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Vitkov L, Muñoz LE, Schoen J, Knopf J, Schauer C, Minnich B, Herrmann M, Hannig M. Neutrophils Orchestrate the Periodontal Pocket. Front Immunol 2021; 12:788766. [PMID: 34899756 PMCID: PMC8654349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgingival biofilm attached to tooth surfaces triggers and maintains periodontitis. Previously, late-onset periodontitis has been considered a consequence of dysbiosis and a resultant polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. However, a multitude of studies did not show "healthy" oral microbiota pattern, but a high diversity depending on culture, diets, regional differences, age, social state etc. These findings relativise the aetiological role of the dysbiosis in periodontitis. Furthermore, many late-onset periodontitis traits cannot be explained by dysbiosis; e.g. age-relatedness, attenuation by anti-ageing therapy, neutrophil hyper-responsiveness, and microbiota shifting by dysregulated immunity, yet point to the crucial role of dysregulated immunity and neutrophils in particular. Furthermore, patients with neutropenia and neutrophil defects inevitably develop early-onset periodontitis. Intra-gingivally injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone causes an exaggerated neutrophil response sufficient to precipitate experimental periodontitis. Vice versa to the surplus of LPS, the increased neutrophil responsiveness characteristic for late-onset periodontitis can effectuate gingiva damage likewise. The exaggerated neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) response in late-onset periodontitis is blameable for damage of gingival barrier, its penetration by bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as stimulation of Th17 cells, resulting in further neutrophil activation. This identifies the dysregulated immunity as the main contributor to periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Luis E. Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Radaic A, Ganther S, Kamarajan P, Grandis J, Yom SS, Kapila YL. Paradigm shift in the pathogenesis and treatment of oral cancer and other cancers focused on the oralome and antimicrobial-based therapeutics. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:76-93. [PMID: 34463982 PMCID: PMC8415008 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is a community of microorganisms, comprised of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa, that form a complex ecosystem within the oral cavity. Although minor perturbations in the environment are frequent and compensable, major shifts in the oral microbiome can promote an unbalanced state, known as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis can promote oral diseases, including periodontitis. In addition, oral dysbiosis has been associated with other systemic diseases, including cancer. The objective of this review is to evaluate the epidemiologic evidence linking periodontitis to oral, gastrointestinal, lung, breast, prostate, and uterine cancers, as well as describe new evidence and insights into the role of oral dysbiosis in the etiology and pathogenesis of the cancer types discussed. Finally, we discuss how antimicrobials, antimicrobial peptides, and probiotics may be promising tools to prevent and treat these cancers, targeting both the microbes and associated carcinogenesis processes. These findings represent a novel paradigm in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer focused on the oral microbiome and antimicrobial‐based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sue S Yom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Vitkov L, Muñoz LE, Knopf J, Schauer C, Oberthaler H, Minnich B, Hannig M, Herrmann M. Connection between Periodontitis-Induced Low-Grade Endotoxemia and Systemic Diseases: Neutrophils as Protagonists and Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4647. [PMID: 33925019 PMCID: PMC8125370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is considered a promoter of many systemic diseases, but the signaling pathways of this interconnection remain elusive. Recently, it became evident that certain microbial challenges promote a heightened response of myeloid cell populations to subsequent infections either with the same or other pathogens. This phenomenon involves changes in the cell epigenetic and transcription, and is referred to as ''trained immunity''. It acts via modulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). A main modulation driver is the sustained, persistent low-level transmission of lipopolysaccharide from the periodontal pocket into the peripheral blood. Subsequently, the neutrophil phenotype changes and neutrophils become hyper-responsive and prone to boosted formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Cytotoxic neutrophil proteases and histones are responsible for ulcer formations on the pocket epithelium, which foster bacteremia and endoxemia. The latter promote systemic low-grade inflammation (SLGI), a precondition for many systemic diseases and some of them, e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes etc., can be triggered by SLGI alone. Either reverting the polarized neutrophils back to the homeostatic state or attenuation of neutrophil hyper-responsiveness in periodontitis might be an approach to diminish or even to prevent systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (H.O.); (B.M.)
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Luis E. Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.M.); (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.M.); (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.M.); (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Hannah Oberthaler
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (H.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (H.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.M.); (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
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Zhu TF, Shi YH, Li MY, Chen J. RGD-binding integrins mediated phagocytosis involved in the entry of Edwardsiella tarda into mudskipper MO/MФ. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103960. [PMID: 33301793 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The versatile fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogen with the ability to invade and replicate in host phagocytes. However, the mechanism mediating the uptake of E. tarda in fish monocytes/macrophages (MO/MΦ) is not yet understood. Generating mudskipper kidney-derived MO/MФ transcriptomic resources from mudskipper challenged by E. tarda is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the mudskipper invasion process. In the present study, a total of 1185 up-regulated and 885 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using RNA-seq. Enrichment and pathway analysis of DEGs revealed the centrality of the phagosome and regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathways in pathogen entry. The progress of phagosome formation was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Eight conserved integrin (ITG) subunit genes, belonging to the phagocytic receptors, were found in the transcriptomic sequence data. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR showed that the mRNA expressions of most ITG subunit genes were related to the different infection times of E. tarda and the different bacterial pathogens. Further assays demonstrated that phagocytosis of FITC-labeled E. tarda by mudskipper MO/MФ was significantly reduced by the tetrapeptide Asp-Gly-Arg-Ser (RGDS). In summary, phagocytosis is one of the entry pathways into mudskipper MO/MΦ, and RGD-binding ITGs are involved in the phagosome formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Yu-Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
| | - Ming-Yun Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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Characterization of Scardovia wiggsiae Biofilm by Original Scanning Electron Microscopy Protocol. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060807. [PMID: 32471210 PMCID: PMC7355790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a severe manifestation of carious pathology with rapid and disruptive progression. The ECC microbiota includes a wide variety of bacterial species, among which is an anaerobic newly named species, Scardovia wiggsiae, a previously unidentified Bifidobacterium. Our aim was to provide the first ultrastructural characterization of S. wiggsiae and its biofilm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a protocol that faithfully preserved the biofilm architecture and allowed an investigation at very high magnifications (order of nanometers) and with the appropriate resolution. To accomplish this task, we analyzed Streptococcus mutans’ biofilm by conventional SEM and VP-SEM protocols, in addition, we developed an original procedure, named OsO4-RR-TA-IL, which avoids dehydration, drying and sputter coating. This innovative protocol allowed high-resolution and high-magnification imaging (from 10000× to 35000×) in high-vacuum and high-voltage conditions. After comparing three methods, we chose OsO4-RR-TA-IL to investigate S. wiggsiae. It appeared as a fusiform elongated bacterium, without surface specialization, arranged in clusters and submerged in a rich biofilm matrix, which showed a well-developed micro-canalicular system. Our results provide the basis for the development of innovative strategies to quantify the effects of different treatments, in order to establish the best option to counteract ECC in pediatric patients.
