaging Healthcare Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningchao Wang
- Central Research Institute, United-Imaging Healthcare Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Central Research Institute, United-Imaging Healthcare Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Weipiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Chun-Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
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4
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Nomura K, Hashimoto S, Takeyama R, Tamiya M, Kato T, Muraoka T, Kage M, Nii K, Kotake K, Iida S, Emura T, Tanada M, Iikura H. Broadly Applicable and Comprehensive Synthetic Method for N-Alkyl-Rich Drug-like Cyclic Peptides. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13401-13412. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nomura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hashimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi Takeyama
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Minoru Tamiya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Terushige Muraoka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Mirai Kage
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Keiji Nii
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kotake
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Satomi Iida
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Takashi Emura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Mikimasa Tanada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iikura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
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5
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Kheirabadi M, Creech GS, Qiao JX, Nirschl DS, Leahy DK, Boy KM, Carter PH, Eastgate MD. Leveraging a "Catch-Release" Logic Gate Process for the Synthesis and Nonchromatographic Purification of Thioether- or Amine-Bridged Macrocyclic Peptides. J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29537839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides containing N-alkylated amino acids have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality, capable of modulating protein-protein interactions and an intracellular delivery of hydrophilic payloads. While multichannel automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is a practical approach for peptide synthesis, the requirement for slow and inefficient chromatographic purification of the product peptides is a significant limitation to exploring these novel compounds. Herein, we invent a "catch-release" strategy for the nonchromatographic purification of macrocyclic peptides. A traceless catch process is enabled by the invention of a dual-functionalized N-terminal acetate analogue, which serves as a handle for capture onto a purification resin and as a leaving group for macrocyclization. Displacement by a C-terminal nucleophilic side chain thus releases the desired macrocycle from the purification resin. By design, this catch/release process is a logic test for the presence of the key components required for cyclization, thus removing impurities which lack the required functionality, such as common classes of peptide impurities, including hydrolysis fragments and truncated sequences. The method was shown to be highly effective with three libraries of macrocyclic peptides, containing macrocycles of 5-20 amino acids, with either thioether- or amine-based macrocyclic linkages; in this latter class, the reported method represents an enabling technology. In all cases, the catch-release protocol afforded significant enrichment of the target peptides purity, in many cases completely obviating the need for chromatography. Importantly, we have adapted this process for automation on a standard multichannel peptide synthesizer, achieving an efficient and completely integrated synthesis and purification platform for the preparation of these important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Kheirabadi
- Chemical and Synthetic Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Gardner S Creech
- Chemical and Synthetic Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Discovery Chemistry , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - David S Nirschl
- Discovery Chemistry , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - David K Leahy
- Chemical and Synthetic Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Kenneth M Boy
- Discovery Chemistry , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Wallingford , Connecticut 06492 , United States
| | - Percy H Carter
- Discovery Chemistry , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Chemical and Synthetic Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
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6
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Erak M, Bellmann-Sickert K, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Peptide chemistry toolbox - Transforming natural peptides into peptide therapeutics. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2759-2765. [PMID: 29395804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of solid phase peptide synthesis has released tremendous opportunities for using synthetic peptides in medicinal applications. In the last decades, peptide therapeutics became an emerging market in pharmaceutical industry. The need for synthetic strategies in order to improve peptidic properties, such as longer half-life, higher bioavailability, increased potency and efficiency is accordingly rising. In this mini-review, we present a toolbox of modifications in peptide chemistry for overcoming the main drawbacks during the transition from natural peptides to peptide therapeutics. Modifications at the level of the peptide backbone, amino acid side chains and higher orders of structures are described. Furthermore, we are discussing the future of peptide therapeutics development and their impact on the pharmaceutical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Erak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Bruederstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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7
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Stefanucci A, Novellino E, Macedonio G, Dimmito MP, Mirzaie S, Caldas Cardoso F, Lewis R, Zádor F, Erdei AI, Dvorácskó S, Tömböly C, Benyhe S, Pieretti S, Minosi P, Mollica A. Design, synthesis and biological profile of mixed opioid agonist/N-VGCC blocker peptides. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04969b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel mixed opioid agonist/N-VGCC blocker peptides, design, synthesis and biological profile.
