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Alblooshi NA, Naseer TK, Bijle MN. Caries preventive potential of professionally deliverable fluoride-containing agents with incorporated arginine: A scoping review. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2024; 60:154-162. [PMID: 38828462 PMCID: PMC11141041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The scoping review objectives were to: 1) investigate the caries preventive potential of professionally deliverable fluoride (F)-containing agents with incorporated arginine (Arg); and 2) identify the future scope of research on Arg-F interventions for caries prevention. Of 150 identified records, 7 articles (6 in vitro investigations and 1 scoping review) were included for a complete review; with no clinical studies with/without appraisal. Arginine variants (L-Arg/Arg.HCl at 1% to 10% w/v.) were examined for a potential professional application aimed at caries prevention, as reported with in vitro studies. Of the included articles, four in vitro studies explored L-Arg enriched 5% NaF varnish (Duraphat®) as a promising caries preventive agent, while only one considered incorporating L-Arg in MI varnish®/nanohydroxyapatite and one investigated glass ionomer cement for primary/secondary and tertiary caries prevention. The scoping review highlighted the scope for incorporating Arg to professionally deliverable F-containing agents. No clinical data are available to make conclusive recommendations about the caries preventive potential of professionally deliverable F-containing agents with incorporated Arg. With Arg-F varnish being investigated predominantly through in vitro studies, the data so far suggest that Arg was incorporated exclusively in Duraphat®, while the potential of Arg to prevent caries in other F-containing varnishes remains unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Ali Alblooshi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tiba Kahtan Naseer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Bijle MN, Naseer TK, Yiu C. Physical properties and enamel remineralization potential of arginine-fluoride varnishes. J Dent 2024; 148:104965. [PMID: 38548164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objectives were to examine the physical properties and enamel remineralization potential of fluoride (F) varnishes incorporated with arginine (Arg). METHODS Four commercial F varnishes: 1) Duraphat®; 2) Flúor Protector®, 3) Fluor Protector S®, and 4) Fluorimax™ were supplemented with 2% w/v. Arg. The control/experimental varnishes underwent rheometric analysis to assess varnish density (δ), velocity (ν), and associated viscosity, both quantitatively (ν/δ) and qualitatively based on determined mass, volume, distance flow, and time under experimentation. The varnish wet/dry weights (at 2 h) were also analysed. Further, sound enamel specimens (T0) with artificial incipient caries-like lesions (T1) were treated with control/experimental varnishes and subjected to remineralization assay with artificial saliva for 6 h. Thereafter (T2), the specimens were characterized to estimate precipitated Ca and net enamel F uptake. Additionally, mineral density (MD) was assessed using micro-CT at T0, T1, and T2 to derive mineral gain (MG) and % remineralization for the treatment groups. RESULTS When Arg is incorporated, the physical properties of the F-containing varnishes undergo a significant transformation, resulting in higher density, varnish weight, dry varnish weight, and viscosity compared to their respective control varnishes (p < 0.05). Incorporating Arg-in Duraphat®, Fluor Protector S®, and Fluorimax™ significantly improved both enamel Ca precipitation and F uptake compared to the respective controls (p < 0.05). Additionally, the enamel F uptake was significantly higher with all the tested varnishes when enriched with Arg (p < 0.05). The combined data for MD, MG, and % remineralization suggests that the remineralization potential of F-varnishes significantly increased when enriched with Arg (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Incorporating Arg in inorganic F varnishes improves their physical properties and enhances the enamel remineralization potential of the varnishes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study highlights the possibility of incorporating Arg in distinct F-source varnishes. The synergism between active components (Arg-F) aids in enhanced remineralization and superior varnish physical properties, demonstrating a promising approach for high caries-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
- Post-doctoral Fellow in Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Tiba Kahtan Naseer
- Intern/Research Assistant, Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Clinical Professor in Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Gandolfi MG, Taddei P, Zamparini F, Ottolenghi L, Polimeni A, Prati C. Dentine surface modification and remineralization induced by bioactive toothpastes. Int J Dent Hyg 2024; 22:554-574. [PMID: 37424392 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, dentine surface was analysed through Environmental-scanning-electron-microscopy (ESEM) with energy-dispersive-X-ray-spectrometry (EDX) and Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) with attenuated total-reflectance (ATR) to assess the morpho-chemical changes and variations in mineralization degree after demineralizing treatment, after five toothpastes application (HA & Citrate toothpaste, Zinc-HA toothpaste, Calcium Sodium Phosphosilicate toothpaste, Arginine & Calcium carbonate toothpaste, Colgate-Triple-Action, and Control toothpaste), after soaking in artificial saliva and after citric acid attack. METHODS Ca/P, Ca/N and P/N ratios were calculated from EDX atomic data to evaluate the mineralization degree of dentine surface. The IR calcium phosphate (CaP)/collagen and carbonate/collagen ratios has been evaluated to assess the remineralization changes in dentine; the carbonate/collagen IR ratio was calculated to identify the nucleation of B-type-carbonated apatite and calcium carbonate. RESULTS ESEM-EDX and ATR-FTIR showed residuals of toothpastes after the treatments in all cases, with a general increase in the mineralization degree after soaking in artificial saliva and a decrease after acid attack. Treatment with Arginine & Calcium carbonate toothpaste showed the highest Ca/P value after treatment (Ca/P 1.62) and acid attack (Ca/P 1.5) in confirmation, IR showed the highest amount of carbonate after treatment and soaking in artificial saliva. Arginine and calcium carbonate toothpaste and HA and citrate toothpaste remained to a higher extent on the dentine surface and revealed a higher remineralization activity. These formulations showed higher resistance to demineralization attack, as demonstrated by a higher ICaP/IAmide II intensity ratio than those obtained after EDTA treatment. CONCLUSIONS Toothpastes that remained to a higher extent on dentine surface (arginine and calcium carbonate toothpaste in particular) were more able to promote remineralization. The formed calcium phosphate (CaPs) phase was intimately bound to dentine rather than a simple deposit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Green Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Taddei
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fausto Zamparini
- Laboratory of Green Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Livia Ottolenghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Prati
- Endodontic Clinical Section, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bingöl M, Cardilli A, Bingöl AC, Löber U, Bang C, Franke A, Bartzela T, Beblo S, Mönch E, Stolz S, Schaefer AS, Forslund SK, Richter GM. Oral microbiota of patients with phenylketonuria: A nation-based cross-sectional study. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:1081-1092. [PMID: 38745393 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
AIM The oral microenvironment contributes to microbial composition and immune equilibrium. It is considered to be influenced by dietary habits. Phenylketonuria (PKU) patients, who follow a lifelong low-protein diet, exhibit higher prevalence of oral diseases such as periodontitis, offering a suitable model to explore the interplay between diet, oral microbiota and oral health. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted 16S rDNA sequencing on saliva and subgingival plaque from 109 PKU patients (ages 6-68 years) and 114 age-matched controls and correlated oral microbial composition and dental health. RESULTS PKU patients exhibited worse dental health, reduced oral microbial diversity and a difference in the abundance of specific taxa, especially Actinobacteriota species, compared to controls. PKU patients with poor periodontal health exhibited higher alpha diversity than the orally healthy ones, marked by high abundance of the genus Tannerella. Notably, the observed taxonomic differences in PKU patients with normal indices of decayed/missing/filled teeth, plaque control record, gingival bleeding index and periodontal screening and recording index generally differed from microbial signatures of periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS PKU patients' reduced microbial diversity may be due to their diet's metabolic challenges disrupting microbial and immune balance, thus increasing oral inflammation. Higher alpha diversity in PKU patients with oral inflammation is likely related to expanded microbial niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memduh Bingöl
- Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessio Cardilli
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Carolin Bingöl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Theodosia Bartzela
- Department of Orthodontics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Skadi Beblo
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Centre for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eberhard Mönch
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Interdisciplinary Metabolism Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Stolz
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Arne S Schaefer
- Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Kirke Forslund
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gesa M Richter
- Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Alkahtani A, Grootveld M, Bhogadia M, Baysan A. Exploring Salivary Metabolic Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes: Implications for Dental Caries and Potential Influences of HbA1c and Vitamin D Levels. Metabolites 2024; 14:372. [PMID: 39057695 PMCID: PMC11279097 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is considered to be the most common health issue affecting almost 1 in 11 adults globally. Oral health complications including xerostomia, periodontal disease, dental caries, and soft tissue lesions are prevalent among individuals with diabetes, and therefore an understanding of the potential association between salivary metabolites and dental caries progression would enable the early detection and prevention of this non-communicable disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare salivary biomarkers between individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with those without this disorder (ND) using 1H NMR-based metabolomics strategies. The objectives were to identify T2DM-associated biomarker signatures and their potential impact on dental caries. In addition, HbA1c and vitamin D levels were also analysed for this purpose. METHODS Stimulated whole-mouth saliva (SWS) samples were collected from T2DM and ND (n = 30 in each case) participants randomly selected from a group of 128 participants recruited for this case-control study. All participants were advised to refrain from eating, drinking, and smoking for at least 1-2 h prior to sample collection. Following preparation, SWS supernatants underwent 1H NMR analysis at an operating frequency of 800 MHz, and the dataset acquired was analysed using a range of multivariate metabolomics techniques. RESULTS Metabolomics analysis of data acquired demonstrated that, together with up- and downregulated blood HbA1c and vitamin D levels, key salivary discriminators between these two classifications included lactate, taurine, creatinine, α-glucose, and formate to a lesser extent. The bacterial catabolites lactate and formate were both significantly upregulated in the T2DM group, and these have previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Significance analysis of metabolites (SAM)-facilitated AUROC analysis yielded an 83% accuracy for this distinction. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study highlights the significant differences in salivary metabolites between individuals with T2DM and healthy controls. Such differences appear to be related to the development and progression of dental caries in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq Alkahtani
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK;
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Mohammed Bhogadia
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Aylin Baysan
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK;
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Sampaio C, Méndez DAC, Buzalaf MAR, Pessan JP, Cruvinel T. Arginine and sodium fluoride affect the microbial composition and reduce biofilm metabolism and enamel mineral loss in an oral microcosm model. J Dent 2024; 145:104997. [PMID: 38621525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of arginine, with or without sodium fluoride (NaF; 1,450 ppm), on saliva-derived microcosm biofilms and enamel demineralization. METHODS Saliva-derived biofilms were grown on bovine enamel blocks in 0.2 % sucrose-containing modified McBain medium, according to six experimental groups: control (McBain 0.2 %); 2.5 % arginine; 8 % arginine; NaF; 2.5 % arginine with NaF; and 8 % arginine with NaF. After 5 days of growth, biofilm viability was assessed by colony-forming units counting, laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to determine biofilm vitality and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, while biofilm metabolism was evaluated using the resazurin assay and lactic acid quantification. Demineralization was evaluated by measuring pH in the culture medium and calcium release. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis' and Dunn's tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS 8 % arginine with NaF showed the strongest reduction in total streptococci and total microorganism counts, with no significant difference compared to arginine without NaF. Neither 2.5 % arginine alone nor NaF alone significantly reduced microbial counts compared to the control, although in combination, a reduction in all microbial groups was observed. Similar trends were found for biofilm vitality and EPS, and calcium released to the growth medium. CONCLUSIONS 8 % Arginine, with or without NaF, exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity and reduced enamel calcium loss. Also, NaF enhanced the effects of 2.5 % arginine, yielding similar results to 8 % arginine for most parameters analyzed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results provided further evidence on how arginine, with or without NaF, affects oral microcosm biofilms and enamel mineral loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Sampaio
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Daniela Alejandra Cusicanqui Méndez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária SP, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cruvinel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária SP, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
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Altamura S, Augello FR, Ortu E, Pietropaoli D, Cinque B, Giannoni M, Lombardi F. Efficacy of the Probiotic L. brevis in Counteracting the Demineralizing Process of the Tooth Enamel Surface: Results from an In Vitro Study. Biomolecules 2024; 14:605. [PMID: 38786012 PMCID: PMC11118116 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel plays an essential role in protecting the underlying layers of the human tooth; therefore, preserving it is vital. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the potential ability of L. brevis to counteract the action of a demineralizing agent on dental enamel morphology and mineral composition in vitro. METHODS The sample consisted of 12 healthy human posterior teeth. The coronal portion of each tooth was subdivided into two equal parts longitudinally. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: artificial saliva, L. brevis suspension, demineralizing agent (DA), and DA plus L. brevis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate the surface micromorphology and the mineral content, respectively. The statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS SEM analysis did not highlight significant changes in the enamel microstructure of L. brevis-treated specimens compared to the control. DA-induced damage to the enamel structure was drastically reduced when the specimens were contextually exposed to the probiotic. The treatment with DA substantially reduced the weight % of crucial enamel minerals, i.e., Ca and P. Notably, the probiotic was able to reverse the demineralization process, bringing Ca and P weight % back to basal levels, including the Ca/P ratio. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that L. brevis is able to efficiently protect the dental enamel surface from the damage caused by DA and increase the enamel resistance to demineralization. Overall, L. brevis confirms its efficacy in preventing or counteracting the action of carious lesions through a novel mechanism that protects the tooth surface under a chemical challenge that mimics the caries process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Altamura
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.A.); (F.R.A.); (E.O.); (D.P.); (F.L.)