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Śmiga M, Stępień P, Olczak M, Olczak T. PgFur participates differentially in expression of virulence factors in more virulent A7436 and less virulent ATCC 33277 Porphyromonas gingivalis strains. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:127. [PMID: 31185896 PMCID: PMC6558696 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a keystone pathogen responsible for chronic periodontitis. Although several virulence factors produced by this bacterium are quite well characterized, very little is known about regulatory mechanisms that allow different strains of P. gingivalis to efficiently survive in the hostile environment of the oral cavity, a typical habitat characterized by low iron and heme concentrations. The aim of this study was to characterize P. gingivalis Fur homolog (PgFur) in terms of its role in production of virulence factors in more (A7436) and less (ATCC 33277) virulent strains. Results Expression of a pgfur depends on the growth phase and iron/heme concentration. To better understand the role played by the PgFur protein in P. gingivalis virulence under low- and high-iron/heme conditions, a pgfur-deficient ATCC 33277 strain (TO16) was constructed and its phenotype compared with that of a pgfur A7436-derived mutant strain (TO6). In contrast to the TO6 strain, the TO16 strain did not differ in the growth rate and hemolytic activity compared with the ATCC 33277 strain. However, both mutant strains were more sensitive to oxidative stress and they demonstrated changes in the production of lysine- (Kgp) and arginine-specific (Rgp) gingipains. In contrast to the wild-type strains, TO6 and TO16 mutant strains produced larger amounts of HmuY protein under high iron/heme conditions. We also demonstrated differences in production of glycoconjugates between the A7436 and ATCC 33277 strains and we found evidence that PgFur protein might regulate glycosylation process. Moreover, we revealed that PgFur protein plays a role in interactions with other periodontopathogens and is important for P. gingivalis infection of THP-1-derived macrophages and survival inside the cells. Deletion of the pgfur gene influences expression of many transcription factors, including two not yet characterized transcription factors from the Crp/Fnr family. We also observed lower expression of the CRISPR/Cas genes. Conclusions We show here for the first time that inactivation of the pgfur gene exerts a different influence on the phenotype of the A7436 and ATCC 33277 strains. Our findings further support the hypothesis that PgFur regulates expression of genes encoding surface virulence factors and/or genes involved in their maturation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1511-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Stępień
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Alyami HM, Finoti LS, Teixeira HS, Aljefri A, Kinane DF, Benakanakere MR. Role of NOD1/NOD2 receptors in Fusobacterium nucleatum mediated NETosis. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:53-64. [PMID: 30940608 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are indispensable in fighting infectious microbes by adopting various antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Although the role and importance of PMNs in periodontal disease are well established, the specific molecular mechanisms involved in NET formation are yet to be characterized. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of periodontal pathogen on NET formation by utilizing Fusobacterium nucleatum. Our data demonstrates that F. nucleatum activates neutrophils and induces robust NETosis in a time-dependent manner via the upregulation of the Nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2 receptors. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of HL-60 cells and the use of ligands/inhibitors confirmed the involvement of NOD1 and NOD2 receptors in F. nucleatum-mediated NET formation. When treated with NOD1 and NOD2 inhibitors, we observed a significant downregulation of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) activity. In addition, neutrophils showed a significant increase and decrease of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) when treated with NOD1/NOD2 ligands and inhibitors, respectively. Taken together, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of NOD1/NOD2 HL-60 cells and inhibitors of NOD signaling confirmed the role of NLRs in F. nucleatum-mediated NETosis. Our data demonstrates an important pathway linking NOD1 and NOD2 to NETosis by F. nucleatum, a prominent microbe in periodontal biofilms. This is the first study to elucidate the role of NOD-like receptors in NETosis and their downstream signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi M Alyami
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Dentistry Department, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box. 59046, Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Livia S Finoti
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hellen S Teixeira
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abdulelah Aljefri
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denis F Kinane
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manjunatha R Benakanakere
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Orraca L, Stormberg AJ, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Gonzalez OA. Comparative analysis of expression of microbial sensing molecules in mucosal tissues with periodontal disease. Immunobiology 2018; 224:196-206. [PMID: 30470434 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are necessary for effective innate immune engagement of pathogens that express microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) ligands for these PRRs. This study used a nonhuman primate model to evaluate the expression of these sensing molecules in gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 12-24 with a healthy periodontium (n = 13) or periodontitis (n = 11) provided gingival tissues for assessment of naturally-occurring periodontitis. An additional group of animals (12-23 years; n = 18) was subjected to a 5 month longitudinal study examining the initiation and progression of periodontitis, RNA was isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing PRRs. The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in naturally-occurring established periodontitis. Selected PRRs also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. The longitudinal model demonstrated multiple TLRs, as well as selected other PRRs that were significantly increased by 2 weeks during initiation of the lesion. While gene expression levels of various PRRs correlated with BOP and PD at baseline and resolution of disease, few correlated with these clinical parameters during initiation and progression of the lesion. These findings suggest that the levels of various PRRs are affected in established periodontitis lesions, and that PRR expression increased most dramatically during the initiation of the disease process, presumably in response to the juxtaposed microbial challenge to the tissues and goal of reestablishing homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - L Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - A J Stormberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - A Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Sobocinski V, Dridi SM, Bisson C, Jeanne S, Gaultier F, Prost-Squarcioni C, Bernard P, Pascal F, Lefevre B, Weber P, Abasq C, Agbo-Godeau S, Joly P, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Duvert-Lehembre S. [Oral care recommendations for patients with oral autoimmune bullous diseases]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2016; 144:182-190. [PMID: 28011091 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.09.