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8
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Pan Z, Wu C, Wang W, Cheng Z, Yao G, Liu K, Li H, Fang L, Su W. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of Gymnopeptides A and B. Org Lett 2017; 19:4420-4423. [PMID: 28799768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gymnopeptides A and B are unprecedented highly N-methylated cyclic β-hairpin octadecapeptides with striking antiproliferative activities isolated from the mushroom Gymnopus fusipes. Using Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis, followed by macrolactamization of the resulting linear peptides, the first total synthesis of gymnopeptides A and B was successfully achieved in this study. The coupling methods used for the solid-phase synthesis and the cyclization were optimized, and the configuration of the Ser1/Thr1 residue in gymnopeptide A/B was determined to be l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhehong Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guiyang Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hongchang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wu Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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9
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Yao G, Pan Z, Wu C, Wang W, Fang L, Su W. Efficient Synthesis and Stereochemical Revision of Coibamide A. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13488-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine,
Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of
Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- Departent of Pharmaceutical Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyin Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine,
Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of
Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine,
Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of
Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine,
Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of
Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine,
Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of
Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wu Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine,
Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of
Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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10
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Fernández-Llamazares AI, Spengler J, Albericio F. Review backboneN-modified peptides: How to meet the challenge of secondary amine acylation. Biopolymers 2015; 104:435-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Fernández-Llamazares
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Deparment of Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Barcelona Science Park; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN; Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Jan Spengler
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Deparment of Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Barcelona Science Park; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN; Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Deparment of Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Barcelona Science Park; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN; Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; 4001 Durban South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge; Urcuquι 100119 Ecuador. Department of Chemistry; College of Science, King Saud University; P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
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11
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Gao Y, Kodadek T. Split-and-pool synthesis and characterization of peptide tertiary amide library. J Vis Exp 2014:e51299. [PMID: 24998250 DOI: 10.3791/51299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both α-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Scripps Florida, The Scripps Research Institute
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12
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Samaritoni JG, Copes AT, Crews DK, Glos C, Thompson AL, Wilson C, O'Donnell MJ, Scott WL. Unexpected hydrolytic instability of N-acylated amino acid amides and peptides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3140-51. [PMID: 24617596 PMCID: PMC3985854 DOI: 10.1021/jo500273f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Remote amide bonds in simple N-acyl
amino acid amide or peptide
derivatives 1 can be surprisingly unstable hydrolytically,
affording, in solution, variable amounts of 3 under mild
acidic conditions, such as trifluoroacetic acid/water mixtures at
room temperature. This observation has important implications for
the synthesis of this class of compounds, which includes N-terminal-acylated
peptides. We describe the factors contributing to this instability
and how to predict and control it. The instability is a function of
the remote acyl group, R2CO, four bonds away from the site
of hydrolysis. Electron-rich acyl R2 groups accelerate
this reaction. In the case of acyl groups derived from substituted
aromatic carboxylic acids, the acceleration is predictable from the
substituent’s Hammett σ value. N-Acyl dipeptides are
also hydrolyzed under typical cleavage conditions. This suggests that
unwanted peptide truncation may occur during synthesis or prolonged
standing in solution when dipeptides or longer peptides are acylated
on the N-terminus with electron-rich aromatic groups. When amide hydrolysis
is an undesired secondary reaction, as can be the case in the trifluoroacetic
acid-catalyzed cleavage of amino acid amide or peptide derivatives 1 from solid-phase resins, conditions are provided to minimize
that hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Geno Samaritoni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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13