- Ph.D. School in Medicine and Public Health, University of L’Aquila, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Center of Oral Diseases, Prevention and Translational Research—Dental Clinic, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Oral Diseases and Systemic Interactions Study Group (ODISSY Group), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosaria Augello
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.A.); (F.R.A.); (E.O.); (D.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Eleonora Ortu
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.A.); (F.R.A.); (E.O.); (D.P.); (F.L.)
- Center of Oral Diseases, Prevention and Translational Research—Dental Clinic, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Oral Diseases and Systemic Interactions Study Group (ODISSY Group), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Pietropaoli
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.A.); (F.R.A.); (E.O.); (D.P.); (F.L.)
- Center of Oral Diseases, Prevention and Translational Research—Dental Clinic, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Oral Diseases and Systemic Interactions Study Group (ODISSY Group), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.A.); (F.R.A.); (E.O.); (D.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Mario Giannoni
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.A.); (F.R.A.); (E.O.); (D.P.); (F.L.)
- Center of Oral Diseases, Prevention and Translational Research—Dental Clinic, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.A.); (F.R.A.); (E.O.); (D.P.); (F.L.)
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Mato EG, Montaño-Barrientos BJ, Rivas-Mundiña B, Aneiros IV, López LS, Posse JL, Lamas LM. Anti-caries Streptococcus spp.: A potential preventive tool for special needs patients. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2024; 44:813-822. [PMID: 37674277 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Probiotics are living microorganisms that act on the host-microbiome interface to restore the microbiota's physiological homeostasis. Numerous probiotics have been marketed with inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans and consequently with a potential anti-caries effect, mainly of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, whose main disadvantage is their limited ability to settle in the oral cavity. METHODS This narrative review describes the main Streptococcus spp. with probiotic anti-Streptococcus mutans activity, whose substantivity is greater than that of Lactobacillus spp. and consequently with anti-caries potentiality. We performed a literature review in the PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases of articles published in English (without time restriction) related to caries and probiotics. RESULTS The potential identified anti-caries probiotics included Streptococcus spp. A12, Streptococcus oralis (AJ3), Streptococcus oligofermentans, Streptococcus salivarius (K12, M18, JH, LAB813, 24SMB), Streptococcus spp. with arginolytic activity (S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. ratti, S. parasanguinis, S. intermedius, S. australis, and S. cristatus), Streptococcus rattus (JH145), Streptococcus dentisani and Streptococcus downii. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of using these Streptococcus spp. as probiotics that inhibit the growth of dental plaque and the development of carious lesions represents a potential tool of particular interest for individuals with physical or intellectual disabilities that impede the routine and effective application of mechanical dental plaque removal techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane García Mato
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bitalio J Montaño-Barrientos
- Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Microbiology and Infectology Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Berta Rivas-Mundiña
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iván Varela Aneiros
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lucía Sande López
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jacobo Limeres Posse
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lucía Martínez Lamas
- Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Microbiology and Infectology Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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Rath RJ, Herrington JO, Adeel M, Güder F, Dehghani F, Farajikhah S. Ammonia detection: A pathway towards potential point-of-care diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116100. [PMID: 38364327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Invasive methods such as blood collection and biopsy are commonly used for testing liver and kidney function, which are painful, time-consuming, require trained personnel, and may not be easily accessible to people for their routine checkup. Early diagnosis of liver and kidney diseases can prevent severe symptoms and ensure better management of these patients. Emerging approaches such as breath and sweat analysis have shown potential as non-invasive methods for disease diagnosis. Among the many markers, ammonia is often used as a biomarker for the monitoring of liver and kidney functions. In this review we provide an insight into the production and expulsion of ammonia gas in the human body, the different diseases that could potentially use ammonia as biomarker and analytical devices such as chemiresistive gas sensors for non-invasive monitoring of this gas. The review also provides an understanding into the different materials, doping agents and substrates used to develop such multifunctional sensors. Finally, the current challenges and the possible future trends have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronil J Rath
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jack O Herrington
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Syamak Farajikhah
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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10
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Mann AE, Chakraborty B, O'Connell LM, Nascimento MM, Burne RA, Richards VP. Heterogeneous lineage-specific arginine deiminase expression within dental microbiome species. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0144523. [PMID: 38411054 PMCID: PMC10986539 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01445-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Arginine catabolism by the bacterial arginine deiminase system (ADS) has anticariogenic properties through the production of ammonia, which modulates the pH of the oral environment. Given the potential protective capacity of the ADS pathway, the exploitation of ADS-competent oral microbes through pre- or probiotic applications is a promising therapeutic target to prevent tooth decay. To date, most investigations of the ADS in the oral cavity and its relation to caries have focused on indirect measures of activity or on specific bacterial groups, yet the pervasiveness and rate of expression of the ADS operon in diverse mixed microbial communities in oral health and disease remain an open question. Here, we use a multivariate approach, combining ultra-deep metatranscriptomic sequencing with paired metataxonomic and in vitro citrulline quantification to characterize the microbial community and ADS operon expression in healthy and late-stage cavitated teeth. While ADS activity is higher in healthy teeth, we identify multiple bacterial lineages with upregulated ADS activity on cavitated teeth that are distinct from those found on healthy teeth using both reference-based mapping and de novo assembly methods. Our dual metataxonomic and metatranscriptomic approach demonstrates the importance of species abundance for gene expression data interpretation and that patterns of differential expression can be skewed by low-abundance groups. Finally, we identify several potential candidate probiotic bacterial lineages within species that may be useful therapeutic targets for the prevention of tooth decay and propose that the development of a strain-specific, mixed-microbial probiotic may be a beneficial approach given the heterogeneity of taxa identified here across health groups. IMPORTANCE Tooth decay is the most common preventable chronic disease, affecting more than two billion people globally. The development of caries on teeth is primarily a consequence of acid production by cariogenic bacteria that inhabit the plaque microbiome. Other bacterial strains in the oral cavity may suppress or prevent tooth decay by producing ammonia as a byproduct of the arginine deiminase metabolic pathway, increasing the pH of the plaque biofilm. While the benefits of arginine metabolism on oral health have been extensively documented in specific bacterial groups, the prevalence and consistency of arginine deiminase system (ADS) activity among oral bacteria in a community context remain an open question. In the current study, we use a multi-omics approach to document the pervasiveness of the expression of the ADS operon in both health and disease to better understand the conditions in which ADS activity may prevent tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Mann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brinta Chakraborty
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren M. O'Connell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Marcelle M. Nascimento
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert A. Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vincent P. Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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11
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Yin X, Wu Y, Song J. Investigating the causal relationship between human blood/urine metabolites and periodontal disease using two-sample Mendelian randomization. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1895. [PMID: 38469110 PMCID: PMC10925816 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The aim is to investigate the cause-and-effect connection between metabolites found in blood/urine and the likelihood of developing periodontal disease (PD) through the utilization of a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Methods Using an inverse variance weighted (IVW) method and two additional two-sample MR models, we examined the relationship between blood/urine metabolites and PD by analyzing data from a comprehensive metabolome-based genome-wide association study and the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of PD. To assess the consistency and dependability of the findings, diversity, cross-effects, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results Out of the 35 metabolites found in blood and urine, a total of eight metabolites (C-reactive protein, Potassium in urine, Urea, Cystatin C, Non-albumin protein, Creatinine, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Phosphate) displayed a possible causal connection with the risk of dental caries/PD using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method (p < 0.05). This includes five metabolites in the blood and three in the urine. No metabolites were statistically significant in IVW MR models (p < 3.68 × 10- 4). Even after conducting sensitivity analysis with the leave-one-out method and removing the confounding instrumental variables, the impact of these factors on dental caries/PD remained significant. Conclusion Based on the available evidence, it is not possible to establish a significant causal link between the 35 blood metabolites and the likelihood of developing dental caries and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangChina
| | - Yadong Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryThe Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryThe Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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12
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Yu X, Devine D, Vernon J. Manipulating the diseased oral microbiome: the power of probiotics and prebiotics. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2307416. [PMID: 38304119 PMCID: PMC10833113 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2307416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries and periodontal disease are amongst the most prevalent global disorders. Their aetiology is rooted in microbial activity within the oral cavity, through the generation of detrimental metabolites and the instigation of potentially adverse host immune responses. Due to the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance, alternative approaches to readdress the balance are necessary. Advances in sequencing technologies have established relationships between disease and oral dysbiosis, and commercial enterprises seek to identify probiotic and prebiotic formulations to tackle preventable oral disorders through colonisation with, or promotion of, beneficial microbes. It is the metabolic characteristics and immunomodulatory capabilities of resident species which underlie health status. Research emphasis on the metabolic environment of the oral cavity has elucidated relationships between commensal and pathogenic organisms, for example, the sequential metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates deemed central to acid production in cariogenicity. Therefore, a focus on the preservation of an ecological homeostasis in the oral environment may be the most appropriate approach to health conservation. In this review we discuss an ecological approach to the maintenance of a healthy oral environment and debate the potential use of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation, specifically targeted at sustaining oral niches to preserve the delicately balanced microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Yu
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D.A. Devine
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J.J. Vernon
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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13
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Zuber P, Kreth J. Aspects of oral streptococcal metabolic diversity: Imagining the landscape beneath the fog. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:508-524. [PMID: 37329112 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that the human-associated microbial community influences host physiology, systemic health, disease progression, and even behavior. There is currently an increased interest in the oral microbiome, which occupies the entryway to much of what the human initially encounters from the environment. In addition to the dental pathology that results from a dysbiotic microbiome, microbial activity within the oral cavity exerts significant systemic effects. The composition and activity of the oral microbiome is influenced by (1) host-microbial interactions, (2) the emergence of niche-specific microbial "ecotypes," and (3) numerous microbe-microbe interactions, shaping the underlying microbial metabolic landscape. The oral streptococci are central players in the microbial activity ongoing in the oral cavity, due to their abundance and prevalence in the oral environment and the many interspecies interactions in which they participate. Streptococci are major determinants of a healthy homeostatic oral environment. The metabolic activities of oral Streptococci, particularly the metabolism involved in energy generation and regeneration of oxidative resources vary among the species and are important factors in niche-specific adaptations and intra-microbiome interactions. Here we summarize key differences among streptococcal central metabolic networks and species-specific differences in how the key glycolytic intermediates are utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zuber
- Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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14
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da Silveira EG, Prato LS, Pilati SFM, Arthur RA. Comparison of oral cavity protein abundance among caries-free and caries-affected individuals-a systematic review and meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1265817. [PMID: 37780687 PMCID: PMC10540632 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1265817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Some salivary proteins seem to be differently abundant among caries-free (CF) and caries-affected (CA) individuals, but previous results are contradictory precluding that definitive conclusion be drawn. A pooled analysis of the available evidence may provide more robust data on identifying oral cavity protein patterns among CF and CA individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42021269079) aimed to compare the oral cavity protein abundance among caries-free and caries-affected individuals. Methods This study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically assessed (up to February 2023) to retrieve clinical studies written in English, German, or in Latin-based languages that compared the oral cavity protein abundance among CF and CA individuals. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment (NIH guidelines) were independently performed by two investigators. Qualitative synthesis was performed from all included studies and meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with inverse variance for studies that reported the concentration of proteins or enzymatic activity. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each outcome. Results A total of 90 studies (two cohort and 88 cross-sectional designs) of more than 6,000 participants were selected for data extraction, being the quality of evidence graded as "fair" for most of them. The oral cavity of CF individuals presented lower total protein concentration [SMD = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.07-0.68; 18 studies)], lower total antioxidant capacity [SMD = 1.29 (95% CI: 0.74-1.85); 17 studies], and lower carbonic anhydrase activity [SMD = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.58-1.09); three studies], whereas CA individuals presented lower carbonic anhydrase concentration [SMD = -0.66 (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.32); three studies], urease [SMD = -0.95 (IC 95%: -1.72 to -0.17); four studies], and arginine deiminase system [SMD = -2.07 (95% CI: -3.53 to -0.62); three studies] activities. Antimicrobial peptides, secretory immunoglobulin-A concentrations and alpha-amylase activity were similar among individuals. Conclusion Differences on oral cavity protein abundance were observed among CF and CA individuals. These data indicate some protein patterns for the oral health and dental caries conditions. Even when statistically significant, some of the results were not very consistent. Cohort studies need to be conducted to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Garcia da Silveira
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Laura Schaurich Prato
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Goyal V, Damle S, Puranik MP, Nuvvula S, Kakanur M, Marwah N, Asokan S, Suprabha BS, Sreenivasan P, Wadgave U, Shyam S, Thakur D. Arginine: A New Paradigm in Preventive Oral Care. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023; 16:698-706. [PMID: 38162235 PMCID: PMC10753110 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is ubiquitous and one of the most prevalent oral diseases and the foremost cause of dental pain and poor quality of life (QoL). Fluoride is an effective caries preventive agent; however, despite its use, there remain some gaps in prevention of dental caries. Arginine, an amino acid, helps to maintain a noncariogenic plaque. It shows synergistic effects with fluoride in dental caries and can help nourish the tooth by enhancing the remineralization effect of fluoride. Supplementing fluoride dentifrices with arginine can bridge the gap in caries prevention. Several clinical studies with 1.5% arginine + fluoride provide evidence for its use in prevention of dental caries. This report throws light on the benefits of arginine in dental caries and guides on its use with fluoride. Recommendations given in the report will help in effective prevention of dental caries. How to cite this article Goyal V, Damle S, Puranik MP, et al. Arginine: A New Paradigm in Preventive Oral Care. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(5):698-706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Goyal
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Guru Nanak Dev Dental College and Research Institute, Sunam, Punjab, India
| | - Satyawan Damle
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, M.M. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Manjunath P Puranik
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sivakumar Nuvvula
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Kakanur
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nikhil Marwah
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sharath Asokan
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baranya S Suprabha
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Mangaluru, India
| | - Prathima Sreenivasan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kannur Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - Umesh Wadgave
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Wadgave's Dental Home, Bidar, Karnataka, India
| | - S Shyam
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dewakshi Thakur
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Guru Nanak Dev Dental College and Research Institute, Sunam, Punjab, India
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16
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Bhogadia M, Edgar M, Hunwin K, Page G, Grootveld M. Detection and Quantification of Ammonia as the Ammonium Cation in Human Saliva by 1H NMR: A Promising Probe for Health Status Monitoring, with Special Reference to Cancer. Metabolites 2023; 13:792. [PMID: 37512499 PMCID: PMC10383521 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) has been shown to be a key biomarker for a wide variety of diseases, such as hepatic and chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and cancers. It also has relevance to the oral health research area, and, hence, its determination in appropriate biofluids and tissues is of much importance. However, since it contains exchangeable >N-H protons, its analysis via 1H NMR spectroscopy, which is a widely employed technique in untargeted metabolomic studies, is rendered complicated. In this study, we focused on the 1H NMR analysis of this biomarker in less invasively collected human saliva samples, and we successfully identified and quantified it as ammonium cation (NH4+) in post-collection acidulated forms of this biofluid using both the standard calibration curve and standard addition method (SAM) approaches. For this purpose, n = 27 whole mouth saliva (WMS) samples were provided by healthy human participants, and all donors were required to follow a fasting/oral environment abstention period of 8 h prior to collection. Following acidification (pH 2.00), diluted WMS supernatant samples treated with 10% (v/v) D2O underwent 1H NMR analysis (600 MHz). The acquired results demonstrated that NH4+ can be reliably determined in these supernatants via integration of the central line of its characteristic 1:1:1 intensity triplet resonance (complete spectral range δ = 6.97-7.21 ppm). Experiments performed also demonstrated that any urease-catalysed NH3 generation occurring post-sampling in WMS samples did not affect the results acquired during the usual timespan of laboratory processing required prior to analysis. Further experiments demonstrated that oral mouth-rinsing episodes conducted prior to sample collection, as reported in previous studies, gave rise to major decreases in salivary NH4+ levels thereafter, which renormalised to only 50-60% of their basal control concentrations at the 180-min post-rinsing time point. Therefore, the WMS sample collection method employed significantly affected the absolute levels of this analyte. The LLOD was 60 μmol/L with 128 scans. The mean ± SD salivary NH4+ concentration of WMS supernatants was 11.4 ± 4.5 mmol/L. The potential extension of these analytical strategies to the screening of other metabolites with exchangeable 1H nuclei is discussed, as is their relevance to the monitoring of human disorders involving the excessive generation and/or uptake of cellular/tissue material, or altered homeostasis, in NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bhogadia
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mark Edgar
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Kayleigh Hunwin
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Georgina Page
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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17
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Catunda RQ, Altabtbaei K, Flores-Mir C, Febbraio M. Pre-treatment oral microbiome analysis and salivary Stephan curve kinetics in white spot lesion development in orthodontic patients wearing fixed appliances. A pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:239. [PMID: 37095478 PMCID: PMC10127078 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White spot lesions (WSLs) are a formidable challenge during orthodontic treatment, affecting patients regardless of oral hygiene. Multifactorial in nature, amongst potential contributors to their development are the microbiome and salivary pH. The aim of our pilot study is to determine if pre-treatment differences in salivary Stephan curve kinetics and salivary microbiome features correlate with WSL development in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. We hypothesize that non-oral hygiene determined differences in saliva could be predictive of WSL formation in this patient population through analysis of salivary Stephan curve kinetics, and that these differences would further manifest as changes in the oral microbiome. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, twenty patients with initial simplified oral hygiene index scores of "good" that were planning to undergo orthodontic treatment with self-ligating fixed appliances for at least 12 months were enrolled. At pre-treatment stage, saliva was collected for microbiome analysis, and at 15-minute intervals after a sucrose rinse over 45 min for Stephan curve kinetics. RESULTS 50% of patients developed a mean 5.7 (SEM: 1.2) WSLs. There were no differences in saliva microbiome species richness, Shannon alpha diversity or beta diversity between the groups. Capnocytophaga sputigena exclusively and Prevotella melaninogenica predominantly were found in WSL patients, while Streptococcus australis was negatively correlated with WSL development. Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus anginosus were primarily present in healthy patients. There was no evidence to support the primary hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS While there were no differences in salivary pH or restitution kinetics following a sucrose challenge and no global microbial differences in WSL developers, our data showed change in salivary pH at 5 min associated with an abundance of acid-producing bacteria in saliva. The results suggest salivary pH modulation as a management strategy to inhibit the abundance of caries initiators. Our study may have uncovered the earliest predecessors to WSL/caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Altabtbaei
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Carlos Flores-Mir
- Division of Orthodontics School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11361-87th Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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18
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Optimization and Evaluation of the 30S-S11 rRNA Gene for Taxonomic Profiling of Oral Streptococci. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0045322. [PMID: 35730938 PMCID: PMC9275224 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00453-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease driven by interactions between the highly complex microbial biofilm community and host factors like diet, oral hygiene habits, and age. The oral streptococci are one of the most dominant members of the plaque biofilm and are implicated in disease but also in maintaining oral health. Current methods used for studying the supragingival plaque community commonly sequence portions of the16S rRNA gene, which often cannot taxonomically resolve members of the streptococcal community past the genus level due to their sequence similarity. The goal of this study was to design and evaluate a more reliable and cost-effective method to identify oral streptococci at the species level by applying a new locus, the 30S-S11 rRNA gene, for high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The study results demonstrate that the newly developed single-copy 30S-S11 gene locus resolved multiple amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) within numerous species, providing much improved taxonomic resolution over 16S rRNA V4. Moreover, the results reveal that different ASVs within a species were found to change in abundance at different stages of caries progression. These findings suggest that strains of a single species may perform distinct roles along a biochemical spectrum associated with health and disease. The improved identification of oral streptococcal species will provide a better understanding of the different ecological roles of oral streptococci and inform the design of novel oral probiotic formulations for prevention and treatment of dental caries. IMPORTANCE The microbiota associated with the initiation and progression of dental caries has yet to be fully characterized. Although much insight has been gained from 16S rRNA hypervariable region DNA sequencing, this approach has several limitations, including poor taxonomic resolution at the species level. This is particularly relevant for oral streptococci, which are abundant members of oral biofilm communities and major players in health and caries disease. Here, we develop a new method for taxonomic profiling of oral streptococci based on the 30S-S11 rRNA gene, which provides much improved resolution over 16S rRNA V4 (resolving 10 as opposed to 2 species). Importantly, 30S-S11 can resolve multiple amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) within species, providing an unprecedented insight into the ecological progression of caries. For example, our findings reveal multiple incidences of different ASVs within a species with contrasting associations with health or disease, a finding that has high relevance toward the informed design of prebiotic and probiotic therapy.