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBD) may cause chronic oral lesions that progress insidiously. AIMS To provide recommendations for optimal oral-dental management of patients presenting AIBD with oral involvement. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the absence of scientific studies with high levels of proof, these recommendations have been drawn up at two meetings by a committee of experts on AIBD comprising 7 dermatologists, 1 stomatologist, 1 maxillofacial surgeon, 2 odontologists and 4 parodontologists. RESULTS The oral lesions associated with AIBD may be classified into three grades of severity: severe (generalised erosive gingivitis affecting at least 30% of dental sites), moderate (localised erosive gingivitis affecting less than 30% of dental sites) and controlled (no erosive oral lesions). Good oral-dental hygiene suited to the severity of the oral lesions, must be practised continually by these patients so as to avoid the formation of dental plaque, which aggravates symptoms. Dental and parodontal care must be considered in accordance with the severity grade of the oral lesions: in severe cases, the dental plaque must be eliminated manually with a curette, but several types of care (descaling, treatment for tooth decay, non-urgent extractions, etc.) must be suspended until the grade of severity is moderate or until the disease is stabilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sobocinski
- Clinique dermatologique, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, CHU de Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen cedex, France.
| | - S-M Dridi
- Service d'odontologie, hôpital Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - C Bisson
- Service d'odontologie, CHRU de Nancy, 29, avenue de Lattre-de-Tassigny, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - S Jeanne
- Service d'odontologie, CHRU de Rennes, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - F Gaultier
- Service d'odontologie, hôpital Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - C Prost-Squarcioni
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Avicenne, 125, rue de Stalingrad, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - P Bernard
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Robert-Debré, rue du général-Koening, 51100 Reims, France
| | - F Pascal
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Avicenne, 125, rue de Stalingrad, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - B Lefevre
- Service d'odontologie, hôpital Robert-Debré, rue du général-Koening, 51100 Reims, France
| | - P Weber
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Avicenne, 125, rue de Stalingrad, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - C Abasq
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Morvan, 2, avenue maréchal-Foch, 29200 Brest, France
| | - S Agbo-Godeau
- Service de stomatologie et chirurgie maxillo-faciale, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - P Joly
- Clinique dermatologique, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, CHU de Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen cedex, France
| | - S Ingen-Housz-Oro
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - S Duvert-Lehembre
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital de Dunkerque, 130, avenue Louis-Herbeaux, 59240 Dunkerque, France
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Mendes L, Azevedo NF, Felino A, Pinto MG. Relationship between invasion of the periodontium by periodontal pathogens and periodontal disease: a systematic review. Virulence 2016; 6:208-15. [PMID: 25654367 PMCID: PMC4601159 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.984566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial invasion of the periodontal tissues has been suggested as a relevant step in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. However, its exact importance remains to be defined. The present systematic review assessed the scientific evidence concerning the relationship between the quality or quantity of periodontal microbiota in periodontal tissues and development of periodontal disease. The databases Medline-PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, ISI Web of Knowledge and SCOPUS were searched, up to January 2014. Studies that reported evaluation of periodontal pathogens invasion on human tissues were selected. The screening of 440 title/abstracts elected 26 papers for full-text reading. Twenty three papers were subsequently excluded because of insufficient data or a study protocol not related to the objectives of this systematic review. All included studies were case-control studies that evaluated intracellular or adherent bacteria to epithelial cells from periodontal pockets versus healthy sulci. Study protocols presented heterogeneity regarding case and control definitions and methodological approaches for microbial identification. No consistent significant differences were found related to the presence/absence or proportion of specific periopathogens across the studies, as only one study found statistically significant differences regarding the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.043), T. forsythia (P < 0.001), P. intermedia (P < 0.001), C. ochracea (P < 0.001) and C. rectus (P = 0.003) in epithelial cells from periodontal pockets vs. healthy sulci. All studies reported a larger unspecific bacterial load in or on the epithelial cells taken from a diseased site compared to a healthy sulcus. The current available data is of low to moderate quality and inconsistent mainly due to study design, poor reporting and methodological diversity. As so, there is insufficient evidence to support or exclude the invasion by periodontal pathogens as a key step in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Mendes
- a Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dental Medicine; University of Porto ; Portugal