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Sleebs MM, Scanlon D, Karas J, Maharani R, Hughes AB. Total Synthesis of the Antifungal Depsipeptide Petriellin A. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6686-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201017w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M. Sleebs
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Denis Scanlon
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - John Karas
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Rani Maharani
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew B. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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14
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Zajdel P, Masurier N, Sanchez P, Pawlowski M, Kreiter A, Nomezine G, Enjalbal C, Amblard M, Martinez J, Subra G. Recycling the versatile Pipecolic linker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:747-53. [PMID: 20715810 DOI: 10.1021/cc100099z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Pipecolic linker is a new highly versatile handle which immobilizes on solid support through a carboxylic acid function a wide range of amines, alcohols, and hydrazines. The anchoring step on pipecolic resin is very easy and efficient, and compounds are released with high purities upon acidic treatment. During this treatment, an oxazolonium intermediate is hydrolyzed, yielding the cleavage of ester or amide bond and the release of free carboxylic acid of the starting linker. In this study, we report the possibility of recycling the pipecolic resin after the use of several trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) cleavage cocktails. We demonstrate that it can be reused up to five times without significant loading decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Zajdel
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Universités Montpellier I and II, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 av. C. Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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15
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Tal-Gan Y, Freeman NS, Klein S, Levitzki A, Gilon C. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of peptidomimetic PKB/Akt inhibitors: The significance of backbone interactions. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2976-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Analogues of arginine vasopressin modified in the N-terminal part of the molecule with pipecolic acid isomers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:501-2. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Rubini C, Osler A, Calderan A, Guiotto A, Ruzza P. Mechanistic studies of amide bond scission during acidolytic deprotection of Pip containing peptide. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:989-97. [PMID: 18407579 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Unusual TFA catalyzed cleavage reaction is reported for peptide containing pipecolic acid residues. Although the use of TFA under standard cleavage conditions is sufficiently mild to prevent degradation of the desired products, the amide bond between consecutive pipecolic acid residues is unexpectedly hydrolyzed by standard TFA treatment. The hydrolysis is proposed to proceed via an oxazolinium ion intermediate. This mechanism is supported by H/D exchange as observed by ESI-MS and NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rubini
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padua Unit, 35131 Padua, Italy
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18
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Sobolewski D, Prahl A, Kwiatkowska A, Slaninová J, Lammek B. Analogues of AVP modified in the N
-terminal part of the molecule with Pip isomers: TFA-catalysed peptide bond hydrolysis. J Pept Sci 2008; 15:161-5. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Garcia-Martin F, Cruz LJ, Rodriguez-Mias RA, Giralt E, Albericio F. Design and Synthesis of FAJANU: a de Novo C2 Symmetric Cyclopeptide Family. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3194-202. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayna Garcia-Martin
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis J. Cruz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard A. Rodriguez-Mias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Tantry SJ, Venkataramanarao R, Chennakrishnareddy G, Sureshbabu VV. Total Synthesis of Cyclosporin O by Convergent Approach Employing Fmoc-Amino Acid Chlorides Mediated by Zinc Dust. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9360-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701329w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam J Tantry
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560 001, India
| | - Rao Venkataramanarao
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560 001, India
| | - Gundala Chennakrishnareddy
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560 001, India
| | - Vommina Venkata Sureshbabu
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560 001, India
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21
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Sun H, Zhang J, Liu Q, Yu L, Zhao J. Metal-Catalyzed Copolymerization of Imines and CO: A Non-Amino Acid Route to Polypeptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6068-72. [PMID: 17610228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huailin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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22