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19
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Adibi SS, Hanson R, Fray DF, Abedi T, Neil B, Maher D, Tribble G, Warner BF, Farach-Carson MC. Assessment of oral and overall health parameters using the SillHa Oral Wellness System. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 133:663-674. [PMID: 35393258 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study evaluated use of a multipoint saliva analyzer to assess patient wellness in a contemporary dental practice setting. STUDY DESIGN Unstimulated saliva from a diverse 104 patient cohort was analyzed using the SillHa Oral Wellness System. The device measures the following 7 analytes present in the patient's oral rinse: cariogenic bacteria, acidity, buffer capacity, blood, leukocytes, protein, and ammonia. Data obtained were compared with validated clinical assessment data independently provided by credentialed dental professionals. RESULTS Measured leukocyte and protein levels were higher in patients with periodontal disease and/or deep gingival pockets. Patients with a history of cancer and/or diabetes presented with higher ammonia and lower leukocyte levels. Acidity levels were higher in patients using multiple xerogenic medications and lower in patients with a history of sleep apnea. Sex differences showed female patients exhibiting higher acidity, lower buffer capacity, and lower ammonia than male patients. Increasing age is associated with elevated buffer capacity. CONCLUSIONS Multipoint saliva analyzers such as the one used in this study, along with clinical practice examination and medical history, can provide rapid salivary component analysis that augments treatment planning. A follow-up multisite study would provide the opportunity to test this analyzer in clinical sites with different practice workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn S Adibi
- Professor, Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, The University of Texas at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ryan Hanson
- Senior Scientist, ARKRAY INC., Edina, MN, USA
| | - David F Fray
- Professor, Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, The University of Texas at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tania Abedi
- Research Assistant, Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, The University of Texas at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Danielle Maher
- Manager of Scientific Affairs, ARKRAY INC., Edina, MN, USA
| | - Gena Tribble
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, The University of Texas at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ben F Warner
- Clinical Professor, Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, The University of Texas at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Professor, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, Director of Clinical and Translational Research, The University of Texas at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Culp DJ, Hull W, Schultz AC, Bryant AS, Lizarraga CA, Dupuis MR, Chakraborty B, Lee K, Burne RA. Testing of candidate probiotics to prevent dental caries induced by Streptococcus mutans in a mouse model. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3853-3869. [PMID: 35262250 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated two species of human oral commensal streptococci in protection against dental caries induced by Streptococcus mutans. METHODS AND RESULTS Candidate probiotics, Streptococcus sp. A12, Streptococcus sanguinis BCC23 and an arginine deiminase mutant of BCC23 (∆arcADS) were tested for their ability to reduce S. mutans-induced caries in an established mouse model. Mice were colonized with a probiotic, challenged with S. mutans, then intermittently reinoculated with a probiotic strain. Oral colonization of each strain and autochthonous bacteria was assessed by qPCR. Both BCC23 strains, but not A12, were associated with markedly reduced sulcal caries, persistently colonized mucosal and dental biofilms, and significantly lowered S. mutans counts. All three strains enhanced mucosal colonization of autochthonous bacteria. In a follow-up experiment, when S. mutans was established first, dental and mucosal colonization of S. mutans was unaltered by a subsequent challenge with either BCC23 strain. Results between BCC23 and BCC23 ∆arcADS were equivalent. CONCLUSIONS BCC23 is a potential probiotic to treat patients at high caries risk. Its effectiveness is independent of ADS activity, but initial dental cleaning to enhance establishment in dental biofilms may be required. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In vivo testing of candidate probiotics is highly informative, as effectiveness is not always reflected by genotype or in vitro behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Culp
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William Hull
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander C Schultz
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley S Bryant
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Claudia A Lizarraga
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madeline R Dupuis
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brinta Chakraborty
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyulim Lee
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Burne
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Biofilm modulatory response of arginine-fluoride varnish on multi-species biofilm. J Dent 2022; 122:104096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Acquisition of the arginine deiminase system benefits epiparasitic Saccharibacteria and their host bacteria in a mammalian niche environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114909119. [PMID: 34992141 PMCID: PMC8764695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114909119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) is a large monophyletic lineage with poorly understood biology. Saccharibacteria are ultrasmall parasitic CPR bacteria with highly reduced genomes that have made the transition from an environmental origin to mammals. We tested the function and impact of the arginine deiminase system (ADS), an arginine catabolism pathway likely acquired by mammal-associated Saccharibacteria during their environment-to-mammal niche transition. We showed that the acquired ADS not only helped facilitate Saccharibacterial adaptation to mammals but also contributed to the establishment of cooperative episymbiotic interaction with their bacterial hosts within mammalian microbiomes. Our study provides experimental evidence demonstrating the importance of function acquired by Saccharibacteria during niche transition in facilitating their adaptation from the environment to a mammalian niche. Saccharibacteria are a group of widespread and genetically diverse ultrasmall bacteria with highly reduced genomes that belong to the Candidate Phyla Radiation. Comparative genomic analyses suggest convergent evolution of key functions enabling the adaptation of environmental Saccharibacteria to mammalian microbiomes. Currently, our understanding of this environment-to-mammal niche transition within Saccharibacteria and their obligate episymbiotic association with host bacteria is limited. Here, we identified a complete arginine deiminase system (ADS), found in further genome streamlined mammal-associated Saccharibacteria but missing in their environmental counterparts, suggesting acquisition during environment-to-mammal niche transition. Using TM7x, the first cultured Saccharibacteria strain from the human oral microbiome and its host bacterium Actinomyces odontolyticus, we experimentally tested the function and impact of the ADS. We demonstrated that by catabolizing arginine and generating adenosine triphosphate, the ADS allows metabolically restrained TM7x to maintain higher viability and infectivity when disassociated from the host bacterium. Furthermore, the ADS protects TM7x and its host bacterium from acid stress, a condition frequently encountered within the human oral cavity due to bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates. Intriguingly, with a restricted host range, TM7x forms obligate associations with Actinomyces spp. lacking the ADS but not those carrying the ADS, suggesting the acquired ADS may also contribute to partner selection for cooperative episymbiosis within a mammalian microbiome. These data present experimental characterization of a mutualistic interaction between TM7x and their host bacteria, and illustrate the benefits of acquiring a novel pathway in the transition of Saccharibacteria to mammalian microbiomes.
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Disruption of the adh (acetoin dehydrogenase) operon has wide-ranging effects on Streptococcus mutans growth and stress response. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0057821. [PMID: 35007154 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00578-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The agent largely responsible for initiating dental caries, Streptococcus mutans produces acetoin dehydrogenase that is encoded by the adh operon. The operon consists of the adhA and B genes (E1 dehydrogenase), adhC (E2 lipoylated transacetylase), adhD (E3 dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase), and lplA (lipoyl ligase). Evidence is presented that AdhC interacts with SpxA2, a redox-sensitive transcription factor functioning in cell wall and oxidative stress responses. In-frame deletion mutations of adh genes conferred oxygen-dependent sensitivity to slightly alkaline pH (pH 7.2-7.6), within the range of values observed in human saliva. Growth defects were also observed when glucose or sucrose served as major carbon sources. A deletion of the adhC orthologous gene, acoC gene of Streptococcus gordonii, did not result in pH sensitivity or defective growth in glucose and sucrose. The defects observed in adh mutants were partially reversed by addition of pyruvate. Unlike most 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases, the E3 AdhD subunit bears an N-terminal lipoylation domain nearly identical to that of E2 AdhC. Changing the lipoyl domains of AdhC and AdhD by replacing the lipoate attachment residue, lysine to arginine, caused no significant reduction in pH sensitivity but the adhDK43R mutation eliminating the lipoylation site resulted in an observable growth defect in glucose medium. The adh mutations were partially suppressed by a deletion of rex, encoding an NAD+/NADH-sensing transcription factor that represses genes functioning in fermentation. spxA2 adh double mutants show synthetic growth restriction at elevated pH and upon ampicillin treatment. These results suggest a role for Adh in stress management in S. mutans. IMPORTANCE Dental caries is often initiated by Streptococcus mutans, which establishes a biofilm and a low pH environment on tooth enamel surfaces. The current study has uncovered vulnerabilities of S. mutans mutant strains that are unable to produce the enzyme complex, acetoin dehydrogenase (Adh). Such mutants are sensitive to modest increases in pH to 7.2-7.6, within the range of human saliva, while a mutant of a commensal Streptococcal species is resistant. The S. mutans adh strains are also defective in carbohydrate utilization and are hypersensitive to a cell wall-acting antibiotic. The studies suggest that Adh could be a potential target for interfering with S. mutans colonization of the oral environment.
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Lovrić J, Vukajlović D, Ćulibrk B, Dimitrijević P, Rađan-Gajić M, Adamović T, Janković O, Bukara-Radujković G, Arlov G, Dolić O. The beneficial effect of yoghurt containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus on caries prevention in children with diabetes mellitus type 1. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-37538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background / Aim: Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus are thought to have an increased risk of caries. This study aimed to examine the short-term effect (sixty days long) of commercially available yoghurt consumption containing the Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic culture (LGG yoghurt) on the oral Streptococcus mutans count and saliva buffer capacity in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Children were divided into two groups: the experimental group and the placebo group. Both groups consisted of 50 (N = 50) children with juvenile diabetes, aged 10-15 years, with controlled glucose levels and irregular oral hygiene. At the first examination, every child was evaluated for the caries risk. A sample of unstimulated saliva before yoghurt consumption and after washout of the teeth was inspected for S mutans count. The samples were tested for Saliva buffer capacity (Saliva-Check Buffer Testing Mat GC America). The same procedure was repeated after 14 days, 30 days and 60 days after the treatment with probiotic yoghurt. Results: The results showed decreased number of S mutans colonies at the 60day control examination in the probiotic group. The study also proved a significant increase in saliva buffer capacity in both groups after 60 days. Conclusion: It could be concluded that daily consumption of LGG yoghurt can improve caries prevention in children with diabetes mellitus type I.