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Śmiga M, Bielecki M, Olczak M, Smalley JW, Olczak T. Anti-HmuY antibodies specifically recognize Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY protein but not homologous proteins in other periodontopathogens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117508. [PMID: 25658942 PMCID: PMC4320075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the emerging evidence of an association between periodontal infections and systemic conditions, the search for specific methods to detect the presence of P. gingivalis, a principal etiologic agent in chronic periodontitis, is of high importance. The aim of this study was to characterize antibodies raised against purified P. gingivalis HmuY protein and selected epitopes of the HmuY molecule. Since other periodontopathogens produce homologs of HmuY, we also aimed to characterize responses of antibodies raised against the HmuY protein or its epitopes to the closest homologous proteins from Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia. Rabbits were immunized with purified HmuY protein or three synthetic, KLH-conjugated peptides, derived from the P. gingivalis HmuY protein. The reactivity of anti-HmuY antibodies with purified proteins or bacteria was determined using Western blotting and ELISA assay. First, we found homologs of P. gingivalis HmuY in P. intermedia (PinO and PinA proteins) and T. forsythia (Tfo protein) and identified corrected nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Tfo. All proteins were overexpressed in E. coli and purified using ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration. We demonstrated that antibodies raised against P. gingivalis HmuY are highly specific to purified HmuY protein and HmuY attached to P. gingivalis cells. No reactivity between P. intermedia and T. forsythia or between purified HmuY homologs from these bacteria and anti-HmuY antibodies was detected. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that P. gingivalis HmuY protein may serve as an antigen for specific determination of serum antibodies raised against this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Bielecki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - John W. Smalley
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GN, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Ting CC, Fukuda M, Watanabe T, Sanaoka A, Mitani A, Noguchi T. Morphological Alterations of Periodontal Pocket Epithelium Following Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation. Photomed Laser Surg 2014; 32:649-57. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chan Ting
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mitsuo Fukuda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Watanabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sanaoka
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihide Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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Ciuraszkiewicz J, Śmiga M, Mackiewicz P, Gmiterek A, Bielecki M, Olczak M, Olczak T. Fur homolog regulatesPorphyromonas gingivalisvirulence under low-iron/heme conditions through a complex regulatory network. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:333-53. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ciuraszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | - M. Śmiga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | - P. Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics; Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | - A. Gmiterek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | - M. Bielecki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | - M. Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | - T. Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
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Cho TJ, Wee SW, Woo VH, Choi JI, Kim SJ, Shin HI, Lee JH, Park HR. Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced autophagy suppresses cell proliferation through G1 arrest in oral cancer cells. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:370-8. [PMID: 24606908 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the response of oral cancer cells to intracellular invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to define changes in the biological characteristics of oral cancer cells evoked by the presence of oral pathogenic bacteria within a tumour microenvironment. DESIGNS The proliferative activity, cell cycle, and autophagic response were evaluated in oral cancer cells infected with P. gingivalis 381. ROS generation was detected in these cells by DCFDA assay, and its role in the responses of oral cancer cells to P. gingivalis infection was further investigated. RESUTLS P. gingivalis inhibited proliferation of oral cancer cells by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest, but had no effect on apoptosis. Following infection with P. gingivalis, the expression of cyclin D1 and cdk4 was decreased in oral cancer cells, whereas p21, a Cdk inhibitor, was upregulated, in comparison with non-infected controls. Autophagy was prominently enhanced in these infected cells, presumably contributing to the suppressed proliferation. Further experiments revealed that such autophagic response was activated by the formation of reactive oxygen species, as evidenced by the lack of autophagic response and cell proliferation upon removal of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a novel insight into the mechanism by which cancer cells are influenced by tumour microenvironment including oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea
| | - Shin Wook Wee
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea
| | - Vok Hee Woo
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea
| | - Jeom Il Choi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Seung Jo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Hong In Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Joong-gu, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea; Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea.
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Filifactor alocis infection and inflammatory responses in the mouse subcutaneous chamber model. Infect Immun 2013; 82:1205-12. [PMID: 24379289 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01434-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent microbiome studies have implicated a role for Filifactor alocis in periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the colonization and survival properties of F. alocis in a mouse subcutaneous chamber model of infection and characterized host innate immune responses. An infection of 10(9) F. alocis successfully colonized all chambers; however, the infection was cleared after 72 h. F. alocis elicited a local inflammatory response with neutrophils recruited into the chambers at 2 h postinfection along with an increase in levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). F. alocis also induced apoptosis in chamber epithelial cells and neutrophils. Consistent with resolution of infection, neutrophil numbers and cytokine levels returned to baseline by 72 h. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative PCR demonstrated that F. alocis exited the chambers and spread to the spleen, liver, lung, and kidney. Massive neutrophil infiltration was observed in the spleen and lungs, and the recruited neutrophils were in close proximity to the infecting bacteria. Significant epithelial injury was observed in the kidneys. Infection of all tissues was resolved after 7 days. This first in vivo study of the pathogenicity of F. alocis shows that in the chamber model the organism can establish a proinflammatory, proapoptotic local infection which is rapidly resolved by the host concordant with neutrophil influx. Moreover, F. alocis can spread to, and transiently infect, remote tissues where neutrophils can also be recruited.