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Sun H, Zhang J, Liu Q, Yu L, Zhao J. Metal-Catalyzed Copolymerization of Imines and CO: A Non-Amino Acid Route to Polypeptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Teixidó M, Belda I, Zurita E, Llorà X, Fabre M, Vilaró S, Albericio F, Giralt E. Evolutionary combinatorial chemistry, a novel tool for SAR studies on peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier. Part 2. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a first generation of peptides. J Pept Sci 2006; 11:789-804. [PMID: 15942930 DOI: 10.1002/psc.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of high-throughput methods in drug discovery allows the generation and testing of a large number of compounds, but at the price of providing redundant information. Evolutionary combinatorial chemistry combines the selection and synthesis of biologically active compounds with artificial intelligence optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms (GA). Drug candidates for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders must overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This paper reports a new genetic algorithm that searches for the optimal physicochemical properties for peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier. A first generation of peptides has been generated and synthesized. Due to the high content of N-methyl amino acids present in most of these peptides, their syntheses were especially challenging due to over-incorporations, deletions and DKP formations. Distinct fragmentation patterns during peptide cleavage have been identified. The first generation of peptides has been studied by evaluation techniques such as immobilized artificial membrane chromatography (IAMC), a cell-based assay, log Poctanol/water calculations, etc. Finally, a second generation has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Teixidó
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (IRBB-PCB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, 1-5. E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Zhang S, Prabpai S, Kongsaeree P, Arvidsson PI. Poly-N-methylated α-peptides: synthesis and X-ray structure determination of β-strand forming foldamers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:497-9. [PMID: 16432561 DOI: 10.1039/b513277k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first high resolution X-ray structure determination of poly-N-methylated alpha-peptides, a class of peptides widely used in biomedical research, is described; it shows that these molecules adopt a beta-strand conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suode Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, S-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Teixidó M, Albericio F, Giralt E. Solid-phase synthesis and characterization of N-methyl-rich peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:153-66. [PMID: 15705160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A library of peptides required for a project investigating the factors relevant for blood-brain barrier transport was synthesized on solid phase. As a result of the high N-methylamino acid content in the peptides, their syntheses were challenging and form the basis of the work presented here. The coupling of protected N-methylamino acids with N-methylamino acids generally occurs in low yield. (7-azabenzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyAOP) or PyBOP/1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt), are the most promising coupling reagents for these couplings. When a peptide contains an acetylated N-methylamino acid at the N-terminal position, loss of Ac-N-methylamino acid occurs during trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) cleavage of the peptide from the resin. Other side reactions resulting from acidic cleavage are described here, including fragmentation between consecutive N-methylamino acids and formation of diketopiperazines (DKPs). The time of cleavage is shown to greatly influence synthetic results. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles of N-methyl-rich peptides show multiple peaks because of slow conversion between conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teixidó
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Mohanraja K, Dhanasekaran M, Kundu B, Durani S. Mechanism-based protein design: attempted "nucleation-condensation" approach to a possible minimal helix-bundle protein. Biopolymers 2003; 70:355-63. [PMID: 14579308 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In an intended mechanism-based de novo approach, a 22-mer peptide was so designed as to make it both a stereochemically nucleatable and hydrophobically condensable minimal globular protein. Framework-like nucleation of a triple-helix bundle was targeted by employing as folding nucleators composite beta-turns that could both nucleate helices and place them in close juxtaposition for possible interhelical interaction. To promote the targeted triple-helix bundle to condense as a globular protein, an amphipathic sequence pattern was adopted for possible hydrophobic interhelical interaction. A predominantly helicogenic 22-mer amphipathic peptide was thus designed, punctuating it with composite type II'-III and type II-Asx type beta-turns as the helix nucleators cum chain reversal elements. The peptide made by solid-phase synthesis was shown by NMR and CD to be a nascent and distorted triple-helix bundle in a trifluoroethanol (TFE)-water mixture, but more or less a random coil in water. A fold nucleation effect is evident in the TFE-water mixture, but apparently the hydrophobic effect cannot sustain the peptide conformational order in water. A lack of synergy between folding nucleation and hydrophobic condensation of the peptide is possible. Indeed, a mismatch between the sequential H,P pattern of the peptide and its nascent-type globular fold in a TFE-water mixture is evident based on a simulated annealing study guided by NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mohanraja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, India
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27
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Ast T, Barron E, Kinne L, Schmidt M, Germeroth L, Simmons K, Wenschuh H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of destruxin A and related analogs. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2001; 58:1-11. [PMID: 11454164 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development of an efficient solid-phase synthesis protocol and adaptation of reported solution phase procedures for the synthesis of the cyclic depsihexapeptide destruxin A and related analogs. The solid-phase method described is based on standard Fmoc peptide chemistry, including a new synthetic method for the assembly of the depsi bond-containing unit. In order to select analogs of destruxin A for synthesis and evaluation of insecticidal activity, the work of Hellberg et al., describing a set of Z-descriptors for amino acid side-chains comparing their physicochemical properties, was utilized. Destruxin A and 27 different analogs with structural variations in four residues were synthesized and insecticidal activity was evaluated via injections into tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) larvae. Several destruxin A analogs were found to be at least as potent as the native compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ast