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25
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Puccio T, An SS, Schultz AC, Lizarraga CA, Bryant AS, Culp DJ, Burne RA, Kitten T. Manganese transport by Streptococcus sanguinis in acidic conditions and its impact on growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:375-393. [PMID: 34862691 PMCID: PMC8844241 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is an oral commensal and an etiological agent of infective endocarditis. Previous studies have identified the SsaACB manganese transporter as essential for endocarditis virulence; however, the significance of SsaACB in the oral environment has never been examined. Here we report that a ΔssaACB deletion mutant of strain SK36 exhibits reduced growth and manganese uptake under acidic conditions. Further studies revealed that these deficits resulted from the decreased activity of TmpA, shown in the accompanying paper to function as a ZIP‐family manganese transporter. Transcriptomic analysis of fermentor‐grown cultures of SK36 WT and ΔssaACB strains identified pH‐dependent changes related to carbon catabolite repression in both strains, though their magnitude was generally greater in the mutant. In strain VMC66, which possesses a MntH transporter, loss of SsaACB did not significantly alter growth or cellular manganese levels under the same conditions. Interestingly, there were only modest differences between SK36 and its ΔssaACB mutant in competition with Streptococcus mutans in vitro and in a murine oral colonization model. Our results suggest that the heterogeneity of the oral environment may provide a rationale for the variety of manganese transporters found in S. sanguinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Puccio
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Seon-Sook An
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander C Schultz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Claudia A Lizarraga
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ashley S Bryant
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David J Culp
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Todd Kitten
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Ruan W, Sun C, Gao Q, Shrivastava N. Metaproteomics associated with severe early childhood caries highlights the differences in salivary proteins. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 131:105220. [PMID: 34461447 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the salivary metaproteomic characteristics of the children with and without severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). DESIGN In this study, we collected unstimulated saliva samples from 34 children (age 3-4 years) with caries free (NC, dmfs (= index of decayed, missing due to caries, or filled tooth surfaces) = 0, n = 23) and with S-ECC (dmfs≥10, n = 11). Salivary proteins were extracted and reduced, and then a Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry system was used to identify proteins. RESULTS Nearly 3000 proteins were identified in this study, and about 3.5 % of the proteins originated from human while 86 % were derived from microbes. The salivary protein types in the NC group were statistically greater than those in the S-ECC group (P <0.05). Specifically, the salivary protein types derived from microbes in the NC group were significantly greater than those in the S-ECC group. Three proteins, human lactoferrin, penicillin-binding protein 1C [Burkholderia ubonensis], human alpha-defensin 1 (F28a mutant), were decreased statistically in the NC group compared to the S-ECC group (P < 0.05). Only one protein, 50S ribosomal protein L17 secreted by Haemophilus haemolyticus, was significantly increased in the NC group compared to the S-ECC group. Salivary IgA was the top highest protein in the NC group whereas human lysozyme was the top highest protein in the S-ECC group. CONCLUSIONS The differential proteins recognized in this study may be conducive for finding a caries biomarker. Understanding the metaproteomic characteristics can help us to control the caries from human origin and microbial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Ruan
- Department of Stomatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinic Research Center for Child Health, No. 3333 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310052, PR China.
| | - Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Qikang Gao
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Neeraj Shrivastava
- Formerly visiting scientist at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Amity Institute of Microbial Technology (AIMT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector 125, Super Express Way, Noida, 201 303, UP, India
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27
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Geraldeli S, Maia Carvalho LDA, de Souza Araújo IJ, Guarda MB, Nascimento MM, Bertolo MVL, Di Nizo PT, Sinhoreti MAC, McCarlie VW. Incorporation of Arginine to Commercial Orthodontic Light-Cured Resin Cements-Physical, Adhesive, and Antibacterial Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4391. [PMID: 34442914 PMCID: PMC8401166 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The amino acid arginine is now receiving great attention due to its potential anti-caries benefits. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and antimicrobial potential (CFU) of two arginine-containing orthodontic resin cements. (2) Methods: Forty bovine incisors were separated into four groups (n = 10): Orthocem, Orthocem + arginine (2.5 wt%), Transbond XT, and Transbond XT + arginine (2.5 wt%). The brackets were fixed to the flat surface of the enamel, and after 24 h the SBS was evaluated using the universal testing machine (Instron). For the UTS test, hourglass samples (n = 10) were made and tested in a mini-testing machine (OM-100, Odeme). For the antibacterial test (colony forming unit-CFU), six cement discs from each group were made and exposed to Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilm for 7 days. The microbiological experiment was performed by serial and triplicate dilutions. The data from each test were statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). (3) Results: The enamel SBS mean values of Transbond XT were statistically higher than those of Orthocem, both with and without arginine (p = 0.02033). There was no significant difference in the SBS mean values between the orthodontic resin cements, either with or without arginine (p = 0.29869). The UTS of the Transbond XT was statistically higher than the Orthocem, but the addition of arginine at 2.5 wt% did not influence the UTS for either resin cement. The Orthocem + arginine orthodontic resin cement was able to significantly reduce S. mutans growth, but no difference was observed for the Transbond XT (p = 0.03439). (4) Conclusion: The incorporation of arginine to commercial orthodontic resin cements may be an efficient preventive strategy to reduce bacterial growth without compromising their adhesive and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Geraldeli
- Department of General Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Materials, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834-4354, USA
| | - Lucas de Almeida Maia Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (L.d.A.M.C.); (I.J.d.S.A.); (M.B.G.); (M.V.L.B.); (P.T.D.N.); (M.A.C.S.)
| | - Isaac Jordão de Souza Araújo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (L.d.A.M.C.); (I.J.d.S.A.); (M.B.G.); (M.V.L.B.); (P.T.D.N.); (M.A.C.S.)
| | - Maurício Bottene Guarda
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (L.d.A.M.C.); (I.J.d.S.A.); (M.B.G.); (M.V.L.B.); (P.T.D.N.); (M.A.C.S.)
| | - Marcelle M. Nascimento
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0412, USA;
| | - Marcus Vinícius Loureiro Bertolo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (L.d.A.M.C.); (I.J.d.S.A.); (M.B.G.); (M.V.L.B.); (P.T.D.N.); (M.A.C.S.)
| | - Paolo Túlio Di Nizo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (L.d.A.M.C.); (I.J.d.S.A.); (M.B.G.); (M.V.L.B.); (P.T.D.N.); (M.A.C.S.)
| | - Mário Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (L.d.A.M.C.); (I.J.d.S.A.); (M.B.G.); (M.V.L.B.); (P.T.D.N.); (M.A.C.S.)
| | - V. Wallace McCarlie
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834-4354, USA;
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Culp DJ, Robinson B, Cash MN. Murine Salivary Amylase Protects Against Streptococcus mutans-Induced Caries. Front Physiol 2021; 12:699104. [PMID: 34276419 PMCID: PMC8283412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva protects dental surfaces against cavities (i. e., dental caries), a highly prevalent infectious disease frequently associated with acidogenic Streptococcus mutans. Substantial in vitro evidence supports amylase, a major constituent of saliva, as either protective against caries or supporting caries. We therefore produced mice with targeted deletion of salivary amylase (Amy1) and determined the impact on caries in mice challenged with S. mutans and fed a diet rich in sucrose to promote caries. Total smooth surface and sulcal caries were 2.35-fold and 1.79-fold greater in knockout mice, respectively, plus caries severities were twofold or greater on sulcal and smooth surfaces. In in vitro experiments with samples of whole stimulated saliva, amylase expression did not affect the adherence of S. mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and slightly increased its aggregation in solution (i.e., oral clearance). Conversely, S. mutans in biofilms formed in saliva with 1% glucose displayed no differences when cultured on polystyrene, but on hydroxyapatite was 40% less with amylase expression, suggesting that recognition by S. mutans of amylase bound to hydroxyapatite suppresses growth. However, this effect was overshadowed in vivo, as the recoveries of S. mutans from dental plaque were similar between both groups of mice, suggesting that amylase expression helps decrease plaque acids from S. mutans that dissolve dental enamel. With amylase deletion, commensal streptococcal species increased from ~75 to 90% of the total oral microbiota, suggesting that amylase may promote higher plaque pH by supporting colonization by base-producing oral commensals. Importantly, collective results indicate that amylase may serve as a biomarker of caries risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Culp
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Evaluation of Clinical, Biochemical and Microbiological Markers Related to Dental Caries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116049. [PMID: 34199794 PMCID: PMC8200118 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate clinical, biochemical and microbiological markers related to dental caries in adults. A sample that consisted of 75 volunteers was utilized. The presence of caries and the presence of plaque and gingival indices were determined. Unstimulated salivary flow, pH, lactate, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus dentisani were measured in the participants’ plaque and saliva samples before and after rinsing with a sugar solution. Lactate in plaque was found to be significantly related to age, gender, tooth-brushing frequency, the presence of cavitated caries lesions and plaque and gingival indices (p < 0.05). The levels of S. dentisani in plaque increased significantly with tooth-brushing frequency (p = 0.03). Normalized plaque S. dentisani values and the percentage of S. dentisani were slightly higher in patients with basal lactic acid levels ≤ 50 mg/L. After rinsing with a sugary solution, the percentage of S. mutans levels in plaque were higher in patients with lactic acid levels > 350 mg/L (p = 0.03). Tooth-brushing frequency was the factor which was most associated with oral health. Women reflected better clinical and biochemical parameters than men. Low pH and high lactic acid levels tended to be associated with high caries rates. No association was found between bacteria levels and caries indices.
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Feng D, Neuweiler I, Nogueira R, Nackenhorst U. Modeling of Symbiotic Bacterial Biofilm Growth with an Example of the Streptococcus-Veillonella sp. System. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:48. [PMID: 33760986 PMCID: PMC7990864 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a multi-dimensional continuum mathematical model for modeling the growth of a symbiotic biofilm system. We take a dual-species namely, the Streptococcus-Veillonella sp. biofilm system as an example for numerical investigations. The presented model describes both the cooperation and competition between these species of bacteria. The coupled partial differential equations are solved by using an integrative finite element numerical strategy. Numerical examples are carried out for studying the evolution and distribution of the bio-components. The results demonstrate that the presented model is capable of describing the symbiotic behavior of the biofilm system. However, homogenized numerical solutions are observed locally. To study the homogenization behavior of the model, numerical investigations regarding on how random initial biomass distribution influences the homogenization process are carried out. We found that a smaller correlation length of the initial biomass distribution leads to faster homogenization of the solution globally, however, shows more fluctuated biomass profiles along the biofilm thickness direction. More realistic scenarios with bacteria in patches are also investigated numerically in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianlei Feng
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Environmental Physics in Civil Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Insa Neuweiler
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Environmental Physics in Civil Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Nogueira
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30163, Hannover, Germany
| | - Udo Nackenhorst
- Institute of Mechanics and Computational Mechanics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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In Vivo Colonization with Candidate Oral Probiotics Attenuates Colonization and Virulence of Streptococcus mutans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02490-20. [PMID: 33277269 PMCID: PMC7851695 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02490-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A collection of 113 Streptococcus strains from supragingival dental plaque of caries-free individuals were recently tested in vitro for direct antagonism of the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans, and for their capacity for arginine catabolism via the arginine deiminase system (ADS). To advance their evaluation as potential probiotics, twelve strains of commensal oral streptococci with various antagonistic and ADS potentials were assessed in a mouse model for oral (i.e., oral mucosal pellicles and saliva) and dental colonization under four diets (healthy or high-sucrose, with or without prebiotic arginine). Colonization by autochthonous bacteria was also monitored. One strain failed to colonize, whereas oral colonization by the other eleven strains varied by 3 log units. Dental colonization was high for five strains regardless of diet, six strains increased colonization with at least one high-sucrose diet, and added dietary arginine decreased dental colonization of two strains. Streptococcus sp. A12 (high in vitro ADS activity and antagonism) and two engineered mutants lacking the ADS (ΔarcADS) or pyruvate oxidase-mediated H2O2 production (ΔspxB) were tested for competition against S. mutans UA159. A12 wild type and ΔarcADS colonized only transiently, whereas ΔspxB persisted, but without altering oral or dental colonization by S. mutans In testing four additional candidates, S. sanguinis BCC23 markedly attenuated S. mutans' oral and dental colonization, enhanced colonization of autochthonous bacteria, and decreased severity of smooth surface caries under highly cariogenic conditions. Results demonstrate the utility of the mouse model to evaluate potential probiotics, revealing little correlation between in vitro antagonism and competitiveness against S. mutans in vivo IMPORTANCE Our results demonstrate in vivo testing of potential oral probiotics can be accomplished and can yield information to facilitate the ultimate design and optimization of novel anti-caries probiotics. We show human oral commensals associated with dental health are an important source of potential probiotics that may be used to colonize patients under dietary conditions of highly varying cariogenicity. Assessment of competitiveness against dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans and impact on caries identified strains or genetic elements for further study. Results also uncovered strains that enhanced oral and dental colonization by autochthonous bacteria when challenged with S. mutans, suggesting cooperative interactions for future elucidation. Distinguishing a rare strain that effectively compete with S. mutans under conditions that promote caries further validates our systematic approach to more critically evaluate probiotics for use in humans.