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Gmiterek A, Wójtowicz H, Mackiewicz P, Radwan-Oczko M, Kantorowicz M, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Frąszczak M, Bielecki M, Olczak M, Olczak T. The unique hmuY gene sequence as a specific marker of Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67719. [PMID: 23844074 PMCID: PMC3699645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis, acquires heme from host hemoproteins using the HmuY hemophore. The aim of this study was to develop a specific P. gingivalis marker based on a hmuY gene sequence. Subgingival samples were collected from 66 patients with chronic periodontitis and 40 healthy subjects and the entire hmuY gene was analyzed in positive samples. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that both the amino acid sequence of the HmuY protein and the nucleotide sequence of the hmuY gene are unique among P. gingivalis strains/isolates and show low identity to sequences found in other species (below 50 and 56%, respectively). In agreement with these findings, a set of hmuY gene-based primers and standard/real-time PCR with SYBR Green chemistry allowed us to specifically detect P. gingivalis in patients with chronic periodontitis (77.3%) and healthy subjects (20%), the latter possessing lower number of P. gingivalis cells and total bacterial cells. Isolates from healthy subjects possess the hmuY gene-based nucleotide sequence pattern occurring in W83/W50/A7436 (n = 4), 381/ATCC 33277 (n = 3) or TDC60 (n = 1) strains, whereas those from patients typically have TDC60 (n = 21), W83/W50/A7436 (n = 17) and 381/ATCC 33277 (n = 13) strains. We observed a significant correlation between periodontal index of risk of infectiousness (PIRI) and the presence/absence of P. gingivalis (regardless of the hmuY gene-based sequence pattern of the isolate identified [r = 0.43; P = 0.0002] and considering particular isolate pattern [r = 0.38; P = 0.0012]). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the hmuY gene sequence or its fragments may be used as one of the molecular markers of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gmiterek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Radwan-Oczko
- Department of Periodontology, Unit of Oral Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kantorowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Frąszczak
- Institute of Genetics, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Bielecki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Colombo AV, Barbosa GM, Higashi D, di Micheli G, Rodrigues PH, Simionato MRL. Quantitative detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human oral epithelial cells from subjects with periodontitis and periodontal health. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1592-1600. [PMID: 23800598 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.055830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells in oral cavities can be considered reservoirs for a variety of bacterial species. A polymicrobial intracellular flora associated with periodontal disease has been demonstrated in buccal cells. Important aetiological agents of systemic and nosocomial infections have been detected in the microbiota of subgingival biofilm, especially in individuals with periodontal disease. However, non-oral pathogens internalized in oral epithelial cells and their relationship with periodontal status are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to detect opportunistic species within buccal and gingival crevice epithelial cells collected from subjects with periodontitis or individuals with good periodontal health, and to associate their prevalence with periodontal clinical status. Quantitative detection of total bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis in oral epithelial cells was determined by quantitative real-time PCR using universal and species-specific primer sets. Intracellular bacteria were visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Overall, 33% of cell samples from patients with periodontitis contained at least one opportunistic species, compared with 15% of samples from healthy individuals. E. faecalis was the most prevalent species found in oral epithelial cells (detected in 20.6% of patients with periodontitis, P = 0.03 versus healthy individuals) and was detected only in cells from patients with periodontitis. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that high levels of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were present in both the periodontitis and healthy groups. However, the proportion of these species was significantly higher in epithelial cells of subjects with periodontitis compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.016 for P. aeruginosa and P = 0.047 for S. aureus). Although E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were detected in 57% and 50% of patients, respectively, with probing depth and clinical attachment level ≥6 mm, no correlation was found with age, sex, bleeding on probing or the presence of supragingival biofilm. The prevalence of these pathogens in epithelial cells is correlated with the state of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V Colombo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziela M Barbosa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Higashi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giorgio di Micheli
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Rodrigues
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina L Simionato
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Trindade SC, Olczak T, Gomes-Filho IS, de Moura-Costa LF, Vale VC, Galdino-Neto M, Alves dos Santos H, de Carvalho Filho PC, Stocker A, Bendicho MT, Xavier MT, de Moraes Marcílio Cerqueira E, Meyer R. Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY-Induced Production of Interleukin-6 and IL-6 Polymorphism in Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013; 84:650-5. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Wójtowicz H, Bielecki M, Wojaczyński J, Olczak M, Smalley JW, Olczak T. The Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY haemophore binds gallium(iii), zinc(ii), cobalt(iii), manganese(iii), nickel(ii), and copper(ii) protoporphyrin IX but in a manner different to iron(iii) protoporphyrin IX. Metallomics 2013; 5:343-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pöllänen MT, Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Uitto VJ. Fusobacterium nucleatumBiofilm Induces Epithelial Migration in an Organotypic Model of Dento-Gingival Junction. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1329-35. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fujita T, Alotaibi M, Kitase Y, Kota Y, Ouhara K, Kurihara H, Shuler CF. Smad2 is involved in the apoptosis of murine gingival junctional epithelium associated with inhibition of Bcl-2. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1567-73. [PMID: 22964108 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gingival junctional epithelium (JE) actively contributes to the homeostasis of the periodontium. Altered activation of TGF-β signalling is implicated in the epithelium from chronic periodontitis. However, little is known about the effects of TGF-β signalling on the JE. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Smad2, which plays an important role in mediating TGF-β signal, and induction of apoptosis in the JE. METHODS K14-Smad2 transgenic mice were used to observe the effect of over-expression of Smad2 driven by CK14 promoter in the JE. We performed TUNEL technique to evaluate the epithelial apoptosis. Expression of apoptosis related genes was examined using real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. RESULTS K14-Smad2 mice showed an increased number of phospho-Smad2 positive JE cells associated with an increase in TGF-β1 expression. K14-Smad2 mice have a significantly higher percentage of TUNEL positive cells in the JE. Immunofluorescence double labelling revealed that TUNEL positive cells showed immunoreactivity to phospho-Smad2. Real-time PCR analysis of apoptosis related gene expression provided evidence of lower expression of Bcl-2 in the gingival tissue from K14-Smad2 mice. There was a strong positive reaction for Bcl-2 protein in the junctional epithelium of wild type mice, while the gingival tissue of K14-Smad2 transgenic mice had only a faint signal for Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided evidence that Smad2 plays a crucial role in the induction of apoptosis in gingival JE through inhibition of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan
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Host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:821383. [PMID: 22899931 PMCID: PMC3412119 DOI: 10.1155/2012/821383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentogingival junction is of crucial importance in periodontal host defense both structurally and functionally. Oral bacteria exert a constant challenge to the host cells and tissues at the dentogingival junction. The host response is set up to eliminate the pathogens by the innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. In health, the commensal bacteria and the host defense mechanisms are in a dynamic steady state. During periodontal disease progression, the dental bacterial plaque, junctional epithelium (JE), inflammatory cells, connective tissue, and bone all go through a series of changes. The tissue homeostasis is turned into tissue destruction and progression of periodontitis. The classical study of Slots showed that in the bacterial plaque, the most remarkable change is the shift from gram-positive aerobic and facultatively anaerobic flora to a predominantly gram-negative and anaerobic flora. This has been later confirmed by several other studies. Furthermore, not only the shift of the bacterial flora to a more pathogenic one, but also bacterial growth as a biofilm on the tooth surface, allows the bacteria to communicate with each other and exert their virulence aimed at favoring their growth. This paper focuses on host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction and the models studying it in vitro.