- Jerini Bio Tools GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Steinmetzer T, Batdordshjin M, Pineda F, Seyfarth L, Vogel A, Reissmann S, Hauptmann J, Stürzebecher J. New bivalent thrombin inhibitors with N(alpha)(methyl)arginine at the P1-position. Biol Chem 2000; 381:603-10. [PMID: 10987367 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2000.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of bivalent thrombin inhibitors was synthesized, consisting of a d-phenylalanyl-prolyl-N(alpha)(methyl)arginyl active site blocking segment, a fibrinogen recognition exosite inhibitor part, and a peptidic linker connecting these fragments. The methylation of the P1 amino acid led to a moderate decrease in affinity compared with the unmethylated analog. In addition, it prevented the thrombin catalyzed proteolysis, independent of the P1' amino acid used. This is a significant advantage compared to the original hirulogs, which strictly require a proline as P1' amino acid to reduce the cleavage C-terminal to the arginyl residue. Several analogs were prepared by incorporation of different P1' amino acids found in natural thrombin substrates. The most potent inhibitor was I-11 [dCha-Pro-N(Me)Arg-Thr-(Gly)5-DYEPIPEEA-Cha-dGlu] with a Ki of 37 pM. I-11 is highly selective and no inhibition of the related serine proteases trypsin, factor Xa and plasmin was observed. The stability of I-11 in human plasma in vitro was strongly improved compared to hirulog-1. In addition, a significantly reduced plasma clearance of I-11 was observed after intravenous injection in rats. Results from molecular modeling suggest that a strong reorganization of the hydrogen bonds in the active site of thrombin may result in the proteolytic stability found in this inhibitor series.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Steinmetzer
- Institut für Biochemie und Biophysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
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29
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Peschke B, Ankersen M, Hansen TK, Hansen BS, Lau J, Nielsen KK, Raun K. New highly potent dipeptidic growth hormone secretagogues with low molecular weight. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:599-618. [PMID: 10906412 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on NN703, low molecular weight growth hormone secretagouges (GHSs) with a reduced number of hydrogen binding sites were designed by removal of the C-terminal amide group. The compounds were highly potent in combination with high efficacy in a rat pituitary cell assay, being characterized with EC(50) values down to 0.8 nM. Selected compounds were tested in in vivo animal models. The oral bioavailability in dogs was 16-44%. Also, the ED(50) values of the compounds were determined both in dog and swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Peschke
- Health Care Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.
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30
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Besser D, Müller B, Kleinwächter P, Greiner G, Seyfarth L, Steinmetzer T, Arad O, Reissmann S. Synthesis and Characterization of Octapeptide Somatostatin Analogues with Backbone Cyclization: Comparison of Different Strategies, Biological Activities and Enzymatic Stabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3897(200006)342:6<537::aid-prac537>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Müller B, Besser D, Kleinwächter P, Arad O, Reissmann S. Synthesis of N-carboxyalkyl and N-aminoalkyl functionalized dipeptide building units for the assembly of backbone cyclic peptides. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 54:383-93. [PMID: 10563504 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To improve the assembly of backbone cyclic peptides, N-functionalized dipeptide building units were synthesized. The corresponding N-aminoalkyl or N-carboxyalkyl amino acids were formed by alkylation or reductive alkylation of amino acid benzyl or tert-butyl esters. In the case of N-aminoalkyl amino acid derivatives the aldehydes for reductive alkylation were obtained from N,O-dimethyl hydroxamates of N-protected amino acids by reduction with LiAlH4. N-carboxymethyl amino acids were synthesized by alkylation using bromoacetic acid ester and the N-carboxyethyl amino acids via reductive alkylation using aldehydes derived from formyl Meldrums acid. Removal of the carboxy protecting group leads to free N-alkyl amino acids of very low solubility in organic solvents, allowing efficient purification by extraction of the crude product. These N-alkyl amino acids were converted to their tetramethylsilane-esters by silylation with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide and could thus be used for the coupling with Fmoc-protected amino acid chlorides or fluorides. To avoid racemization the tert-butyl esters of N-alkyl amino acids were coupled with the Fmoc-amino acid halides in the presence of the weak base collidine. Both the N-aminoalkyl and N-carboxyalkyl functionalized dipeptide building units could be obtained in good yield and purity. For peptide assembly on the solid support, the allyl type protection of the branching moiety turned out to be most suitable. The Fmoc-protected N-functionalized dipeptide units can be used like any amino acid derivative under the standard conditions for Fmoc-solid phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Müller
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Biochemie und Biophysik, Germany
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