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Campbell PM, Humphreys GJ, Summers AM, Konkel JE, Knight CG, Augustine T, McBain AJ. Does the Microbiome Affect the Outcome of Renal Transplantation? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:558644. [PMID: 33425774 PMCID: PMC7785772 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.558644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the human microbiome in health and disease is becoming increasingly apparent. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome is affected by solid organ transplantation. Kidney transplantation is the gold standard treatment for End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), the advanced stage of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The question of how ESRD and transplantation affect the microbiome and vice versa includes how the microbiome is affected by increased concentrations of toxins such as urea and creatinine (which are elevated in ESRD), whether restoration of renal function following transplantation alters the composition of the microbiome, and the impact of lifelong administration of immunosuppressive drugs on the microbiome. Changes in microbiome composition and activity have been reported in ESRD and in therapeutic immunosuppression, but the effect on the outcome of transplantation is not well-understood. Here, we consider the current evidence that changes in kidney function and immunosuppression following transplantation influence the oral, gut, and urinary microbiomes in kidney transplant patients. The potential for changes in these microbiomes to lead to disease, systemic inflammation, or rejection of the organ itself is discussed, along with the possibility that restoration of kidney function might re-establish orthobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Campbell
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Humphreys
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M Summers
- Department of Renal and Pancreatic Transplantation, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E Konkel
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G Knight
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Titus Augustine
- Department of Renal and Pancreatic Transplantation, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J McBain
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Folayan MO, Tantawi ME, Gaffar B, Schroth RJ, Catillo JL, Al-Batayneh OB, Kemoli A, Díaz ACM, Pavlic V, Raswhan M, Group FECCA. An ecological study of the association between environmental indicators and early childhood caries. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:474. [PMID: 33028402 PMCID: PMC7542688 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A prior study described the association between ecosystem vitality, environmental health, and early childhood caries (ECC). The objective of this study was to determine the association between 24 global environmental indicators and ECC in 3–5-year-old children. Results In 61 countries, 55.5% of 3–5-year-old children had ECC. Eight factors had a small effect-size association with ECC: percentage of area that is marine-protected (partial eta squared; ƞ2 = 0.03); species habitat index (ƞ2 = 0.06); percentage of tree-cover loss (ƞ2 = 0.03); regional marine trophic index (ƞ2 = 0.03); total carbon dioxide emission intensity (ƞ2 = 0.03); methane emission intensity (ƞ2 = 0.04); nitrous oxide emission intensity (ƞ2 = 0.06); and sulfur dioxide emission intensity (ƞ2 = 0.03). Regression analysis revealed that two of these factors were significantly associated with the prevalence of ECC: methane emission intensity was inversely associated with ECC prevalence (B = − 0.34, 95% CI = − 0.66, − 0.03; p = 0.03), and nitrous oxide had a direct association with ECC prevalence (B = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.67; p = 0.03).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Balgis Gaffar
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert J Schroth
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jorge L Catillo
- Department of Dentistry for Children and Adolescents, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ola B Al-Batayneh
- Preventive Dentistry Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Arthur Kemoli
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Aída Carolina Medina Díaz
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Verica Pavlic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maher Raswhan
- Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Barts and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Ferrer MD, López-López A, Nicolescu T, Perez-Vilaplana S, Boix-Amorós A, Dzidic M, Garcia S, Artacho A, Llena C, Mira A. Topic Application of the Probiotic Streptococcus dentisani Improves Clinical and Microbiological Parameters Associated With Oral Health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:465. [PMID: 32984080 PMCID: PMC7488176 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dentisani 7746, isolated from dental plaque of caries-free individuals, has been shown to have several beneficial effects in vitro which could contribute to promote oral health, including an antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens by the production of bacteriocins and a pH buffering capacity through ammonia production. Previous work has shown that S. dentisani was able to colonize the oral cavity for 2–4 weeks after application. The aim of the present work was to evaluate its clinical efficacy by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Fifty nine volunteers were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to a treatment or placebo group. The treatment consisted of a bucco-adhesive gel application (2.5 109 cfu/dose) with a dental splint for 5 min every 48 h, for a period of 1 month (i.e., 14 doses). Dental plaque and saliva samples were collected at baseline, 15 and 30 days after first application, and 15 days after the end of treatment. At baseline, there was a significant correlation between S. dentisani levels and frequency of toothbrushing. Salivary flow, a major factor influencing oral health, was significantly higher in the probiotic group at day 15 compared with the placebo (4.4 and 3.4 ml/5 min, respectively). In the probiotic group, there was a decrease in the amount of dental plaque and in gingival inflammation, but no differences were observed in the placebo group. The probiotic group showed a significant increase in the levels of salivary ammonia and calcium. Finally, Illumina sequencing of plaque samples showed a beneficial shift in bacterial composition at day 30 relative to baseline, with a reduction of several cariogenic organisms and the key players in plaque formation, probably as a result of bacteriocins production. Only 58% of the participants in the probiotic group showed increased plaque levels of S. dentisani at day 30 and 71% by day 45, indicating that the benefits of S. dentisani application could be augmented by improving colonization efficiency. In conclusion, the application of S. dentisani 7746 improved several clinical and microbiological parameters associated with oral health, supporting its use as a probiotic to prevent tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Ferrer
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Aranzazu López-López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Teodora Nicolescu
- Clínica Odontológica, Fundació Lluís Alcanyis, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Boix-Amorós
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Majda Dzidic
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Garcia
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Llena
- Clínica Odontológica, Fundació Lluís Alcanyis, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
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Probiotic Effects on Multispecies Biofilm Composition, Architecture, and Caries Activity In Vitro. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091272. [PMID: 32825575 PMCID: PMC7565971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While probiotics have been tested for their anti-caries effect in vitro and also clinically, there is a lack of understanding of their effects on complex dental biofilms. We assessed two probiotics, Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptococcus oligofermentans, on a continuous-cultured model containing Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. Cariogenic biofilms were grown on bovine enamel specimens and daily challenged with L. reuteri or S. oligofermentans whole culture (LC/SC) or cell-free supernatant (LS/SS) or medium only (negative control, NC) (n = 21/group) for 10 days. Biofilm was assessed via counting colony-forming units, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Caries activity was determined by pH measurements and by assessing mineral loss (ΔZ) using transverse microradiography. Both LC and SC significantly reduced total and strain-specific cariogenic bacterial numbers (p < 0.05). ΔZ was reduced in LC (mean ± SD: 1846.67 ± 317.89) and SC (3315.87 ± 617.30) compared to NC (4681.48 ± 495.18, p < 0.05). No significant reductions in bacterial numbers and ΔZ was induced by supernatants. Biofilm architecture was not considerably affected by probiotic applications. Viable probiotics L. reuteri and S. oligofermentans, but not their culture supernatants, could reduce the caries activity of multi-species biofilms in vitro.