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Aoyama I, Yaegaki K, Calenic B, Ii H, Ishkitiev N, Imai T. The role of p53 in an apoptotic process caused by an oral malodorous compound in periodontal tissues: a review. J Breath Res 2012; 6:017104. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/6/1/017104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Guyodo H, Meuric V, Pottier L, Martin B, Faili A, Pers JO, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Colocalization of Porphyromonas gingivalis with CD4+ T cells in periodontal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:175-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Guyodo
- UPRES-EA 1254; Equipe de Microbiologie; Université Européenne de Bretagne; Université de Rennes 1; IFR 140 G.F.A.S.; Rennes; France
| | | | | | - Bénédicte Martin
- UPRES-EA 1254; Equipe de Microbiologie; Université Européenne de Bretagne; Université de Rennes 1; IFR 140 G.F.A.S.; Rennes; France
| | - Ahmad Faili
- UPRES-EA 1254; Equipe de Microbiologie; Université Européenne de Bretagne; Université de Rennes 1; IFR 140 G.F.A.S.; Rennes; France
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Ebersole JL, Stevens J, Steffen MJ, Dawson Iii D, Novak MJ. Systemic endotoxin levels in chronic indolent periodontal infections. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:1-7. [PMID: 20465752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontal disease has been linked with an increased risk of various systemic diseases. A plausible biologic explanation for this link includes the opportunity for oral pathogens to translocate to the circulation as a result of breakdown in integrity of the oral epithelium. This study refined a methodology used to detect endotoxin activity in the serum of subjects with indolent periodontal infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS The QCL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay (Cambrex) is a kinetic measure of endotoxin activity. Sera from 211 pregnant women with periodontitis enrolled in the Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy Trial were used to develop the assay further and to evaluate the detection of endotoxin activity that might accompany a low-level bacteremia in chronic periodontitis. RESULTS We optimized the system to increase the sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay. The refined system was able to detect endotoxin activity in serum at > 0.0125 EU/mL. At baseline (13-16 wk of gestation), 35.5% of the women were positive for endotoxin activity (1.62 +/- 2.21; range: 0.38-15 EU/mL). CONCLUSION This report describes a sensitive measure of endotoxin activity in serum. The procedure allowed us to document levels of this microbial virulence factor in serum of individuals with indolent infections such as periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA.
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Vitkov L, Klappacher M, Hannig M, Krautgartner WD. Neutrophil fate in gingival crevicular fluid. Ultrastruct Pathol 2010; 34:25-30. [PMID: 20070150 DOI: 10.3109/01913120903419989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fate of the neutrophils within the inflammatory exudate in the periodontal crevice and their possible participation in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are of clinical interest. However, the cytological analysis of clinical samples of inflammatory exudate is restricted by the obtainable quantities, which do not enable employing the routine approaches. Clinical examinations, ACLAR strip sampling, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were employed to analyze purulent crevicular exudate and gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis. Bacteria, neutrophil activation, NETosis stages, and NETs were identified by molecular probe, expression of citrullinated histone H3, enzymatic digestion, and ultrastructurally. Crevicular neutrophils, all in diverse NETosis stages marked by the histone citrullination, and an abundance of NETs were found in both purulent crevicular exudate and gingival crevicular fluid. Largely varying quantities of dispersed crevicular bacteria were entrapped by NETs, but no phagocytized bacteria were evident in gingival crevicular fluid. The offered method enables for the first time the demonstration NETs in gingival crevicular fluid. The histone citrullination of all the floating crevicular neutrophils indicates that they all undergo NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Periodontology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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Vitkov L, Klappacher M, Hannig M, Krautgartner WD. Extracellular neutrophil traps in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:664-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Watanabe IS, Ogawa K, da Silva MCP, Motoyama AA, Kado ES, Lopes RA. Ultrastructure of the adhesion of bacteria to the epithelial cell membrane of three-day postnatal rat tongue mucosa: a transmission and high-resolution scanning electron microscopic study. Braz Dent J 2009; 18:320-3. [PMID: 18278303 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402007000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Togue mucosa surface of 3-day postnatal rats was examined under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). For HRSEM analysis, the specimens were fixed in the same solution for 24 h, postfixed in 2% osmiun tetroxide, critical-point dried and coated with platinum-palladium. For TEM analysis, the specimens were fixed using modified Karnovsky solution and embedded in Spurr resin. The results revealed the presence of numerous microplicae in the membrane surface of keratinized epithelial cells to which groups of bacteria were attached. These bacteria were staphylococcus and coccus organized either in rows or at random, which were visualized in three-dimensional HRSEM images. At high magnification, the TEM images revealed the adhesion of bacteria to the cell membrane through numerous filamentous structures comprising the glycocalyx. The fine fibrillar structures rising from each bacterium and from cell membrane were clearly seen. These characteristics on bacteria structure may be used for future control or prevention of bacterial diseases and for installation of the oral native flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ii-sei Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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31
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Oral malodorous compounds are periodontally pathogenic and carcinogenic. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Ogura T. A high contrast method of unstained biological samples under a thin carbon film by scanning electron microscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:79-84. [PMID: 18834858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The contrast of biological samples in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is very weak. To examine a biological specimen by SEM, many steps and/or special equipment are required to prepare the sample. Here, we describe a method using an unstained biological sample under a 40 nm carbon film to give a high contrast image, where the image is detected by the secondary electron (SE) signal at a low accelerating voltage of 1.5 kV. Under these conditions, it is hard to detect a direct signal from a biological specimen. The high contrast image is created by the SEs from the lower surface of the thin carbon film. Therefore, the damage to the sample from the electron beam is very low. Our method can be utilized to observe various biological samples of bacteria, viruses, and protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ogura
- Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Tam V, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Pathirana RD, Frazer LT, Reynolds EC. Characterization of T Cell Responses to the RgpA-Kgp Proteinase-Adhesin Complexes ofPorphyromonas gingivalisin BALB/c Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4150-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yaegaki K, Qian W, Murata T, Imai T, Sato T, Tanaka T, Kamoda T. Oral malodorous compound causes apoptosis and genomic DNA damage in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:391-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xia Q, Wang T, Taub F, Park Y, Capestany CA, Lamont RJ, Hackett M. Quantitative proteomics of intracellular Porphyromonas gingivalis. Proteomics 2008; 7:4323-37. [PMID: 17979175 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell quantitative proteomic analyses were conducted to investigate the change from an extracellular to intracellular lifestyle for Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen associated with periodontal disease. Global protein abundance data for P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 internalized for 18 h within human gingival epithelial cells and controls exposed to gingival cell culture medium were obtained at sufficient coverage to provide strong evidence that these changes are profound. A total of 385 proteins were overexpressed in internalized P. gingivalis relative to controls; 240 proteins were shown to be underexpressed. This represented in total about 28% of the protein encoding ORFs annotated for this organism, and slightly less than half of the proteins that were observed experimentally. Production of several proteases, including the classical virulence factors RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp, was decreased. A separate validation study was carried out in which a 16-fold dilution of the P. gingivalis proteome was compared to the undiluted sample in order to assess the quantitative false negative rate (all ratios truly alternative). Truly null (no change) abundance ratios from technical replicates were used to assess the rate of quantitative false positives over the entire proteome. A global comparison between the direction of abundance change observed and previously published bioinformatic gene pair predictions for P. gingivalis will assist with future studies of P. gingivalis gene regulation and operon prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwei Xia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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36
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Colombo AV, da Silva CM, Haffajee A, Colombo APV. Identification of intracellular oral species within human crevicular epithelial cells from subjects with chronic periodontitis by fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:236-43. [PMID: 17451543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Interactions between oral bacteria and gingival epithelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. This study used in situ hybridization with 16 rRNA probes and confocal microscopy to detect the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola within epithelial cells from periodontal pockets, gingival crevice, and buccal mucosa collected from subjects with chronic periodontitis (n = 14) and good periodontal health (n = 8). MATERIAL AND METHODS Each green fluorescent species-specific and universal probe was hybridized with all 58 epithelial samples from the 22 patients. The samples were observed by confocal microscopy to confirm the intracellular localization of oral species of bacteria. The mean frequency of detection and number of intracellular bacteria per epithelial cell were computed for each sample. RESULTS The frequency of cells with internalized bacteria was higher in samples from the gingival crevice than in samples from the oral mucosa. Epithelial cells from all subjects harbored intracellular bacteria; however, patients with periodontitis presented significantly higher counts of bacteria per cell than periodontally healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Periodontal pathogens showed a trend to be detected in higher numbers in epithelial cells from periodontitis patients. In particular, T. forsythia and T. denticola were significantly more prevalent in periodontal pocket cells than healthy sulci and buccal cell samples in the periodontitis group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Those findings indicate that crevicular and buccal cells present internalized bacteria, regardless of periodontal status. However, higher bacterial loads are detected in cells from subjects with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Colombo
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Mao S, Park Y, Hasegawa Y, Tribble GD, James CE, Handfield M, Stavropoulos MF, Yilmaz Ö, Lamont RJ. Intrinsic apoptotic pathways of gingival epithelial cells modulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1997-2007. [PMID: 17419719 PMCID: PMC2886729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis can inhibit chemically induced apoptosis in primary cultures of gingival epithelial cells through blocking activation of the effector caspase-3. The anti-apoptotic phenotype of P. gingivalis is conserved across strains and does not depend on the presence of fimbriae, as fimbriae-deficient mutants and a naturally occurring non-fimbriated strain were able to impede apoptosis. To dissect the survival pathways modulated by P. gingivalis, protein and gene expression of a number of components of apoptotic death pathways were investigated. P. gingivalis infection of epithelial cells resulted in the phosphorylation of JAK1 and Stat3. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that expression of Survivin and Stat3 itself, targets of activated Stat3, were elevated in P. gingivalis-infected cells. siRNA knockdown of JAK1, in combination with knockdown of Akt, abrogated the ability of P. gingivalis to block apoptosis. In contrast, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 were not differentially regulated at either the protein or mRNA levels by P. gingivalis. One mechanism by which P. gingivalis can block apoptotic pathways in gingival epithelial cells therefore is through manipulation of the JAK/Stat pathway that controls the intrinsic mitochondrial cell death pathways. Induction of a pro-survival phenotype may prevent programmed host cell death and aid survival of P. gingivalis within gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yoonsuk Park
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gena D. Tribble
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chlöe E. James
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Martin Handfield
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - M. Franci Stavropoulos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- For correspondence. ; Tel. (+1) 352 392 5067; Fax (+1) 352 392 2361