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Rosier BT, Buetas E, Moya-Gonzalvez EM, Artacho A, Mira A. Nitrate as a potential prebiotic for the oral microbiome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12895. [PMID: 32732931 PMCID: PMC7393384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary glands actively concentrate plasma nitrate, leading to high salivary nitrate concentrations (5–8 mM) after a nitrate-rich vegetable meal. Nitrate is an ecological factor that can induce rapid changes in structure and function of polymicrobial communities, but the effects on the oral microbiota have not been clarified. To test this, saliva of 12 healthy donors was collected to grow in vitro biofilms with and without 6.5 mM nitrate. Samples were taken at 5 h (most nitrate reduced) and 9 h (all nitrate reduced) of biofilm formation for ammonium, lactate and pH measurements, as well as 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing. Nitrate did not affect biofilm growth significantly, but reduced lactate production, while increasing the observed ammonium production and pH (all p < 0.01). Significantly higher levels of the oral health-associated nitrate-reducing genera Neisseria (3.1 ×) and Rothia (2.9 ×) were detected in the nitrate condition already after 5 h (both p < 0.01), while several caries-associated genera (Streptococcus, Veillonella and Oribacterium) and halitosis- and periodontitis-associated genera (Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Prevotella, and Alloprevotella) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05 at 5 h and/or 9 h). In conclusion, the addition of nitrate to oral communities led to rapid modulation of microbiome composition and activity that could be beneficial for the host (i.e., increasing eubiosis or decreasing dysbiosis). Nitrate should thus be investigated as a potential prebiotic for oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Rosier
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Buetas
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - E M Moya-Gonzalvez
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Artacho
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
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Yu B, Liu C, Wang S, Wang W, Zhao S, Zhu G. Applying constructed wetland-microbial electrochemical system to enhance NH 4+ removal at low temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138017. [PMID: 32408426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
NH4+ removal at low temperature (<10 °C) has baffled researchers and engineers for decades. Bioelectrochemical process has been increasingly valued as a promising approach to enhance NH4+ removal by both electrochemical and stimulated microbial processes. The feasibility and the mechanism of enhanced NH4+ removal were investigated in Constructed Wetland-Microbial Electrochemical System (CW-MES) with different electrode spacings including Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell (CW-MFC) and Constructed Wetland-Microbial Electrolysis Cell (CW-MEC) at low temperature. Solar cell panel was firstly implemented in CW-MEC to enhance NH4+ removal. The low-temperature operation lasted for about four months, CW-MEC successfully enhanced NH4+ removal while CW-MFC did not exhibit positive effect. The NH4+-N removal efficiency of CW-MEC achieved 88.2 ± 7.0%, which was 11.7 ± 6.5% higher than conventional constructed wetland (CCW). The maximum NH4+-N removal efficiency of CW-MEC achieved 100%. The average NH4+-N mass removal rate was 436.02 mg m-2 d-1. It was found that NH4+ was mainly removed by the nitrification-autotrophic denitrification process in CW-MES while it was mainly converted to NO3- in CCW. Ammoxidation and denitrification were both enhanced by electricity while NH4+ was used as the main substrate for electricity generation. AOA (Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus) and NOB (Nitrospira) were the main contributors to nitrification. This study provided a cost-effective and sustainable method for electrochemically enhanced microbial NH4+ removal at low-temperature and revealed the relevant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shanyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Siyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Shi W, Tian J, Xu H, Wang G, Zhou Q, Qin M. Carbon source utilization patterns in dental plaque and microbial responses to sucrose, lactose, and phenylalanine consumption in severe early childhood caries. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1782696. [PMID: 32944149 PMCID: PMC7482870 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1782696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is mainly caused by the interaction of microbiota and environmental factors. However, the metabolic profiles of S-ECC microbial communities and the community-level microbial responses to carbohydrates and amino acids are poorly understood. Methods We collected supragingival plaques from 15 caries-free (CF) and 14 S-ECC children. Cultivation on Biolog AN microplates together with next-generation sequencing was used to analyze sole carbon source utilization patterns and microbial responses to sucrose, lactose and phenylalanine. Results S-ECC plaques had greater overall metabolic activity than those of CF ones. Comparing with CF, S-ECC plaques utilized more sucrose and lactose but less phenylalanine and then had greater response to carbohydrates. A remarkable increase of non-mutans Streptococci was observed in sucrose and lactose consumption. Lactose led to less differently distributed taxa than sucrose in both CF and S-ECC groups. Sucrose made the originally different S-ECC and CF communities eventually became similar to each other, but they remained dissimilar in lactose. Conclusion S-ECC plaques had more active interaction with cariogenic carbohydrates like sucrose and lactose than healthy plaques. We supported lactose has less cariogenicity compared with sucrose from microbial community structural aspect. Phenylalanine may have a potentially inhibitory effect on caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Shi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiyan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Buzalaf MAR, Ortiz ADC, Carvalho TS, Fideles SOM, Araújo TT, Moraes SM, Buzalaf NR, Reis FN. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for dental caries, periodontal disease and cancer: is there a need for more biomarkers? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:543-555. [PMID: 32223655 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1743686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A biomarker is a biological indicator of normal or pathogenic processes. Identification of biomarkers is useful for the prevention, diagnosis and prognosis of diseases as well as for monitoring the progression of pathological disorders. Several types of molecules present in biological fluids can act as biomarkers such as DNA, coding and non-coding RNA, lipids, metabolites, proteins and even microbes. In this context, saliva emerges as a useful diagnostic tool for the detection of biomarkers involved with oral and systemic diseases, since it reflects the pathophysiological conditions of the organism and allows early, rapid, practical and noninvasive detection of biomarkers.Areas covered: This review discusses the properties of saliva as a diagnostic tool and addresses the main identified biomarkers related to dental caries, periodontal disease, head and neck cancer and other types of cancer of considerable incidence among the world population.Expert commentary: Despite extensive efforts which have been directed toward the identification of one or a combination of biomarkers with good predictive values for the early detection of dental caries, periodontal disease and cancer, these biomarkers still need validation before chairside point-of-care devices can be widely used in the clinic.
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Jensen CS, Norsigian CJ, Fang X, Nielsen XC, Christensen JJ, Palsson BO, Monk JM. Reconstruction and Validation of a Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Streptococcus oralis (iCJ415), a Human Commensal and Opportunistic Pathogen. Front Genet 2020; 11:116. [PMID: 32194617 PMCID: PMC7063969 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitis group of streptococci (MGS) is a member of the healthy human microbiome in the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Troublingly, some MGS are able to escape this niche and cause infective endocarditis, a severe and devastating disease. Genome-scale models have been shown to be valuable in investigating metabolism of bacteria. Here we present the first genome-scale model, iCJ415, for Streptococcus oralis SK141. We validated the model using gene essentiality and amino acid auxotrophy data from closely related species. iCJ415 has 71-76% accuracy in predicting gene essentiality and 85% accuracy in predicting amino acid auxotrophy. Further, the phenotype of S. oralis was tested using the Biolog Phenotype microarrays, giving iCJ415 a 82% accuracy in predicting carbon sources. iCJ415 can be used to explore the metabolic differences within the MGS, and to explore the complicated metabolic interactions between different species in the human oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Jensen
- The Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Charles J Norsigian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohui C Nielsen
- The Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Jens Jørgen Christensen
- The Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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de Oliveira RVD, Bonafé FSS, Spolidorio DMP, Koga-Ito CY, de Farias AL, Kirker KR, James GA, Brighenti FL. Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii Interaction in Dual-Species Biofilm. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020194. [PMID: 32023892 PMCID: PMC7074783 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of bacterial interaction between Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii may disclose important features of biofilm interspecies relationships. The aim of this study was to characterize-with an emphasis on biofilm formation and composition and metabolic activity-single- and dual-species biofilms of S. mutans or A. naeslundii, and to use a drip flow reactor (DFR) to evaluate biofilm stress responses to 0.2% chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX). Single- and dual-species biofilms were grown for 24 h. The following factors were evaluated: cell viability, biomass and total proteins in the extracellular matrix, 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide-"XTT"-reduction and lactic acid production. To evaluate stress response, biofilms were grown in DFR. Biofilms were treated with CHX or 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl; control). Biofilms were plated for viability assessment. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) was also performed. Data analysis was carried out at 5% significance level. S. mutans viability and lactic acid production in dual-species biofilms were significantly reduced. S. mutans showed a higher resistance to CHX in dual-species biofilms. Total protein content, biomass and XTT reduction showed no significant differences between single- and dual-species biofilms. CLSM images showed the formation of large clusters in dual-species biofilms. In conclusion, dual-species biofilms reduced S. mutans viability and lactic acid production and increased S. mutans' resistance to chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Virginia Dutra de Oliveira
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14801-385, Brazil; (R.V.D.d.O.); (F.S.S.B.); (D.M.P.S.); (A.L.d.F.)
| | - Fernanda Salloume Sampaio Bonafé
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14801-385, Brazil; (R.V.D.d.O.); (F.S.S.B.); (D.M.P.S.); (A.L.d.F.)
| | | | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil;
| | - Aline Leite de Farias
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14801-385, Brazil; (R.V.D.d.O.); (F.S.S.B.); (D.M.P.S.); (A.L.d.F.)
| | - Kelly R. Kirker
- Centre for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.R.K.); (G.A.J.)
| | - Garth A. James
- Centre for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.R.K.); (G.A.J.)
| | - Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14801-385, Brazil; (R.V.D.d.O.); (F.S.S.B.); (D.M.P.S.); (A.L.d.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3301-6551
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Fernando JR, Butler CA, Adams GG, Mitchell HL, Dashper SG, Escobar K, Hoffmann B, Shen P, Walker GD, Yuan Y, Reynolds C, Reynolds EC. The prebiotic effect of CPP-ACP sugar-free chewing gum. J Dent 2019; 91:103225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Nascimento M, Alvarez A, Huang X, Browngardt C, Jenkins R, Sinhoreti M, Ribeiro A, Dilbone D, Richards V, Garrett T, Burne R. Metabolic Profile of Supragingival Plaque Exposed to Arginine and Fluoride. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1245-1252. [PMID: 31454264 PMCID: PMC6755720 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519869906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries lesions develop when acid production from bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates outweighs the various mechanisms that promote pH homeostasis, including bacterial alkali production. Therapies that provide arginine as a substrate for alkali production in supragingival oral biofilms have strong anticaries potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the metabolic profile of site-specific supragingival plaque in response to the use of arginine (Arg: 1.5% arginine, fluoride-free) or fluoride (F: 1,100 ppm F/NaF) toothpastes. Eighty-three adults of different caries status were recruited and assigned to treatment with Arg or F for 12 wk. Caries lesions were diagnosed using International Caries Detection and Assessment System II, and plaque samples were collected from caries-free and carious tooth surfaces. Taxonomic profiles were obtained by HOMINGS (Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing), and plaque metabolism was assessed by the levels of arginine catabolism via the arginine deiminase pathway (ADS), acidogenicity, and global metabolomics. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis, analysis of variance, and random forest tests were used to distinguish metabolic profiles. Of the 509 active lesions diagnosed at baseline, 70 (14%) were inactive after 12 wk. Generalized linear model showed that enamel lesions were significantly more likely to become inactive compared to dentin lesions (P < 0.0001), but no difference was found when treatment with Arg was compared to F (P = 0.46). Arg significantly increased plaque ADS activity (P = 0.031) and plaque pH values after incubation with glucose (P = 0.001). F reduced plaque lactate production from endogenous sources (P = 0.02). PCA revealed differences between the metabolic profiles of plaque treated with Arg or F. Arg significantly affected the concentrations of 16 metabolites, including phenethylamine, agmatine, and glucosamine-6-phosphate (P < 0.05), while F affected the concentrations of 9 metabolites, including phenethylamine, N-methyl-glutamate, and agmatine (P < 0.05). The anticaries mechanisms of action of arginine and fluoride are distinct. Arginine metabolism promotes biofilm pH homeostasis, whereas fluoride is thought to enhance resistance of tooth minerals to low pH and reduce acid production by supragingival oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Nascimento
- Department of Restorative Dental
Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A.J. Alvarez
- College of Dentistry, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Pediatric Dentistry Graduate Program,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - X. Huang
- Department of Oral Biology, College of
Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Division of General Dentistry, Eastman
Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C. Browngardt
- Department of Oral Biology, College of
Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R. Jenkins
- Dental Clinical Research Unit, College
of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M.C. Sinhoreti
- Dental Materials Division, Department of
Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas,
Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - A.P.D. Ribeiro
- Department of Restorative Dental
Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D.A. Dilbone
- Department of Restorative Dental
Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - V.P. Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences,
College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - T.J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and
Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,
USA
| | - R.A. Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of
Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Giacaman RA, Pailahual V, Díaz-Garrido N. Cariogenicity induced by commercial carbonated beverages in an experimental biofilm-caries model. Eur J Dent 2019; 12:27-35. [PMID: 29657522 PMCID: PMC5883472 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_188_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Frequent consumption of sugars-containing carbonated beverages has been associated with caries, but the consequences on the dental biofilm remain unclear. The aim was to evaluate the effect of commercial carbonated beverages and their sugar-free version on enamel and dentine demineralization and on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Materials and Methods Biofilms of S. mutans UA159 were grown on enamel and dentin slabs and exposed 3 times/day for 5 min, to a commercial cola or orange-flavored carbonated beverage or to their sugar-free version. Biofilms/slabs were recovered to assess biomass, viable microorganisms, protein content and polysaccharides. Demineralization was estimated by the variation of Knoop surface microhardness. Results Exposures to the biofilm with sugars-containing carbonated beverages resulted in similar biomass, viable microorganisms, proteins, and polysaccharides than sucrose (P < 0.05). The sugar-free cola and orange-flavored drink showed lower effect on the biofilm, as compared with sucrose or their sugared version (P < 0.05). All of the products tested, included the sugar-free, showed higher demineralization than the negative control (P < 0.05). Conclusions Sugars-containing carbonated beverages enhance cariogenic activity of S. mutans biofilms, comparable with sucrose. Sugar-free carbonated beverages also have a high demineralizing potential, without affecting biofilm properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Giacaman
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Cariology Unit, University of Talca, Talca, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Vanesa Pailahual
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Cariology Unit, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Natalia Díaz-Garrido
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Cariology Unit, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
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Abstract
Dental caries is closely related to a dysbiosis of the microbial consortia of supragingival oral biofilms driven by a sugar-frequent and acidic-pH environment. The pH is a key factor affecting the homeostasis of supragingival biofilms seen in health. There is increasing interest on the ecological dynamics of the oral microbiome and how a dysbiotic microbiota can be successfully replaced by health-beneficial flora. The concept of preventing the microbial dysbiosis related to caries through modulation of sugar intake and pH has fully emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle M Nascimento
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Room D9-6, PO Box 100415, Gainesville, FL 32610-0415, USA.