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Katz J, Yoon TYH, Mao S, Lamont RJ, Caudle RM. Expression of the Receptor of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Gingival Tissue of Smokers With Generalized Periodontal Disease and After Nornicotine Induction in Primary Gingival Epithelial Cells. J Periodontol 2007; 78:736-41. [PMID: 17397323 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between smoking and periodontal disease is well established; however, the mechanism by which smoking augments the destruction of periodontal tissue is not clear. We hypothesize that smoking is related to an increased expression of receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in gingival tissues of smokers. METHODS Gingival biopsies from five smokers and five age- and gender-matched non-smokers were examined. In addition, gingival epithelial cells (GECs) were reacted with 1 muM nornicotine for 4, 16, 24, and 48 hours for mRNA for RAGE and an additional 72 hours for protein expression. RAGE mRNA was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and expression of RAGE at the protein level in GECs was studied with Western blots. RESULTS In the gingival biopsies from all 10 subjects, RT-PCR with RAGE-specific primers produced a band of the predicted size. For all pairs, the smoker biopsies expressed a greater level of RAGE compared to the matched non-smokers. When viewed as groups, analysis of the band intensity indicated that RAGE mRNA in smokers was approximately 1.4-fold of the expression in non-smokers (Wilcoxon test; P = 0.031). In GECs treated with nornicotine, there was a time-dependent increase in RAGE expression up to two-fold at 48 hours. RAGE protein levels initially were reduced but increased to 1.4-fold after 48 hours. CONCLUSION The ability of nornicotine to elevate RAGE expression in GECs, along with increased RAGE expression in inflamed gingival tissue from smokers, indicates that RAGE may be associated with periodontal disease linked to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Katz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Krautgartner WD, Vitkov L. Visualization of neutrophil extracellular traps in TEM. Micron 2007; 39:367-72. [PMID: 17498964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have recently been described as an important innate defence mechanism in inflammation. However, routine electron microscopic staining techniques faintly stain NETs and are therefore insufficient for enabling a distinction between these and the host cell debris as well as proteins regularly present at the site of inflammation. In order to test suitable electron microscopic staining techniques, NETs induced ex vivo via phorbol myristate were absorbed on formvar. Four types of drop-on-grid positive staining were used: osmium tetroxide (Os), osmium tetroxide-uranyl acetate-lead citrate (Os-U-Pb), ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide (RR-OsO4), and cuprolinic blue enhanced by sodium tungstate (CB-WO4). We observed no staining of NETs using Os, faint staining with Os-U-Pb, better but still weak staining with CB-WO4 and outstanding staining with RR-OsO4. Furthermore, RR-OsO4 staining also enables the observation of bacterial fimbriae-mediated adhesion, which is possibly responsible for the ability of NETs to bind bacteria. Thus, the offered RR-OsO4 staining technique may facilitate the study of the NETs-bacterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Dietrich Krautgartner
- Department of Light & Electron Microscopy, Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrabe 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Colombo AV, Silva CM, Haffajee A, Colombo APV. Identification of oral bacteria associated with crevicular epithelial cells from chronic periodontitis lesions. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:609-615. [PMID: 16585650 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial invasion of host epithelial cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; however, the interactions between subgingival species and the gingival crevice cells are not fully understood. This study determined the prevalence of a group of oral bacterial species on or in epithelial cells derived from periodontal pockets and the gingival crevice of subjects with periodontitis. Samples of epithelial cells were obtained from 120 sites with periodontal pockets > or =4 mm and 92 periodontally healthy sites from 49 patients (mean age 46.3+/-1.4 years; 43% males) with chronic periodontitis. Bacteria in or on epithelial cells were separated from unattached bacteria by Percoll density-gradient centrifugation. The presence and levels of 33 oral species were determined in epithelial cell samples by whole genomic DNA probes and the checkerboard method. The most frequently detected species were Porphyromonas gingivalis (42%), Treponema denticola (38%), Prevotella intermedia (37%), Streptococcus intermedius (36%), Campylobacter rectus (35%), Streptococcus sanguinis (35%) and Streptococcus oralis (34%). Species of Actinomyces were found in low prevalence and levels. The data indicated that there were more micro-organisms on or in epithelial cells obtained from periodontal pockets than from healthy sulci; however, no significant differences regarding the percentage and level of any specific species were found between these sites. Veillonella parvula, S. oralis, Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus mitis tended to be more prevalent in sites without disease. These findings demonstrated that a wide range of oral species may be detected on or in crevicular epithelial cells from sites with periodontitis and from periodontally healthy sulci.
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ROTSTEIN ILAN, SIMON JAMESH. The endo-perio lesion: a critical appraisal of the disease condition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2006.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Edwards AM, Grossman TJ, Rudney JD. Fusobacterium nucleatum transports noninvasive Streptococcus cristatus into human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2006; 74:654-62. [PMID: 16369022 PMCID: PMC1346643 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.654-662.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of human buccal epithelial cells frequently reveals an intracellular polymicrobial consortium of bacteria. Although several oral bacteria have been demonstrated to invade cultured epithelial cells, several others appear unable to internalize. We hypothesized that normally noninvasive bacteria may gain entry into epithelial cells via adhesion to invasive bacteria. Fusobacterium nucleatum is capable of binding to and invading oral epithelial cells. By contrast, Streptococcus cristatus binds weakly to host cells and is not internalized. F. nucleatum and S. cristatus coaggregate strongly via an arginine-sensitive interaction. Coincubation of KB or TERT-2 epithelial cells with equal numbers of F. nucleatum and S. cristatus bacteria led to significantly increased numbers of adherent and internalized streptococci. F. nucleatum also promoted invasion of KB cells by other oral streptococci and Actinomyces naeslundii. Dissection of fusobacterial or streptococcal adhesive interactions by using sugars, amino acids, or antibodies demonstrated that this phenomenon is due to direct attachment of S. cristatus to adherent and invading F. nucleatum. Inhibition of F. nucleatum host cell attachment and invasion with galactose, or fusobacterial-streptococcal coaggregation by the arginine homologue l-canavanine, abrogated the increased S. cristatus adhesion to, and invasion of, host cells. In addition, polyclonal antibodies to F. nucleatum, which inhibited fusobacterial attachment to both KB cells and S. cristatus, significantly decreased invasion by both species. Similar decreases were obtained when epithelial cells were pretreated with cytochalasin D, staurosporine, or cycloheximide. These studies indicate that F. nucleatum may facilitate the colonization of epithelial cells by bacteria unable to adhere or invade directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Edwards
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, 17-252 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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