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Bijle MNA, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. The combined antimicrobial effect of arginine and fluoride toothpaste. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8405. [PMID: 31182718 PMCID: PMC6557824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of arginine (Arg) in NaF toothpaste. 24-h mono-/3-species biofilm cultures of S. mutans, S. sanguis and S. gordonii inoculated sHA discs were subjected to treatment with toothpaste supernatants prepared as - [1]:2% Arg -NaF (0.147% F), [2]:4% Arg-NaF (0.144% F), [3]:8% Arg - NaF (0.138% F), [4]:NaF (0.15%) and [5]:deionized water. After 24-h incubation, the mono-species biofilms were subjected to viability assay using WST-8, SEM and confocal imaging (CLSM). The 3-species biofilm were quantified for bacterial composition by PCR analysis, SEM, CLSM, and RNA isolation with reverse-transcription PCR analysis. Increasing arginine concentrations in NaF toothpaste had no effect on microbial viability. The mono-/3-species biofilm imaging depicted that the 2% Arg-NaF and 4% Arg-NaF had a biofilm disrupting effect. The 3-species biofilm bacterial composition indicated that the 2% Arg-NaF group maintained an ecological homeostasis by inhibiting S. mutans growth and enriching the growth of S. sanguis and S. gordonii. The 2% Arg-NaF group significantly downregulated the expression of virulent gtfB gene and upregulated the expression of sagP with relative dominance of arcA. Incorporation of 2% arginine in NaF toothpaste might enrich the alkali-producing bacteria and provide enhanced counter mechanisms against cariogenic pathogen when compared to NaF toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward C M Lo
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong.
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Angarita‐Díaz MP, Díaz JA, Tupaz HA, López‐López A, Forero D, Mira A, Dávila F, Cerón XA, Ochoa‐Acosta EM, Goméz OL, Gonzalez G. Presence of Streptococcus dentisani in the dental plaque of children from different Colombian cities. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:184-190. [PMID: 31249697 PMCID: PMC6585583 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dentisani has been identified as an oral cavity probiotic due to its beneficial characteristics. One of its beneficial features is the production of bacteriocins, which inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, and another is its buffering capacity through the production of ammonium from arginine. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of S. dentisani in the dental plaque of Colombian children and whether the presence of this bacterium is related to oral health and other conditions. Dental plaque and information on diet and oral hygiene habits were collected from children between 6 and 12 years of age from four Colombian cities, divided into caries-free children (International Caries Detection and Assessment System [ICDAS] 0, Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index [DMFT] 0), children with ICDAS 1 and 2, and children with ICDAS >3. Plaque DNA was extracted and quantified, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using specific primers. This bacterium was identified in all samples, with a median of 0.46 cells/ng DNA (interquartile range [IQR] 0.13-1.02), without finding significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). In caries-free children, a median of 0.45 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.14-1.23) was found. In children with ICDAS 1 and 2, the median was 0.49 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.11-0.97), and in children with ICDAS >3, the median was 0.35 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.12-1.07). However, statistically significant differences were found in the origin of children (P < 0.01), the use of fluoride-containing products (P < 0.01), and the frequency of food intake (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the presence of S. dentisani was quantified in children from four Colombian cities, without finding significant differences in oral health status. Nevertheless, three conditions showed a possible relationship with S. dentisani.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P. Angarita‐Díaz
- School of DentistryUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio CampusVillavicencioColombia
| | - Jaime A. Díaz
- School of DentistryUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bogotá CampusBogotáColombia
| | - Herlinto A. Tupaz
- School of DentistryUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bogotá CampusBogotáColombia
| | - Arantxa López‐López
- Department of Health and GenomicsFoundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, FISABIOValenciaSpain
| | - Diana Forero
- School of DentistryUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio CampusVillavicencioColombia
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and GenomicsFoundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, FISABIOValenciaSpain
| | - Fernando Dávila
- School of DentistryUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Pasto campusPastoColombia
| | - Ximena A. Cerón
- School of DentistryUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Pasto campusPastoColombia
| | | | - Olga L. Goméz
- School of DentistryPontifica Universidad JaverianaBogotáColombia
| | - Gladys Gonzalez
- School of DentistryUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bogotá CampusBogotáColombia
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Nascimento MM, Alvarez AJ, Huang X, Hanway S, Perry S, Luce A, Richards VP, Burne RA. Arginine Metabolism in Supragingival Oral Biofilms as a Potential Predictor of Caries Risk. JDR Clin Trans Res 2019; 4:262-270. [PMID: 31039043 DOI: 10.1177/2380084419834234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ammonia production via the arginine deiminase system (ADS) of oral bacteria can function to reduce the cariogenicity of oral biofilms by neutralizing glycolytic acids that cause tooth demineralization. OBJECTIVES This cohort study investigated the relationship between ADS activity and bacterial profile changes of supragingival biofilms with caries experience among children over time. METHODS A total of 79 children aged 2 to 7 y at baseline were assessed every 6 mo for a period of 18 mo. Children were grouped as caries free (CF), caries active with enamel lesions (CAE), or caries active with dentin lesions (CA). Supragingival plaque samples were collected from caries-free surfaces (PF) and from enamel (PE) and dentin (PD) lesions. Plaque ADS activity was measured by monitoring citrulline production from arginine and compared with ribosomal 16S rRNA-derived taxonomic profiles for the same samples. RESULTS At baseline, 37% of the children were CF, 34% CAE, and 29% CA. At 18 mo, 26% were CF, 41% CAE, 23% CA, and 10% were caries experienced (new restorations but no caries activity). Throughout the study period, ADS activity was significantly higher in the CF group than the CA group (P < 0.0001), and ADS activity in the PF samples was significantly higher than in the PE and PD samples (P < 0.0001). Distance-based redundancy analysis showed that the bacterial communities could be differentiated when plaque samples are grouped into levels of high and low ADS activity. CONCLUSIONS There is a positive correlation between caries activity and low arginolytic capacity of the supragingival oral biofilms of children and tooth surfaces over time. Measurements of arginine metabolism via ADS may be useful to differentiate the caries risk of individuals and tooth surfaces. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT Findings from this study support the development of new strategies for caries risk assessment and prevention based on modulation of the virulence of the oral microbiome through arginine metabolism in supragingival biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Nascimento
- 1 Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A J Alvarez
- 2 Pediatric Dentistry Graduate Program, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - X Huang
- 3 Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- 4 Current affiliation: Division of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Hanway
- 2 Pediatric Dentistry Graduate Program, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- 5 Current affiliation: Pediatric dentist, private practice, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - S Perry
- 2 Pediatric Dentistry Graduate Program, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- 6 Current affiliation: Pediatric dentist, private practice, St. Johns, FL, USA
| | - A Luce
- 2 Pediatric Dentistry Graduate Program, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- 7 Current affiliation: Pediatric dentist, private practice, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - V P Richards
- 8 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - R A Burne
- 3 Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Zaura E, Twetman S. Critical Appraisal of Oral Pre- and Probiotics for Caries Prevention and Care. Caries Res 2019; 53:514-526. [PMID: 30947169 DOI: 10.1159/000499037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of preventing caries-related microbial dysbiosis by enhancing the growth and survival of health-associated oral microbiota has emerged. In this article, the current evidence for the role of oral pre- and probiotics in caries prevention and caries management is discussed. Prebiotics are defined as "substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit." With regard to caries, this would include alkali-generating substances such as urea and arginine, which are metabolized by some oral bacteria, resulting in ammonia production and increase in pH. While there is no evidence that urea added to chewing gums or mouth rinses significantly contributes to caries inhibition, multiple studies have shown that arginine in consumer products can exert an inhibitory effect on the caries process. Probiotics are "live microorganisms which when administrated in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." Clinical trials have suggested that school-based programs with milk supplemented with probiotics and probiotic lozenges can reduce caries development in preschool children and in schoolchildren with high caries risk. Due to issues with research ethics (prebiotics) and risk of bias (prebiotics, probiotics), the confidence in the effect estimate is however limited. Further long-term clinical studies are needed with orally derived probiotic candidates, including the health-economic perspectives. In particular, the development and evaluation of oral synbiotic products, containing both prebiotics and a probiotic, would be of interest in the future management of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Svante Twetman
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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50
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Oliveira PHC, Oliveira MRC, Oliveira LHC, Sfalcin RA, Pinto MM, Rosa EP, Melo Deana A, Horliana ACRT, César PF, Bussadori SK. Evaluation of Different Dentifrice Compositions for Increasing the Hardness of Demineralized Enamel: An in Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2019; 7:dj7010014. [PMID: 30720710 PMCID: PMC6473709 DOI: 10.3390/dj7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate microhardness of a dentifrice containing fluoride and arginine compared to a positive control (fluoride only) and a negative control (no fluoride) on sound and demineralized bovine enamel surfaces. Specimens were randomly assigned to different treatments that included daily pH cycling and brushing three times a day with one of the following dentifrices (n = 8): Neutraçucar (arginine and fluoride), Colgate Total 12 (fluoride) and My First Colgate (no fluoride). Enamel carious lesions were artificially created one week before the beginning of these treatments (demineralized bovine enamel (DE) groups). The same groups were also tested in sound enamel (sound bovine enamel (SE) groups). Microhardness was measured at baseline and after one, two, and five weeks of treatment using a Knoop indenter. Statistical analysis involved two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. After five weeks, both Total 12 and Neutraçucar had increased the microhardness of DE specimens (p < 0.05). Only Neutraçucar had increased the microhardness of the sound enamel after five weeks of treatment. Thus, it could be concluded that arginine-based dentifrices increase the microhardness of sound and demineralized bovine enamel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Cabral Oliveira
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Regina Cabral Oliveira
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Henrique Cabral Oliveira
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Ravana Angelini Sfalcin
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Mendes Pinto
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Ellen Perin Rosa
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | | | - Paulo Francisco César
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
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